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Pavlinek A, Adhya D, Tsompanidis A, Warrier V, Vernon AC, Lancaster M, Mill J, Srivastava DP, Baron-Cohen S. Using Organoids to Model Sex Differences in the Human Brain. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:100343. [PMID: 39092139 PMCID: PMC11292257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex differences are widespread during neurodevelopment and play a role in neuropsychiatric conditions such as autism, which is more prevalent in males than females. In humans, males have been shown to have larger brain volumes than females with development of the hippocampus and amygdala showing prominent sex differences. Mechanistically, sex steroids and sex chromosomes drive these differences in brain development, which seem to peak during prenatal and pubertal stages. Animal models have played a crucial role in understanding sex differences, but the study of human sex differences requires an experimental model that can recapitulate complex genetic traits. To fill this gap, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids are now being used to study how complex genetic traits influence prenatal brain development. For example, brain organoids from individuals with autism and individuals with X chromosome-linked Rett syndrome and fragile X syndrome have revealed prenatal differences in cell proliferation, a measure of brain volume differences, and excitatory-inhibitory imbalances. Brain organoids have also revealed increased neurogenesis of excitatory neurons due to androgens. However, despite growing interest in using brain organoids, several key challenges remain that affect its validity as a model system. In this review, we discuss how sex steroids and the sex chromosomes each contribute to sex differences in brain development. Then, we examine the role of X chromosome inactivation as a factor that drives sex differences. Finally, we discuss the combined challenges of modeling X chromosome inactivation and limitations of brain organoids that need to be taken into consideration when studying sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pavlinek
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dwaipayan Adhya
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Tsompanidis
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Varun Warrier
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C. Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Mill
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Christin-Maitre S, Davis SM, Duijnhouwer A, Gawlik A, Maciel-Guerra AT, Gutmark-Little I, Fleischer K, Hong D, Klein KO, Prakash SK, Shankar RK, Sandberg DE, Sas TCJ, Skakkebæk A, Stochholm K, van der Velden JA, Backeljauw PF. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:G53-G151. [PMID: 38748847 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) affects 50 per 100 000 females. TS affects multiple organs through all stages of life, necessitating multidisciplinary care. This guideline extends previous ones and includes important new advances, within diagnostics and genetics, estrogen treatment, fertility, co-morbidities, and neurocognition and neuropsychology. Exploratory meetings were held in 2021 in Europe and United States culminating with a consensus meeting in Aarhus, Denmark in June 2023. Prior to this, eight groups addressed important areas in TS care: (1) diagnosis and genetics, (2) growth, (3) puberty and estrogen treatment, (4) cardiovascular health, (5) transition, (6) fertility assessment, monitoring, and counselling, (7) health surveillance for comorbidities throughout the lifespan, and (8) neurocognition and its implications for mental health and well-being. Each group produced proposals for the present guidelines, which were meticulously discussed by the entire group. Four pertinent questions were submitted for formal GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) evaluation with systematic review of the literature. The guidelines project was initiated by the European Society for Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine Society, in collaboration with members from the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions, the Society for Endocrinology, and the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Australia and New Zealand Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Latin American Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Arab Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and the Asia Pacific Pediatric Endocrine Society. Advocacy groups appointed representatives for pre-meeting discussions and the consensus meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Endocrine and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Center of Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development (CMERCD), FIRENDO, Endo ERN Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Shanlee M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Anthonie Duijnhouwer
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrea T Maciel-Guerra
- Area of Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-888 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Gutmark-Little
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Kathrin Fleischer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Nij Geertgen Center for Fertility, Ripseweg 9, 5424 SM Elsendorp, The Netherlands
| | - David Hong
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Karen O Klein
- Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, United States
| | - Siddharth K Prakash
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Roopa Kanakatti Shankar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010, United States
| | - David E Sandberg
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
| | - Theo C J Sas
- Department the Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Pediatric and Adult Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Stochholm
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Janielle A van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
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Zhang S, Wang R, Zhang L, Birchler JA, Sun L. Inverse and Proportional Trans Modulation of Gene Expression in Human Aneuploidies. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:637. [PMID: 38790266 PMCID: PMC11121296 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic imbalance in aneuploidy is often detrimental to organisms. To gain insight into the molecular basis of aneuploidies in humans, we analyzed transcriptome data from several autosomal and sex chromosome aneuploidies. The results showed that in human aneuploid cells, genes located on unvaried chromosomes are inversely or proportionally trans-modulated, while a subset of genes on the varied chromosomes are compensated. Less genome-wide modulation is found for sex chromosome aneuploidy compared with autosomal aneuploidy due to X inactivation and the retention of dosage sensitive regulators on both sex chromosomes to limit the effective dosage change. We also found that lncRNA and mRNA can have different responses to aneuploidy. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between dosage-sensitive transcription factors and their targets, which illustrated the modulations and indicates genomic imbalance is related to stoichiometric changes in components of gene regulatory complexes.In summary, this study demonstrates the existence of trans-acting effects and compensation mechanisms in human aneuploidies and contributes to our understanding of gene expression regulation in unbalanced genomes and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ludan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - James A. Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Peng Z, Yang R, Liu Q, Chen B, Long P. X chromosome rearrangement associated with premature ovarian insufficiency as diagnosed by molecular cytogenetic methods: a case report and review of the literature. Mol Cytogenet 2024; 17:7. [PMID: 38570848 PMCID: PMC10988863 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-024-00676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a clinical condition characterized by ovarian dysfunction in women under 40. The etiology of most POI cases remains unidentified and is believed to be multifactorial, including factors such as autoimmunity, metabolism, infection, and genetics. POI exhibits significant genetic heterogeneity, and it can result from chromosomal abnormalities and monogenic defects. CASE PRESENTATION The study participant, a 33-year-old woman, presented with a history of irregular menstruation that commenced two years ago, progressing to prolonged menstrual episodes and eventual cessation. The participant exhibits a rearrangement of the X chromosome, characterized by heterozygosity duplication on the long arm and heterozygosity deletion on the short arm by whole exome sequencing(WES) combined with cell chromosome detection. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the spectrum of mutations associated with POI resulting from X chromosomal abnormalities. WES-Copy number variation analysis, in conjunction with chromosome karyotype analysis and other detection techniques, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic landscape underlying complex single or multi-system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Peng
- Genetic center, Changsha Jiangwan Maternity Hospital, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Renqi Yang
- Genetic center, Changsha Jiangwan Maternity Hospital, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Genetic center, Changsha Jiangwan Maternity Hospital, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Binbin Chen
- Genetic center, Changsha Jiangwan Maternity Hospital, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Panpan Long
- Genetic center, Changsha Jiangwan Maternity Hospital, Changsha, 410000, China.
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Chang S, Just J, Skakkebæk A, Johannsen EB, Fedder J, Gravholt CH, Münster AMB. Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Klinefelter Syndrome-Follow-up Study Associating Hemostasis and RNA Expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:978-991. [PMID: 37962976 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) develop hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, are in need of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), and present with a more than 4-fold increased risk of thrombosis. TRT in KS has the potential to modify thrombotic risk, but data are scarce. AIM To assess effects of 18 months of TRT on hemostasis in KS and identify genes associated with the prothrombotic phenotype. METHODS Untreated and TRT-treated men with KS were included at baseline and matched to healthy controls. TRT was initiated in untreated KS and all groups were reassessed after 18 months of follow-up. Thrombin generation was evaluated with or without thrombomodulin, and fibrin clot lysis was evaluated by turbidity measurements. RNA expression was assessed in blood, fat, and muscle tissue of patients with TRT-treated KS and controls. RESULTS Thrombin generation with thrombomodulin was slightly increased in untreated KS, but overall KS was not associated with a hypercoagulable state. KS presented with fibrinolytic impairment associated with higher body fat and higher levels of fibrinogen. Eighteen months of TRT in KS was associated with a reduction in body fat and fibrinogen, attenuating the prothrombotic profile. The expression of ENPP4 was higher in men with KS and served as a key player among a group of genes associated with impaired fibrinolysis. CONCLUSION KS is associated with a specific expression profile contributing to fibrinolytic impairment and increased thrombotic risk in the patients. TRT in patients with KS has the potential for alleviating the prothrombotic phenotype, in particular by reducing body fat and fibrinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chang
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emma B Johannsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Fedder
- Centre of Andrology and Fertility Clinic, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna-Marie B Münster
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
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San Roman AK, Skaletsky H, Godfrey AK, Bokil NV, Teitz L, Singh I, Blanton LV, Bellott DW, Pyntikova T, Lange J, Koutseva N, Hughes JF, Brown L, Phou S, Buscetta A, Kruszka P, Banks N, Dutra A, Pak E, Lasutschinkow PC, Keen C, Davis SM, Lin AE, Tartaglia NR, Samango-Sprouse C, Muenke M, Page DC. The human Y and inactive X chromosomes similarly modulate autosomal gene expression. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100462. [PMID: 38190107 PMCID: PMC10794785 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Somatic cells of human males and females have 45 chromosomes in common, including the "active" X chromosome. In males the 46th chromosome is a Y; in females it is an "inactive" X (Xi). Through linear modeling of autosomal gene expression in cells from individuals with zero to three Xi and zero to four Y chromosomes, we found that Xi and Y impact autosomal expression broadly and with remarkably similar effects. Studying sex chromosome structural anomalies, promoters of Xi- and Y-responsive genes, and CRISPR inhibition, we traced part of this shared effect to homologous transcription factors-ZFX and ZFY-encoded by Chr X and Y. This demonstrates sex-shared mechanisms by which Xi and Y modulate autosomal expression. Combined with earlier analyses of sex-linked gene expression, our studies show that 21% of all genes expressed in lymphoblastoid cells or fibroblasts change expression significantly in response to Xi or Y chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Skaletsky
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexander K Godfrey
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neha V Bokil
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Levi Teitz
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isani Singh
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julian Lange
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Brown
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sidaly Phou
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashley Buscetta
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Banks
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Shanlee M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole R Tartaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Developmental Pediatrics, eXtraOrdinarY Kids Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80011, USA
| | - Carole Samango-Sprouse
- Focus Foundation, Davidsonville, MD 21035, USA; Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David C Page
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Astro V, Adamo A. Generation of iPSC Cell Lines from Patients with Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2770:185-200. [PMID: 38351455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3698-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming allows the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient's cells. The derived iPSCs provide an unlimited source of patient-specific cells that can be virtually differentiated in any cell of the human body. The generation of iPSCs has important implications for all human medicine fields, as they can be used for drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and developmental studies. Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most common chromosome aneuploidy in males. KS is typically characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype, representing 80-90% of KS patients. In rare cases, high-grade sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs), 48,XXXY; 48,XXYY; 49,XXXXY, are also observed in males. Since the advent of the reprogramming technique, a few KS-iPSCs have been described. Here, we detail the methodology for generating primary fibroblasts from patients' skin biopsies and the subsequent derivation of iPSCs using an efficient integrative-free mRNA-based somatic reprogramming approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Astro
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Adamo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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Luo Y, Chen Y, Ge L, Zhou G, Chen Y, Zhu D. Competing endogenous RNA network analysis of Turner syndrome patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes reveals dysregulation of autosomal heart development genes by altered dosages of X-inactivation escaping non-coding RNAs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:376. [PMID: 38124119 PMCID: PMC10734062 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 45,X monosomy (Turner syndrome, TS) is the only chromosome haploinsufficiency compatible with life. Nevertheless, the surviving TS patients still suffer from increased morbidity and mortality, with around one-third of them subjecting to heart abnormalities. How loss of one X chromosome drive these conditions remains largely unknown. METHODS Here, we have generated cardiomyocytes (CMs) from wild-type and TS patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells and profiled the mRNA, lncRNA and circRNA expression in these cells. RESULTS We observed lower beating frequencies and higher mitochondrial DNA copies per nucleus in TS-CMs. Moreover, we have identified a global transcriptome dysregulation of both coding and non-coding RNAs in TS-CMs. The differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched of heart development genes. Further competing endogenous RNA network analysis revealed putative regulatory circuit of autosomal genes relevant with mitochondrial respiratory chain and heart development, such as COQ10A, RARB and WNT2, mediated by X-inactivation escaping lnc/circRNAs, such as lnc-KDM5C-4:1, hsa_circ_0090421 and hsa_circ_0090392. The aberrant expressions of these genes in TS-CMs were verified by qPCR. Further knockdown of lnc-KDM5C-4:1 in wild-type CMs exhibited significantly reduced beating frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Our study has revealed a genomewide ripple effect of X chromosome halpoinsufficiency at post-transcriptional level and provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart abnormalities in TS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
- Biologics Test and Evaluation Center, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Yapei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Lingxia Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Guanqing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yaoyong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Detu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
- Biologics Test and Evaluation Center, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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9
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Zhang S, Wang R, Zhu X, Zhang L, Liu X, Sun L. Characteristics and expression of lncRNA and transposable elements in Drosophila aneuploidy. iScience 2023; 26:108494. [PMID: 38125016 PMCID: PMC10730892 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy can globally affect the expression of the whole genome, which is detrimental to organisms. Dosage-sensitive regulators usually have multiple intermolecular interactions, and changes in their stoichiometry are responsible for the dysregulation of the regulatory network. Currently, studies on noncoding genes in aneuploidy are relatively rare. We studied the characteristics and expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and transposable elements (TEs) in aneuploid Drosophila. It is found that lncRNAs and TEs are affected by genomic imbalance and appear to be more sensitive to an inverse dosage effect than mRNAs. Several dosage-sensitive lncRNAs and TEs were detected for their expression patterns during embryogenesis, and their biological functions in the ovary and testes were investigated using tissue-specific RNAi. This study advances our understanding of the noncoding sequences in imbalanced genomes and provides a novel perspective for the study of aneuploidy-related human diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xilin Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ludan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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10
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Ibarra-Ramírez M, Campos-Acevedo LD, Martínez de Villarreal LE. Chromosomal Abnormalities of Interest in Turner Syndrome: An Update. J Pediatr Genet 2023; 12:263-272. [PMID: 38162151 PMCID: PMC10756729 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by the total or partial loss of the second sex chromosome; it occurs in 1 every 2,500-3,000 live births. The clinical phenotype is highly variable and includes short stature and gonadal dysgenesis. In 1959, the chromosomal origin of the syndrome was recognized; patients had 45 chromosomes with a single X chromosome. TS presents numerical and structural abnormalities in the sex chromosomes, interestingly only 40% have a 45, X karyotype. The rest of the chromosomal abnormalities include mosaics, deletions of the short and long arms of the X chromosome, rings, and isochromosomes. Despite multiple studies to establish a relationship between the clinical characteristics and the different chromosomal variants in TS, a clear association cannot yet be established. Currently, different mechanisms involved in the phenotype have been explored. This review focuses to analyze the different chromosomal abnormalities and phenotypes in TS and discusses the possible mechanisms that lead to these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Ibarra-Ramírez
- Department of Genetics, “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Luis Daniel Campos-Acevedo
- Department of Genetics, “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Laura E. Martínez de Villarreal
- Department of Genetics, “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
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11
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Wiese CB, Avetisyan R, Reue K. The impact of chromosomal sex on cardiometabolic health and disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:652-665. [PMID: 37598068 PMCID: PMC11090013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of metabolism are sex-biased, from gene expression in metabolic tissues to the prevalence and presentation of cardiometabolic diseases. The influence of hormones produced by male and female gonads has been widely documented, but recent studies have begun to elucidate the impact of genetic sex (XX or XY chromosomes) on cellular and organismal metabolism. XX and XY cells have differential gene dosage conferred by specific genes that escape X chromosome inactivation or the presence of Y chromosome genes that are absent from XX cells. Studies in mouse models that dissociate chromosomal and gonadal sex have uncovered mechanisms for sex-biased epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in conditions such as obesity, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, autoimmune disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie B Wiese
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rozeta Avetisyan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Suntharalingham JP, Ishida M, Cameron-Pimblett A, McGlacken-Byrne SM, Buonocore F, del Valle I, Madhan GK, Brooks T, Conway GS, Achermann JC. Analysis of genetic variability in Turner syndrome linked to long-term clinical features. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1227164. [PMID: 37800145 PMCID: PMC10548239 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1227164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women with Turner syndrome (TS) (45,X and related karyotypes) have an increased prevalence of conditions such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypothyroidism, autoimmunity, hypertension, and congenital cardiovascular anomalies (CCA). Whilst the risk of developing these co-morbidities may be partly related to haploinsufficiency of key genes on the X chromosome, other mechanisms may be involved. Improving our understanding of underlying processes is important to develop personalized approaches to management. Objective We investigated whether: 1) global genetic variability differs in women with TS, which might contribute to co-morbidities; 2) common variants in X genes - on the background of haploinsufficiency - are associated with phenotype (a "two-hit" hypothesis); 3) the previously reported association of autosomal TIMP3 variants with CCA can be replicated. Methods Whole exome sequencing was undertaken in leukocyte DNA from 134 adult women with TS and compared to 46,XX controls (n=23), 46,XX women with primary ovarian insufficiency (n=101), and 46,XY controls (n=11). 1) Variability in autosomal and X chromosome genes was analyzed for all individuals; 2) the relation between common X chromosome variants and the long-term phenotypes listed above was investigated in a subgroup of women with monosomy X; 3) TIMP3 variance was investigated in relation to CCA. Results Standard filtering identified 6,457,085 autosomal variants and 126,335 X chromosome variants for the entire cohort, whereas a somatic variant pipeline identified 16,223 autosomal and 477 X chromosome changes. 1) Overall exome variability of autosomal genes was similar in women with TS and control/comparison groups, whereas X chromosome variants were proportionate to the complement of X chromosome material; 2) when adjusted for multiple comparisons, no X chromosome gene/variants were strongly enriched in monosomy X women with key phenotypes compared to monosomy X women without these conditions, although several variants of interest emerged; 3) an association between TIMP3 22:32857305:C-T and CCA was found (CCA 13.6%; non-CCA 3.4%, p<0.02). Conclusions Women with TS do not have an excess of genetic variability in exome analysis. No obvious X-chromosome variants driving phenotype were found, but several possible genes/variants of interest emerged. A reported association between autosomal TIMP3 variance and congenital cardiac anomalies was replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer P. Suntharalingham
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miho Ishida
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sinead M. McGlacken-Byrne
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Buonocore
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio del Valle
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaganjit Kaur Madhan
- UCL Genomics, UCL Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Brooks
- UCL Genomics, UCL Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard S. Conway
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Achermann
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Pozza C, Sesti F, Tenuta M, Spaziani M, Tarantino C, Carlomagno F, Minnetti M, Pofi R, Paparella R, Lenzi A, Radicioni A, Isidori AM, Tarani L, Gianfrilli D. Testicular Dysfunction in 47,XXY Boys: When It All Begins. A Semilongitudinal Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2486-2499. [PMID: 37043499 PMCID: PMC10505551 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Klinefelter syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder in males and the most common cause of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. We describe the natural history of testicular dysfunction in patients with Klinefelter syndrome through the integration of clinical, hormonal, and quantitative ultrasound data in a life-course perspective. DESIGN Prospective semilongitudinal study. METHODS We included 155 subjects with 47,XXY karyotype (age range: 7 months-55 years) naïve to testosterone replacement therapy. Subjects were divided according to pubertal stage and age group (transition age and adults). Serial clinical, hormonal, and testicular ultrasound (US) assessments were performed. RESULTS Testicular development progresses until Tanner stage 4, with subsequent regression, whereas Sertoli and germ cell impairment is not hormonally detected before Tanner stages 3-4, as reflected by normal inhibin B values until stage 4 and the fall in the inhibin B/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio thereafter. The testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio peaks during Tanner stages 2-3 and declines from Tanner stage 4 onward, preceding the development of overt hypogonadism. US echotexture progressively worsens until transition age, reflecting ongoing gonadal compromise, whereas quantitative US echotexture measures and the presence of both hypoechoic lesions and microlithiasis independently and significantly predict a lower circulating testosterone level. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this large prospective study contribute to our understanding of the natural history of testicular dysfunction in Klinefelter syndrome, underlining the importance of quantitative testicular US in infancy and childhood, as well as during pubertal development and transition age, for the optimal care of Klinefelter syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Franz Sesti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Spaziani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarantino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Minnetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pofi
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37LE, UK
| | - Roberto Paparella
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Radicioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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14
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Tallaksen HBL, Johannsen EB, Just J, Viuff MH, Gravholt CH, Skakkebæk A. The multi-omic landscape of sex chromosome abnormalities: current status and future directions. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e230011. [PMID: 37399516 PMCID: PMC10448593 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosome abnormalities (SCAs) are chromosomal disorders with either a complete or partial loss or gain of sex chromosomes. The most frequent SCAs include Turner syndrome (45,X), Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), Trisomy X syndrome (47,XXX), and Double Y syndrome (47,XYY). The phenotype seen in SCAs is highly variable and may not merely be due to the direct genomic imbalance from altered sex chromosome gene dosage but also due to additive alterations in gene networks and regulatory pathways across the genome as well as individual genetic modifiers. This review summarizes the current insight into the genomics of SCAs. In addition, future directions of research that can contribute to decipher the genomics of SCA are discussed such as single-cell omics, spatial transcriptomics, system biology thinking, human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and animal models, and how these data may be combined to bridge the gap between genomics and the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Bandsholm Leere Tallaksen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emma B Johannsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Hansen Viuff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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Skakkebæk A, Kjær-Sørensen K, Matchkov VV, Christensen LL, Just J, Cömert C, Andersen NH, Oxvig C, Gravholt CH. Dosage of the pseudoautosomal gene SLC25A6 is implicated in QTc interval duration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12089. [PMID: 37495650 PMCID: PMC10372092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture of the QT interval, defined as the period from onset of depolarisation to completion of repolarisation of the ventricular myocardium, is incompletely understood. Only a minor part of the QT interval variation in the general population has been linked to autosomal variant loci. Altered X chromosome dosage in humans, as seen in sex chromosome aneuploidies such as Turner syndrome (TS) and Klinefelter syndrome (KS), is associated with altered QTc interval (heart rate corrected QT), indicating that genes, located in the pseudoautosomal region 1 of the X and Y chromosomes may contribute to QT interval variation. We investigate the dosage effect of the pseudoautosomal gene SLC25A6, encoding the membrane ADP/ATP translocase 3 in the inner mitochondrial membrane, on QTc interval duration. To this end we used human participants and in vivo zebrafish models. Analyses in humans, based on 44 patients with KS, 44 patients with TS, 59 male and 22 females, revealed a significant negative correlation between SLC25A6 expression level and QTc interval duration. Similarly, downregulation of slc25a6 in zebrafish increased QTc interval duration with pharmacological inhibition of KATP channels restoring the systolic duration, whereas overexpression of SLC25A6 shortened QTc, which was normalized by pharmacological activation of KATP channels. Our study demonstrate an inverse relationship between SLC25A6 dosage and QTc interval indicating that SLC25A6 contributes to QT interval variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Kjær-Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lise-Lotte Christensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cagla Cömert
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Højbjerg Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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San Roman AK, Skaletsky H, Godfrey AK, Bokil NV, Teitz L, Singh I, Blanton LV, Bellott DW, Pyntikova T, Lange J, Koutseva N, Hughes JF, Brown L, Phou S, Buscetta A, Kruszka P, Banks N, Dutra A, Pak E, Lasutschinkow PC, Keen C, Davis SM, Lin AE, Tartaglia NR, Samango-Sprouse C, Muenke M, Page DC. The human Y and inactive X chromosomes similarly modulate autosomal gene expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543763. [PMID: 37333288 PMCID: PMC10274745 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cells of human males and females have 45 chromosomes in common, including the "active" X chromosome. In males the 46th chromosome is a Y; in females it is an "inactive" X (Xi). Through linear modeling of autosomal gene expression in cells from individuals with zero to three Xi and zero to four Y chromosomes, we found that Xi and Y impact autosomal expression broadly and with remarkably similar effects. Studying sex-chromosome structural anomalies, promoters of Xi- and Y-responsive genes, and CRISPR inhibition, we traced part of this shared effect to homologous transcription factors - ZFX and ZFY - encoded by Chr X and Y. This demonstrates sex-shared mechanisms by which Xi and Y modulate autosomal expression. Combined with earlier analyses of sex-linked gene expression, our studies show that 21% of all genes expressed in lymphoblastoid cells or fibroblasts change expression significantly in response to Xi or Y chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Skaletsky
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexander K. Godfrey
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neha V. Bokil
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Levi Teitz
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isani Singh
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julian Lange
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Brown
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sidaly Phou
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashley Buscetta
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Banks
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; MD 20892, USA
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | - Shanlee M. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela E. Lin
- Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole R. Tartaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Developmental Pediatrics, eXtraOrdinarY Kids Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80011, USA
| | - Carole Samango-Sprouse
- Focus Foundation, Davidsonville, MD 21035, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; MD 20892, USA
| | - David C. Page
- Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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17
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Terrin F, Tesoriere A, Plotegher N, Dalla Valle L. Sex and Brain: The Role of Sex Chromosomes and Hormones in Brain Development and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1486. [PMID: 37296608 PMCID: PMC10252697 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. Their action is crucial for the development of the brain, which presents different characteristics depending on the sex of individuals. The role of these players in the brain is fundamental in the maintenance of brain function during adulthood as well, thus being important also with respect to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the role of biological sex in the development of the brain and analyze its impact on the predisposition toward and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, we focus on Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder that has a higher incidence in the male population. We report how sex hormones and genes encoded by the sex chromosomes could protect from the disease or alternatively predispose toward its development. We finally underline the importance of considering sex when studying brain physiology and pathology in cellular and animal models in order to better understand disease etiology and develop novel tailored therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (F.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Luisa Dalla Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (F.T.); (A.T.)
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18
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Yoon SH, Kim GY, Choi GT, Do JT. Organ Abnormalities Caused by Turner Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:1365. [PMID: 37408200 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder due to incomplete dosage compensation of X-linked genes, affects multiple organ systems, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, short stature, cardiovascular and vascular abnormalities, liver disease, renal abnormalities, brain abnormalities, and skeletal problems. Patients with TS experience premature ovarian failure with a rapid decline in ovarian function caused by germ cell depletion, and pregnancies carry a high risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Aortic abnormalities, heart defects, obesity, hypertension, and liver abnormalities, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, biliary involvement, liver cirrhosis, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia, are commonly observed in patients with TS. The SHOX gene plays a crucial role in short stature and abnormal skeletal phenotype in patients with TS. Abnormal structure formation of the ureter and kidney is also common in patients with TS, and a non-mosaic 45,X karyotype is significantly associated with horseshoe kidneys. TS also affects brain structure and function. In this review, we explore various phenotypic and disease manifestations of TS in different organs, including the reproductive system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, brain, and skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Yoon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Yeon Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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19
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Liu X, Yan R, Liu H, Zhang S, Wang R, Zhang B, Sun L. Genome-Wide Expression Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Target Genes in Metafemale Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098381. [PMID: 37176087 PMCID: PMC10179461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is usually more detrimental than altered ploidy of the entire set of chromosomes. To explore the regulatory mechanism of gene expression in aneuploidy, we analyzed the transcriptome sequencing data of metafemale Drosophila. The results showed that most genes on the X chromosome undergo dosage compensation, while the genes on the autosomal chromosomes mainly present inverse dosage effects. Furthermore, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as key regulators of gene expression, and they are more sensitive to dosage changes than mRNAs. We analyzed differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) in metafemale Drosophila and performed functional enrichment analyses of DEGs and the target genes of DELs, and we found that they are involved in several important biological processes. By constructing lncRNA-mRNA interaction networks and calculating the maximal clique centrality (MCC) value of each node in the network, we also identified two key candidate lncRNAs (CR43940 and CR42765), and two of their target genes, Sin3A and MED1, were identified as inverse dosage modulators. These results suggest that lncRNAs play an important role in the regulation of genomic imbalances. This study may deepen the understanding of the gene expression regulatory mechanisms in aneuploidy from the perspective of lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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20
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Viuff M, Skakkebæk A, Johannsen EB, Chang S, Pedersen SB, Lauritsen KM, Pedersen MGB, Trolle C, Just J, Gravholt CH. X chromosome dosage and the genetic impact across human tissues. Genome Med 2023; 15:21. [PMID: 36978128 PMCID: PMC10053618 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) give rise to a broad range of phenotypic traits and diseases. Previous studies based on peripheral blood samples have suggested the presence of ripple effects, caused by altered X chromosome number, affecting the methylome and transcriptome. Whether these alterations can be connected to disease-specific tissues, and thereby having clinical implication for the phenotype, remains to be elucidated. METHODS We performed a comprehensive analysis of X chromosome number on the transcriptome and methylome in blood, fat, and muscle tissue from individuals with 45,X, 46,XX, 46,XY, and 47,XXY. RESULTS X chromosome number affected the transcriptome and methylome globally across all chromosomes in a tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, 45,X and 47,XXY demonstrated a divergent pattern of gene expression and methylation, with overall gene downregulation and hypomethylation in 45,X and gene upregulation and hypermethylation in 47,XXY. In fat and muscle, a pronounced effect of sex was observed. We identified X chromosomal genes with an expression pattern different from what would be expected based on the number of X and Y chromosomes. Our data also indicate a regulatory function of Y chromosomal genes on X chromosomal genes. Fourteen X chromosomal genes were downregulated in 45,X and upregulated in 47,XXY, respectively, in all three tissues (AKAP17A, CD99, DHRSX, EIF2S3, GTPBP6, JPX, KDM6A, PP2R3B, PUDP, SLC25A6, TSIX, XIST, ZBED1, ZFX). These genes may be central in the epigenetic and genomic regulation of sex chromosome aneuploidies. CONCLUSION We highlight a tissue-specific and complex effect of X chromosome number on the transcriptome and methylome, elucidating both shared and non-shared gene-regulatory mechanism between SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Viuff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
| | - Emma B Johannsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Simon Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønlykke Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Katrine Meyer Lauritsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Mette Glavind Bülow Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Christian Trolle
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
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21
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Miao N, Zeng Z, Lee T, Guo Q, Zheng W, Cai W, Chen W, Wang J, Sun T. Integrative epigenome profiling of 47XXY provides insights into whole genomic DNA hypermethylation and active chromatin accessibility. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1128739. [PMID: 37051325 PMCID: PMC10083376 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1128739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47XXY) is a disorder characterized by sex chromosomal aneuploidy, which may lead to changes in epigenetic regulations of gene expression. To define epigenetic architectures in 47XXY, we annotated DNA methylation in euploid males (46XY) and females (46XX), and 47XXY individuals using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and integrated chromatin accessbilty, and detected abnormal hypermethylation in 47XXY. Furthermore, we detected altered chromatin accessibility in 47XXY, in particular in chromosome X, using Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) in cultured amniotic cells. Our results construct the whole genome-wide DNA methylation map in 47XXY, and provide new insights into the early epigenomic dysregulation resulting from an extra chromosome X in 47XXY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qiwei Guo
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwei Zheng
- Quanzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanhua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Sun,
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22
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Gravholt CH, Ferlin A, Gromoll J, Juul A, Raznahan A, van Rijn S, Rogol AD, Skakkebæk A, Tartaglia N, Swaab H. New developments and future trajectories in supernumerary sex chromosome abnormalities: a summary of the 2022 3rd International Workshop on Klinefelter Syndrome, Trisomy X, and XYY. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e220500. [PMID: 36598290 PMCID: PMC9986408 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The 3rd International Workshop on Klinefelter Syndrome, Trisomy X, and 47,XYY syndrome was held in Leiden, the Netherlands, on September 12-14, 2022. Here, we review new data presented at the workshop and discuss scientific and clinical trajectories. We focus on shortcomings in knowledge and therefore point out future areas for research. We focus on the genetics and genomics of supernumerary sex chromosome syndromes with new data being presented. Most knowledge centre specifically on Klinefelter syndrome, where aspects on testosterone deficiency and the relation to bone, muscle and fat were discussed, as was infertility and the treatment thereof. Both trisomy X and 47,XYY syndrome are frequently affected by infertility. Transitioning of males with Klinefelter syndrome was addressed, as this seemingly simple process in practise is often difficult. It is now realized that neurocognitive changes are pervasive in all supernumerary sex chromosome syndromes, which were extensively discussed. New intervention projects were also described, and exciting new data concerning these were presented. Advocacy organizations were present, describing the enormous burden carried by parents when having to explain their child's specific syndrome to most professionals whenever in contact with health care and education systems. It was also pointed out that most countries do not have health care systems that diagnose patients with supernumerary sex chromosome syndromes, thus pinpointing a clear deficiency in the current genetic testing and care models. At the end of the workshop, a roadmap towards the development of new international clinical care guidelines for Klinefelter syndrome was decided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Joerg Gromoll
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Münster, Germany
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sophie van Rijn
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands and TRIXY Center of Expertise, Leiden University Treatment and Expertise Centre (LUBEC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicole Tartaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands and TRIXY Center of Expertise, Leiden University Treatment and Expertise Centre (LUBEC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Escape from X-inactivation in twins exhibits intra- and inter-individual variability across tissues and is heritable. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010556. [PMID: 36802379 PMCID: PMC9942974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences one X in female cells to balance sex-differences in X-dosage. A subset of X-linked genes escape XCI, but the extent to which this phenomenon occurs and how it varies across tissues and in a population is as yet unclear. To characterize incidence and variability of escape across individuals and tissues, we conducted a transcriptomic study of escape in adipose, skin, lymphoblastoid cell lines and immune cells in 248 healthy individuals exhibiting skewed XCI. We quantify XCI escape from a linear model of genes' allelic fold-change and XIST-based degree of XCI skewing. We identify 62 genes, including 19 lncRNAs, with previously unknown patterns of escape. We find a range of tissue-specificity, with 11% of genes escaping XCI constitutively across tissues and 23% demonstrating tissue-restricted escape, including cell type-specific escape across immune cells of the same individual. We also detect substantial inter-individual variability in escape. Monozygotic twins share more similar escape than dizygotic twins, indicating that genetic factors may underlie inter-individual differences in escape. However, discordant escape also occurs within monozygotic co-twins, suggesting environmental factors also influence escape. Altogether, these data indicate that XCI escape is an under-appreciated source of transcriptional differences, and an intricate phenotype impacting variable trait expressivity in females.
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24
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Mendelian inheritance revisited: dominance and recessiveness in medical genetics. Nat Rev Genet 2023:10.1038/s41576-023-00574-0. [PMID: 36806206 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of genotype for phenotype (which ranges from molecule-level effects to whole-organism traits) is at the core of genetic diagnostics in medicine. Many measures of the deleteriousness of individual alleles exist, but these have limitations for predicting the clinical consequences. Various mechanisms can protect the organism from the adverse effects of functional variants, especially when the variant is paired with a wild type allele. Understanding why some alleles are harmful in the heterozygous state - representing dominant inheritance - but others only with the biallelic presence of pathogenic variants - representing recessive inheritance - is particularly important when faced with the deluge of rare genetic alterations identified by high throughput DNA sequencing. Both awareness of the specific quantitative and/or qualitative effects of individual variants and the elucidation of allelic and non-allelic interactions are essential to optimize genetic diagnosis and counselling.
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25
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The human inactive X chromosome modulates expression of the active X chromosome. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100259. [PMID: 36819663 PMCID: PMC9932992 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The "inactive" X chromosome (Xi) has been assumed to have little impact, in trans, on the "active" X (Xa). To test this, we quantified Xi and Xa gene expression in individuals with one Xa and zero to three Xis. Our linear modeling revealed modular Xi and Xa transcriptomes and significant Xi-driven expression changes for 38% (162/423) of expressed X chromosome genes. By integrating allele-specific analyses, we found that modulation of Xa transcript levels by Xi contributes to many of these Xi-driven changes (≥121 genes). By incorporating metrics of evolutionary constraint, we identified 10 X chromosome genes most likely to drive sex differences in common disease and sex chromosome aneuploidy syndromes. We conclude that human X chromosomes are regulated both in cis, through Xi-wide transcriptional attenuation, and in trans, through positive or negative modulation of individual Xa genes by Xi. The sum of these cis and trans effects differs widely among genes.
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26
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Bedei I, Gloning KP, Joyeux L, Meyer-Wittkopf M, Willner D, Krapp M, Scharf A, Degenhardt J, Heling KS, Kozlowski P, Trautmann K, Jahns KM, Geipel A, Tekesin I, Elsässer M, Wilhelm L, Gottschalk I, Baumüller JE, Birdir C, Schröer A, Zöllner F, Wolter A, Schenk J, Gehrke T, Spaeth A, Axt-Fliedner R. Turner syndrome-omphalocele association: Incidence, karyotype, phenotype and fetal outcome. Prenat Diagn 2023; 43:183-191. [PMID: 36600414 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Omphalocele is known to be associated with genetic anomalies like trisomy 13, 18 and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, but not with Turner syndrome (TS). Our aim was to assess the incidence of omphalocele in fetuses with TS, the phenotype of this association with other anomalies, their karyotype, and the fetal outcomes. METHOD Retrospective multicenter study of fetuses with confirmed diagnosis of TS. Data were extracted from a detailed questionnaire sent to specialists in prenatal ultrasound. RESULTS 680 fetuses with TS were included in this analysis. Incidence of small omphalocele in fetuses diagnosed ≥12 weeks was 3.1%. Including fetuses diagnosed before 12 weeks, it was 5.1%. 97.1% (34/35) of the affected fetuses had one or more associated anomalies including increased nuchal translucency (≥3 mm) and/or cystic hygroma (94.3%), hydrops/skin edema (71.1%), and cardiac anomalies (40%). The karyotype was 45,X in all fetuses. Fetal outcomes were poor with only 1 fetus born alive. CONCLUSION TS with 45,X karyotype but not with X chromosome variants is associated with small omphalocele. Most of these fetuses have associated anomalies and a poor prognosis. Our data suggest an association of TS with omphalocele, which is evident from the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Bedei
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Luc Joyeux
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,MyFetUZ Fetal Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Daria Willner
- Center for Prenatal Medicine and Human Genetics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Krapp
- Center for Prenatal Medicine on Elbe, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kai-Sven Heling
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis and Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kozlowski
- Praenatal.de, Prenatal Medicine and Genetics Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Kai M Jahns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annegret Geipel
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Michael Elsässer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Gottschalk
- Division of Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Cahit Birdir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Felix Zöllner
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Aline Wolter
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johanna Schenk
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tascha Gehrke
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alicia Spaeth
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roland Axt-Fliedner
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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27
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Gravholt CH, Viuff M, Just J, Sandahl K, Brun S, van der Velden J, Andersen NH, Skakkebaek A. The Changing Face of Turner Syndrome. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:33-69. [PMID: 35695701 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a condition in females missing the second sex chromosome (45,X) or parts thereof. It is considered a rare genetic condition and is associated with a wide range of clinical stigmata, such as short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, delayed puberty and infertility, congenital malformations, endocrine disorders, including a range of autoimmune conditions and type 2 diabetes, and neurocognitive deficits. Morbidity and mortality are clearly increased compared with the general population and the average age at diagnosis is quite delayed. During recent years it has become clear that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary toward the patient with TS. A number of clinical advances has been implemented, and these are reviewed. Our understanding of the genomic architecture of TS is advancing rapidly, and these latest developments are reviewed and discussed. Several candidate genes, genomic pathways and mechanisms, including an altered transcriptome and epigenome, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Mette Viuff
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Kristian Sandahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Sara Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Janielle van der Velden
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Children's Hospital, 6525 Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg 9000, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebaek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
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28
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Krivega M, Stiefel CM, Storchova Z. Consequences of chromosome gain: A new view on trisomy syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2126-2140. [PMID: 36459979 PMCID: PMC9808507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome gains are detrimental for the development of the human embryo. As such, autosomal trisomies almost always result in spontaneous abortion, and the rare embryos surviving until live birth suffer from a plethora of pathological defects. There is no treatment currently available to ameliorate the consequences of trisomies, such as Down syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 21). Identifying the source of the phenotypes observed in cells with extra chromosomes is crucial for understanding the underlying molecular causes of trisomy syndromes. Although increased expression of the genes localized on the extra chromosome triggers several pathological phenotypes, an alternative model suggests that global, aneuploidy-associated changes in cellular physiology also contribute to the pathology. Here, we compare the molecular consequences of trisomy syndromes in vivo against engineered cell lines carrying various chromosome gains in vitro. We point out several phenotypes that are shared by variable trisomies and, therefore, might be caused by the presence of an extra chromosome per se, independent of its identity. This alternative view may provide useful insights for understanding Down syndrome pathology and open additional opportunities for diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krivega
- Reproduction Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Infertility Disorders, Women Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Clara M. Stiefel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zuzana Storchova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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29
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Four layer multi-omics reveals molecular responses to aneuploidy in Leishmania. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010848. [PMID: 36149920 PMCID: PMC9534393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy causes system-wide disruptions in the stochiometric balances of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites, often resulting in detrimental effects for the organism. The protozoan parasite Leishmania has an unusually high tolerance for aneuploidy, but the molecular and functional consequences for the pathogen remain poorly understood. Here, we addressed this question in vitro and present the first integrated analysis of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of highly aneuploid Leishmania donovani strains. Our analyses unambiguously establish that aneuploidy in Leishmania proportionally impacts the average transcript- and protein abundance levels of affected chromosomes, ultimately correlating with the degree of metabolic differences between closely related aneuploid strains. This proportionality was present in both proliferative and non-proliferative in vitro promastigotes. However, as in other Eukaryotes, we observed attenuation of dosage effects for protein complex subunits and in addition, non-cytoplasmic proteins. Differentially expressed transcripts and proteins between aneuploid Leishmania strains also originated from non-aneuploid chromosomes. At protein level, these were enriched for proteins involved in protein metabolism, such as chaperones and chaperonins, peptidases, and heat-shock proteins. In conclusion, our results further support the view that aneuploidy in Leishmania can be adaptive. Additionally, we believe that the high karyotype diversity in vitro and absence of classical transcriptional regulation make Leishmania an attractive model to study processes of protein homeostasis in the context of aneuploidy and beyond.
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30
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Xu WQ, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Luo T, Chen HY. Birth of a boy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection using ejaculated spermatozoa from a nonmosaic klinefelter syndrome man with normal sperm motility: A case report. Front Genet 2022; 13:989701. [PMID: 36212158 PMCID: PMC9538340 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.989701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosome abnormality, which occurs in about one in 660 newly born males, and it is the most common genetic cause of infertility in infertile men, accounting for 11%. It is rare for non-mosaic KS patients to have sperm and reproduce naturally, and there are currently no reports of KS patients with normal motile sperm. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (micro-TESE-ICSI) is currently the main assisted reproductive method for patients with KS. In this study, we describe a patient of non-mosaic KS (47, XXY) who had given birth to a healthy girl naturally. The patient had normal male characteristics and did not have the symptoms of hypogonadism commonly seen in KS. He had high levels of serum follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, a low level of serum testosterone, and a normal level of prolactin. Semen analysis showed that this case had normal motile sperm (total motility of 57.66% and progressive motility of 46.19%) but low sperm concentration (1.7 × 106 cells/mL). He gave birth to a boy by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using his ejaculated sperm purified to high density and motility by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. In conclusion, this case is a unique non-mosaic KS patient who had a normal sperm motility, experienced a natural fertility, and received a successful ICSI outcome, which enlarges our knowledges on non-mosaic KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-qing Xu
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Luo, Hou-yang Chen,
| | - Hou-yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Luo, Hou-yang Chen,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Turner syndrome is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in female individuals, affecting 1/2000-1/2500 female newborns. Despite the high incidence of this condition, the mechanisms underlying the development of multiorgan dysfunction have not been elucidated. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical features involve multiple organ systems and include short stature, dysmorphic facial features, delayed puberty and gonadal failure, cardiac and renal abnormalities, audiologic abnormalities, and a high prevalence of endocrine and autoimmune disorders. Paucity of available genotype/phenotype correlation limits the ability of clinicians to provide accurate guidance and management. Given the advent of robust genetic testing and analysis platforms, developments in the genetic basis of disease are materializing at a rapid pace. SUMMARY The objective of this review is to highlight the recent advances in knowledge and to provide a framework with which to apply new data to the foundational understanding of the condition.
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Johannsen EB, Just J, Viuff MH, Okholm TLH, Pedersen SB, Meyer Lauritsen K, Trolle C, Pedersen MGB, Chang S, Fedder J, Skakkebæk A, Gravholt CH. Sex chromosome aneuploidies give rise to changes in the circular RNA profile: A circular transcriptome-wide study of Turner and Klinefelter syndrome across different tissues. Front Genet 2022; 13:928874. [PMID: 35938026 PMCID: PMC9355307 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.928874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The landscape of circular RNAs (circRNAs), an important class of non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, has never been described in human disorders of sex chromosome aneuploidies. We profiled circRNAs in Turner syndrome females (45,X; TS) and Klinefelter syndrome males (47,XXY; KS) to investigate how circRNAs respond to a missing or an extra X chromosome. Methods: Samples of blood, muscle and fat were collected from individuals with TS (n = 33) and KS (n = 22) and from male (n = 16) and female (n = 44) controls. CircRNAs were identified using a combination of circRNA identification pipelines (CIRI2, CIRCexplorer2 and circRNA_finder). Results: Differential expression of circRNAs was observed throughout the genome in TS and KS, in all tissues. The host-genes from which several of these circRNAs were derived, were associated with known phenotypic traits. Furthermore, several differentially expressed circRNAs had the potential to capture micro RNAs that targeted protein-coding genes with altered expression in TS and KS. Conclusion: Sex chromosome aneuploidies introduce changes in the circRNA transcriptome, demonstrating that the genomic changes in these syndromes are more complex than hitherto thought. CircRNAs may help explain some of the genomic and phenotypic traits observed in these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma B. Johannsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Emma B. Johannsen,
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette H. Viuff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine Line Hauge Okholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Katrine Meyer Lauritsen
- Steno Diabetes Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Trolle
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Fedder
- Centre of Andrology and Fertility Clinic, Department D, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit of Human Reproduction, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus H. Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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33
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Gutierrez J, Davis BA, Nevonen KA, Ward S, Carbone L, Maslen CL. DNA Methylation Analysis of Turner Syndrome BAV. Front Genet 2022; 13:872750. [PMID: 35711915 PMCID: PMC9194862 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.872750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner Syndrome (TS) is a rare cytogenetic disorder caused by the complete loss or structural variation of the second sex chromosome. The most common cause of early mortality in TS results from a high incidence of left-sided congenital heart defects, including bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), which occurs in about 30% of individuals with TS. BAV is also the most common congenital heart defect in the general population with a prevalence of 0.5–2%, with males being three-times more likely to have a BAV than females. TS is associated with genome-wide hypomethylation when compared to karyotypically normal males and females. Alterations in DNA methylation in primary aortic tissue are associated with BAV in euploid individuals. Here we show significant differences in DNA methylation patterns associated with BAV in TS found in peripheral blood by comparing TS BAV (n = 12), TS TAV (n = 13), and non-syndromic BAV (n = 6). When comparing TS with BAV to TS with no heart defects we identified a differentially methylated region encompassing the BAV-associated gene MYRF, and enrichment for binding sites of two known transcription factor contributors to BAV. When comparing TS with BAV to euploid women with BAV, we found significant overlapping enrichment for ChIP-seq transcription factor targets including genes in the NOTCH1 pathway, known for involvement in the etiology of non-syndromic BAV, and other genes that are essential regulators of heart valve development. Overall, these findings suggest that altered DNA methylation affecting key aortic valve development genes contributes to the greatly increased risk for BAV in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gutierrez
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brett A Davis
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kimberly A Nevonen
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Samantha Ward
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lucia Carbone
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Cheryl L Maslen
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Shi X, Yang H, Chen C, Hou J, Ji T, Cheng J, Birchler JA. Dosage-sensitive miRNAs trigger modulation of gene expression during genomic imbalance in maize. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3014. [PMID: 35641525 PMCID: PMC9156689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic imbalance caused by varying the dosage of individual chromosomes or chromosomal segments (aneuploidy) has more detrimental effects than altering the dosage of complete chromosome sets (ploidy). Previous analysis of maize (Zea mays) aneuploids revealed global modulation of gene expression both on the varied chromosome (cis) and the remainder of the genome (trans). However, little is known regarding the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) under genomic imbalance. Here, we report the impact of aneuploidy and polyploidy on the expression of miRNAs. In general, cis miRNAs in aneuploids present a predominant gene-dosage effect, whereas trans miRNAs trend toward the inverse level, although other types of responses including dosage compensation, increased effect, and decreased effect also occur. By contrast, polyploids show less differential miRNA expression than aneuploids. Significant correlations between expression levels of miRNAs and their targets are identified in aneuploids, indicating the regulatory role of miRNAs on gene expression triggered by genomic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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35
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He H, Huang T, Yu F, Chen K, Guo S, Zhang L, Tang X, Yuan X, Liu J, Zhou Y. KIF2C affects sperm cell differentiation in patients with Klinefelter syndrome, as revealed by RNA-Seq and scRNA-Seq data. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1465-1474. [PMID: 35622500 PMCID: PMC9340869 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a leading contributor to male infertility and is characterised by complex and diverse clinical features; however, genetic changes in the KS transcriptome remain largely unknown. We therefore used transcriptomic and single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) datasets from KS versus normal populations through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify gene biomarkers associated with the occurrence of KS. We identified a total of 700 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and completed Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), enrichment pathway analysis and protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. A total of four unreported KS‐related hub genes (KIF2C, MRPS2, RPS15 and TSFM) were identified. Validation of the single‐cell sequencing dataset showed that only KIF2C and RPS15 were expressed in spermatocytes and that they were differentially expressed in sperm cells. Further construction of the developmental trajectories of these two genes in sperm cells showed that the KIF2C gene showed an upward trend throughout the differentiation and development of sperm cells. In conclusion, we report here that KIF2C may be closely related to the differentiation and development of sperm cells in KS patients, which is important for revealing the molecular mechanism of KS and conducting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong He
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Keyan Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Shixing Guo
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Xinhua Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
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36
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DNA Hypermethylation and a Specific Methylation Spectrum on the X Chromosome in Turner Syndrome as Determined by Nanopore Sequencing. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060872. [PMID: 35743657 PMCID: PMC9225209 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular genetic mechanism of Turner syndrome (TS) still leaves much to be discovered. Methods: TS (45X0) patients and age-matched controls (46XX and 46XY) were selected. The nanopore sequencing combined with trio-whole exome sequencing (trio-WES) were used for the first time to investigate TS. Results: Thirteen TS (45X0) patients and eight controls were enrolled. Trio-WES analysis did not find any pathogenetic or likely pathogenic variants except X chromosome (chrX) deletion. The average methylation levels and patterns of chrX in 45X0 and 46XY were similar, and significantly higher than in 46XX (p = 2.22 × 10−16). Both hyper-methylation and hypo-methylation were detected in the CpG island (CGI), CGI_shore, promoter, genebody, and PAR1-region, while in the transposon element inactivation regions of the chrX and hypermethylation were predominant. A total of 125 differentially methylated genes were identified in 45X0 compared to 46XX, including 8 and 117 hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes, respectively, with the enrichment terms of mitophagy, regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity, etc. Conclusions: The results suggest that the methylation profile in patients with TS might be determined by the number of X chromosomes; the patterns of methylation in TS were precisely associated with the maintenance of genomic stability and improvement of gene expression. Differentially methylated genes/pathways might reveal the potential epigenetic modulation and lead to better understanding of TS.
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37
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Astro V, Alowaysi M, Fiacco E, Saera-Vila A, Cardona-Londoño KJ, Aiese Cigliano R, Adamo A. Pseudoautosomal Region 1 Overdosage Affects the Global Transcriptome in iPSCs From Patients With Klinefelter Syndrome and High-Grade X Chromosome Aneuploidies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801597. [PMID: 35186953 PMCID: PMC8850648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most prevalent aneuploidy in males and is characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype. Less frequently, higher grade sex chromosome aneuploidies (HGAs) can also occur. Here, using a paradigmatic cohort of KS and HGA induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying 49,XXXXY, 48,XXXY, and 47,XXY karyotypes, we identified the genes within the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) as the most susceptible to dosage-dependent transcriptional dysregulation and therefore potentially responsible for the progressively worsening phenotype in higher grade X aneuploidies. By contrast, the biallelically expressed non-PAR escape genes displayed high interclonal and interpatient variability in iPSCs and differentiated derivatives, suggesting that these genes could be associated with variable KS traits. By interrogating KS and HGA iPSCs at the single-cell resolution we showed that PAR1 and non-PAR escape genes are not only resilient to the X-inactive specific transcript (XIST)-mediated inactivation but also that their transcriptional regulation is disjointed from the absolute XIST expression level. Finally, we explored the transcriptional effects of X chromosome overdosage on autosomes and identified the nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) as a key regulator of the zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX). Our study provides the first evidence of an X-dosage-sensitive autosomal transcription factor regulating an X-linked gene in low- and high-grade X aneuploidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Astro
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alowaysi
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elisabetta Fiacco
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kelly J. Cardona-Londoño
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Antonio Adamo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Antonio Adamo,
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38
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Birchler JA, Veitia RA. One Hundred Years of Gene Balance: How Stoichiometric Issues Affect Gene Expression, Genome Evolution, and Quantitative Traits. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:529-550. [PMID: 34814143 DOI: 10.1159/000519592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A century ago experiments with the flowering plant Datura stramonium and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster revealed that adding an extra chromosome to a karyotype was much more detrimental than adding a whole set of chromosomes. This phenomenon was referred to as gene balance and has been recapitulated across eukaryotic species. Here, we retrace some developments in this field. Molecular studies suggest that the basis of balance involves stoichiometric relationships of multi-component interactions. This concept has implication for the mechanisms controlling gene expression, genome evolution, sex chromosome evolution/dosage compensation, speciation mechanisms, and the underlying genetics of quantitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris/CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie F. Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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39
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Kanakatti Shankar R. Immunological Profile and Autoimmunity in Turner Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 93:415-422. [PMID: 33503638 DOI: 10.1159/000512904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS), characterized by the partial or complete absence of an X-chromosome, provides a unique insight into the role of the X-chromosome and the immune system. While women have a 10-fold higher incidence of autoimmune disease (AD) compared with men, the risk in women with TS is thought to be further doubled. TS is associated with a propensity for a wide variety of ADs that increase in incidence across the life span. Isochromosome Xq as well as isolated Xp deletion karyotypes may predispose to higher rates of AD in TS suggesting the impact of X-chromosome gene dosage. It is likely, however, that epigenetic changes across the genome and the hormonal milieu may also have a profound impact on the immune profile in TS. This review explores the immune phenotype and the spectrum of ADs in TS. Genotype-phenotype correlations are presented with a brief overview of the genetic and hormonal underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Kanakatti Shankar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA,
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40
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Zhou R, Lv X, Chen T, Chen Q, Tian H, Yang C, Guo W, Liu C. Construction and external validation of a 5-gene random forest model to diagnose non-obstructive azoospermia based on the single-cell RNA sequencing of testicular tissue. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24219-24235. [PMID: 34738918 PMCID: PMC8610122 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is among the most severe factors for male infertility, but our understandings of the latent biological mechanisms remain insufficient. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of 432 testicular cells isolated from the patient with NOA was analyzed, and the cell samples were grouped into 5 cell clusters. A sum of 455 cell markers was identified and then included in the protein-protein interaction network. The Top 5 most critical genes in the network, including CCT8, CDC6, PSMD1, RPS4X, RPL36A, were selected for the diagnosis model construction through the random forest (RF). The RF model was a strong classifier for NOA and obstructive azoospermia (OA), which was validated in the training cohort (n = 58, AUC = 1) and external validation cohort (n = 20, AUC = 0.9). We collected the seminal plasma samples and testicular biopsy samples from 20 OA and 20 NOA cases from the local hospital, and the gene expression was detected via Real-Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and Immunohistochemistry. The RF model also exhibited high accuracy (AUC = 0.725) in the local cohort. In summary, a novel gene signature was developed and externally validated based on scRNA-seq analysis, providing some new biomarkers to uncover the underlying mechanisms and a promising clinical tool for diagnosis in NOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyuan Lv
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianle Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hu Tian
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cundong Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Taylor-King JP. Rethinking rare disease: longevity-enhancing drug targets through X-linked aneuploidy. Trends Genet 2021; 38:317-320. [PMID: 34702579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex diseases, including ageing, often exhibit sexual dimorphism. These sex differences can obfuscate attribution to causal genes within a target ID campaign. Mendelian randomisation (MR)-inspired analysis provides a natural setting to incorporate X-linked aneuploid populations, resulting in prioritisation of longevity-enhancing drug targets and motivating greater inclusion of said populations in future profiling studies.
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Hay M, Kumar V, Ricaño-Ponce I. The role of the X chromosome in infectious diseases. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 21:143-158. [PMID: 34651167 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases in humans present with a sex bias. This bias arises from a combination of environmental factors, hormones and genetics. In this study, we review the contribution of the X chromosome to the genetic factor associated with infectious diseases. First, we give an overview of the X-linked genes that have been described in the context of infectious diseases and group them in four main pathways that seem to be dysregulated in infectious diseases: nuclear factor kappa-B, interleukin 2 and interferon γ cascade, toll-like receptors and programmed death ligand 1. Then, we review the infectious disease associations in existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the GWAS Catalog and the Pan-UK Biobank, describing the main associations and their possible implications for the disease. Finally, we highlight the importance of including the X chromosome in GWAS analysis and the importance of sex-specific analysis.
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Simonetti L, Ferreira LGA, Vidi AC, de Souza JS, Kunii IS, Melaragno MI, de Mello CB, Carvalheira G, Dias da Silva MR. Intelligence Quotient Variability in Klinefelter Syndrome Is Associated With GTPBP6 Expression Under Regulation of X-Chromosome Inactivation Pattern. Front Genet 2021; 12:724625. [PMID: 34616429 PMCID: PMC8488338 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.724625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) displays a broad dysmorphological, endocrinological, and neuropsychological clinical spectrum. We hypothesized that the neurocognitive dysfunction present in KS relies on an imbalance in X-chromosome gene expression. Thus, the X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) pattern and neurocognitive X-linked gene expression were tested and correlated with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. We evaluated 11 KS patients by (a) IQ assessment, (b) analyzing the XCI patterns using both HUMARA and ZDHHC15 gene assays, and (c) blood RT-qPCR to investigate seven X-linked genes related to neurocognitive development (GTPBP6, EIF2S3, ITM2A, HUWE1, KDM5C, GDI1, and VAMP7) and XIST in comparison with 14 (male and female) controls. Considering IQ 80 as the standard minimum reference, we verified that the variability in IQ scores in KS patients seemed to be associated with the XCI pattern. Seven individuals in the KS group presented a random X-inactivation (RXI) and lower average IQ than the four individuals who presented a skewed X-inactivation (SXI) pattern. The evaluation of gene expression showed higher GTPBP6 expression in KS patients with RXI than in controls (p = 0.0059). Interestingly, the expression of GTPBP6 in KS patients with SXI did not differ from that observed in controls. Therefore, our data suggest for the first time that GTPBP6 expression is negatively associated with full-scale IQ under the regulation of the type of XCI pattern. The SXI pattern may regulate GTPBP6 expression, thereby dampening the impairment in cognitive performance and playing a role in intelligence variability in individuals with KS, which warrants further mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas G A Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Cristina Vidi
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilda S Kunii
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melaragno
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Berlim de Mello
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gianna Carvalheira
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magnus R Dias da Silva
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Biradar VS, Rajpathak SN, Joshi SR, Deobagkar DD. Functional and regulatory aspects of oxidative stress response in X monosomy. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:661-675. [PMID: 34505228 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The partial/complete loss of one X chromosome in a human female leads to Turner syndrome (TS). TS individuals display a range of phenotypes including short stature, osteoporosis, ovarian malfunction, diabetes, and thyroid dysfunction. Epigenetic factors and regulatory networks are distinctly different in X monosomy (45, X). In a lifetime, an individual is exposed to a variety of stress conditions. To study whether X monosomy cells display a differential response upon exposure to mild stress as compared to normal 46, XX cells and whether this may contribute to various co-morbidities in aneuploid individuals, we have carried out a transcriptomic analysis of human fibroblasts 45, X and 46, XX after exposure to mild oxidative stress. Under these conditions, over 350 transcripts were seen to be differentially expressed in 45, X and 46, XX cells. Pathways associated with oxidative stress were differentially expressed highlighting the differential regulation of genes and associated phenotypes. It could be seen that X monosomy cells are more susceptible to oxidative stress as compared to normal cells and have altered molecular pathways both in normal conditions and also upon exposure to mild oxidative stress. To explore this aspect in detail, we have mapped the expressions of transcription factors (TFs) in 45, X and 46, XX cells. The network of transcription activating factors is differentially regulated in 45, X and 46, XX cells under stress exposure. It is tempting to speculate that the altered ability of 45, X (Turner) cells to respond to stress may play a significant role in the physiological function and altered phenotypes in Turner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak S Biradar
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Shriram N Rajpathak
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- Recombinant Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411 028, India
| | - Suraj R Joshi
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Deepti D Deobagkar
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
- School of Physical Sciences, ISRO Space Technology Cell, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India.
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45
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Fang H, Deng X, Disteche CM. X-factors in human disease: Impact of gene content and dosage regulation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:R285-R295. [PMID: 34387327 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene content of the X and Y chromosomes has dramatically diverged during evolution. The ensuing dosage imbalance within the genome of males and females has led to unique chromosome-wide regulatory mechanisms with significant and sex-specific impacts on X-linked gene expression. X inactivation or silencing of most genes on one X chromosome chosen at random in females profoundly affects the manifestation of X-linked diseases, as males inherit a single maternal allele, while females express maternal and paternal alleles in a mosaic manner. An additional complication is the existence of genes that escape X inactivation and thus are ubiquitously expressed from both alleles in females. The mosaic nature of X-linked gene expression and the potential for escape can vary between individuals, tissues, cell types, and stages of life. Our understanding of the specialized nature of X-linked genes and of the multilayer epigenetic regulation that influence their expression throughout the organism has been helped by molecular studies conducted by tissue-specific and single-cell-specific approaches. In turn, the definition of molecular events that control X silencing has helped develop new approaches for the treatment of some X-linked disorders. This review focuses on the peculiarities of the X chromosome genetic content and epigenetic regulation in shaping the manifestation of congenital and acquired X-linked disorders in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | - Christine M Disteche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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46
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Lee RS, Song SQ, Garrison-Desany HM, Carey JL, Lasutschinkow P, Zabel A, Bressler J, Gropman A, Samango-Sprouse C. DNA methylation and behavioral dysfunction in males with 47,XXY and 49,XXXXY: a pilot study. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:136. [PMID: 34210361 PMCID: PMC8252231 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equal dosage of X-linked genes between males and females is maintained by the X-inactivation of the second X chromosome in females through epigenetic mechanisms. Boys with aneuploidy of the X chromosome exhibit a host of symptoms such as low fertility, musculoskeletal anomalies, and cognitive and behavioral deficits that are presumed to be caused by the abnormal dosage of these genes. The objective of this pilot study is to assess the relationship between CpG methylation, an epigenetic modification, at several genes on the X chromosome and behavioral dysfunction in boys with supernumerary X chromosomes. Results Two parental questionnaires, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), were analyzed, and they showed expected differences in both internal and external behaviors between neurotypical (46,XY) boys and boys with 49,XXXXY. There were several CpGs in AR and MAOA of boys with 49,XXXXY whose methylation levels were skewed from levels predicted from having one active (Xa) and three inactive (Xi) X chromosomes. Further, methylation levels of multiple CpGs in MAOA showed nominally significant association with externalizing behavior on the CBCL, and the methylation level of one CpG in AR showed nominally significant association with the BRIEF Regulation Index. Conclusions Boys with 49,XXXXY displayed higher levels of CpG methylation at regulatory intronic regions in X-linked genes encoding the androgen receptor (AR) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), compared to that in boys with 47,XXY and neurotypical boys. Our pilot study results suggest a link between CpG methylation levels and behavior in boys with 49,XXXXY. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01123-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Lee
- The Mood Disorders Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophia Q Song
- Department of Research, The Focus Foundation, Davidsonville, MD, USA
| | - Henri M Garrison-Desany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jenny L Carey
- The Mood Disorders Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Gropman
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Neurogenetics and Developmental Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carole Samango-Sprouse
- Department of Research, The Focus Foundation, Davidsonville, MD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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47
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Wang Y, Hannon E, Grant OA, Gorrie-Stone TJ, Kumari M, Mill J, Zhai X, McDonald-Maier KD, Schalkwyk LC. DNA methylation-based sex classifier to predict sex and identify sex chromosome aneuploidy. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:484. [PMID: 34182928 PMCID: PMC8240370 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sex is an important covariate of epigenome-wide association studies due to its strong influence on DNA methylation patterns across numerous genomic positions. Nevertheless, many samples on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) frequently lack a sex annotation or are incorrectly labelled. Considering the influence that sex imposes on DNA methylation patterns, it is necessary to ensure that methods for filtering poor samples and checking of sex assignment are accurate and widely applicable. Results Here we presented a novel method to predict sex using only DNA methylation beta values, which can be readily applied to almost all DNA methylation datasets of different formats (raw IDATs or text files with only signal intensities) uploaded to GEO. We identified 4345 significantly (p<0.01) sex-associated CpG sites present on both 450K and EPIC arrays, and constructed a sex classifier based on the two first principal components of the DNA methylation data of sex-associated probes mapped on sex chromosomes. The proposed method is constructed using whole blood samples and exhibits good performance across a wide range of tissues. We further demonstrated that our method can be used to identify samples with sex chromosome aneuploidy, this function is validated by five Turner syndrome cases and one Klinefelter syndrome case. Conclusions This proposed sex classifier not only can be used for sex predictions but also applied to identify samples with sex chromosome aneuploidy, and it is freely and easily accessible by calling the ‘estimateSex’ function from the newest wateRmelon Bioconductor package (https://github.com/schalkwyk/wateRmelon). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12864-021-07675-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Eilis Hannon
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Olivia A Grant
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Xiaojun Zhai
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK.
| | - Klaus D McDonald-Maier
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Leonard C Schalkwyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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48
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Shi X, Yang H, Chen C, Hou J, Hanson KM, Albert PS, Ji T, Cheng J, Birchler JA. Genomic imbalance determines positive and negative modulation of gene expression in diploid maize. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:917-939. [PMID: 33677584 PMCID: PMC8226301 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genomic imbalance caused by changing the dosage of individual chromosomes (aneuploidy) has a more detrimental effect than varying the dosage of complete sets of chromosomes (ploidy). We examined the impact of both increased and decreased dosage of 15 distal and 1 interstitial chromosomal regions via RNA-seq of maize (Zea mays) mature leaf tissue to reveal new aspects of genomic imbalance. The results indicate that significant changes in gene expression in aneuploids occur both on the varied chromosome (cis) and the remainder of the genome (trans), with a wider spread of modulation compared with the whole-ploidy series of haploid to tetraploid. In general, cis genes in aneuploids range from a gene-dosage effect to dosage compensation, whereas for trans genes the most common effect is an inverse correlation in that expression is modulated toward the opposite direction of the varied chromosomal dosage, although positive modulations also occur. Furthermore, this analysis revealed the existence of increased and decreased effects in which the expression of many genes under genome imbalance are modulated toward the same direction regardless of increased or decreased chromosomal dosage, which is predicted from kinetic considerations of multicomponent molecular interactions. The findings provide novel insights into understanding mechanistic aspects of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Shi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Katherine M Hanson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Patrice S Albert
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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49
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Yang H, Shi X, Chen C, Hou J, Ji T, Cheng J, Birchler JA. Predominantly inverse modulation of gene expression in genomically unbalanced disomic haploid maize. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:901-916. [PMID: 33656551 PMCID: PMC8226288 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic consequences of the addition or subtraction of part of a chromosome is more severe than changing the dosage of the whole genome. By crossing diploid trisomies to a haploid inducer, we identified 17 distal segmental haploid disomies that cover ∼80% of the maize genome. Disomic haploids provide a level of genomic imbalance that is not ordinarily achievable in multicellular eukaryotes, allowing the impact to be stronger and more easily studied. Transcriptome size estimates revealed that a few disomies inversely modulate most of the transcriptome. Based on RNA sequencing, the expression levels of genes located on the varied chromosome arms (cis) in disomies ranged from being proportional to chromosomal dosage (dosage effect) to showing dosage compensation with no expression change with dosage. For genes not located on the varied chromosome arm (trans), an obvious trans-acting effect can be observed, with the majority showing a decreased modulation (inverse effect). The extent of dosage compensation of varied cis genes correlates with the extent of trans inverse effects across the 17 genomic regions studied. The results also have implications for the role of stoichiometry in gene expression, the control of quantitative traits, and the evolution of dosage-sensitive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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50
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Iakovlev M, Faravelli S, Becskei A. Gene Families With Stochastic Exclusive Gene Choice Underlie Cell Adhesion in Mammalian Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642212. [PMID: 33996799 PMCID: PMC8117012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive stochastic gene choice combines precision with diversity. This regulation enables most T-cells to express exactly one T-cell receptor isoform chosen from a large repertoire, and to react precisely against diverse antigens. Some cells express two receptor isoforms, revealing the stochastic nature of this process. A similar regulation of odorant receptors and protocadherins enable cells to recognize odors and confer individuality to cells in neuronal interaction networks, respectively. We explored whether genes in other families are expressed exclusively by analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data with a simple metric. This metric can detect exclusivity independently of the mean value and the monoallelic nature of gene expression. Chromosomal segments and gene families are more likely to express genes concurrently than exclusively, possibly due to the evolutionary and biophysical aspects of shared regulation. Nonetheless, gene families with exclusive gene choice were detected in multiple cell types, most of them are membrane proteins involved in ion transport and cell adhesion, suggesting the coordination of these two functions. Thus, stochastic exclusive expression extends beyond the prototypical families, permitting precision in gene choice to be combined with the diversity of intercellular interactions.
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