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Malik AA, Shariq M, Sheikh JA, Fayaz H, Srivastava G, Thakuri D, Ahuja Y, Ali S, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Regulation of Type I Interferon and Autophagy in Immunity against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Role of CGAS and STING1. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2400174. [PMID: 38977406 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is a significant intracellular pathogen responsible for numerous infectious disease-related deaths worldwide. It uses ESX-1 T7SS to damage phagosomes and to enter the cytosol of host cells after phagocytosis. During infection, M. tb and host mitochondria release dsDNA, which activates the CGAS-STING1 pathway. This pathway leads to the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines and activates autophagy, which targets and degrades bacteria within autophagosomes. However, the role of type I IFNs in immunity against M. tb is controversial. While previous research has suggested a protective role, recent findings from cgas-sting1 knockout mouse studies have contradicted this. Additionally, a study using knockout mice and non-human primate models uncovered a new mechanism by which neutrophils recruited to lung infections form neutrophil extracellular traps. Activating plasmacytoid dendritic cells causes them to produce type I IFNs, which interfere with the function of interstitial macrophages and increase the likelihood of tuberculosis. Notably, M. tb uses its virulence proteins to disrupt the CGAS-STING1 signaling pathway leading to enhanced pathogenesis. Investigating the CGAS-STING1 pathway can help develop new ways to fight tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Mohd Shariq
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Ansari Nagar West, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Javaid Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Haleema Fayaz
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Gauri Srivastava
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Deeksha Thakuri
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Yashika Ahuja
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Saquib Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
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2
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Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Nguyenla X, Anastas A, Gurmessa SK, Merutka IR, Dixon SD, Shumate A, Groncki AR, Parson MAH, Ingram JR, Barklis E, Burke JE, Shinde U, Ploegh HL, Tafesse FG. ESAT-6 undergoes self-association at phagosomal pH and an ESAT-6-specific nanobody restricts M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. eLife 2024; 12:RP91930. [PMID: 38805257 PMCID: PMC11132683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to survive within macrophages by compromising the integrity of the phagosomal compartment in which it resides. This activity primarily relies on the ESX-1 secretion system, predominantly involving the protein duo ESAT-6 and CFP-10. CFP-10 likely acts as a chaperone, while ESAT-6 likely disrupts phagosomal membrane stability via a largely unknown mechanism. we employ a series of biochemical analyses, protein modeling techniques, and a novel ESAT-6-specific nanobody to gain insight into the ESAT-6's mode of action. First, we measure the binding kinetics of the tight 1:1 complex formed by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 at neutral pH. Subsequently, we demonstrate a rapid self-association of ESAT-6 into large complexes under acidic conditions, leading to the identification of a stable tetrameric ESAT-6 species. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we pinpoint the most probable interaction interface. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasmic expression of an anti-ESAT-6 nanobody blocks Mtb replication, thereby underlining the pivotal role of ESAT-6 in intracellular survival. Together, these data suggest that ESAT-6 acts by a pH-dependent mechanism to establish two-way communication between the cytoplasm and the Mtb-containing phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Xammy Nguyenla
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Aidan Anastas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Sintayehu K Gurmessa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Ilaria R Merutka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Shandee D Dixon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Anthony Shumate
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Abigail R Groncki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Matthew AH Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
| | - Jessica R Ingram
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
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3
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Ding Y, Tong J, Luo G, Sun R, Bei C, Feng Z, Meng L, Wang F, Zhou J, Chen Z, Li D, Fan Y, Song S, Wang D, Feng CG, Liu H, Chen Q, Yan B, Gao Q. Mycobacterial CpsA activates type I IFN signaling in macrophages via cGAS-mediated pathway. iScience 2024; 27:109807. [PMID: 38766355 PMCID: PMC11099328 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) production is crucial in tuberculosis pathogenesis, yet the bacterial factors initiating this process are incompletely understood. CpsA, protein of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, plays a key role in maintaining bacterial virulence and inhibiting host cell LC3-associated phagocytosis. By utilizing CpsA full deletion mutant studies, we re-verified its essential role in infection-induced pathology and revealed its new role in type I IFN expression. CpsA deficiency hindered IFN production in infected macrophages in vitro as well as zebrafish and mice in vivo. This effect was linked to the cGAS-TBK1-IRF3 pathway, as evidenced by decreased TBK1 and IRF3 phosphorylation in CpsA-deficient bacterial strain-infected macrophages. Moreover, we further show that CpsA deficiency cause decreased cytosolic DNA levels, correlating with impaired phagosomal membrane rupture. Our findings reveal a new function of mycobacterial CpsA in type I IFN production and offer insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying mycobacterial infection pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfeng Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Geyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Bei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences/University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R China
| | - Duoduo Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R China
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Immunology and Host Defence Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Nguyenla X, Anastas A, Gurmessa SK, Merutka IR, Dixon SD, Shumate A, Groncki AR, Parson MAH, Ingram JR, Barklis E, Burke JE, Shinde U, Ploegh HL, Tafesse FG. ESAT-6 undergoes self-association at phagosomal pH and an ESAT-6 specific nanobody restricts M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.16.553641. [PMID: 37645775 PMCID: PMC10462100 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to survive within macrophages by compromising the integrity of the phagosomal compartment in which it resides. This activity primarily relies on the ESX-1 secretion system, predominantly involving the protein duo ESAT-6 and CFP-10. CFP-10 likely acts as a chaperone, while ESAT-6 likely disrupts phagosomal membrane stability via a largely unknown mechanism. we employ a series of biochemical analyses, protein modeling techniques, and a novel ESAT-6-specific nanobody to gain insight into the ESAT-6's mode of action. First, we measure the binding kinetics of the tight 1:1 complex formed by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 at neutral pH. Subsequently, we demonstrate a rapid self-association of ESAT-6 into large complexes under acidic conditions, leading to the identification of a stable tetrameric ESAT-6 species. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we pinpoint the most probable interaction interface. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasmic expression of an anti-ESAT-6 nanobody blocks Mtb replication, thereby underlining the pivotal role of ESAT-6 in intracellular survival. Together, these data suggest that ESAT-6 acts by a pH dependent mechanism to establish two-way communication between the cytoplasm and the Mtb-containing phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Xammy Nguyenla
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Aidan Anastas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Sintayehu K Gurmessa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ilaria R Merutka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Shandee D Dixon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Anthony Shumate
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Abigail R Groncki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Matthew AH Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Jessica R Ingram
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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5
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Kyung Kim J, Jo EK. Host and microbial regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species during mycobacterial infections. Mitochondrion 2024; 75:101852. [PMID: 38360196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), pose challenges in treatment due to their increased resistance to antibiotics. Following infection, mycobacteria and their components trigger robust innate and inflammatory immune responses intricately associated with the modulation of mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and metabolism. Certainly, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are an inevitable by-product of OXPHOS and function as a bactericidal weapon; however, an excessive accumulation of mtROS are linked to pathological inflammation and necroptotic cell death during mycobacterial infection. Despite previous studies outlining various host pathways involved in regulating mtROS levels during antimicrobial responses in mycobacterial infection, our understanding of the precise mechanisms orchestrating the fine regulation of this response remains limited. Emerging evidence suggests that mycobacterial proteins play a role in targeting the mitochondria of the host, indicating the potential influence of microbial factors on mitochondrial functions within host cells. In this review, we provide an overview of how both host and Mtb factors influence mtROS generation during infection. A comprehensive study of host and microbial factors that target mtROS will shed light on innovative approaches for effectively managing drug-resistant mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Liu S, Guan L, Peng C, Cheng Y, Cheng H, Wang F, Ma M, Zheng R, Ji Z, Cui P, Ren Y, Li L, Shi C, Wang J, Huang X, Cai X, Qu D, Zhang H, Mao Z, Liu H, Wang P, Sha W, Yang H, Wang L, Ge B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses host DNA repair to boost its intracellular survival. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1820-1836.e10. [PMID: 37848028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) triggers distinct changes in macrophages, resulting in the formation of lipid droplets that serve as a nutrient source. We discover that Mtb promotes lipid droplets by inhibiting DNA repair responses, resulting in the activation of the type-I IFN pathway and scavenger receptor-A1 (SR-A1)-mediated lipid droplet formation. Bacterial urease C (UreC, Rv1850) inhibits host DNA repair by interacting with RuvB-like protein 2 (RUVBL2) and impeding the formation of the RUVBL1-RUVBL2-RAD51 DNA repair complex. The suppression of this repair pathway increases the abundance of micronuclei that trigger the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and subsequent interferon-β (IFN-β) production. UreC-mediated activation of the IFN-β pathway upregulates the expression of SR-A1 to form lipid droplets that facilitate Mtb replication. UreC inhibition via a urease inhibitor impaired Mtb growth within macrophages and in vivo. Thus, our findings identify mechanisms by which Mtb triggers a cascade of cellular events that establish a nutrient-rich replicative niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Liru Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yuanna Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Mingtong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yefei Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Liru Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Chenyue Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xia Cai
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Di Qu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sha
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China; Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China.
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7
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Gouzy A. Use of single-cell technology to improve our understanding of the role of TLR2 in macrophage- Mycobacterium tuberculosis interaction. mSystems 2023; 8:e0073023. [PMID: 37787569 PMCID: PMC10654086 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00730-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis (TB), and its host cell, the macrophage, is multifaceted, dynamic, and involves multiple molecular partners. A better understanding of this interaction could help researchers manipulate the immune system in order to design host-targeted immunotherapies and/or develop a novel vaccine protecting better adults against TB. Jani and coworkers studied the role of the macrophage receptor TLR2 in the response to M. tuberculosis using single-cell technologies (C. Jani, S. L. Solomon, J. M. Peters, and S. C. Pringle, et al., mSystems, https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00052-23, 2023). This work addresses the multiple challenges associated with such studies and shows how informative single-cell analysis can be for the study of heterogeneous and complex host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gouzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Blanco FC, Bigi MM, García EA, Elola MT, Vázquez CL, Bigi F. A Transcriptional Analysis of Cattle Immune Cells Reveals a Central Role of Type 1 Interferon in the In Vitro Innate Immune Response against Mycobacterium bovis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1159. [PMID: 37764968 PMCID: PMC10536033 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a bacterium that affects cattle and other mammals, including humans. Despite the availability of vast research about the immune response mechanisms of human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the knowledge of bovine tuberculosis's immunology, particularly regarding the innate immune response, still remains scarce. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of cell cultures containing lymphocytes and M. bovis infected-macrophages with two strains of variable virulence, the virulent Mb04-303 strain and the attenuated Mb534. To that end, we infected bovine macrophages at a multiplicity of infection of one, and co-cultured the infections with autologous lymphocytes. RNA obtained from the co-cultures was sequenced to identify differentially expressed gene pathways by using the database Reactome. The RNA-seq analysis showed that the Mb04-303 infection upregulated the type 1 interferon signalling pathway, while it downregulated the KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway. According to the literature, this last pathway is involved in the activation of antioxidant genes and inflammasome. In addition, the macrophages infected with Mb04-303 recruited more Galectin 8 than those infected with Mb534. This result indicates that Mb04-303 induced higher phagosome membrane damage, with the possible concomitant release of bacterial compounds into the cytoplasm that activates the type I signalling pathway. Altogether, Mb04-303 repressed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, likely impairing interleukin-1β activation, and trigged the canonical type 1 interferon signalling. Although these responses led to the control of bacterial replication during early infection, the virulent strain eventually managed to establish a successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carlos Blanco
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (F.C.B.); (E.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Bigi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina;
| | - Elizabeth Andrea García
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (F.C.B.); (E.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - María Teresa Elola
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Cristina Lourdes Vázquez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (F.C.B.); (E.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Bigi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (F.C.B.); (E.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
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9
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Qu S, Zhu K. Endocytosis-mediated redistribution of antibiotics targets intracellular bacteria. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4781-4794. [PMID: 36779877 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance pose a severe threat to overwhelming healthcare practices worldwide. The lack of new antibacterial drugs urgently calls for alternative therapeutic strategies to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens, especially those that survive and replicate in host cells, causing relapse and recurrence of infections. Intracellular drug delivery is a direct efficient strategy to combat invasive pathogens by increasing the accumulation of antibiotics. However, the increased accumulation of antibiotics in the infected host cells does not mean high efficacy. The difficulty of treatment lies in the efficient intracellular delivery of antibiotics to the pathogen-containing compartments. Here, we first briefly review the survival mechanisms of intracellular bacteria to facilitate the exploration of potential antibacterial targets for precise delivery. Furthermore, we provide an overview of endocytosis-mediated drug delivery systems, including the biomedical and physicochemical properties modulating the endocytosis and intracellular redistribution of antibiotics. Lastly, we summarize the targets and payloads of recently described intracellular delivery systems and their modes of action against diverse pathogenic bacteria-associated infections. This overview of endocytosis-mediated redistribution of antibiotics sheds light on the development of novel delivery platforms and alternative strategies to combat intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Qu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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UFL1 promotes antiviral immune response by maintaining STING stability independent of UFMylation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:16-26. [PMID: 35871231 PMCID: PMC9883236 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise regulation of STING homeostasis is essential for its antiviral function. Post-translational modification, especially ubiquitination, is important for the regulation of STING homeostasis. Previous studies have focused on how STING is degraded, but little is known about its maintenance. Here, we show that UFM1 specific ligase UFL1 promotes innate immune response by maintaining STING expression independent of UFMylation. Mechanistically, UFL1 inhibits TRIM29 to interact with STING, thereby reducing its ubiquitination at K338/K347/K370 and subsequent proteasomal degradation. DNA virus infection reduces the UFL1 expression, which may promote STING degradation and facilitate viral expansion. Our study identifies UFL1 as a crucial regulator for the maintenance of STING stability and antiviral function, and provides novel insights into the mechanistic explanation for the immunological escape of DNA virus.
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11
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Thakur M, Muniyappa K. Macrophage activation highlight an important role for NER proteins in the survival, latency and multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 138:102284. [PMID: 36459831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the most extensively studied DNA repair processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The NER pathway is a highly conserved, ATP-dependent multi-step process involving several proteins/enzymes that function in a concerted manner to recognize and excise a wide spectrum of helix-distorting DNA lesions and bulky adducts by nuclease cleavage on either side of the damaged bases. As such, the NER pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is essential for its survival within the hostile environment of macrophages and disease progression. This review focuses on present published knowledge about the crucial roles of Mtb NER proteins in the survival and multiplication of the pathogen within the macrophages and as potential targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - K Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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12
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The ESX-1 Substrate PPE68 Has a Key Function in ESX-1-Mediated Secretion in Mycobacterium marinum. mBio 2022; 13:e0281922. [PMID: 36409073 PMCID: PMC9765416 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02819-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria use specialized type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) to secrete proteins across their diderm cell envelope. One of the T7SS subtypes, named ESX-1, is a major virulence determinant in pathogenic species such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the fish pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. ESX-1 secretes a variety of substrates, called Esx, PE, PPE, and Esp proteins, at least some of which are folded heterodimers. Investigation into the functions of these substrates is problematic, because of the intricate network of codependent secretion between several ESX-1 substrates. Here, we describe the ESX-1 substrate PPE68 as essential for secretion of the highly immunogenic substrates EsxA and EspE via the ESX-1 system in M. marinum. While secreted PPE68 is processed on the cell surface, the majority of cell-associated PPE68 of M. marinum and M. tuberculosis is present in a cytosolic complex with its PE partner and the EspG1 chaperone. Interfering with the binding of EspG1 to PPE68 blocked its export and the secretion of EsxA and EspE. In contrast, esxA was not required for the secretion of PPE68, revealing a hierarchy in codependent secretion. Remarkably, the final 10 residues of PPE68, a negatively charged domain, seem essential for EspE secretion, but not for the secretion of EsxA and of PPE68 itself. This indicates that distinctive domains of PPE68 are involved in secretion of the different ESX-1 substrates. Based on these findings, we propose a mechanistic model for the central role of PPE68 in ESX-1-mediated secretion and substrate codependence. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic mycobacteria, such Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, use a type VII secretion system (T7SS) subtype, called ESX-1, to mediate intracellular survival via phagosomal rupture and subsequent translocation of the mycobacterium to the host cytosol. Identifying the ESX-1 substrate that is responsible for this process is problematic because of the intricate network of codependent secretion between ESX-1 substrates. Here, we show the central role of the ESX-1 substrate PPE68 for the secretion of ESX-1 substrates in Mycobacterium marinum. Unravelling the mechanism of codependent secretion will aid the functional understanding of T7SSs and will allow the analysis of the individual roles of ESX-1 substrates in the virulence caused by the significant human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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13
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Wang Y, Ramos M, Jefferson M, Zhang W, Beraza N, Carding S, Powell PP, Stewart JP, Mayer U, Wileman T. Control of infection by LC3-associated phagocytosis, CASM, and detection of raised vacuolar pH by the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3298. [PMID: 36288298 PMCID: PMC9604538 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of pathogens to lysosomes for degradation provides an important defense against infection. Degradation is enhanced when LC3 is conjugated to endosomes and phagosomes containing pathogens to facilitate fusion with lysosomes. In phagocytic cells, TLR signaling and Rubicon activate LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) where stabilization of the NADPH oxidase leads to sustained ROS production and raised vacuolar pH. Raised pH triggers the assembly of the vacuolar ATPase on the vacuole membrane where it binds ATG16L1 to recruit the core LC3 conjugation complex (ATG16L1:ATG5-12). This V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis is also activated in nonphagocytic cells to conjugate LC3 to endosomes containing extracellular microbes. Pathogens provide additional signals for recruitment of LC3 when they raise vacuolar pH with pore-forming toxins and proteins, phospholipases, or specialized secretion systems. Many microbes secrete virulence factors to inhibit ROS production and/or the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis to slow LC3 recruitment and avoid degradation in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Maria Ramos
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Weijiao Zhang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Penny P. Powell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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14
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Pagán AJ, Lee LJ, Edwards-Hicks J, Moens CB, Tobin DM, Busch-Nentwich EM, Pearce EL, Ramakrishnan L. mTOR-regulated mitochondrial metabolism limits mycobacterium-induced cytotoxicity. Cell 2022; 185:3720-3738.e13. [PMID: 36103894 PMCID: PMC9596383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis of macrophages in the granuloma, the hallmark immunological structure of tuberculosis, is a major pathogenic event that increases host susceptibility. Through a zebrafish forward genetic screen, we identified the mTOR kinase, a master regulator of metabolism, as an early host resistance factor in tuberculosis. We found that mTOR complex 1 protects macrophages from mycobacterium-induced death by enabling infection-induced increases in mitochondrial energy metabolism fueled by glycolysis. These metabolic adaptations are required to prevent mitochondrial damage and death caused by the secreted mycobacterial virulence determinant ESAT-6. Thus, the host can effectively counter this early critical mycobacterial virulence mechanism simply by regulating energy metabolism, thereby allowing pathogen-specific immune mechanisms time to develop. Our findings may explain why Mycobacterium tuberculosis, albeit humanity's most lethal pathogen, is successful in only a minority of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Lauren J. Lee
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Cecilia B. Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Erika L. Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author
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15
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Preexisting Heterogeneity of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression Drives Differential Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Macrophages. mBio 2022; 13:e0225122. [PMID: 36121153 PMCID: PMC9600446 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02251-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is initiated by the inhalation and implantation of bacteria in the lung alveoli, where they are phagocytosed by macrophages. Even a single bacterium may be sufficient to initiate infection. Thereafter, the clinical outcome is highly variable between individuals, ranging from sterilization to active disease, for reasons that are not well understood. Here, we show that the rate of intracellular bacterial growth varies markedly between individual macrophages, and this heterogeneity is driven by cell-to-cell variation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity. At the single-cell level, iNOS expression fluctuates over time, independent of infection or activation with gamma interferon. We conclude that chance encounters between individual bacteria and host cells randomly expressing different levels of an antibacterial gene can determine the outcome of single-cell infections, which may explain why some exposed individuals clear the bacteria while others develop progressive disease. IMPORTANCE In this report, we demonstrate that fluctuations in the expression of antimicrobial genes can define how single host cells control bacterial infections. We show that preexisting cell-to-cell variation in the expression of a single gene, that for inducible nitric oxide synthase, is sufficient to explain why some macrophages kill intracellular M. tuberculosis while others fail to control bacterial replication, possibly leading to disease progression. We introduce the concept that chance encounters between heterogeneous bacteria and host cells can determine the outcome of a host-pathogen interaction. This concept is particularly relevant for all the infectious diseases in which the number of interacting pathogens and host cells is small at some point during the infection.
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16
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Proteo-genetic analysis reveals clear hierarchy of ESX-1 secretion in Mycobacterium marinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123100119. [PMID: 35671426 PMCID: PMC9214503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESX-1 (ESAT-6-system-1) system and the protein substrates it transports are essential for mycobacterial pathogenesis. The precise ways that ESX-1 substrates contribute to virulence remains unknown. Several known ESX-1 substrates are also required for the secretion of other proteins. We used a proteo-genetic approach to construct high-resolution dependency relationships for the roles of individual ESX-1 substrates in secretion and virulence in Mycobacterium marinum, a pathogen of humans and animals. Characterizing a collection of M. marinum strains with in-frame deletions in each of the known ESX-1 substrate genes and the corresponding complementation strains, we demonstrate that ESX-1 substrates are differentially required for ESX-1 activity and for virulence. Using isobaric-tagged proteomics, we quantified the degree of requirement of each substrate on protein secretion. We conclusively defined distinct contributions of ESX-1 substrates in protein secretion. Our data reveal a hierarchy of ESX-1 substrate secretion, which supports a model for the composition of the extracytoplasmic ESX-1 secretory machinery. Overall, our proteo-genetic analysis demonstrates discrete roles for ESX-1 substrates in ESX-1 function and secretion in M. marinum.
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17
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Hortle E, Tran VL, Wright K, Fontaine AR, Pinello N, O'Rourke MB, Wong JJL, Hansbro PM, Britton WJ, Oehlers SH. OXSR1 inhibits inflammasome activation by limiting potassium efflux during mycobacterial infection. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202201476. [PMID: 35545295 PMCID: PMC9107790 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria up-regulate host kinase OXSR1 preventing potassium efflux and inflammasome activation. Depletion or inhibition of OXSR1 potentiates inflammasome activation and decreases bacterial burden. Pathogenic mycobacteria inhibit inflammasome activation to establish infection. Although it is known that potassium efflux is a trigger for inflammasome activation, the interaction between mycobacterial infection, potassium efflux, and inflammasome activation has not been investigated. Here, we use Mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish embryos and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of THP-1 cells to demonstrate that pathogenic mycobacteria up-regulate the host WNK signalling pathway kinases SPAK and OXSR1 which control intracellular potassium balance. We show that genetic depletion or inhibition of OXSR1 decreases bacterial burden and intracellular potassium levels. The protective effects of OXSR1 depletion are at least partially mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase-mediated release of IL-1β, and downstream activation of protective TNF-α. The elucidation of this druggable pathway to potentiate inflammasome activation provides a new avenue for the development of host-directed therapies against intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Hortle
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia .,The University of Sydney, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Camperdown, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vi Lt Tran
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kathryn Wright
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Angela Rm Fontaine
- Centenary Imaging and Sydney Cytometry at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Matthew B O'Rourke
- Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia .,The University of Sydney, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Camperdown, Australia.,A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Immunobiology of tubercle bacilli and prospects of immunomodulatory drugs to tackle tuberculosis (TB) and other non-tubercular mycobacterial infections. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152224. [PMID: 35533535 PMCID: PMC9068598 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has set back progress made on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Without urgent re-focus, we risk slowing down drug discovery and providing treatment for drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unique in its immune evasion, dormancy and resuscitation, the causal pathogens of tuberculosis (TB) have demonstrated resistance to antibiotics with efflux pumps and the ability to form biofilms. Repurposing drugs is a prospective avenue for finding new anti-TB drugs. There are many advantages to discovering novel targets of an existing drug, as the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties have already been established, they are cost-efficient and can be commercially accelerated for the new development. One such group of drugs are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are originally known for their ability to supress the host proinflammatory responses. In addition to their anti-inflammatory properties, some NSAIDs have been discovered to have antimicrobial modes of action. Of particular interest is Carprofen, identified to inhibit the efflux mechanism and disrupt biofilm formation in mycobacteria. Due to the complexities of host-pathogens interactions in the lung microbiome, inflammatory responses must carefully be controlled alongside the in vivo actions of the prospective anti-infectives. This critical review explores the potential dual role of a selection of NSAIDs, as an anti-inflammatory and anti-tubercular adjunct to reverse the tide of antimicrobial resistance in existing treatments.
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19
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis EspK Has Active but Distinct Roles in the Secretion of EsxA and EspB. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0006022. [PMID: 35315684 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00060-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis type-7 protein secretion system ESX-1 is a major driver of its virulence. While the functions of most ESX-1 components are characterized, many others remain poorly defined. In this study, we examined the role of EspK, an ESX-1-associated protein that is thought to be dispensable for ESX-1 activity in members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. We show that EspK is needed for the timely and optimal secretion of EsxA and absolutely essential for EspB secretion in M. tuberculosis Erdman. We demonstrate that only the EsxA secretion defect can be alleviated in EspK-deficient M. tuberculosis by culturing it in media containing detergents like Tween 80 or tyloxapol. Subcellular fractionation experiments reveal EspK is exported by M. tuberculosis in an ESX-1-independent manner and localized to its cell wall. We also show a conserved W-X-G motif in EspK is important for its interaction with EspB and enabling its secretion. The same motif, however, is not important for EspK localization in the cell wall. Finally, we show EspB in EspK-deficient M. tuberculosis tends to adopt higher-order oligomeric conformations, more so than EspB in wild-type M. tuberculosis. These results suggest EspK interacts with EspB and prevents it from assembling prematurely into macromolecular complexes that are presumably too large to pass through the membrane-spanning ESX-1 translocon assembly. Collectively, our findings indicate M. tuberculosis EspK has a far more active role in ESX-1-mediated secretion than was previously appreciated and underscores the complex nature of this secretion apparatus. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses its ESX-1 system to secrete EsxA and EspB into a host to cause disease. We show that EspK, a protein whose role in the ESX-1 machinery was thought to be nonessential, is needed by M. tuberculosis for optimal EsxA and EspB secretion. Culturing EspK-deficient M. tuberculosis with detergents alleviates EsxA but not EspB secretion defects. We also show that EspK, which is exported by M. tuberculosis in an ESX-1-independent manner to the cell wall, interacts with and prevents EspB from assembling into large structures inside the M. tuberculosis cell that are nonsecretable. Collectively, our observations demonstrate EspK is an active component of the ESX-1 secretion machinery of the tubercle bacillus.
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20
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Osman MM, Shanahan JK, Chu F, Takaki KK, Pinckert ML, Pagán AJ, Brosch R, Conrad WH, Ramakrishnan L. The C terminus of the mycobacterium ESX-1 secretion system substrate ESAT-6 is required for phagosomal membrane damage and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122161119. [PMID: 35271388 PMCID: PMC8931374 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122161119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceTuberculosis (TB), an ancient disease of humanity, continues to be a major cause of worldwide death. The causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its close pathogenic relative Mycobacterium marinum, initially infect, evade, and exploit macrophages, a major host defense against invading pathogens. Within macrophages, mycobacteria reside within host membrane-bound compartments called phagosomes. Mycobacterium-induced damage of the phagosomal membranes is integral to pathogenesis, and this activity has been attributed to the specialized mycobacterial secretion system ESX-1, and particularly to ESAT-6, its major secreted protein. Here, we show that the integrity of the unstructured ESAT-6 C terminus is required for macrophage phagosomal damage, granuloma formation, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morwan M. Osman
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 OQH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K. Shanahan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 OQH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Chu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Kevin K. Takaki
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 OQH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Malte L. Pinckert
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 OQH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio J. Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 OQH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3525, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - William H. Conrad
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 OQH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 OQH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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21
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Liu N, Pang X, Zhang H, Ji P. The cGAS-STING Pathway in Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:814709. [PMID: 35095914 PMCID: PMC8793285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.814709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), along with the adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), are crucial components of the innate immune system, and their study has become a research hotspot in recent years. Many biochemical and structural studies that have collectively elucidated the mechanism of activation of the cGAS-STING pathway with atomic resolution have provided insights into the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in innate immunity and clues to the origin and evolution of the modern cGAS-STING signaling pathway. The cGAS-STING pathway has been identified to protect the host against viral infection. After detecting viral dsDNA, cGAS synthesizes a second messenger to activate STING, eliciting antiviral immune responses by promoting the expression of interferons (IFNs) and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Recently, the cGAS-STING pathway has also been found to be involved in response to bacterial infections, including bacterial pneumonia, melioidosis, tuberculosis, and sepsis. However, compared with its functions in viral infection, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in bacterial infection is more complex and diverse since the protective and detrimental effects of type I IFN (IFN-I) on the host depend on the bacterial species and infection mode. Besides, STING activation can also affect infection prognosis through other mechanisms in different bacterial infections, independent of the IFN-I response. Interestingly, the core protein components of the mammalian cGAS-STING signaling pathway have been found in the bacterial defense system, suggesting that this widespread signaling pathway may have originated in bacteria. Here, we review recent findings related to the structures of major molecules involved in the cGAS-STING pathway and the effects of the cGAS-STING pathway in various bacterial infections and bacterial immunity, which may pave the way for the development of new antibacterial drugs that specifically kill bacteria without harmful effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Liu X, Wu Y, Mao C, Shen J, Zhu K. Host-acting antibacterial compounds combat cytosolic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Ragland SA, Kagan JC. Cytosolic detection of phagosomal bacteria-Mechanisms underlying PAMP exodus from the phagosome into the cytosol. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1420-1432. [PMID: 34738270 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metazoan innate immune system senses bacterial infections by detecting highly conserved bacterial molecules, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are detected by a variety of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), whose function is to coordinate downstream immune responses. PRR activities are, in part, regulated by their subcellular localizations. Accordingly, professional phagocytes can detect extracellular bacteria and their PAMPs via plasma membrane-oriented PRRs. Conversely, phagocytosed bacteria and their PAMPs are detected by transmembrane PRRs oriented toward the phagosomal lumen. Even though PAMPs are unable to passively diffuse across membranes, phagocytosed bacteria are also detected by PRRs localized within the host cell cytosol. This phenomenon is explained by phagocytosis of bacteria that specialize in phagosomal escape and cytosolic residence. Contrary to this cytosolic lifestyle, most bacteria studied to date spend their entire intracellular lifestyle contained within phagosomes, yet they also stimulate cytosolic PRRs. Herein, we will review our current understanding of how phagosomal PAMPs become accessible to cytosolic PRRs, as well as highlight knowledge gaps that should inspire future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ragland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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TCA cycle remodeling drives proinflammatory signaling in humans with pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009941. [PMID: 34559866 PMCID: PMC8494353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic signaling pathways that drive pathologic tissue inflammation and damage in humans with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) are not well understood. Using combined methods in plasma high-resolution metabolomics, lipidomics and cytokine profiling from a multicohort study of humans with pulmonary TB disease, we discovered that IL-1β-mediated inflammatory signaling was closely associated with TCA cycle remodeling, characterized by accumulation of the proinflammatory metabolite succinate and decreased concentrations of the anti-inflammatory metabolite itaconate. This inflammatory metabolic response was particularly active in persons with multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB that received at least 2 months of ineffective treatment and was only reversed after 1 year of appropriate anti-TB chemotherapy. Both succinate and IL-1β were significantly associated with proinflammatory lipid signaling, including increases in the products of phospholipase A2, increased arachidonic acid formation, and metabolism of arachidonic acid to proinflammatory eicosanoids. Together, these results indicate that decreased itaconate and accumulation of succinate and other TCA cycle intermediates is associated with IL-1β-mediated proinflammatory eicosanoid signaling in pulmonary TB disease. These findings support host metabolic remodeling as a key driver of pathologic inflammation in human TB disease. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) often results in pathologic lung inflammation that causes tissue damage and does not control bacterial replication. This impairs the host response to antibiotic treatment and can result in long term deficits in lung function. Currently, the role of host metabolism in regulating the inflammatory response in TB disease is not well understood. Here, we use detailed immunometabolic phenotyping to show that metabolic remodeling of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is closely associated with pathologic inflammatory signaling in humans with TB disease. Accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates in plasma, including the proinflammatory metabolite succinate, as well as decreased concentrations of the anti-inflammatory metabolite itaconate, were associated with increases in IL-1β and upregulation of proinflammatory lipid signaling cascades. This inflammatory network was upregulated following delays in appropriate anti-TB treatment and was associated with prolonged time to sputum culture clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our study provides new insights into the metabolic reprograming that leads to pathologic inflammation in humans with pulmonary TB.
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25
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Vail KJ, da Silveira BP, Bell SL, Cohen ND, Bordin AI, Patrick KL, Watson RO. The opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus equi elicits type I interferon by engaging cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009888. [PMID: 34473814 PMCID: PMC8443056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a major cause of foal pneumonia and an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised humans. While alveolar macrophages constitute the primary replicative niche for R. equi, little is known about how intracellular R. equi is sensed by macrophages. Here, we discovered that in addition to previously characterized pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., Tnfa, Il6, Il1b), macrophages infected with R. equi induce a robust type I IFN response, including Ifnb and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), similar to the evolutionarily related pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Follow up studies using a combination of mammalian and bacterial genetics demonstrated that induction of this type I IFN expression program is largely dependent on the cGAS/STING/TBK1 axis of the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, suggesting that R. equi perturbs the phagosomal membrane and causes DNA release into the cytosol following phagocytosis. Consistent with this, we found that a population of ~12% of R. equi phagosomes recruits the galectin-3,-8 and -9 danger receptors. Interestingly, neither phagosomal damage nor induction of type I IFN require the R. equi’s virulence-associated plasmid. Importantly, R. equi infection of both mice and foals stimulates ISG expression, in organs (mice) and circulating monocytes (foals). By demonstrating that R. equi activates cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages and elicits type I IFN responses in animal models, our work provides novel insights into how R. equi engages the innate immune system and furthers our understanding how this zoonotic pathogen causes inflammation and disease. Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen of horses and other domestic animals, as well as an opportunistic pathogen of humans. In human patients, Rhodococcus pneumonia bears some pathological similarities to pulmonary tuberculosis, and poses a risk for misdiagnosis. In horses, R. equi infection has a major detrimental impact on the equine breeding industry due to a lack of an efficacious vaccine and its ubiquitous distribution in soil. Given the prevalence of subclinical infection and high false positive rate in current screening methods, there exists a critical need to identify factors contributing to host susceptibility. Here, we use a combination of bacterial genetics and animal models to investigate innate immune responses during R. equi infection. We found that R. equi modulates host immune sensing to elicit a type I interferon response in a manner resembling that of M. tuberculosis. We also found that the danger sensors galectin-3, -8, and -9 are recruited to a population of R. equi-containing vacuoles, independent of expression of VapA. Our research identifies innate immune sensing events and immune transcriptional signatures that may lead to biomarkers for clinical disease, more accurate screening methods, and insight into susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J. Vail
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bibiana Petri da Silveira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela I. Bordin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristin L. Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert O. Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Rivera-Calzada A, Famelis N, Llorca O, Geibel S. Type VII secretion systems: structure, functions and transport models. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:567-584. [PMID: 34040228 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) have a key role in the secretion of effector proteins in non-pathogenic mycobacteria and pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria, still accounting for 1.4 million deaths annually, rely on paralogous T7SSs to survive in the host and efficiently evade its immune response. Although it is still unknown how effector proteins of T7SSs cross the outer membrane of the diderm mycobacterial cell envelope, recent advances in the structural characterization of these secretion systems have revealed the intricate network of interactions of conserved components in the plasma membrane. This structural information, added to recent advances in the molecular biology and regulation of mycobacterial T7SSs as well as progress in our understanding of their secreted effector proteins, is shedding light on the inner working of the T7SS machinery. In this Review, we highlight the implications of these studies and the derived transport models, which provide new scenarios for targeting the deathly human pathogen M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Rivera-Calzada
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nikolaos Famelis
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Biomedicine, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Geibel
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Biomedicine, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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27
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Lagune M, Petit C, Sotomayor FV, Johansen MD, Beckham KSH, Ritter C, Girard-Misguich F, Wilmanns M, Kremer L, Maurer FP, Herrmann JL. Conserved and specialized functions of Type VII secretion systems in non-tuberculous mycobacteria. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34224347 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a large group of micro-organisms comprising more than 200 individual species. Most NTM are saprophytic organisms and are found mainly in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In recent years, NTM have been increasingly associated with infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, prompting significant efforts to understand the diverse pathogenic and signalling traits of these emerging pathogens. Since the discovery of Type VII secretion systems (T7SS), there have been significant developments regarding the role of these complex systems in mycobacteria. These specialised systems, also known as Early Antigenic Secretion (ESX) systems, are employed to secrete proteins across the inner membrane. They also play an essential role in virulence, nutrient uptake and conjugation. Our understanding of T7SS in mycobacteria has significantly benefited over the last few years, from the resolution of ESX-3 structure in Mycobacterium smegmatis, to ESX-5 structures in Mycobacterium xenopi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, ESX-4, considered until recently as a non-functional system in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, has been proposed to play an important role in the virulence of Mycobacterium abscessus; an increasingly recognized opportunistic NTM causing severe lung diseases. These major findings have led to important new insights into the functional mechanisms of these biological systems, their implication in virulence, nutrient acquisitions and cell wall shaping, and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lagune
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Cecile Petit
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Flor Vásquez Sotomayor
- National and WHO Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.,Present address: Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathrine S H Beckham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Ritter
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, IRIM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian P Maurer
- National and WHO Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hospital Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.,APHP, GHU Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Microbiologie, Garches, France
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28
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A Small Protein but with Diverse Roles: A Review of EsxA in Mycobacterium-Host Interaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071645. [PMID: 34209120 PMCID: PMC8305481 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major effector of the ESX-1 secretion system, EsxA is essential for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium marinum (Mm). EsxA possesses an acidic pH-dependent membrane permeabilizing activity and plays an essential role by mediating mycobacterial escape from the phagosome and translocation to the cytosol for intracellular replication. Moreover, EsxA regulates host immune responses as a potent T-cell antigen and a strong immunoregulator. EsxA interacts with multiple cellular proteins and stimulates several signal pathways, such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and antigen presentation. Interestingly, there is a co-dependency in the expression and secretion of EsxA and other mycobacterial factors, which greatly increases the complexity of dissecting the precise roles of EsxA and other factors in mycobacterium-host interaction. In this review, we summarize the current understandings of the roles and functions of EsxA in mycobacterial infection and discuss the challenges and future directions.
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29
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Olson GS, Murray TA, Jahn AN, Mai D, Diercks AH, Gold ES, Aderem A. Type I interferon decreases macrophage energy metabolism during mycobacterial infection. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109195. [PMID: 34077724 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming powers and polarizes macrophage functions, but the nature and regulation of this response during infection with pathogens remain controversial. In this study, we characterize the metabolic and transcriptional responses of murine macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in order to disentangle the underlying mechanisms. We find that type I interferon (IFN) signaling correlates with the decreased glycolysis and mitochondrial damage that is induced by live, but not killed, Mtb. Macrophages lacking the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) maintain glycolytic flux and mitochondrial function during Mtb infection in vitro and in vivo. IFNβ itself restrains the glycolytic shift of inflammatory macrophages and initiates mitochondrial stress. We confirm that type I IFN acts upstream of mitochondrial damage using macrophages lacking the protein STING. We suggest that a type I IFN-mitochondrial feedback loop controls macrophage responses to mycobacteria and that this could contribute to pathogenesis across a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Olson
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tara A Murray
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ana N Jahn
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dat Mai
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alan H Diercks
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Gold
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Cardiology, Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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30
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Song Y, Dong Y, Liao Y, Liang Z, Yao J, Zhou X. Apoptotic caspases suppress Mycobacterium bovis-induced IFN-β production in murine macrophage. J Infect 2021; 83:61-68. [PMID: 33892015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are classified as inflammatory or apoptotic category. Inflammatory caspases participate in inflammasome activation, while apoptotic caspases mediate apoptotic activation. Previous studies have shown that apoptotic caspases prevent the production of IFN-β during apoptosis or virus infection. However, the relationship between apoptotic caspases and IFN-β production during intracellular bacterial infection is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role of apoptotic caspases in IFN-β production induced by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection. M. bovis is an intracellular bacterium and belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. M. bovis infection can cause tuberculosis in animals and human beings. In the current study, we found that M. bovis infection triggered mitochondrial stress, which caused the leakage of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, and in turn, activated the downstream caspase-9 and-3. Furthermore, our results showed that activation of apoptotic caspases reduced IFN-β production during M. bovis infection and vice versa. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that apoptotic caspases prevented IFN-β production by decreasing p-IRF3 nuclear translocation. Our findings demonstrate that apoptotic caspases negatively regulate the production of IFN-β induced by an intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal & Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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31
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Patrick KL, Watson RO. Mitochondria: Powering the Innate Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00687-20. [PMID: 33558322 PMCID: PMC8090963 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00687-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, we have learned that damaged mitochondria activate many of the same innate immune pathways that evolved to sense and respond to intracellular pathogens. These shared responses include cytosolic nucleic acid sensing and type I interferon (IFN) expression, inflammasome activation that leads to pyroptosis, and selective autophagy (called mitophagy when mitochondria are the cargo). Because mitochondria were once bacteria, parallels between how cells respond to mitochondrial and bacterial ligands are not altogether surprising. However, the potential for cross talk or synergy between bacterium- and mitochondrion-driven innate immune responses during infection remains poorly understood. This interplay is particularly striking, and intriguing, in the context of infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Multiple studies point to a role for Mtb infection and/or specific Mtb virulence factors in disrupting the mitochondrial network in macrophages, leading to metabolic changes and triggering potent innate immune responses. Research from our laboratories and others argues that mutations in mitochondrial genes can exacerbate mycobacterial disease severity by hyperactivating innate responses or activating them at the wrong time. Indeed, growing evidence supports a model whereby different mitochondrial defects or mutations alter Mtb infection outcomes in distinct ways. By synthesizing the current literature in this minireview, we hope to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms driving, and consequences of, mitochondrion-dependent immune polarization so that we might better predict tuberculosis patient outcomes and develop host-directed therapeutics designed to correct these imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
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32
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Peignier A, Parker D. Impact of Type I Interferons on Susceptibility to Bacterial Pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:823-835. [PMID: 33546974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines that have multifaceted roles. Type I IFNs have variable effects when it comes to host susceptibility to bacterial infections, that is, the resulting outcomes can be either protective or deleterious. The mechanisms identified to date have been wide and varied between pathogens. In this review, we discuss recent literature that provides new insights into the mechanisms of how type I IFN signaling exerts its effects on the outcome of infection from the host's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Peignier
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Ma J, Zhao S, Gao X, Wang R, Liu J, Zhou X, Zhou Y. The Roles of Inflammasomes in Host Defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020120. [PMID: 33503864 PMCID: PMC7911501 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is characterized by granulomatous lung lesions and systemic inflammatory responses during active disease. Inflammasome activation is involved in regulation of inflammation. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes serving a platform for activation of caspase-1, which cleaves the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 into their active forms. These cytokines play an essential role in MTB control. MTB infection triggers activation of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes in vitro, but only AIM2 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activation recruitment domain (ASC), rather than NLRP3 or caspase-1, favor host survival and restriction of mycobacterial replication in vivo. Interferons (IFNs) inhibits MTB-induced inflammasome activation and IL-1 signaling. In this review, we focus on activation and regulation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes after exposure to MTB, as well as the effect of inflammasome activation on host defense against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Shasha Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiao Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Correspondence:
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Bao Y, Wang L, Sun J. Post-translational knockdown and post-secretional modification of EsxA determine contribution of EsxA membrane permeabilizing activity for mycobacterial intracellular survival. Virulence 2021; 12:312-328. [PMID: 33356823 PMCID: PMC7808419 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1867438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current genetic studies (e.g. gene knockout) have suggested that EsxA and EsxB function as secreted virulence factors that are essential for Mycobaterium tuberculosis (Mtb) intracellular survival, specifically in mediating phagosome rupture and translocation of Mtb to the cytosol of host cells, which further facilitates Mtb intracellular replicating and cell-to-cell spreading. The EsxA-mediated intracellular survival is presumably achieved by its pH-dependent membrane-permeabilizing activity (MPA). However, the data from other studies have generated a discrepancy regarding the role of EsxA MPA in mycobacterial intracellular survival, which has raised a concern that genetic manipulations, such as deletion of esxB-esxA operon or RD-1 locus, may affect other codependently secreted factors that could be also directly involved cytosolic translocation, or stimulate extended disturbance on other genes’ expression. To avoid the drawbacks of gene knockout, we first engineered a Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) strain, in which a DAS4+ tag was fused to the C-terminus of EsxB to allow inducible knockdown of EsxB (also EsxA) at the post-translational level. We also engineered an Mm strain by fusing a SpyTag (ST) to the C-terminus of EsxA, which allowed inhibition of EsxA-ST MPA at the post-secretional level through a covalent linkage to SpyCatcher-GFP. Both post-translational knockdown and functional inhibition of EsxA resulted in attenuation of Mm intracellular survival in lung epithelial cells or macrophages, which unambiguously confirms the direct role of EsxA MPA in mycobacterial intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Bao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas, USA
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35
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Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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Modeling Tubercular ESX-1 Secretion Using Mycobacterium marinum. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:84/4/e00082-19. [DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00082-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria cause chronic and acute diseases ranging from human tuberculosis (TB) to nontubercular infections.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes both acute and chronic human tuberculosis. Environmentally acquired nontubercular mycobacteria (NTM) cause chronic disease in humans and animals. Not surprisingly, NTM and
M. tuberculosis
often use shared molecular mechanisms to survive within the host. The ESX-1 system is a specialized secretion system that is essential for virulence and is functionally conserved between
M. tuberculosis
and
Mycobacterium marinum
.
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Conserved ESX-1 Substrates EspE and EspF Are Virulence Factors That Regulate Gene Expression. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00289-20. [PMID: 32900815 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00289-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of human tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium marinum, a nontubercular pathogen with a broad host range, require the ESX-1 secretion system for virulence. The ESX-1 system secretes proteins which cause phagosomal lysis within the macrophage via an unknown mechanism. As reported elsewhere (R. E. Bosserman et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E10772-E10781, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710167114), we recently discovered that the ESX-1 system regulates gene expression in M. marinum This finding was confirmed in M. tuberculosis in reports by C. Sala et al. (PLoS Pathog 14:e1007491, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007491) and A. M. Abdallah et al. (PLoS One 14:e0211003, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211003). We further demonstrated that a feedback control mechanism connects protein secretion to WhiB6-dependent expression of the esx-1 genes via an unknown mechanism. Here, we connect protein secretion and gene expression by showing for the first time that specific ESX-1 substrates have dual functions inside and outside the mycobacterial cell. We demonstrate that the EspE and EspF substrates negatively control esx-1 gene expression in the M. marinum cytoplasm through the conserved WhiB6 transcription factor. We found that EspE and EspF are required for virulence and promote lytic activity independently of the major EsxA and EsxB substrates. We show that the dual functions of EspE and EspF are conserved in the orthologous proteins from M. tuberculosis Our findings support a role for EspE and EspF in virulence that is independent of the EsxA and EsxB substrates and demonstrate that ESX-1 substrates have a conserved role in regulating gene expression.
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Augenstreich J, Briken V. Host Cell Targets of Released Lipid and Secreted Protein Effectors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595029. [PMID: 33194845 PMCID: PMC7644814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a very successful pathogen, strictly adapted to humans and the cause of tuberculosis. Its success is associated with its ability to inhibit host cell intrinsic immune responses by using an arsenal of virulence factors of different nature. It has evolved to synthesize a series of complex lipids which form an outer membrane and may also be released to enter host cell membranes. In addition, secreted protein effectors of Mtb are entering the host cell cytosol to interact with host cell proteins. We briefly discuss the current model, involving the ESX-1 type seven secretion system and the Mtb lipid phthiocerol dimycoserosate (PDIM), of how Mtb creates pores in the phagosomal membrane to allow Mtb proteins to access to the host cell cytosol. We provide an exhaustive list of Mtb secreted proteins that have effector functions. They modify (mostly inhibit but sometimes activate) host cell pathways such as: phagosome maturation, cell death, cytokine response, xenophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) response via NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), nitric oxide (NO) response via NO Synthase 2 (NOS2) and antigen presentation via MHC class I and class II molecules. We discuss the host cell targets for each lipid and protein effector and the importance of the Mtb effector for virulence of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Do chance encounters between heterogeneous cells shape the outcome of tuberculosis infections? Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:72-78. [PMID: 33049596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sum of all of the interactions between single bacteria and host cells determines if an infection is cleared, controlled, or progresses at the whole host-organism level. These individual interactions have independent trajectories defined by diverse and dynamic host-cell and bacterial responses. Focusing on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, we discuss how advances in single-cell technologies allow investigation of heterogeneity in host-pathogen interactions and how different layers of heterogeneity in the host affect disease outcome. At late stages of infection, many single interactions co-exist and different outcomes depend on inter-granuloma and intra-granuloma heterogeneity. However, during bottleneck events involving small numbers of bacteria, random events, such as chance interactions with more or less permissive host cells, play a decisive role and may explain why some exposed individuals never develop the disease.
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Osman MM, Pagán AJ, Shanahan JK, Ramakrishnan L. Mycobacterium marinum phthiocerol dimycocerosates enhance macrophage phagosomal permeabilization and membrane damage. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233252. [PMID: 32701962 PMCID: PMC7377490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs) are a class of mycobacterial lipids that promote virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum. It has recently been shown that PDIMs work in concert with the M. tuberculosis Type VII secretion system ESX-1 to permeabilize the phagosomal membranes of infected macrophages. As the zebrafish-M. marinum model of infection has revealed the critical role of PDIM at the host-pathogen interface, we set to determine if PDIMs contributed to phagosomal permeabilization in M. marinum. Using an ΔmmpL7 mutant defective in PDIM transport, we find the PDIM-ESX-1 interaction to be conserved in an M. marinum macrophage infection model. However, we find PDIM and ESX-1 mutants differ in their degree of defect, with the PDIM mutant retaining more membrane damaging activity. Using an in vitro hemolysis assay-a common surrogate for cytolytic activity, we find that PDIM and ESX-1 differ in their contributions: the ESX-1 mutant loses hemolytic activity while PDIM retains it. Our observations confirm the involvement of PDIMs in phagosomal permeabilization in M. marinum infection and suggest that PDIM enhances the membrane disrupting activity of pathogenic mycobacteria and indicates that the role they play in damaging phagosomal and red blood cell membranes may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morwan M. Osman
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio J. Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K. Shanahan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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The ESX-1 Virulence Factors Downregulate miR-147-3p in Mycobacterium marinum-Infected Macrophages. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00088-20. [PMID: 32253249 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00088-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As important virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EsxA and EsxB not only play a role in phagosome rupture and M. tuberculosis cytosolic translocation but also function as modulators of host immune responses by modulating numerous microRNAs (miRNAs). Recently, we have found that mycobacterial infection downregulated miR-148a-3p (now termed miR-148) in macrophages in an ESX-1-dependent manner. The upregulation of miR-148 reduced mycobacterial intracellular survival. Here, we investigated miR-147-3p (now termed miR-147), a negative regulator of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-10), in mycobacterial infection. We infected murine RAW264.7 macrophages with Mycobacterium marinum, a surrogate model organism for M. tuberculosis, and found that the esxBA-knockout strain (M. marinum ΔesxBA) upregulated miR-147 to a level that was significantly higher than that induced by the M. marinum wild-type (WT) strain or by the M. marinum ΔesxBA complemented strain, M. marinum ΔesxBA/pesxBA, suggesting that the ESX-1 system (potentially EsxBA and/or other codependently secreted factors) is the negative regulator of miR-147. miR-147 was also downregulated by directly incubating the macrophages with the purified recombinant EsxA or EsxB protein or the EsxBA heterodimer, which further confirms the role of the EsxBA proteins in the downregulation of miR-147. The upregulation of miR-147 inhibited the production of IL-6 and IL-10 and significantly reduced M. marinum intracellular survival. Interestingly, inhibitors of either miR-147 or miR-148 reciprocally compromised the effects of the mimics of their counterparts on M. marinum intracellular survival. This suggests that miR-147 and miR-148 share converged downstream pathways in response to mycobacterial infection, which was supported by data indicating that miR-147 upregulation inhibits the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB pathway.
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Aguilera J, Karki CB, Li L, Vazquez Reyes S, Estevao I, Grajeda BI, Zhang Q, Arico CD, Ouellet H, Sun J. Nα-Acetylation of the virulence factor EsxA is required for mycobacterial cytosolic translocation and virulence. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5785-5794. [PMID: 32169899 PMCID: PMC7186180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor EsxA and its chaperone EsxB are secreted as a heterodimer (EsxA:B) and are crucial for mycobacterial escape from phagosomes and cytosolic translocation. Current findings support the idea that for EsxA to interact with host membranes, EsxA must dissociate from EsxB at low pH. However, the molecular mechanism by which the EsxA:B heterodimer separates is not clear. In the present study, using liposome-leakage and cytotoxicity assays, LC-MS/MS-based proteomics, and CCF-4 FRET analysis, we obtained evidence that the Nα-acetylation of the Thr-2 residue on EsxA, a post-translational modification that is present in mycobacteria but absent in Escherichia coli, is required for the EsxA:B separation. Substitutions at Thr-2 that precluded Nα-acetylation inhibited the heterodimer separation and hence prevented EsxA from interacting with the host membrane, resulting in attenuated mycobacterial cytosolic translocation and virulence. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that at low pH, the Nα-acetylated Thr-2 makes direct and frequent "bind-and-release" contacts with EsxB, which generates a force that pulls EsxB away from EsxA. In summary, our findings provide evidence that the Nα-acetylation at Thr-2 of EsxA facilitates dissociation of the EsxA:B heterodimer required for EsxA membrane permeabilization and mycobacterial cytosolic translocation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aguilera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Chitra B Karki
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Salvador Vazquez Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Igor Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Brian I Grajeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Chenoa D Arico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Hugues Ouellet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968.
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Johansen MD, Herrmann JL, Kremer L. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and the rise of Mycobacterium abscessus. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:392-407. [PMID: 32086501 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing globally and are notoriously difficult to treat due to intrinsic resistance of these bacteria to many common antibiotics. NTM are diverse and ubiquitous in the environment, with only a few species causing serious and often opportunistic infections in humans, including Mycobacterium abscessus. This rapidly growing mycobacterium is one of the most commonly identified NTM species responsible for severe respiratory, skin and mucosal infections in humans. It is often regarded as one of the most antibiotic-resistant mycobacteria, leaving us with few therapeutic options. In this Review, we cover the proposed infection process of M. abscessus, its virulence factors and host interactions and highlight the commonalities and differences of M. abscessus with other NTM species. Finally, we discuss drug resistance mechanisms and future therapeutic options. Taken together, this knowledge is essential to further our understanding of this overlooked and neglected global threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Johansen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.,AP-HP. GHU Paris Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,Inserm, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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