1
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Zhang FL, Yang XK, Qi YT, Tian SY, Huang WH. Nanoelectrochemistry reveals how presynaptic neurons regulate vesicle release to sustain synaptic plasticity under repetitive stimuli. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7651-7658. [PMID: 38784745 PMCID: PMC11110134 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01664e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to modulate synaptic strength in response to dynamic changes within, as well as environmental changes. Although there is a considerable body of knowledge on protein expression and receptor migration in different categories of synaptic plasticity, the contribution and impact of presynaptic vesicle release and neurotransmitter levels towards plasticity remain largely unclear. Herein, nanoelectrochemistry using carbon fiber nanoelectrodes with excellent spatio-temporal resolution was applied for real-time monitoring of presynaptic vesicle release of dopamine inside single synapses of dopaminergic neurons, and exocytotic variations in quantity and kinetics under repetitive electrical stimuli. We found that the presynaptic terminal tends to maintain synaptic strength by rapidly recruiting vesicles, changing the dynamics of exocytosis, and maintaining sufficient neurotransmitter release in following stimuli. Except for small clear synaptic vesicles, dense core vesicles are involved in exocytosis to sustain the neurotransmitter level in later periods of repetitive stimuli. These data indicate that vesicles use a potential regulatory mechanism to establish short-term plasticity, and provide new directions for exploring the synaptic mechanisms in connection and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ke Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Si-Yu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
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2
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Biswas S, Jang H, Lee Y, Choi H, Kim Y, Kim H, Zhu Y. Recent advancements in implantable neural links based on organic synaptic transistors. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20220150. [PMID: 38855618 PMCID: PMC11022612 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The progress of brain synaptic devices has witnessed an era of rapid and explosive growth. Because of their integrated storage, excellent plasticity and parallel computing, and system information processing abilities, various field effect transistors have been used to replicate the synapses of a human brain. Organic semiconductors are characterized by simplicity of processing, mechanical flexibility, low cost, biocompatibility, and flexibility, making them the most promising materials for implanted brain synaptic bioelectronics. Despite being used in numerous intelligent integrated circuits and implantable neural linkages with multiple terminals, organic synaptic transistors still face many obstacles that must be overcome to advance their development. A comprehensive review would be an excellent tool in this respect. Therefore, the latest advancements in implantable neural links based on organic synaptic transistors are outlined. First, the distinction between conventional and synaptic transistors are highlighted. Next, the existing implanted organic synaptic transistors and their applicability to the brain as a neural link are summarized. Finally, the potential research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Biswas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4)University of SeoulSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyo‐won Jang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4)University of SeoulSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yongju Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4)University of SeoulSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical InnovationLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hyojeong Choi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4)University of SeoulSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical InnovationLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yoon Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4)University of SeoulSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4)University of SeoulSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical InnovationLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Central Business, SENSOMEDICheongju‐siRepublic of Korea
- Institute of Sensor System, SENSOMEDICheongjuRepublic of Korea
- Energy FlexSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical InnovationLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Denison JD, De Alwis AC, Shah R, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Untapped Potential: Real-Time Measurements of Opioid Exocytosis at Single Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24071-24080. [PMID: 37857375 PMCID: PMC10637323 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system is commonly targeted in pain treatment, but the fundamental nature of neuropeptide release remains poorly understood due to a lack of methods for direct detection of specific opioid neuropeptides in situ. These peptides are concentrated in, and released from, large dense-core vesicles in chromaffin cells. Although catecholamine release from these neuroendocrine cells is well characterized, the direct quantification of opioid peptide exocytosis events has not previously been achieved. In this work, a planar carbon-fiber microelectrode served as a "postsynaptic" sensor for probing catecholamine and neuropeptide release dynamics via amperometric monitoring. A constant potential of 500 mV was employed for quantification of catecholamine release, and a higher potential of 1000 mV was used to drive oxidation of tyrosine, the N-terminal amino acid in the opioid neuropeptides released from chromaffin cells. By discriminating the results collected at the two potentials, the data reveal unique kinetics for these two neurochemical classes at the single-vesicle level. The amplitude of the peptidergic signals decreased with repeat stimulation, as the halfwidth of these signals simultaneously increased. By contrast, the amplitude of catecholamine release events increased with repeat stimulation, but the halfwidth of each event did not vary. The chromogranin dense core was identified as an important mechanistic handle by which separate classes of transmitter can be kinetically modulated when released from the same population of vesicles. Overall, the data provide unprecedented insight into key differences between catecholamine and opioid neuropeptide release from isolated chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dylan Denison
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative
Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - A. Chathuri De Alwis
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ruby Shah
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory S. McCarty
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative
Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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4
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De Alwis AC, Denison JD, Shah R, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Exploiting Microelectrode Geometry for Comprehensive Detection of Individual Exocytosis Events at Single Cells. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3187-3194. [PMID: 37552870 PMCID: PMC10464603 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber microelectrodes are commonly used for real-time monitoring of individual exocytosis events at single cells. Since the nature of an electrochemical signal is fundamentally governed by mass transport to the electrode surface, microelectrode geometry can be exploited to achieve precise and accurate measurements. Researchers traditionally pair amperometric measurements of exocytosis with a ∼10-μm diameter, disk microelectrode in an "artificial synapse" configuration to directly monitor individual release events from single cells. Exocytosis is triggered, and released molecules diffuse to the "post-synaptic" electrode for oxidation. This results in a series of distinct current spikes corresponding to individual exocytosis events. However, it remains unclear how much of the material escapes detection. In this work, the performance of 10- and 34-μm diameter carbon fiber disk microelectrodes was directly compared in monitoring exocytosis at single chromaffin cells. The 34-μm diameter electrode was more sensitive to catecholamines and enkephalins than its traditional, 10-μm diameter counterpart, and it more effectively covered the entire cell. As such, the larger sensor detected more exocytosis events overall, as well as a larger quantal size, suggesting that the traditional tools underestimate the above measurements. Both sensors reliably measured l-DOPA-evoked changes in quantal size, and both exhibited diffusional loss upon adjustment of cell-electrode spacing. Finite element simulations using COMSOL support the improved collection efficiency observed using the larger sensor. Overall, this work demonstrates how electrode geometry can be exploited for improved detection of exocytosis events by addressing diffusional loss─an often-overlooked source of inaccuracy in single-cell measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chathuri De Alwis
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - J. Dylan Denison
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ruby Shah
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory S. McCarty
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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5
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Yang XK, Zhang FL, Jin XK, Jiao YT, Zhang XW, Liu YL, Amatore C, Huang WH. Nanoelectrochemistry reveals how soluble Aβ 42 oligomers alter vesicular storage and release of glutamate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219994120. [PMID: 37126689 PMCID: PMC10175745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219994120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the major excitatory transmitter in the nervous system. Impairment of its vesicular release by β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers is thought to participate in pathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear whether soluble Aβ42 oligomers affect intravesicular amounts of Glu or their release in the brain, or both. Measurements made in this work on single Glu varicosities with an amperometric nanowire Glu biosensor revealed that soluble Aβ42 oligomers first caused a dramatic increase in vesicular Glu storage and stimulation-induced release, accompanied by a high level of parallel spontaneous exocytosis, ultimately resulting in the depletion of intravesicular Glu content and greatly reduced release. Molecular biology tools and mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis have further established that the transient hyperexcitation observed during the primary pathological stage is mediated by an altered behavior of VGLUT1 responsible for transporting Glu into synaptic vesicles. Thereafter, an overexpression of Vps10p-tail-interactor-1a, a protein that maintains spontaneous release of neurotransmitters by selective interaction with t-SNAREs, resulted in a depletion of intravesicular Glu content, triggering advanced-stage neuronal malfunction. These findings are expected to open perspectives for remediating Aβ42-induced neuronal hyperactivity and neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ke Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ke Jin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Christian Amatore
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, People’s Republic of China
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Lettre Research University, Sorbonne University, & University Pierre and Marie Curie, 0675005Paris, France
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan430071, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Borges R, Gu C, Machado JD, Ewing AG. The dynamic nature of exocytosis from large secretory vesicles. A view from electrochemistry and imaging. Cell Calcium 2023; 110:102699. [PMID: 36708611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this brief review, we discuss the factors that modulate the quantum size and the kinetics of exocytosis. We also discuss the determinants which motivate the type of exocytosis from the so-called kiss-and-run to full fusion and along the intermediate mode of partial release. Kiss-and-run release comprises the transient opening of a nanometer (approx. 2 nm diameter) fusion pore between vesicle and plasma membrane allowing a small amount of release. Partial release comprises a larger more extended opening of the pore to allow a larger fraction of released vesicle content and is what is observed as normal full release in most electrochemical measurements. Partial release appears to be dominant in dense core vesicles and perhaps synaptic vesicles. The concept of partial release leads to the fraction released as a plastic component of exocytosis. Partial vesicular distension and the kinetics of exocytosis can be modulated by second messengers, physiological modulators, and drugs. This concept adds a novel point of regulation for the exocytotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Borges
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife. Spain
| | - Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - José-David Machado
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife. Spain
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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Wu F, Yu P, Mao L. Multi-Spatiotemporal Probing of Neurochemical Events by Advanced Electrochemical Sensing Methods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202208872. [PMID: 36284258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemical events involving biosignals of different time and space dimensionalities constitute the complex basis of neurological functions and diseases. In view of this fact, electrochemical measurements enabling real-time quantification of neurochemicals at multiple levels of spatiotemporal resolution can provide informative clues to decode the molecular networks bridging vesicles and brains. This Minireview focuses on how scientific questions regarding the properties of single vesicles, neurotransmitter release kinetics, interstitial neurochemical dynamics, and multisignal interconnections in vivo have driven the design of electrochemical nano/microsensors, sensing interface engineering, and signal/data processing. An outlook for the future frontline in this realm will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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8
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Hatamie A, He X, Zhang XW, Oomen PE, Ewing AG. Advances in nano/microscale electrochemical sensors and biosensors for analysis of single vesicles, a key nanoscale organelle in cellular communication. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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McCarty G, Dunaway LE, Denison JD, Sombers LA. Neurotransmitter Readily Escapes Detection at the Opposing Microelectrode Surface in Typical Amperometric Measurements of Exocytosis at Single Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9548-9556. [PMID: 35750055 PMCID: PMC9281607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For decades, carbon-fiber microelectrodes have been used in amperometric measurements of neurotransmitter release at a wide variety of cell types, providing a tremendous amount of valuable information on the mechanisms involved in dense-core vesicle fusion. The electroactive molecules that are released can be detected at the opposing microelectrode surface, allowing for precise quantification as well as detailed kinetic information on the stages of neurotransmitter release. However, it remains unclear how much of the catecholamine that is released into the artificial synapse escapes detection. This work examines two separate mechanisms by which released neurotransmitter goes undetected in a typical amperometric measurement. First, diffusional loss is assessed by monitoring exocytosis at single bovine chromaffin cells using carbon-fiber microelectrodes fabricated in a recessed (cavity) geometry. This creates a microsampling vial that minimizes diffusional loss of analyte prior to detection. More molecules were detected per exocytotic release event when using a recessed cavity sensor as compared to the conventional configuration. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter (NET), which serves to remove catecholamine from the extracellular space, increased both the size and the time course of individual amperometric events. Overall, this study characterizes distinct physical and biological mechanisms by which released neurotransmitter escapes detection at the opposing microelectrode surface, while also revealing an important role for the NET in "presynaptic" modulation of neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
S. McCarty
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lars E. Dunaway
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - J. Dylan Denison
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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10
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Lork AA, Vo KLL, Phan NTN. Chemical Imaging and Analysis of Single Nerve Cells by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Cellular Electrochemistry. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:854957. [PMID: 35651734 PMCID: PMC9149580 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.854957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A nerve cell is a unit of neuronal communication in the nervous system and is a heterogeneous molecular structure, which is highly mediated to accommodate cellular functions. Understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms of neural communication at the single cell level requires analytical techniques with high sensitivity, specificity, and spatial resolution. Challenging technologies for chemical imaging and analysis of nerve cells will be described in this review. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) allows for non-targeted and targeted molecular imaging of nerve cells and synapses at subcellular resolution. Cellular electrochemistry is well-suited for quantifying the amount of reactive chemicals released from living nerve cells. These techniques will also be discussed regarding multimodal imaging approaches that have recently been shown to be advantageous for the understanding of structural and functional relationships in the nervous system. This review aims to provide an insight into the strengths, limitations, and potentials of these technologies for synaptic and neuronal analyses.
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11
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Wang Y, Gu C, Ewing AG. Single‐Vesicle Electrochemistry Following Repetitive Stimulation Reveals a Mechanism for Plasticity Changes with Iron Deficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200716. [PMID: 35267233 PMCID: PMC9315038 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of iron, the most abundant transition metal in the brain and important for neuronal activity, is known to affect synaptic plasticity, causing learning and memory deficits. How iron deficiency impacts plasticity by altering neurotransmission at the cellular level is not fully understood. We used electrochemical methods to study the effect of iron deficiency on plasticity with repetitive stimulation. We show that during iron deficiency, repetitive stimulation causes significant decrease in exocytotic release without changing vesicular content. This results in a lower fraction of release, opposite to the control group, upon repetitive stimulation. These changes were partially reversible by iron repletion. This finding suggests that iron deficiency has a negative effect on plasticity by decreasing the fraction of vesicular release in response to repetitive stimulation. This provides a putative mechanism for how iron deficiency modulates plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences Affiliated Guangji Hospital Soochow University 215123 Suzhou China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivagen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivagen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivagen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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12
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Nguyen TD, Mellander L, Lork A, Thomen A, Philipsen M, Kurczy ME, Phan NT, Ewing AG. Visualization of Partial Exocytotic Content Release and Chemical Transport into Nanovesicles in Cells. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4831-4842. [PMID: 35189057 PMCID: PMC8945366 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, "all-or-none" and "kiss-and-run" were thought to be the only major exocytotic release modes in cell-to-cell communication, while the significance of partial release has not yet been widely recognized and accepted owing to the lack of direct evidence for exocytotic partial release. Correlative imaging with transmission electron microscopy and NanoSIMS imaging and a dual stable isotope labeling approach was used to study the cargo status of vesicles before and after exocytosis; demonstrating a measurable loss of transmitter in individual vesicles following stimulation due to partial release. Model secretory cells were incubated with 13C-labeled l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, resulting in the loading of 13C-labeled dopamine into their vesicles. A second label, di-N-desethylamiodarone, having the stable isotope 127I, was introduced during stimulation. A significant drop in the level of 13C-labeled dopamine and a reduction in vesicle size, with an increasing level of 127I-, was observed in vesicles of stimulated cells. Colocalization of 13C and 127I- in several vesicles was observed after stimulation. Thus, chemical visualization shows transient opening of vesicles to the exterior of the cell without full release the dopamine cargo. We present a direct calculation for the fraction of neurotransmitter release from combined imaging data. The average vesicular release is 60% of the total catecholamine. An important observation is that extracellular molecules can be introduced to cells during the partial exocytotic release process. This nonendocytic transport process appears to be a general route of entry that might be exploited pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tho Duc
Khanh Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Lisa Mellander
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Alicia Lork
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Aurélien Thomen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Mai Philipsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Kurczy
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism
(CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg S-431 83, Sweden
| | - Nhu T.N. Phan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- E-mail:
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13
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Ewing AG, Wang Y, Gu C. Single‐Vesicle Electrochemistry Following Repetitive Stimulation Reveals a Mechanism for Plasticity Changes with Iron Deficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Ewing
- University of Gothenburg: Goteborgs Universitet Chemistry and Molecular Biology Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg SWEDEN
| | - Ying Wang
- University of Gothenburg: Goteborgs Universitet Chemistry and Molecular Biology SWEDEN
| | - Chaoyi Gu
- University of Gothenburg: Goteborgs Universitet Chemistry and Molecular Biology SWEDEN
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14
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He X, Ewing AG. Concentration of stimulant regulates initial exocytotic molecular plasticity at single cells. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1815-1822. [PMID: 35282618 PMCID: PMC8826951 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05278k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-induced synaptic plasticity has been intensively studied, but is not yet well understood. We examined the temporal and concentration effects of exocytotic molecular plasticity during and immediately after chemical stimulation (30 s K+ stimulation) via single cell amperometry. Here the first and the second 15 s event periods from individual event traces were compared. Remarkably, we found that the amount of catecholamine release and release dynamics depend on the stimulant concentration. No changes were observed at 10 mM K+ stimulation, but changes observed at 30 and 50 mM (i.e., potentiation, increased number of molecules) were opposite to those at 100 mM (i.e., depression, decreased number of events), revealing changes in exocytotic plasticity based on the concentration of the stimulant solution. These results show that molecular changes initiating exocytotic plasticity can be regulated by the concentration strength of the stimulant solution. These different effects on early plasticity offer a possible link between stimulation intensity and synaptic (or adrenal) plasticity. Amperometric measurement of exocytosis (SCA) and vesicle content (IVIEC) over 15 s intervals reveals plasticity (none, potentiation, or depression), that is regulated by the concentration of stimulant solution (e.g., 30 s 10, 30, 50, and 100 mM K+).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan He
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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15
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Wang Y, Gu C, Patel BA, Ewing AG. Nano‐analysis Reveals High Fraction of Serotonin Release during Exocytosis from a Gut Epithelium Model Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivgen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivgen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences University of Brighton Brighton BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivgen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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16
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Wang Y, Gu C, Patel BA, Ewing AG. Nano-analysis reveals high fraction of serotonin release during exocytosis from a gut epithelium model cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23552-23556. [PMID: 34363735 PMCID: PMC8597005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods were used to explore the exocytotic nature of serotonin (5‐HT) release in human carcinoid BON cells, an in vitro human enterochromaffin cell model, to understand the mechanisms operating the release of gut‐derived 5‐HT in the intestinal mucosal epithelium. We show that the fractional vesicular 5‐HT release in BON cells is 80 % compared to previous work in pancreatic beta cells (34 %). The fractional release increased from 80 % in control BON cells to 87 % with 5‐HT preincubation and nearly 100 % with the combination of 5‐HT and the 5‐HT4 autoreceptor agonist, cisapride. Thus, partial release is the primary mechanism of exocytosis in BON cells, resulting in a variable amount of the vesicular content being released. Factors that control secretion of 5‐HT from enterochromaffin cells or BON cells are important as partial release provides a mechanism for development of effective therapeutic strategies to treat gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- University of Gothenburg: Goteborgs Universitet, Chemistry and Molecular Biology, SWEDEN
| | - Chaoyi Gu
- University of Gothenburg: Goteborgs Universitet, Chemistry and Molecular Biology, SWEDEN
| | | | - Andrew G Ewing
- Chalmers Institute of Technology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Göteborg, SWEDEN
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17
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Yang X, Zhang F, Wu W, Tang Y, Yan J, Liu Y, Amatore C, Huang W. Quantitative Nano‐amperometric Measurement of Intravesicular Glutamate Content and its Sub‐Quantal Release by Living Neurons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Ke Yang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Fu‐Li Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wen‐Tao Wu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yun Tang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jing Yan
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yan‐Ling Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Christian Amatore
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- PASTEUR, Départment de Chimie École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University Sorbonne University UPMC Univ. Paris 06 CNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Wei‐Hua Huang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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18
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Yang XK, Zhang FL, Wu WT, Tang Y, Yan J, Liu YL, Amatore C, Huang WH. Quantitative Nano-amperometric Measurement of Intravesicular Glutamate Content and its Sub-Quantal Release by Living Neurons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15803-15808. [PMID: 33929780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of intravesicular glutamate (Glu) and of transient exocytotic release contents directly from individual living neurons are highly desired for understanding the mechanisms (full or sub-quantal release?) of synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, this could not be achieved so far due to the lack of adequate experimental strategies relying on selective and sensitive Glu nanosensors. Herein, we introduce a novel electrochemical Glu nanobiosensor based on a single SiC nanowire that can selectively measure in real-time Glu fluxes released via exocytosis by large Glu vesicles (ca. 125 nm diameter) present in single hippocampal axonal varicosities as well as their intravesicular content before exocytosis. These measurements revealed a sub-quantal release mode in living hippocampal neurons, viz., only ca. one third to one half of intravesicular Glu molecules are released by individual vesicles during exocytotic events. Importantly, this fraction remained practically the same when hippocampal neurons were pretreated with L-Glu-precursor L-glutamine, while it significantly increased after zinc treatment, although in both cases the intravesicular contents were drastically affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ke Yang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fu-Li Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Christian Amatore
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,PASTEUR, Départment de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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19
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Gu C, Ewing AG. Simultaneous detection of vesicular content and exocytotic release with two electrodes in and at a single cell. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7393-7400. [PMID: 34163829 PMCID: PMC8171312 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a technique employing two electrodes to simultaneously and dynamically monitor vesicular neurotransmitter storage and vesicular transmitter release in and at the same cell. To do this, two electrochemical techniques, single-cell amperometry (SCA) and intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC), were applied using two nanotip electrodes. With one electrode being placed on top of a cell measuring exocytotic release and the other electrode being inserted into the cytoplasm measuring vesicular transmitter storage, upon chemical stimulation, exocytosis is triggered and the amount of release and storage can be quantified simultaneously and compared. By using this technique, we made direct comparison between exocytotic release and vesicular storage, and investigated the dynamic changes of vesicular transmitter content before, during, and after chemical stimulation of PC12 cells, a neuroendocrine cell line. While confirming that exocytosis is partial, we suggest that chemical stimulation either induces a replenishment of the releasable pool with a subpool of vesicles having higher amount of transmitter storage, or triggers the vesicles within the same subpool to load more transiently at approximately 10–20 s. Thus, a time scale for vesicle reloading is determined. The effect of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), the precursor to dopamine, on the dynamic alteration of vesicular storage upon chemical stimulation for exocytosis was also studied. We found that l-DOPA incubation reduces the observed changes of vesicular storage in regular PC12 cells, which might be due to an increased capacity of vesicular transmitter loading caused by l-DOPA. Our data provide another mechanism for plasticity after stimulation via quantitative and dynamic changes in the exocytotic machinery. Simultaneous measurements of IVIEC and SCA by two nanotip electrodes allows direct and dynamic comparison between vesicular transmitter content and vesicular transmitter release to shed light on stimulation-induced plasticity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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20
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Hatamie A, Ren L, Dou H, Gandasi NR, Rorsman P, Ewing A. Nanoscale Amperometry Reveals that Only a Fraction of Vesicular Serotonin Content is Released During Exocytosis from Beta Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7593-7596. [PMID: 33340209 PMCID: PMC8049002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that chemical release during the fundamental cellular process of exocytosis in model cell lines is not all-or-none. We tested this theory for vesicular release from single pancreatic beta cells. The vesicles in these cells release insulin, but also serotonin, which is detectible with amperometric methods. Traditionally, it is assumed that exocytosis in beta cells is all-or-none. Here, we use a multidisciplinary approach involving nanoscale amperometric chemical methods to explore the chemical nature of insulin exocytosis. We amperometrically quantified the number of serotonin molecules stored inside of individual nanoscale vesicles (39 317±1611) in the cell cytoplasm before exocytosis and the number of serotonin molecules released from single cells (13 310±1127) for each stimulated exocytosis event. Thus, beta cells release only one-third of their granule content, clearly supporting partial release in this system. We discuss these observations in the context of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Haiqiang Dou
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgMedicinaregatan 11–1341390GothenburgSweden
| | - Nikhil R. Gandasi
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgMedicinaregatan 11–1341390GothenburgSweden
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgMedicinaregatan 11–1341390GothenburgSweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordChurchill HospitalOxfordOX3 7LJUK
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
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21
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Wang Y, Ewing A. Electrochemical Quantification of Neurotransmitters in Single Live Cell Vesicles Shows Exocytosis is Predominantly Partial. Chembiochem 2021; 22:807-813. [PMID: 33174683 PMCID: PMC7984156 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exocytosis plays an essential role in the communication between cells in the nervous system. Understanding the regulation of neurotransmitter release during exocytosis and the amount of neurotransmitter content that is stored in vesicles is of importance, as it provides fundamental insights to understand how the brain works and how neurons elicit a certain behavior. In this minireview, we summarize recent progress in amperometric measurements for monitoring exocytosis in single cells and electrochemical cytometry measurements of vesicular neurotransmitter content in individual vesicles. Important steps have increased our understanding of the different mechanisms of exocytosis. Increasing evidence is firmly establishing that partial release is the primary mechanism of release in multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Hatamie A, Ren L, Dou H, Gandasi NR, Rorsman P, Ewing A. Nanoscale Amperometry Reveals that Only a Fraction of Vesicular Serotonin Content is Released During Exocytosis from Beta Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Haiqiang Dou
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Medicinaregatan 11–13 41390 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Nikhil R. Gandasi
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Medicinaregatan 11–13 41390 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Medicinaregatan 11–13 41390 Gothenburg Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Oxford Churchill Hospital Oxford OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tho D. K. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefania Rabasco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pieter E. Oomen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- ParaMedir B.V., 1e Energieweg 13, 9301 LK Roden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Liu Y, Du J, Wang M, Zhang J, Liu C, Li X. Recent Progress in Quantitatively Monitoring Vesicular Neurotransmitter Release and Storage With Micro/Nanoelectrodes. Front Chem 2021; 8:591311. [PMID: 33505953 PMCID: PMC7831278 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.591311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is one of the essential steps for chemical signal transmission between neurons. In this process, vesicles dock and fuse with the plasma membrane and release the stored neurotransmitters through fusion pores into the extracellular space, and all of these steps are governed with various molecules, such as proteins, ions, and even lipids. Quantitatively monitoring vesicular neurotransmitter release in exocytosis and initial neurotransmitter storage in individual vesicles is significant for the study of chemical signal transmission of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurological diseases. Electrochemistry with micro/nanoelectrodes exhibits great spatial-temporal resolution and high sensitivity. It can be used to examine the exocytotic kinetics from the aspect of neurotransmitters and quantify the neurotransmitter storage in individual vesicles. In this review, we first introduce the recent advances of single-cell amperometry (SCA) and the nanoscale interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (nanoITIES), which can monitor the quantity and release the kinetics of electrochemically and non-electrochemically active neurotransmitters, respectively. Then, the development and application of the vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) and intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC) and their combination with other advanced techniques can further explain the mechanism of neurotransmitter storage in vesicles before exocytosis. It has been proved that these electrochemical techniques have great potential in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chunlan Liu
- Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xianchan Li
- Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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25
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Mass Spectrometric Imaging of Plasma Membrane Lipid Alteration Correlated with Amperometrically Measured Activity-Dependent Plasticity in Exocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249519. [PMID: 33327662 PMCID: PMC7765135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of synaptic plasticity and its link to memory formation are of interest, yet relatively obscure, especially the initial chemical change in the cell membrane following transmitter release. To understand the chemical mechanism of plasticity, we studied how repetitive stimuli regulate certain membrane lipid species to enhance exocytotic release using mass spectrometric imaging. We found that increasing high-curvature lipid species and decreasing low-curvature lipids in the cell membrane favor the formation of a longer-lasting exocytotic fusion pore, resulting in higher release fraction for individual exocytotic events. The lipid changes observed following repetitive stimuli are similar to those after exposure to the cognitive enhancing drug, methylphenidate, examined in a previous study, and offer an interesting point of view regarding the link between plasticity and memory and cognition.
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26
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Yu P, Wei H, Zhong P, Xue Y, Wu F, Liu Y, Fei J, Mao L. Single‐Carbon‐Fiber‐Powered Microsensor for In Vivo Neurochemical Sensing with High Neuronal Compatibility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Peipei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan 411105 China
| | - Yifei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan 411105 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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27
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Jin J, Ji W, Li L, Zhao G, Wu W, Wei H, Ma F, Jiang Y, Mao L. Electrochemically Probing Dynamics of Ascorbate during Cytotoxic Edema in Living Rat Brain. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19012-19016. [PMID: 33108734 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic edema is the initial and most important step in the sequence that almost inevitably leads to brain damage. Exploring the neurochemical disturbances in this process is of great significance in providing a measurable biological parameter for signaling specific pathological conditions. Here, we present an electrochemical system that pinpoints a critical neurochemical involved in cytotoxic edema. Specially, we report a molecularly tailored brain-implantable ascorbate sensor (CFEAA2.0) featuring excellent selectivity and spatiotemporal resolution that assists the first observation of release of ascorbate induced by cytotoxic edema in vivo. Importantly, we reveal that this release is associated with an increase in the amount of cytotoxic edema-inducing agent and that blockage of cytotoxic edema abolishes ascorbate release, further supporting that ascorbate efflux is cytotoxic edema-dependent. Our study holds the promise for understanding the molecular basis of cytotoxic edema that can lead to the discovery of biomarkers or potential therapeutic strategies of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Aref M, Ranjbari E, Romiani A, Ewing AG. Intracellular injection of phospholipids directly alters exocytosis and the fraction of chemical release in chromaffin cells as measured by nano-electrochemistry. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11869-11876. [PMID: 34123212 PMCID: PMC8162797 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03683h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a nano-injection method, we introduced phospholipids having different intrinsic geometries into single secretory cells and used single cell amperometry (SCA) and intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC) with nanotip electrodes to monitor the effects of intracellular incubation on the exocytosis process and vesicular storage. Combining tools, this work provides new information to understand the impact of intracellular membrane lipid engineering on exocytotic release, vesicular content and fraction of chemical release. We also assessed the effect of membrane lipid alteration on catecholamine storage of isolated vesicles by implementing another amperometric technique, vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC), outside the cell. Exocytosis analysis reveals that the intracellular nano-injection of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine decreases the number of released catecholamines, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine shows the opposite effect. These observations support the emerging hypothesis that lipid curvature results in membrane remodeling through secretory pathways, and also provide new evidence for a critical role of the lipid localization in modulating the release process. Interestingly, the IVIEC data imply that total vesicular content is also affected by in situ supplementation of the cells with some lipids, while, the corresponding VIEC results show that the neurotransmitter content in isolated vesicles is not affected by altering the vesicle membrane lipids. This suggests that the intervention of phospholipids inside the cell has its effect on the cellular machinery for vesicle release rather than vesicle structure, and leads to the somewhat surprising conclusion that modulating release has a direct effect on vesicle structure, which is likely due to the vesicles opening and closing again during exocytosis. These findings could lead to a novel regulatory mechanism for the exocytotic or synaptic strength based on lipid heterogeneity across the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Aref
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elias Ranjbari
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Armaghan Romiani
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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29
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Yu P, Wei H, Zhong P, Xue Y, Wu F, Liu Y, Fei J, Mao L. Single‐Carbon‐Fiber‐Powered Microsensor for In Vivo Neurochemical Sensing with High Neuronal Compatibility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22652-22658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Peipei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan 411105 China
| | - Yifei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan 411105 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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30
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Ranjbari E, Taleat Z, Mapar M, Aref M, Dunevall J, Ewing A. Direct Measurement of Total Vesicular Catecholamine Content with Electrochemical Microwell Arrays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11325-11331. [PMID: 32692153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and fabricated a microwell array chip (MWAC) to trap and detect the entire content of individual vesicles after disruption of the vesicular membrane by an applied electrical potential. To understand the mechanism of vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) in microwells, we simulated the rupture of the vesicles and subsequent diffusion of entrapped analytes. Two possibilities were tested: (i) the vesicle opens toward the electrode, and (ii) the vesicle opens away from the electrode. These two possibilities were simulated in the different microwells with varied depth and width. Experimental VIEC measurements of the number of molecules for each vesicle in the MWAC were compared to VIEC on a gold microdisk electrode as a control, and the quantified catecholamines between these two techniques was the same. We observed a prespike foot in a significant number of events (∼20%) and argue this supports the hypothesis that the vesicles rupture toward the electrode surface with a more complex mechanism including the formation of a stable pore intermediate. This study not only confirms that in standard VIEC experiments the whole content of the vesicle is oxidized and quantified at the surface of the microdisk electrode but actively verifies that the adsorbed vesicle on the surface of the electrode forms a pore in the vicinity of the electrode rather than away from it. The fabricated MWAC promotes our ability to quantify the content of vesicles accurately, which is fundamentally important in bioanalysis of the vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Ranjbari
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zahra Taleat
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mokhtar Mapar
- Division of Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohaddeseh Aref
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mono- and Poly-unsaturated Phosphatidic Acid Regulate Distinct Steps of Regulated Exocytosis in Neuroendocrine Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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32
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Gu C, Zhang X, Ewing AG. Comparison of Disk and Nanotip Electrodes for Measurement of Single-Cell Amperometry during Exocytotic Release. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10268-10273. [PMID: 32628468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We compare single-cell amperometric measurements of exocytosis from pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells between two types of electrodes, carbon fiber disk microelectrodes and nanotip conical-shape carbon fiber microelectrodes. During the exocytotic process, individual exocytotic release events, measured as current spikes at the electrode, offer quantitative and dynamic information about the chemical release from cells. Using two electrodes gives rise to an unequal distance between the fusion pore and the electrode as well as fusion pore size, which leads to different average spike shapes. Nanotip electrodes show a slightly higher and narrower spike than disk electrodes when measuring exocytosis. The estimated pore-electrode distance and fusion pore size for disk electrodes are 239 and 11.5 nm, while for nanotip electrodes, these are 215 and 18.2 nm, respectively. The data show that nanotip electrodes, despite showing slightly different dynamics for release, are quantitative in measuring the number of molecules released and can be used for quantitative comparison between exocytosis and vesicular content in intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Larsson A, Majdi S, Oleinick A, Svir I, Dunevall J, Amatore C, Ewing AG. Intracellular Electrochemical Nanomeasurements Reveal that Exocytosis of Molecules at Living Neurons is Subquantal and Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure—PSL research UniversitySorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Departement de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure—PSL research UniversitySorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Departement de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure—PSL research UniversitySorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Departement de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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34
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Wang Y, Jin R, Sojic N, Jiang D, Chen H. Intracellular Wireless Analysis of Single Cells by Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence Confined in a Nanopipette. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255 University of Bordeaux 33607 Pessac France
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Hong‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
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35
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Wang Y, Jin R, Sojic N, Jiang D, Chen H. Intracellular Wireless Analysis of Single Cells by Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence Confined in a Nanopipette. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10416-10420. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255 University of Bordeaux 33607 Pessac France
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Hong‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
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36
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37
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Larsson A, Majdi S, Oleinick A, Svir I, Dunevall J, Amatore C, Ewing AG. Intracellular Electrochemical Nanomeasurements Reveal that Exocytosis of Molecules at Living Neurons is Subquantal and Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6711-6714. [PMID: 31967714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the early work of Bernard Katz, the process of cellular chemical communication through exocytosis, quantal release, has been considered to be all or none. Recent evidence has shown exocytosis to be partial or "subquantal" at single-cell model systems, but there is a need to understand this at communicating nerve cells. Partial release allows nerve cells to control the signal at the site of release during individual events, for which the smaller the fraction released, the greater the range of regulation. Herein, we show that the fraction of the vesicular octopamine content released from a living Drosophila larval neuromuscular neuron is very small. The percentage of released molecules was found to be only 4.5 % for simple events and 10.7 % for complex (i.e., oscillating or flickering) events. This large content, combined with partial release controlled by fluctuations of the fusion pore, offers presynaptic plasticity that can be widely regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure-PSL research University, Sorbonne University UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Departement de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure-PSL research University, Sorbonne University UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Departement de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure-PSL research University, Sorbonne University UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Departement de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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