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Chou TC, Maggirwar NS, Marsden MD. HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now? Viruses 2024; 16:1163. [PMID: 39066325 PMCID: PMC11281696 DOI: 10.3390/v16071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Nishad S. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Li SF, Li GL, Chen DL, Zhang LW. A green and simple method for enrichment of major diterpenoids from the buds of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne with macroporous resins and their activation of latent human immunodeficiency virus activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132932. [PMID: 38862319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a green and efficient enrichment method for the four majors active diterpenoid components: pimelotide C, pimelotide A, simplexin, and 6α,7α-epoxy-5β-hydroxy-12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate in the buds of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne was established using macroporous resin chromatography. The adsorption and desorption rates of seven macroporous resins were compared using static tests. The D101 macroporous resin exhibited the best performance. Static and dynamic adsorption tests were performed to determine the enrichment and purification of important bioactive diterpenoids in the buds of W. chamaedaphne. Diterpenoid extracts were obtained by using D101 macroporous resin from the crude extracts of W. chamaedaphne. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated that most of the diterpenoids were enriched in diterpenoid extracts. These results confirmed that diterpenoids in the buds of W. chamaedaphne could be enriched using macroporous resin technology, and the enriched diterpenoid extracts showed more efficient activation of the latent human immunodeficiency virus. This study provides a novel strategy for discovering efficient and low-toxicity latency-reversing agents and a potential basis for the comprehensive development and clinical application of the buds of W. chamaedaphne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Gong-Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - De-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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3
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Shanmukha S, Godfrey WH, Gharibani P, Lee JJ, Guo Y, Deng X, Wender PA, Kornberg MD, Kim PM. TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1373557. [PMID: 38841204 PMCID: PMC11150779 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1373557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in modulating the activities of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regenerative activities by microglia and CNS-associated macrophages is necessary for the proper functioning of the CNS. Thus, a maladaptive activation of these CNS innate immune cells results in neurodegeneration and demyelination associated with various neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that modulation of PKC activity by bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) and its analogs (bryologs) attenuates the pro-inflammatory processes by microglia/CNS macrophages and alleviates the neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. Here, we demonstrate that (2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylamino)benzolactam (TPPB), a structurally distinct PKC modulator, has a similar effect to bryo-1 on CNS innate immune cells both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating neuroinflammation and resulting in CNS regeneration and repair. This study identifies a new structural class of PKC modulators, which can therapeutically target CNS innate immunity as a strategy to treat neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Shanmukha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wesley H. Godfrey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Judy J. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xiaojing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael D. Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul M. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Fralish Z, Chen A, Khan S, Zhou P, Reker D. The landscape of small-molecule prodrugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:365-380. [PMID: 38565913 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Prodrugs are derivatives with superior properties compared with the parent active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which undergo biotransformation after administration to generate the API in situ. Although sharing this general characteristic, prodrugs encompass a wide range of different chemical structures, therapeutic indications and properties. Here we provide the first holistic analysis of the current landscape of approved prodrugs using cheminformatics and data science approaches to reveal trends in prodrug development. We highlight rationales that underlie prodrug design, their indications, mechanisms of API release, the chemistry of promoieties added to APIs to form prodrugs and the market impact of prodrugs. On the basis of this analysis, we discuss strengths and limitations of current prodrug approaches and suggest areas for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Fralish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Reker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Dimapasoc M, Moran JA, Cole SW, Ranjan A, Hourani R, Kim JT, Wender PA, Marsden MD, Zack JA. Defining the Effects of PKC Modulator HIV Latency-Reversing Agents on Natural Killer Cells. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:108-137. [PMID: 38765786 PMCID: PMC11101012 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as protein kinase C (PKC) modulators can reduce rebound-competent HIV reservoirs in small animal models. Furthermore, administration of natural killer (NK) cells following LRA treatment improves this reservoir reduction. It is currently unknown why the combination of a PKC modulator and NK cells is so potent and whether exposure to PKC modulators may augment NK cell function in some way. Methods Primary human NK cells were treated with PKC modulators (bryostatin-1, prostratin, or the designed, synthetic bryostatin-1 analog SUW133), and evaluated by examining expression of activation markers by flow cytometry, analyzing transcriptomic profiles by RNA sequencing, measuring cytotoxicity by co-culturing with K562 cells, assessing cytokine production by Luminex assay, and examining the ability of cytokines and secreted factors to independently reverse HIV latency by co-culturing with Jurkat-Latency (J-Lat) cells. Results PKC modulators increased expression of proteins involved in NK cell activation. Transcriptomic profiles from PKC-treated NK cells displayed signatures of cellular activation and enrichment of genes associated with the NFκB pathway. NK cell cytotoxicity was unaffected by prostratin but significantly decreased by bryostatin-1 and SUW133. Cytokines from PKC-stimulated NK cells did not induce latency reversal in J-Lat cell lines. Conclusions Although PKC modulators have some significant effects on NK cells, their contribution in "kick and kill" strategies is likely due to upregulating HIV expression in CD4+ T cells, not directly enhancing the effector functions of NK cells. This suggests that PKC modulators are primarily augmenting the "kick" rather than the "kill" arm of this HIV cure approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dimapasoc
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jose A. Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Steve W. Cole
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jocelyn T. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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6
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Shanmukha S, Godfrey WH, Gharibani P, Lee JJ, Guo Y, Deng X, Wender PA, Kornberg MD, Kim PM. TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578637. [PMID: 38370818 PMCID: PMC10871289 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in modulating the activities of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regenerative activities by microglia and CNS-associated macrophages is necessary for the proper functioning of the CNS. Thus, a maladaptive activation of these CNS innate immune cells results in neurodegeneration and demyelination associated with various neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that modulation of PKC activity by bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) and its analogs (bryologs) attenuates the pro-inflammatory processes by microglia/CNS macrophages and alleviates the neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. Here, we demonstrate that (2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylamino)benzolactam (TPPB), a structurally distinct PKC modulator, has a similar effect to bryo-1 on CNS innate immune cells both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating neuroinflammation and resulting in CNS regeneration and repair. This study identifies a new structural class of PKC modulators, which can therapeutically target CNS innate immunity as a strategy to treat neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Shanmukha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Wesley H. Godfrey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Judy J. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Xiaojing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Michael D. Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Paul M. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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Yin Y, Zhao SL, Rane D, Lin Z, Wu M, Peterson BR. Quantification of Binding of Small Molecules to Native Proteins Overexpressed in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:187-200. [PMID: 38118119 PMCID: PMC10910633 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The affinity and selectivity of small molecules for proteins drive drug discovery and development. We report a fluorescent probe cellular binding assay (FPCBA) for determination of these values for native (untagged) proteins overexpressed in living cells. This method uses fluorophores such as Pacific Blue (PB) linked to cell-permeable protein ligands to generate probes that rapidly and reversibly equilibrate with intracellular targets, as established by kinetic assays of cellular uptake and efflux. To analyze binding to untagged proteins, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) vector was employed that allows a single mRNA to encode both the protein target and a separate orthogonal fluorescent protein (mVenus). This enabled cellular uptake of the probe to be correlated with protein expression by flow cytometry, allowing measurement of cellular dissociation constants (Kd) of the probe. This approach was validated by studies of the binding of allosteric activators to eight different Protein Kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Full-length PKCs expressed in transiently transfected HEK293T cells were used to measure cellular Kd values of a probe comprising PB linked to the natural product phorbol via a carbamate. These values were further used to determine competitive binding constants (cellular Ki values) of the nonfluorescent phorbol ester PDBu and the anticancer agent bryostatin 1 for each isozyme. For some PKC-small molecule pairs, these cellular Ki values matched known biochemical Ki values, but for others, altered selectivity was observed in cells. This approach can facilitate quantification of interactions of small molecules with physiologically relevant native proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Yin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Serena Li Zhao
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Digamber Rane
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhihong Lin
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, 460 W. 10 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, 460 W. 10 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Blake R. Peterson
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, 460 W. 10 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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8
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Maki J, Hanaki Y, Yanagita RC, Kikumori M, Kovba A, Washizaki A, Tsukano C, Akari H, Irie K. Biological evaluation of a phosphate ester prodrug of 10-methyl-aplog-1, a simplified analog of aplysiatoxin, as a possible latency-reversing agent for HIV reactivation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1453-1461. [PMID: 37682524 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
10-Methyl-aplog-1 (10MA-1), a simplified analog of aplysiatoxin, exhibits a high binding affinity for protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes with minimal tumor-promoting and pro-inflammatory activities. A recent study suggests that 10MA-1 could reactivate latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro for HIV eradication strategy. However, further in vivo studies were abandoned by a dose limit caused by the minimal water solubility of 10MA-1. To overcome this problem, we synthesized a phosphate ester of 10MA-1, 18-O-phospho-10-methyl-aplog-1 (phos-10MA-1), to improve water solubility for in vivo studies. The solubility, PKC binding affinity, and biological activity of phos-10MA-1 were examined in vitro, and the biological activity was comparable with 10MA-1. The pharmacokinetic studies in vivo were also examined, which suggest that further optimization for improving metabolic stability is required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Maki
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hanaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kikumori
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anastasiia Kovba
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Otsuki K, Li W. Tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids from Thymelaeaceae family: chemistry, biological activity, and potential in drug discovery. J Nat Med 2023; 77:625-643. [PMID: 37294498 PMCID: PMC10465420 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids are characteristically distributed in plants of the Thymelaeaceae family as well as the Euphorbiaceae family and are structurally diverse due to the presence of polyoxygenated functionalities in the polycyclic skeleton. These diterpenoids are known as toxic components, while they have been shown to exhibit a wide variety of biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-HIV, and analgesic activity, and are attracting attention in the field of natural product drug discovery. This review focuses on naturally occurring tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids from plants of the Thymelaeaceae family and provides an overview of their chemical structure, distribution, isolation, structure determination, chemical synthesis, and biological activities, with a prime focus on the recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouharu Otsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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Cortés‐Llanos B, Jain V, Cooper‐Volkheimer A, Browne EP, Murdoch DM, Allbritton NL. Automated microarray platform for single-cell sorting and collection of lymphocytes following HIV reactivation. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10551. [PMID: 37693052 PMCID: PMC10487311 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy to cure HIV-infected individuals is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent viruses, followed by host clearance of infected reservoir cells. However, reactivation of latent proviruses within infected cells is heterogeneous and often incomplete. This fact limits strategies to cure HIV which may require complete elimination of viable virus from all cellular reservoirs. For this reason, understanding the mechanism(s) of reactivation of HIV within cellular reservoirs is critical to achieve therapeutic success. Methodologies enabling temporal tracking of single cells as they reactivate followed by sorting and molecular analysis of those cells are urgently needed. To this end, microraft arrays were adapted to image T-lymphocytes expressing mCherry under the control of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, in response to the application of LRAs (prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA). In response to prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA, 30.5%, 11.2%, and 12.1% percentage of cells, respectively. The arrays enabled large numbers of single cells (>25,000) to be imaged over time. mCherry fluorescence quantification identified cell subpopulations with differing reactivation kinetics. Significant heterogeneity was observed at the single-cell level between different LRAs in terms of time to reactivation, rate of mCherry fluorescence increase upon reactivation, and peak fluorescence attained. In response to prostratin, subpopulations of T lymphocytes with slow and fast reactivation kinetics were identified. Single T-lymphocytes that were either fast or slow reactivators were sorted, and single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed. Different genes associated with inflammation, immune activation, and cellular and viral transcription factors were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Cortés‐Llanos
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonWashingtonUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Molecular PhysiologyDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Edward P. Browne
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
- UNC HIV Cure CenterUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
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Ishii T, Kobayakawa T, Matsuda K, Tsuji K, Ohashi N, Nakahata S, Noborio A, Yoshimura K, Mitsuya H, Maeda K, Tamamura H. Synthesis and evaluation of DAG-lactone derivatives with HIV-1 latency reversing activity. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115449. [PMID: 37224601 PMCID: PMC10683555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) prevent people living with HIV-1 from obtaining a cure to the infectious disease. Latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as protein kinase C (PKC) activators and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can reactivate cells latently infected with HIV-1. Several trials based on treatment with HDAC inhibitors alone, however, failed to reduce the number of latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Herein, we have focused on a diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone derivative, YSE028 (1), which is a PKC activator with latency reversing activity and no significant cytotoxicity. Caspase-3 activation of YSE028 (1) led to cell apoptosis, specifically in HIV-1 latently infected cells. Structure-activity relationship studies of YSE028 (1) have produced several useful derivatives. Among these, compound 2 is approximately ten times more potent than YSE028 (1) in reactivation of cells latently infected with HIV-1. The activity of DAG-lactone derivatives was correlated with the binding affinity for PKC and the stability against esterase-mediated hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of HTLV-1/ATL Carcinogenesis and Therapeutics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Airi Noborio
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Institute of Public Health, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.
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12
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Werby SH, Brčić J, Chosy MB, Sun J, Rendell JT, Neville LF, Wender PA, Cegelski L. Detection of intact vancomycin-arginine as the active antibacterial conjugate in E. coli by whole-cell solid-state NMR. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1192-1198. [PMID: 37360389 PMCID: PMC10285746 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00173c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of new and improved antibacterial agents based on facile synthetic modifications of existing antibiotics represents a promising strategy to deliver urgently needed antibacterial candidates to treat multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. Using this strategy, vancomycin was transformed into a highly active agent against antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative organisms in vitro and in vivo through the addition of a single arginine to yield vancomycin-arginine (V-R). Here, we report detection of the accumulation of V-R in E. coli by whole-cell solid-state NMR using 15N-labeled V-R. 15N CPMAS NMR revealed that the conjugate remained fully amidated without loss of arginine, demonstrating that intact V-R represents the active antibacterial agent. Furthermore, C{N}REDOR NMR in whole cells with all carbons at natural abundance 13C levels exhibited the sensitivity and selectivity to detect the directly bonded 13C-15N pairs of V-R within E. coli cells. Thus, we also present an effective methodology to directly detect and evaluate active drug agents and their accumulation within bacteria without the need for potentially perturbative cell lysis and analysis protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H Werby
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Jasna Brčić
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Madeline B Chosy
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Jiuzhi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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13
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Moran JA, Ranjan A, Hourani R, Kim JT, Wender PA, Zack JA, Marsden MD. Secreted factors induced by PKC modulators do not indirectly cause HIV latency reversal. Virology 2023; 581:8-14. [PMID: 36842270 PMCID: PMC10103183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV can establish a long-lived latent infection in cells harboring integrated non-expressing proviruses. Latency reversing agents (LRAs), including protein kinase C (PKC) modulators, can induce expression of latent HIV, thereby reducing the latent reservoir in animal models. However, PKC modulators such as bryostatin-1 also cause cytokine upregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), including cytokines that might independently reverse HIV latency. To determine whether cytokines induced by PKC modulators contribute to latency reversal, primary human PBMCs were treated with bryostatin-1 or the bryostatin analog SUW133, a superior LRA, and supernatant was collected. As anticipated, LRA-treated cell supernatant contained increased levels of cytokines compared to untreated cell supernatant. However, exposure of latently-infected cells with this supernatant did not result in latency reactivation. These results indicate that PKC modulators do not have significant indirect effects on HIV latency reversal in vitro and thus are targeted in their latency reversing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Systems and Chemical Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Systems and Chemical Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jocelyn T Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Systems and Chemical Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jerome A Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Matthew D Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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14
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Soliman SH, Cisneros WJ, Iwanaszko M, Aoi Y, Ganesan S, Walter M, Zeidner JM, Mishra RK, Kim EY, Wolinsky SM, Hultquist JF, Shilatifard A. Enhancing HIV-1 latency reversal through regulating the elongating RNA Pol II pause-release by a small-molecule disruptor of PAF1C. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2468. [PMID: 36888719 PMCID: PMC9995073 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase-associated factor 1 complex (PAF1C) is a key, post-initiation transcriptional regulator of both promoter-proximal pausing and productive elongation catalyzed by RNA Pol II and is also involved in transcriptional repression of viral gene expression during human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) latency. Using a molecular docking-based compound screen in silico and global sequencing-based candidate evaluation in vivo, we identified a first-in-class, small-molecule inhibitor of PAF1C (iPAF1C) that disrupts PAF1 chromatin occupancy and induces global release of promoter-proximal paused RNA Pol II into gene bodies. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that iPAF1C treatment mimics acute PAF1 subunit depletion and impairs RNA Pol II pausing at heat shock-down-regulated genes. Furthermore, iPAF1C enhances the activity of diverse HIV-1 latency reversal agents both in cell line latency models and in primary cells from persons living with HIV-1. In sum, this study demonstrates that efficient disruption of PAF1C by a first-in-class, small-molecule inhibitor may have therapeutic potential for improving current HIV-1 latency reversal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa H. A. Soliman
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - William J. Cisneros
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marta Iwanaszko
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yuki Aoi
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sheetal Ganesan
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Miriam Walter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jacob M. Zeidner
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rama K. Mishra
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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15
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Insertion Depth Modulates Protein Kinase C-δ-C1b Domain Interactions with Membrane Cholesterol as Revealed by MD Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054598. [PMID: 36902029 PMCID: PMC10002858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C delta (PKC-δ) is an important signaling molecule in human cells that has both proapoptotic as well as antiapoptotic functions. These conflicting activities can be modulated by two classes of ligands, phorbol esters and bryostatins. Phorbol esters are known tumor promoters, while bryostatins have anti-cancer properties. This is despite both ligands binding to the C1b domain of PKC-δ (δC1b) with a similar affinity. The molecular mechanism behind this discrepancy in cellular effects remains unknown. Here, we have used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and intermolecular interactions of these ligands bound to δC1b with heterogeneous membranes. We observed clear interactions between the δC1b-phorbol complex and membrane cholesterol, primarily through the backbone amide of L250 and through the K256 side-chain amine. In contrast, the δC1b-bryostatin complex did not exhibit interactions with cholesterol. Topological maps of the membrane insertion depth of the δC1b-ligand complexes suggest that insertion depth can modulate δC1b interactions with cholesterol. The lack of cholesterol interactions suggests that bryostatin-bound δC1b may not readily translocate to cholesterol-rich domains within the plasma membrane, which could significantly alter the substrate specificity of PKC-δ compared to δC1b-phorbol complexes.
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16
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Cortés-Llanos B, Jain V, Volkheimer A, Browne EP, Murdoch DM, Allbritton NL. Automated microarray for single-cell sorting and collection of lymphocytes following HIV reactivation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526757. [PMID: 36778314 PMCID: PMC9915582 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A promising strategy to cure HIV infected individuals is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent viruses, followed by host clearance of infected reservoir cells. However, reactivation of latent proviruses within infected cells is heterogeneous and often incomplete. This fact limits strategies to cure HIV which may require complete elimination of viable virus from all cellular reservoirs. For this reason, understanding the mechanism(s) of reactivation of HIV within cellular reservoirs is critical to achieve therapeutic success. Methodologies enabling temporal tracking of single cells as they reactivate followed by sorting and molecular analysis of those cells are urgently needed. To this end, microraft arrays were adapted to image T-lymphocytes expressing mCherry under the control of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, in response to the application of various LRAs (prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA). In response to prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA, 30.5 %, 11.2 %, and 12.1 % percentage of cells respectively, reactivated similar to that observed in other experimental systems. The arrays enabled large numbers of single cells (>25,000) to be imaged over time. mCherry fluorescence quantification identified cell subpopulations with differing reactivation kinetics. Significant heterogeneity was observed at the single cell level between different LRAs in terms of time to reactivation, rate of mCherry fluorescence increase upon reactivation, and peak fluorescence attained. In response to prostratin, subpopulations of T lymphocytes with slow and fast reactivation kinetics were identified. Single T-lymphocytes that were either fast or slow reactivators were sorted, and single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed. Different genes associated with inflammation, immune activation, and cellular and viral transcription factors were found. These results advance our conceptual understanding of HIV reactivation dynamics at the single-cell level toward a cure for HIV.
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17
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Mbonye U, Kizito F, Karn J. New insights into transcription elongation control of HIV-1 latency and rebound. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:60-71. [PMID: 36503686 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy reduces circulating HIV-1 to undetectable amounts but does not eliminate the virus due to the persistence of a stable reservoir of latently infected cells. The reservoir is maintained both by proliferation of latently infected cells and by reseeding from reactivated cells. A major challenge for the field is to find safe and effective methods to eliminate this source of rebounding HIV-1. Studies on the molecular mechanisms leading to HIV-1 latency and reactivation are being transformed using latency models in primary and patient CD4+ T cells. These studies have revealed the central role played by the biogenesis of the transcription elongation factor P-TEFb (Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b) and its recruitment to proviral HIV-1, for the maintenance of viral latency and the control of viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fredrick Kizito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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18
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Wender PA, Luu-Nguyen QH, Sloane JL, Ranjan A. Trimethylene Methane Dianion Equivalent for the Asymmetric Consecutive Allylation of Aldehydes: Applications to Prins-Driven Macrocyclizations for the Synthesis of Bryostatin 1 and Analogues. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15925-15937. [PMID: 36378802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a one-step (one-flask) generation and reaction of a bifunctional allylating reagent, a trimethylene methane dianion equivalent, that provides a route for the asymmetric 2-(trimethylsilylmethyl) allylation of aldehydes. The product of the first aldehyde allylation process is then set to engage in a second separate aldehyde allylation, providing an improved Prins macrocyclization strategy both for the scalable synthesis of bryostatin 1 and for the total synthesis of a new potent bryostatin analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Quang H Luu-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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Zhan ZJ, Li S, Chu W, Yin S. Euphorbia diterpenoids: isolation, structure, bioactivity, biosynthesis, and synthesis (2013-2021). Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2132-2174. [PMID: 36111621 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to 2021As the characteristic metabolites of Euphorbia plants, Euphorbia diterpenoids have always been a hot topic in related science communities due to their intriguing structures and broad bioactivities. In this review, we intent to provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of Euphorbia diterpenoids reported from 2013 to the end of 2021, including 997 new Euphorbia diterpenoids and 78 known ones with latest progress. Multiple aspects will be summarized, including their occurrences, chemical structures, bioactivities, and syntheses, in which the structure-activity relationship and biosynthesis of this class will be discussed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Wang Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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20
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Truong TT, Hayn M, Frich CK, Olari L, Ladefoged LK, Jarlstad Olesen MT, Jakobsen JH, Lunabjerg‐Vestergaard CK, Schiøtt B, Münch J, Zelikin AN. Potentiation of Drug Toxicity Through Virus Latency Reversal Promotes Preferential Elimination of HIV Infected Cells. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tung Truong
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Manuel Hayn
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Camilla Kaas Frich
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Lia‐Raluca Olari
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
| | | | | | - Josefine H. Jakobsen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | | | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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21
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Katti SS, Krieger IV, Ann J, Lee J, Sacchettini JC, Igumenova TI. Structural anatomy of Protein Kinase C C1 domain interactions with diacylglycerol and other agonists. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2695. [PMID: 35577811 PMCID: PMC9110374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a versatile lipid whose 1,2-sn-stereoisomer serves both as second messenger in signal transduction pathways that control vital cellular processes, and as metabolic precursor for downstream signaling lipids such as phosphatidic acid. Effector proteins translocate to available DAG pools in the membranes by using conserved homology 1 (C1) domains as DAG-sensing modules. Yet, how C1 domains recognize and capture DAG in the complex environment of a biological membrane has remained unresolved for the 40 years since the discovery of Protein Kinase C (PKC) as the first member of the DAG effector cohort. Herein, we report the high-resolution crystal structures of a C1 domain (C1B from PKCδ) complexed to DAG and to each of four potent PKC agonists that produce different biological readouts and that command intense therapeutic interest. This structural information details the mechanisms of stereospecific recognition of DAG by the C1 domains, the functional properties of the lipid-binding site, and the identities of the key residues required for the recognition and capture of DAG and exogenous agonists. Moreover, the structures of the five C1 domain complexes provide the high-resolution guides for the design of agents that modulate the activities of DAG effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S. Katti
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | - Inna V. Krieger
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | - Jihyae Ann
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | - Tatyana I. Igumenova
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
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22
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Prodrug Therapies for Infectious and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030518. [PMID: 35335894 PMCID: PMC8953076 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible drug derivatives which are metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug following chemical or enzymatic modification. This approach is designed to overcome several obstacles that are faced by the parent drug in physiological conditions that include rapid drug metabolism, poor solubility, permeability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. These suboptimal physicochemical features can lead to rapid drug elimination, systemic toxicities, and limited drug-targeting to disease-affected tissue. Improving upon these properties can be accomplished by a prodrug design that includes the careful choosing of the promoiety, the linker, the prodrug synthesis, and targeting decorations. We now provide an overview of recent developments and applications of prodrugs for treating neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Disease interplay reflects that microbial infections and consequent inflammation affects neurodegenerative diseases and vice versa, independent of aging. Given the high prevalence, personal, social, and economic burden of both infectious and neurodegenerative disorders, therapeutic improvements are immediately needed. Prodrugs are an important, and might be said a critical tool, in providing an avenue for effective drug therapy.
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23
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El-Desoky AHH, Eguchi K, Kishimoto N, Asano T, Kato H, Hitora Y, Kotani S, Nakamura T, Tsuchiya S, Kawahara T, Watanabe M, Wada M, Nakajima M, Watanabe T, Misumi S, Tsukamoto S. Isolation, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Study on Daphnane and Tigliane Diterpenes as HIV Latency-Reversing Agents. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3460-3472. [PMID: 35113551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Three new diterpenes, stellejasmins A (1) and B (2) and 12-O-benzoylphorbol-13-heptanoate (3), were isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated by extensive NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first derivatives containing a hydroxy group at C-2 in the family of daphnane and tigliane diterpenes. The presence of a chlorine atom in 1 is unique in the plant metabolite. Compound 3 has an odd-number acyl group, which is biosynthetically notable. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) LTR-driven transcription activity was tested with 1-3 and 17 known diterpenes isolated from S. chamaejasme L. and Wikstroemia retusa A.Gray. Among these, gnidimacrin (4), stelleralide A (5), and wikstroelide A (20) were highly potent, with EC50 values of 0.14, 0.33, and 0.39 nM, respectively. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) was investigated using 20 natural and eight synthetic diterpenes. This is the first SAR study on natural daphnane and tigliane diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H H El-Desoky
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Industries Research Division, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir Street), P.O. Box 12622, Dokki, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Keisuke Eguchi
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Asano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kato
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Hitora
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kotani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.,Department of Instrumental Analysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Teruya Nakamura
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Soken Tsuchiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Teppei Kawahara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Technical Division, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mikiyo Wada
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakajima
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Medicinal Botany, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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24
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Li D, Dewey MG, Wang L, Falcinelli SD, Wong LM, Tang Y, Browne EP, Chen X, Archin NM, Margolis DM, Jiang G. Crotonylation sensitizes IAPi-induced disruption of latent HIV by enhancing p100 cleavage into p52. iScience 2022; 25:103649. [PMID: 35024584 PMCID: PMC8728431 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The eradication of HIV infection is difficult to achieve because of stable viral reservoirs. Here, we show that crotonylation enhances AZD5582-induced noncanonical NF-κB (ncNF-κB) signaling, further augmenting HIV latency reversal in Jurkat and U1 cell line models of latency, HIV latently infected primary CD4+ T cells and resting CD4+ T cells isolated from people living with HIV. Crotonylation upregulated the levels of the active p52 subunit of NF-κB following AZD5582. Biochemical analyses suggest that the ubiquitin E3 ligase TRIM27 is involved in enhanced p100 cleavage to p52. When TRIM27 was depleted, AZD5582-induced HIV latency reversal was reduced. TRIM27 small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown reduced both p100 and p52 levels without inhibiting p100 transcription, indicating that TRIM27 not only acts on p100 cleavage but also may impact p100/p52 stability. These observations reveal the complexity of HIV transcriptional machinery, particularly of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Li
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Morgan G. Dewey
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Shane D. Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Lilly M. Wong
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Yuyang Tang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Edward P. Browne
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Guochun Jiang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Genetic Medicine Building, Room 2111, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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Activators and Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C (PKC): Their Applications in Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111748. [PMID: 34834162 PMCID: PMC8621927 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is classed into three subfamilies based on their structural and activation characteristics: conventional or classic PKC isozymes (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic PKC isozymes (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKC isozymes (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ). PKC inhibitors and activators are used to understand PKC-mediated intracellular signaling pathways and for the diagnosis and treatment of various PKC-associated diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Many clinical trials of PKC inhibitors in cancers showed no significant clinical benefits, meaning that there is a limitation to design a cancer therapeutic strategy targeting PKC alone. This review will focus on the activators and inhibitors of PKC and their applications in clinical trials.
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Zaongo SD, Wang Y, Ma P, Song FZ, Chen YK. Selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs: a promising therapeutic strategy for HIV cure. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2776-2787. [PMID: 34620750 PMCID: PMC8667983 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many seminal advances have been made in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS research over the past four decades. Treatment strategies, such as gene therapy and immunotherapy, are yielding promising results to effectively control HIV infection. Despite this, a cure for HIV/AIDS is not envisioned in the near future. A recently published academic study has raised awareness regarding a promising alternative therapeutic option for HIV/AIDS, referred to as "selective elimination of host cells capable of producing HIV" (SECH). Similar to the "shock and kill strategy," the SECH approach requires the simultaneous administration of drugs targeting key mechanisms in specific cells to efficiently eliminate HIV replication-competent cellular reservoirs. Herein, we comprehensively review the specific mechanisms targeted by the SECH strategy. Briefly, the suggested cocktail of drugs should contain (i) latency reversal agents to promote the latency reversal process in replication-competent reservoir cells, (ii) pro-apoptotic and anti-autophagy drugs to induce death of infected cells through various pathways, and finally (iii) drugs that eliminate new cycles of infection by prevention of HIV attachment to host cells, and by HIV integrase inhibitor drugs. Finally, we discuss three major challenges that are likely to restrict the application of the SECH strategy in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute for Medical Device Standardization Administration; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang-Zhou Song
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao-Kai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
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Abstract
Combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication but is not curative because cART interruption almost invariably leads to a rapid rebound of viremia due to the persistence of stable HIV-1-infected cellular reservoirs. These reservoirs are mainly composed of CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent latent proviruses. A broadly explored approach to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir size, the shock and kill strategy, consists of reactivating HIV-1 gene expression from the latently infected cellular reservoirs (the shock), followed by killing of the virus-producing infected cells (the kill). Based on improved understanding of the multiple molecular mechanisms controlling HIV-1 latency, distinct classes of latency reversing agents (LRAs) have been studied for their efficiency to reactivate viral gene expression in in vitro and ex vivo cell models. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of these different mechanistic classes of LRAs and discuss optimizations of the shock strategy by combining several LRAs simultaneously or sequentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rodari
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Carine M Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
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Bharadwaj R, Kumar SR, Sharma A, Sathishkumar R. Plant Metabolic Gene Clusters: Evolution, Organization, and Their Applications in Synthetic Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697318. [PMID: 34490002 PMCID: PMC8418127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a remarkable source of high-value specialized metabolites having significant physiological and ecological functions. Genes responsible for synthesizing specialized metabolites are often clustered together for a coordinated expression, which is commonly observed in bacteria and filamentous fungi. Similar to prokaryotic gene clustering, plants do have gene clusters encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. More than 20 gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of diverse metabolites have been identified across the plant kingdom. Recent studies demonstrate that gene clusters are evolved through gene duplications and neofunctionalization of primary metabolic pathway genes. Often, these clusters are tightly regulated at nucleosome level. The prevalence of gene clusters related to specialized metabolites offers an attractive possibility of an untapped source of highly useful biomolecules. Accordingly, the identification and functional characterization of novel biosynthetic pathways in plants need to be worked out. In this review, we summarize insights into the evolution of gene clusters and discuss the organization and importance of specific gene clusters in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. Regulatory mechanisms which operate in some of the important gene clusters have also been briefly described. Finally, we highlight the importance of gene clusters to develop future metabolic engineering or synthetic biology strategies for the heterologous production of novel metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revuru Bharadwaj
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sarma R. Kumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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30
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Li SF, Liang X, Wu XK, Gao X, Zhang LW. Discovering the Mechanisms of Wikstroelide E as a Potential HIV-Latency-Reversing Agent by Transcriptome Profiling. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1022-1033. [PMID: 33721994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of efficient and specific HIV-latency-reversing agents is critical for HIV therapy. Here, we developed wikstroelide E, a daphnane diterpene from the buds of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne, as a potential HIV-latency-reversing agent that is 2500-fold more potent than the drug prostratin. Based on transcriptome analysis, the underlying mechanism was that wikstroelide E regulated the MAPK, PI3K-Akt, JAK-Stat, TNF, and NF-κB signaling pathways. We clearly demonstrated that wikstroelide E reversed latent HIV infection by activating PKC-NF-κB signals, serving as a proxy for verifying the transcriptome data. Strikingly, the Tat protein contributes to the robust activation of latent HIV in wikstroelide-E-treated cells, producing an unexpected latency-reversing effect against latent HIV. This study provides the basis for the potential development of wikstroelide E as an effective HIV-latency-reversing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Kang Wu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
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31
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Abramson E, Hardman C, Shimizu AJ, Hwang S, Hester LD, Snyder SH, Wender PA, Kim PM, Kornberg MD. Designed PKC-targeting bryostatin analogs modulate innate immunity and neuroinflammation. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:537-545.e4. [PMID: 33472023 PMCID: PMC8052272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation characterizes multiple neurologic diseases, including primary inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis and classical neurodegenerative diseases. Aberrant activation of the innate immune system contributes to disease progression, but drugs modulating innate immunity, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS), are lacking. The CNS-penetrant natural product bryostatin-1 attenuates neuroinflammation by targeting innate myeloid cells. Supplies of natural bryostatin-1 are limited, but a recent scalable good manufacturing practice (GMP) synthesis has enabled access to it and its analogs (bryologs), the latter providing a path to more efficacious, better tolerated, and more accessible agents. Here, we show that multiple synthetically accessible bryologs replicate the anti-inflammatory effects of bryostatin-1 on innate immune cells in vitro, and a lead bryolog attenuates neuroinflammation in vivo, actions mechanistically dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) binding. Our findings identify bryologs as promising drug candidates for targeting innate immunity in neuroinflammation and create a platform for evaluation of synthetic PKC modulators in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Abramson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Clayton Hardman
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akira J Shimizu
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soonmyung Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lynda D Hester
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul A Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul M Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Michael D Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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32
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Yanagihara M, Murai K, Kishimoto N, Abe T, Misumi S, Arisawa M. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Potent HIV Latency-Reversing Agent Ansellone A and its Analogues. Org Lett 2021; 23:1720-1725. [PMID: 33570413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis and biological evaluation of the marine sesterterpenoid ansellone A (1), an HIV latency-reversing agent, and its analogues are reported. The key to the success of this synthetic route is a Prins cyclization reaction enabled by the strategic use of the TfO group for stabilization of the acid-labile tertiary allylic alcohol. The SAR study found the alcohol analogue to exhibit more potent activity than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizushi Yanagihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Towa Abe
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Liu Z, Ding Z, Chen K, Xu M, Yu T, Tong G, Zhang H, Li P. Balancing skeleton and functional groups in total syntheses of complex natural products: a case study of tigliane, daphnane and ingenane diterpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1589-1617. [PMID: 33508045 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Total synthesis of natural products has greatly contributed to natural product research, organic synthesis and drug discovery and development. However, in most cases, the efficiency of total synthesis is far from sufficient for direct practical industrial application. Thus, designing a concise and efficient synthetic route with balanced efforts between building the complex skeleton and introducing functional groups is highly desirable. In this critical review, we first present an introduction of this issue and a philosophical framework that cover possible synthetic approaches. Next, we have chosen the biogenetically closely related, biologically important and synthetically extremely challenging natural products, tiglianes, daphnanes and ingenanes as the particular case for the discussion, since in the past 40 years many synthetic approaches have been reported. The successes and pitfalls included therefore serve as the basis to draw some conclusions that may inspire future development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Guanghu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, LaJolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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34
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Chu Z, Tong R, Yang Y, Song X, Hu TB, Fan Y, Zhao C, Gao L, Song Z. Diverse synthesis of the C ring fragment of bryostatins via Zn/Cu-promoted conjugate addition of α-hydroxy iodide with enone. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Vollbrecht T, Angerstein AO, Menke B, Kumar NM, de Oliveira MF, Richman DD, Guatelli JC. Inconsistent reversal of HIV-1 latency ex vivo by antigens of HIV-1, CMV, and other infectious agents. Retrovirology 2020; 17:36. [PMID: 33228686 PMCID: PMC7684880 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reservoir of replication-competent but latent virus is the main obstacle to a cure for HIV-1 infection. Much of this reservoir resides in memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that these cells can be reactivated with antigens from HIV-1 and other common pathogens to reverse latency. RESULTS We obtained mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of antiretroviral-treated patients with suppressed viremia. We tested pools of peptides and proteins derived from HIV-1 and from other pathogens including CMV for their ability to reverse latency ex vivo by activation of memory responses. We assessed activation of the CD4 T cells by measuring the up-regulation of cell-surface CD69. We assessed HIV-1 expression using two assays: a real-time PCR assay for virion-associated viral RNA and a droplet digital PCR assay for cell-associated, multiply spliced viral mRNA. Reversal of latency occurred in a minority of cells from some participants, but no single antigen induced HIV-1 expression ex vivo consistently. When reversal of latency was induced by a specific peptide pool or protein, the extent was proportionally greater than that of T cell activation. CONCLUSIONS In this group of patients in whom antiretroviral therapy was started during chronic infection, the latent reservoir does not appear to consistently reside in CD4 T cells of a predominant antigen-specificity. Peptide-antigens reversed HIV-1 latency ex vivo with modest and variable activity. When latency was reversed by specific peptides or proteins, it was proportionally greater than the extent of T cell activation, suggesting partial enrichment of the latent reservoir in cells of specific antigen-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Aaron O Angerstein
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryson Menke
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nikesh M Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelli Faria de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas D Richman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John C Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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