1
|
Sekaran K, Varghese RP, Zayed H, El Allali A, George Priya Doss C. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals crucial oncogenic signatures and its associative cell types involved in gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:305. [PMID: 37740827 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The intricate association of oncogenic markers negatively impacts accurate gastric cancer diagnosis and leads to the proliferation of mortality rate. Molecular heterogeneity is inevitable in determining gastric cancer's progression state with multiple cell types involved. Identification of pathogenic gene signatures is imperative to understand the disease's etiology. This study demonstrates a systematic approach to identifying oncogenic gastric cancer genes linked with different cell types. The raw counts of adjacent normal and gastric cancer samples are subjected to a quality control step. The dimensionality reduction and multidimensional clustering are performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) techniques. The adjacent normal and gastric cancer sample cell clusters are annotated with the Human Primary Cell Atlas database using the "SingleR." Cellular state transition between the distinct groups is characterized using trajectory analysis. The ligand-receptor interaction between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and cell clusters unveils crucial molecular pathways in gastric cancer progression. Chondrocytes, Smooth muscle cells, and fibroblast cell clusters contain genes contributing to poor survival rates based on hazard ratio during survival analysis. The GC-related oncogenic signatures are isolated by comparing the gene set with the DisGeNET database. Twelve gastric cancer biomarkers (SPARC, KLF5, HLA-DRB1, IGFBP3, TIMP3, LGALS1, IGFBP6, COL18A1, F3, COL4A1, PDGFRB, COL5A2) are linked with gastric cancer and further validated through gene set enrichment analysis. Drug-gene interaction found PDGFRB, interacting with various anti-cancer drugs, as a potential inhibitor for gastric cancer. Further investigations on these molecular signatures will assist the development of precision therapeutics, promising longevity among gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Sekaran
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takada H, Sasagawa Y, Yoshimura M, Tanaka K, Iwayama Y, Hayashi T, Isomura-Matoba A, Nikaido I, Kurisaki A. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers EGFR signaling-mediated gastric progenitor cell differentiation in stomach homeostasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3750. [PMID: 37386010 PMCID: PMC10310803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in gastric progenitor cell differentiation are associated with various gastric disorders, including atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the multilineage differentiation of gastric progenitor cells during healthy homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, using a single-cell RNA sequencing method, Quartz-Seq2, we analyzed the gene expression dynamics of progenitor cell differentiation toward pit cell, neck cell, and parietal cell lineages in healthy adult mouse corpus tissues. Enrichment analysis of pseudotime-dependent genes and a gastric organoid assay revealed that EGFR-ERK signaling promotes pit cell differentiation, whereas NF-κB signaling maintains gastric progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR in vivo resulted in a decreased number of pit cells. Although activation of EGFR signaling in gastric progenitor cells has been suggested as one of the major inducers of gastric cancers, our findings unexpectedly identified that EGFR signaling exerts a differentiation-promoting function, not a mitogenic function, in normal gastric homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Takada
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Technologies, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasagawa
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Functional Genome Informatics, Biological Data Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Yoshimura
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Functional Genome Informatics, Biological Data Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayako Isomura-Matoba
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Itoshi Nikaido
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Functional Genome Informatics, Biological Data Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (Bioinformatics), Degree Programs in Systems and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Akira Kurisaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Technologies, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sepe RM, Ghiron JHL, Zucchetti I, Caputi L, Tarallo R, Crocetta F, De Santis R, D'Aniello S, Sordino P. The EJC component Magoh in non-vertebrate chordates. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:295-304. [PMID: 32632492 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Earliest craniates possess a newly enlarged, elaborated forebrain with new cell types and neuronal networks. A key question in vertebrate evolution is when and how this cerebral expansion took place. The exon-junction complex (EJC) plays an essential role in mRNA processing of all Eukarya. Recently, it has been proposed that the EJC represses recursive RNA splicing in Deuterostomes, with implication in human brain diseases like microcephaly and depression. However, the EJC or EJC subunit contribution to brain development in non-vertebrate Deuterostomes remained unknown. Being interested in the evolution of chordate characters, we focused on the model species, Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Cephalochordata) and Ciona robusta (Tunicata), with the aim to investigate the ancestral and the derived expression state of Magoh orthologous genes. This study identifies that Magoh is part of a conserved syntenic group exclusively in vertebrates and suggests that Magoh has experienced duplication and loss events in mammals. During early development in amphioxus and ascidian, maternal contribution and zygotic expression of Magoh genes in various types of progenitor cells and tissues are consistent with the condition observed in other Bilateria. Later in development, we also show expression of Magoh in the brain of cephalochordate and ascidian larvae. Collectively, these results provide a basis to further define what functional role(s) Magoh exerted during nervous system development and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Sepe
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Jung Hee Levialdi Ghiron
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivana Zucchetti
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Caputi
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tarallo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Crocetta
- Department of Integrated Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria De Santis
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang P, Yang M, Zhang Y, Xiao S, Lai X, Tan A, Du S, Li S. Dissecting the Single-Cell Transcriptome Network Underlying Gastric Premalignant Lesions and Early Gastric Cancer. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1934-1947.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
Amieva M, Peek RM. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:64-78. [PMID: 26385073 PMCID: PMC4691563 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of the human stomach by Helicobacter pylori and its role in causing gastric cancer is one of the richest examples of a complex relationship among human cells, microbes, and their environment. It is also a puzzle of enormous medical importance given the incidence and lethality of gastric cancer worldwide. We review recent findings that have changed how we view these relationships and affected the direction of gastric cancer research. For example, recent data have indicated that subtle mismatches between host and microbe genetic traits greatly affect the risk of gastric cancer. The ability of H pylori and its oncoprotein CagA to reprogram epithelial cells and activate properties of stemness show the sophisticated relationship between H pylori and progenitor cells in the gastric mucosa. The observation that cell-associated H pylori can colonize the gastric glands and directly affect precursor and stem cells supports these observations. The ability to mimic these interactions in human gastric organoid cultures as well as animal models will allow investigators to more fully unravel the extent of H pylori control on the renewing gastric epithelium. Finally, our realization that external environmental factors, such as dietary components and essential micronutrients, as well as the gastrointestinal microbiota, can change the balance between H pylori's activity as a commensal or a pathogen has provided direction to studies aimed at defining the full carcinogenic potential of this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meir M, Flemming S, Burkard N, Bergauer L, Metzger M, Germer CT, Schlegel N. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes barrier maturation and wound healing in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G613-24. [PMID: 26294673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00357.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that neurotrophic factors from the enteric nervous system are involved in intestinal epithelial barrier regulation. In this context the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was shown to affect gut barrier properties in vivo directly or indirectly by largely undefined processes in a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We further investigated the potential role and mechanisms of GDNF in the regulation of intestinal barrier functions. Immunostaining of human gut specimen showed positive GDNF staining in enteric neuronal plexus and in enterocytes. In Western blots of the intestinal epithelial cell lines Caco2 and HT29B6, significant amounts of GDNF were detected, suggesting that enterocytes represent an additional source of GDNF. Application of recombinant GDNF on Caco2 and HT29B6 cells for 24 h resulted in significant epithelial barrier stabilization in monolayers with immature barrier functions. Wound-healing assays showed a significantly faster closure of the wounded areas after GDNF application. GDNF augmented cAMP levels and led to significant inactivation of p38 MAPK in immature cells. Activation of p38 MAPK signaling by SB-202190 mimicked GDNF-induced barrier maturation, whereas the p38 MAPK activator anisomycin blocked GDNF-induced effects. Increasing cAMP levels had adverse effects on barrier maturation, as revealed by permeability measurements. However, increased cAMP augmented the proliferation rate in Caco2 cells, and GDNF-induced proliferation of epithelial cells was abrogated by the PKA inhibitor H89. Our data show that enterocytes represent an additional source of GDNF synthesis. GDNF contributes to wound healing in a cAMP/PKA-dependent manner and promotes barrier maturation in immature enterocytes cells by inactivation of p38 MAPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meir
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany; and
| | - Sven Flemming
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany; and
| | - Natalie Burkard
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany; and
| | - Lisa Bergauer
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany; and
| | - Marco Metzger
- Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany; and
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vange P, Bruland T, Beisvag V, Erlandsen SE, Flatberg A, Doseth B, Sandvik AK, Bakke I. Genome-wide analysis of the oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone reveals ASPM as a possible gastric stem/progenitor cell marker over-expressed in cancer. J Pathol 2015; 237:447-59. [PMID: 26178168 PMCID: PMC5049620 DOI: 10.1002/path.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone contains the main stem/progenitor cells that provide for physiological renewal of the distinct mature cell lineages in the oxyntic epithelium of the stomach. These cells are also proposed to be the potential cells-of-origin of gastric cancer, although little is known about their molecular characteristics and specific biological markers are lacking. In this study, we developed a method for serial section-navigated laser microdissection to isolate cells from the proliferative isthmus zone of rat gastric oxyntic mucosa for genome-wide microarray gene expression analysis. Enrichment analysis showed a distinct gene expression profile for the isthmus zone, with genes regulating intracellular processes such as the cell cycle and ribosomal activity. The profile was also related to stem cell transcriptional networks and stomach neoplasia. Genes expressed uniquely in the isthmus zone were associated with E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), which participates in the self-renewal of stem cells and in gastric carcinogenesis. One of the unique genes was Aspm [Asp (abnormal spindle) homologue, microcephaly-associated (Drosophila)]. Here we show ASPM in single scattered epithelial cells located in the proliferative isthmus zone of rat, mouse and human oxyntic mucosa, which do not seem to be actively dividing. The ASPM-expressing cells are mainly mature cell marker-deficient, except for a limited overlap with cells with neuroendocrine and tuft cell features. Further, both ASPM and E2F1 were expressed in human gastric cancer cell lines and increased and correlated in human gastric adenocarcinomas compared to non-tumour mucosa, as shown by expression profile analyses and immunohistochemistry. The association between ASPM and the transcription factor E2F1 in gastric tissue is relevant, due to their common involvement in crucial cell fate-regulatory mechanisms. Our results thus introduce ASPM as a novel possible oxyntic stem/progenitor cell marker that may be involved in both normal gastric physiology and gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Vange
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Even Erlandsen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Doseth
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bartfeld S, Bayram T, van de Wetering M, Huch M, Begthel H, Kujala P, Vries R, Peters PJ, Clevers H. In vitro expansion of human gastric epithelial stem cells and their responses to bacterial infection. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:126-136.e6. [PMID: 25307862 PMCID: PMC4274199 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We previously established long-term, 3-dimensional culture of organoids from mouse tissues (intestine, stomach, pancreas, and liver) and human intestine and pancreas. Here we describe conditions required for long-term 3-dimensional culture of human gastric stem cells. The technology can be applied to study the epithelial response to infection with Helicobacter pylori. METHODS We generated organoids from surgical samples of human gastric corpus. Culture conditions were developed based on those for the mouse gastric and human intestinal systems. We used microinjection to infect the organoids with H pylori. Epithelial responses were measured using microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS Human gastric cells were expanded indefinitely in 3-dimensional cultures. We cultured cells from healthy gastric tissues, single-sorted stem cells, or tumor tissues. Organoids maintained many characteristics of their respective tissues based on their histology, expression of markers, and euploidy. Organoids from healthy tissue expressed markers of 4 lineages of the stomach and self-organized into gland and pit domains. They could be directed to specifically express either lineages of the gastric gland, or the gastric pit, by addition of nicotinamide and withdrawal of WNT. Although gastric pit lineages had only marginal reactions to bacterial infection, gastric gland lineages mounted a strong inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS We developed a system to culture human gastric organoids. This system can be used to study H pylori infection and other gastric pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tülay Bayram
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Pekka Kujala
- Division of Cell Biology II, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Vries
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Peter J Peters
- Division of Cell Biology II, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khurana SS, Riehl TE, Moore BD, Fassan M, Rugge M, Romero-Gallo J, Noto J, Peek RM, Stenson WF, Mills JC. The hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 coordinates normal and metaplastic gastric epithelial progenitor cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16085-97. [PMID: 23589310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell in the isthmus of gastric units continually replenishes the epithelium. Atrophy of acid-secreting parietal cells (PCs) frequently occurs during infection with Helicobacter pylori, predisposing patients to cancer. Atrophy causes increased proliferation of stem cells, yet little is known about how this process is regulated. Here we show that CD44 labels a population of small, undifferentiated cells in the gastric unit isthmus where stem cells are known to reside. Loss of CD44 in vivo results in decreased proliferation of the gastric epithelium. When we induce PC atrophy by Helicobacter infection or tamoxifen treatment, this CD44(+) population expands from the isthmus toward the base of the unit. CD44 blockade during PC atrophy abrogates the expansion. We find that CD44 binds STAT3, and inhibition of either CD44 or STAT3 signaling causes decreased proliferation. Atrophy-induced CD44 expansion depends on pERK, which labels isthmal cells in mice and humans. Our studies delineate an in vivo signaling pathway, ERK → CD44 → STAT3, that regulates normal and atrophy-induced gastric stem/progenitor-cell proliferation. We further show that we can intervene pharmacologically at each signaling step in vivo to modulate proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shradha S Khurana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh SR. Gastric cancer stem cells: a novel therapeutic target. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:110-9. [PMID: 23583679 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the leading causes of global cancer mortality. Multipotent gastric stem cells have been identified in both mouse and human stomachs, and they play an essential role in the self-renewal and homeostasis of gastric mucosa. There are several environmental and genetic factors known to promote gastric cancer. In recent years, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that gastric cancer may originate from normal stem cells or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells, and that gastric tumors contain cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are believed to share a common microenvironment with normal niche, which play an important role in gastric cancer and tumor growth. This mini-review presents a brief overview of the recent developments in gastric cancer stem cell research. The knowledge gained by studying cancer stem cells in gastric mucosa will support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shree Ram Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murakami M, Fukuzawa M, Yamamoto M, Hamaya K, Tamura Y, Sugiyama A, Takahashi R, Murakami T, Amagase K, Takeuchi K. Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric parietal cells and E-cadherin in Mongolian gerbils. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:305-11. [PMID: 23545479 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12191fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrophic gastritis caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori is characterized by parietal cell loss, which is a main risk factor for gastric cancer. Parietal cells play a crucial role in the regulation of cell lineage maturation and proliferation in the gastric units. Among the classical cadherins, E-cadherin plays an important role not only in epithelial cell-cell connections, but also in the maintenance of epithelial polarity and gastric glandular architecture and regulation of cell proliferation. The aim of this study is to elucidate how parietal cells and E-cadherin are altered in gastritis with Helicobacter pylori infection. We studied the effects of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosal E-cadherin 2 weeks after inoculation and investigated the relationship between parietal cell loss and the amount of E-cadherin on parietal cells in Mongolian gerbils. The number of parietal cells and amount of staining of E-cadherin below the isthmus were investigated by immunohistochemistry. It was shown that a reduction in intercellular E-cadherin preceded the disappearance of parietal cells. The gastric glands where parietal cells were lost were replaced by mucus secreting cells without E-cadherin. These results suggest that Helicobacter pylori damaged E-cadherin on parietal cells and caused massive parietal cell loss, leading to the deregulation of gastric morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motonobu Murakami
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Olsen AK, Boyd M, Danielsen ET, Troelsen JT. Current and emerging approaches to define intestinal epithelium-specific transcriptional networks. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G277-86. [PMID: 22094602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00362.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Upon developmental or environmental cues, the composition of transcription factors in a transcriptional regulatory network is deeply implicated in controlling the signature of the gene expression and thereby specifies the cell or tissue type. Novel methods including ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq have been applied to analyze known transcription factors and their interacting regulatory DNA elements in the intestine. The intestine is an example of a dynamic tissue where stem cells in the crypt proliferate and undergo a differentiation process toward the villus. During this differentiation process, specific regulatory networks of transcription factors are activated to target specific genes, which determine the intestinal cell fate. The expanding genomewide mapping of transcription factor binding sites and construction of transcriptional regulatory networks provide new insight into how intestinal differentiation occurs. This review summarizes the current overview of the transcriptional regulatory networks driving epithelial differentiation in adult intestine. The novel technologies that have been implied to study these networks are presented and their prospects for implications in future research are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Krüger Olsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ogawa K, Takemoto N, Ishii M, Pasquale EB, Nakajima T. Complementary expression and repulsive signaling suggest that EphB receptors and ephrin-B ligands control cell positioning in the gastric epithelium. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:617-36. [PMID: 21959989 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eph receptors and ephrin ligands are membrane-bound cell-cell communication molecules with well-defined roles in development. However, their expression and functions in the gastric epithelium are virtually unknown. We detected several EphB receptors and ephrin-Bs in the gastric corpus mucosa of the adult rodent stomach by RT-PCR amplification. Immunostaining showed complementary expression patterns, with EphB receptors preferentially expressed in the deeper regions and ephrin-Bs in the superficial regions of the gastric units. EphB1, EphB2 and EphB3 are expressed in mucous neck, chief and parietal cells, respectively. In contrast, ephrin-B1 is in pit cells and proliferating cells of the isthmus. In a mouse ulcer model, EphB2 expression was upregulated in the regenerating epithelium and expanded into the isthmus. Thus, EphB/ephrin-B signaling likely occurs preferentially in the isthmus, where receptor-ligand overlap is highest. We show that EphB signaling in primary gastric epithelial cells promotes cell retraction and repulsion at least in part through RhoA activation. Based on these findings, we propose that the EphB-positive progeny of gastric stem cells migrates from the isthmus toward the bottom of the gastric glands due to repulsive signals arising from contact with ephrin-Bs, which are preferentially expressed in the more superficial regions of the isthmus and gastric pits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao Z, Hou N, Sun Y, Teng Y, Yang X. Atp4b promoter directs the expression of Cre recombinase in gastric parietal cells of transgenic mice. J Genet Genomics 2011; 37:647-52. [PMID: 20933217 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(09)60083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parietal cells are one of the largest epithelium cells of the mucous membrane of the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid. To study the function of gastric parietal cells during gastric epithelium homeostasis, we generated a transgenic mouse line, namely, Atp4b-Cre, in which the expression of Cre recombinase was controlled by a 1.0 kb promoter of mouse (-subunit of H(+)-, K(+)-ATPase gene (Atp4b). In order to test the tissue distribution and excision activity of Cre recombinase in vivo, the Atp4b-Cre transgenic mice were bred with the reporter strain ROSA26 and a mouse strain that carries Smad4 conditional alleles (Smad4(Co/Co)). Multiple-tissue PCR of Atp4b-Cre;Smad4(Co/+) mice revealed that the recombination only happened in the stomach. As indicated by LacZ staining, ROSA26;Atp4b-Cre double transgenic mice showed efficient expression of Cre recombinase within the gastric parietal cells. These results showed that this Atp4b-Cre mouse line could be used as a powerful tool to achieve conditional gene knockout in gastric parietal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengming Zhao
- Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei B, Chen L, Li R, Tian J. Stem cells in gastrointestinal cancers: a matter of choice in cell fate determination. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1621-33. [PMID: 20942633 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancerous stem cells share the same properties of self-renewal and differentiation as normal stem cells, and have a similar phenotype to adult stem cells isolated from the same tissue. Some believe that cancer stem cells are derived from mutation of normal stem cells, whereas others suspect them to have different origins. Although complicated and controversial, the stem cell as the progenitor of cancer has found support in leukemia research, and subsequently in some solid tumors. It was first accepted that both stem and progenitor cells could acquire genetic abnormalities that would lead to uncontrolled replication and dysregulated differentiation, causing them to transform into cancerous stem cells that might then initiate and maintain a tumor. In this article, we discuss recent progress in the studies of stomach and intestinal cancer stem cells, while focusing on the complex molecular pathways underlying stem cell transformation and gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. This understanding provides a basis for promising new therapies that may specifically target gastrointestinal cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, Peoples Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
MILLS JASONC, SHIVDASANI RAMESHA. Gastric epithelial stem cells. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:412-24. [PMID: 21144849 PMCID: PMC3708552 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of stem cells in the gastrointestinal tract include the identification of molecular markers of stem and early progenitor cells in the small intestine. Although gastric epithelial stem cells have been localized, little is known about their molecular biology. Recent reports describe the use of inducible Cre recombinase activity to indelibly label candidate stem cells and their progeny in the distal stomach, (ie, the antrum and pylorus). No such lineage labeling of epithelial stem cells has been reported in the gastric body (corpus). Among stem cells in the alimentary canal, those of the adult corpus are unique in that they lie close to the lumen and increase proliferation following loss of a single mature progeny lineage, the acid-secreting parietal cell. They are also unique in that they neither depend on Wnt signaling nor express the surface marker Lgr5. Because pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma has been associated with abnormal patterns of gastric differentiation and with chronic tissue injury, there has been much research on the response of stomach epithelial stem cells to inflammation. Chronic inflammation, as induced by infection with Helicobacter pylori, affects differentiation and promotes metaplasias. Several studies have identified cellular and molecular mechanisms in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing (pseudopyloric) metaplasia. Researchers have also begun to identify signaling pathways and events that take place during embryonic development that eventually establish the adult stem cells to maintain the specific features and functions of the stomach mucosa. We review the cytologic, molecular, functional, and developmental properties of gastric epithelial stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JASON C. MILLS
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - RAMESH A. SHIVDASANI
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kouznetsova I, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Hoffmann W. Self-renewal of the human gastric epithelium: new insights from expression profiling using laser microdissection. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1105-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00233j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
18
|
Goebel M, Stengel A, Lambrecht NWG, Sachs G. Selective gene expression by rat gastric corpus epithelium. Physiol Genomics 2010; 43:237-54. [PMID: 21177383 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00193.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is divided into several segments that have distinct functional properties, largely absorptive. The gastric corpus is the only segment thought of as largely secretory. Microarray hybridization of the gastric corpus mucosal epithelial cells was used to compare gene expression with other segments of the columnar GI tract followed by statistical data subtraction to identify genes selectively expressed by the rat gastric corpus mucosa. This provides a means of identifying less obvious specific functions of the corpus in addition to its secretion-related genes. For example, important properties found by this GI tract comparative transcriptome reflect the energy demand of acid secretion, a role in lipid metabolism, the large variety of resident neuroendocrine cells, responses to damaging agents and transcription factors defining differentiation of its epithelium. In terms of overlap of gastric corpus genes with the rest of the GI tract, the distal small bowel appears to express many of the gastric corpus genes in contrast to proximal small and large bowel. This differential map of gene expression by the gastric corpus epithelium will allow a more detailed description of major properties of the gastric corpus and may lead to the discovery of gastric corpus cell differentiation genes and those mis-regulated in gastric carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Goebel
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gespach C. Stem cells and colon cancer: the questionable cancer stem cell hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 34:653-61. [PMID: 21051167 DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fine-tuning between cell proliferation and differentiation of self-renewing stem cells and pluripotent progenitors in gastric glands and colon epithelial crypts is coordinated by the mechanisms that regulate colon epithelial cell migration and guidance along the crypt axis. This leads to the acquisition of specialized cellular functions and the exfoliation of desquamated senescent and apoptotic epithelial cells at the apical mucosa interface with the gut lumen. Self-renewing stem cells and pluripotent progenitors are involved in the clonal and polyclonal growth of digestive tumors. Several lines of evidence support the existence of a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell-like (SCL) phenotypes in solid tumors of breast and digestive system. Consistently, epithelial cancer cell lines in long-term culture are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous. It is suggested that only a small proportion of transformed cells are clonogenic in vivo and ex vivo to form colonies and to initiate tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. A discrete subpopulation of tumor -initiating SCL cancer cells are highly competent to survive, propagate and spread through the invasive and metastatic cascade. A better understanding of the mechanisms driving the plasticity and pluripotency of stem cells, their derived progenitors and SCL colon cancer initiating cells during tumor progression will open new avenues for the early detection and treatment of local and distant tumors of the digestive tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gespach
- Inserm U938, centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, hôpital Saint-Antoine, bâtiment Kourisky, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Islam S, Loizides AM, Fialkovich JJ, Grand RJ, Montgomery RK. Developmental expression of Eph and ephrin family genes in mammalian small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:2478-88. [PMID: 20112066 PMCID: PMC3947671 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-1102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eph receptor tyrosine kinases EphB2 and EphB3, and ephrin-B1 ligand play a critical role in regulating small intestinal epithelial cell migration. Although well studied in developing brain, the expression pattern of Ephs/ephrins has not been delineated in the developing small intestine. AIMS To examine the gene expression of all known members of Ephs/ephrins during development of mouse small intestine. METHODS We examined the expression of 21 A- and B-Ephs/ephrins in mouse small intestine or the Caco-2 cell line using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative (q)RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical analyses. EphB2-expressing cells from isolated crypts were detected by immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses. RESULTS With the exception of EphA5, all family members were expressed throughout the intestine at all ages examined. Most were uniformly expressed. In contrast, levels of EphA4, EphA8, EphB4, and ephrin-B2 messenger RNA (mRNA) were highest during early fetal development and declined with age. At E15, EphB2 and EphB4 proteins were diffusely expressed in proliferating stratified intestinal epithelial cells. By E18, the proteins had become localized to cell membranes of columnar epithelial cells within intervillus regions, and later were expressed on epithelial cell membranes in adult crypts. EphB2-expressing cells can be specifically isolated from crypt cell fractions. CONCLUSIONS The current study represents the first analysis of Ephs/ephrins during intestinal development. The elevated expression of EphA4, EphA8, EphB4, and ephrin-B2 during the fetal period of intestinal morphogenesis suggests an important role in development. Continued intestinal expression of other family members implicates a role in differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert K Montgomery
- Corresponding author: Robert K Montgomery, Ph. D., Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA, (617) 919-2146 (Phone), (617) 730-0498 (Fax),
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vries RGJ, Huch M, Clevers H. Stem cells and cancer of the stomach and intestine. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:373-84. [PMID: 20598659 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer in the 21st century has become the number one cause of death in developed countries. Although much progress has been made in improving patient survival, tumour relapse is one of the important causes of cancer treatment failure. An early observation in the study of cancer was the heterogeneity of tumours. Traditionally, this was explained by a combination of genomic instability of tumours and micro environmental factors leading to diverse phenotypical characteristics. It was assumed that cells in a tumour have an equal capacity to propagate the cancer. This model is currently known as the stochastic model. Recently, the Cancer stem cell model has been proposed to explain the heterogeneity of a tumour and its progression. According to this model, the heterogeneity of tumours is the result of aberrant differentiation of tumour cells into the cells of the tissue the tumour originated from. Tumours were suggested to contain stem cell-like cells, the cancer stem cells or tumour-initiating cells, which are uniquely capable of propagating a tumour much like normal stem cells fuel proliferation and differentiation in normal tissue. In this review we discuss the normal stem cell biology of the stomach and intestine followed by both the stochastic and cancer stem cell models in light of recent findings in the gastric and intestinal systems. The molecular pathways underlying normal and tumourigenic growth have been well studied, and recently the stem cells of the stomach and intestine have been identified. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells were identified as the cells-of-origin of colon cancer upon loss of the tumour suppressor APC. Lastly, several studies have proposed the positive identification of a cancer stem cell of human colon cancer. At the end we compare the cancer stem cell model and the stochastic model. We conclude that clonal evolution of tumour cells resulting from genetic mutations underlies tumour initiation and progression in both cancer models. This implies that at any point during tumour development any tumour cell can revert to a cancer stem cell after having gained a clonal advantage over the original cancer stem cell. Therefore, these models represent two sides of the same coin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G J Vries
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
RAB26 and RAB3D are direct transcriptional targets of MIST1 that regulate exocrine granule maturation. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:1269-84. [PMID: 20038531 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01328-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how differentiating cells reorganize their cellular structure to perform specialized physiological functions. MIST1, an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, is required for the formation of large, specialized secretory vesicles in gastric zymogenic (chief) cells (ZCs) as they differentiate from their mucous neck cell progenitors. Here, we show that MIST1 binds to highly conserved CATATG E-boxes to directly activate transcription of 6 genes, including those encoding the small GTPases RAB26 and RAB3D. We next show that RAB26 and RAB3D expression is significantly downregulated in Mist1(-)(/)(-) ZCs, suggesting that MIST1 establishes large secretory granules by inducing RAB transcription. To test this hypothesis, we transfected human gastric cancer cell lines stably expressing MIST1 with red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged pepsinogen C, a key secretory product of ZCs. Those cells upregulate expression of RAB26 and RAB3D to form large secretory granules, whereas control, non-MIST1-expressing cells do not. Moreover, granule formation in MIST1-expressing cells requires RAB activity because treatment with a RAB prenylation inhibitor and transfection of dominant negative RAB26 abrogate granule formation. Together, our data establish the molecular process by which a transcription factor can directly induce fundamental cellular architecture changes by increasing transcription of specific cellular effectors that act to organize a unique subcellular compartment.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kwek J, De Iongh R, Nicholas K, Familari M. Molecular insights into evolution of the vertebrate gut: focus on stomach and parietal cells in the marsupial,Macropus eugenii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312:613-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
While cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells can be harvested in abundance and appear to be the most versatile of cells for regenerative medicine, adult stem cells also hold promise, but the identity and subsequent isolation of these comparatively rare cells remains problematic in most tissues, perhaps with the notable exception of the bone marrow. The ability to continuously self-renew and produce the differentiated progeny of the tissue of their location are their defining properties. Identifying surface molecules (markers) that would aid in stem cell isolation is a major goal. Considerable overlap exists between different putative organ-specific stem cells in their repertoire of gene expression, often related to self-renewal, cell survival and cell adhesion. More robust tests of 'stemness' are now being employed, using lineage-specific genetic marking and tracking to show production of long-lived clones and multipotentiality in vivo. Moreover, the characterization of normal stem cells in specific tissues may provide a dividend for the treatment of cancer. The successful treatment of neoplastic disease may well require the specific targeting of neoplastic stem cells, cells that may well have many of the characteristics of their normal counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Alison
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, St. Bartholomew's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Capoccia BJ, Huh WJ, Mills JC. How form follows functional genomics: gene expression profiling gastric epithelial cells with a particular discourse on the parietal cell. Physiol Genomics 2009; 37:67-78. [PMID: 19208773 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90408.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular composition and morphology of the stomach epithelium have been described in detail; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of the various cell lineages as well as the function of mature gastric cells are far less clear. Recently, dissection of the molecular anatomy of the stomach has been boosted by the advent of functional genomics, which allows investigators to determine patterns of gene expression across virtually the entire cellular transcriptome. In this review, we discuss the impact of functional genomic studies on the understanding of gastric epithelial physiology. We show how functional genomic studies have uncovered genes that are useful as new cell lineage-specific markers of differentiation and provide new insights into cell physiology. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor B (Vegfb) has been identified as a parietal cell-specific marker that may allow parietal cells to regulate the mucosal vascular network. We also discuss how functional genomics has identified aberrantly expressed genes in disease states. Human epididymis 4 (HE4), for example, was recently identified as a metaplasia-induced gene product in mice based on microarray analysis. Finally, we will examine how analysis of higher-order patterns of gene expression can go beyond simply identifying individual genes to show how cells work as integrated systems. Specifically, we show how application of a Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of gene expression patterns from multiple tissues identifies the gastric parietal cell as an outlier, unlike other differentiated cell lineages in the stomach or elsewhere in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Capoccia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karam SM, Tomasetto C, Rio M. Amplification and invasiveness of epithelial progenitors during gastric carcinogenesis in trefoil factor 1 knockout mice. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:923-935. [PMID: 19040570 PMCID: PMC6496233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is not known whether or not epithelial progenitors of the pyloric antrum are involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Normally, these progenitors give rise to two main cell lineages: pit and gland mucous cells. This study was designed to examine the changes that occur in pyloric antral mucous cell lineages and their progenitors during development of gastric adenoma and carcinoma in trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) knockout mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pyloric antral mucosal tissues of TFF1 knockout mice at ages from 3 days to 17 months were processed for histochemical analysis using Ulex europaeus and Grifforia simplifolica lectins as markers for pit and gland mucous cells, respectively. The dividing epithelial progenitors were identified by using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy techniques. RESULTS TFF1 loss was associated with amplification of both mucus-secreting pit and gland cells. Both lectins examined bound not only to mature mucous cells, but also to most of epithelial progenitors which gradually amplified with age and frequently were seen in mitosis. Analysis of 12- to 17-month-old TFF1-deficient stomachs revealed occasional groups of poorly differentiated mucosal cells with features similar to those of epithelial progenitors (or stem cells), in the basal portion of the antral mucosa. These cells eventually invaded the muscularis mucosa while maintaining some capacity to differentiate. CONCLUSION This study shows that the progenitors of pit and gland mucous cells contribute to gastric carcinogenesis in the pyloric antrum of TFF1 knockout mice, strongly supporting the concept of stem cell origin of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Karam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, and
| | - C. Tomasetto
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Louis Pasteur, Illkirch cedex, France
| | - M.‐C. Rio
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Louis Pasteur, Illkirch cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bredemeyer AJ, Geahlen JH, Weis VG, Huh WJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Srivatsan S, Miller MJ, Shaw AS, Mills JC. The gastric epithelial progenitor cell niche and differentiation of the zymogenic (chief) cell lineage. Dev Biol 2008; 325:211-24. [PMID: 19013146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, the cell fate decisions that specify the development of multiple, diverse lineages are governed in large part by interactions of stem and early lineage progenitor cells with their microenvironment, or niche. Here, we show that the gastric parietal cell (PC) is a key cellular component of the previously undescribed niche for the gastric epithelial neck cell, the progenitor of the digestive enzyme secreting zymogenic (chief) cell (ZC). Genetic ablation of PCs led to failed patterning of the entire zymogenic lineage: progenitors showed premature expression of differentiated cell markers, and fully differentiated ZCs failed to develop. We developed a separate mouse model in which PCs localized not only to the progenitor niche, but also ectopically to the gastric unit base, which is normally occupied by terminally differentiated ZCs. Surprisingly, these mislocalized PCs did not maintain adjacent zymogenic lineage cells in the progenitor state, demonstrating that PCs, though necessary, are not sufficient to define the progenitor niche. We induced this PC mislocalization by knocking out the cytoskeleton-regulating gene Cd2ap in Mist1(-/-) mice, which led to aberrant E-cadherin localization in ZCs, irregular ZC-ZC junctions, and disruption of the ZC monolayer by PCs. Thus, the characteristic histology of the gastric unit, with PCs in the middle and ZCs in the base, may depend on establishment of an ordered adherens junction network in ZCs as they migrate into the base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zou GM. Cancer initiating cells or cancer stem cells in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:598-604. [PMID: 18651561 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that cancer stem cells population within the solid tumor with indefinite proliferation potential drives the growth and metastasis of cancer. In literature, these malignant stem cells also named Cancer initiating cells. Cancer stem cells exhibit low rate of division and proliferation in their niche that help them to avoid chemotherapy and radiation. Epithelial cancers are believed to originate from transformation of tissue stem cells. Bone marrow-derived cells, which are frequently recruited to sites of tissue injury and inflammation, might also represent a potential source of malignancy in the gastrointestinal tract. Pancreatic cancer is one of most common cause of cancer-related death. Pancreatic cancer stem cells have been characterized recently through serial transplantation of human pancreatic cancer cells. The phenotype of Pancreatic cancer stem cells has been defined as CD24(+)CD44(+)CD326 (ESA)(+). CD133 antigen has been also suggested as a potential marker for cancer stem cell in gastrointestinal tract but recently there is also debate in this regard. More recently, other cancer stem cells in gastrointestinal tract, such as colon cancer stem cells, liver cancer stem cells, have been also characterized in their phenotype. These advances clearly will bring the new strategy in cancer treatment and control in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, the author will discuss the current status and progress about cancer stem cell research in gastrointestinal tract and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ming Zou
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although the link between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer is well established, little is known about the early development and detection of this malignant disease. Cancer is the disease of epithelia and recently, it has been suggested that some cancers originate in adult stem cells. Advances have been made in identifying the gastric epithelial stem cells and their immediate descendents, which act as progenitors giving rise to mucus-, acid-, pepsinogen-, and hormone-secreting cell lineages. Analyses of some genetically manipulated animal models in which the proliferation and differentiation program of the gastric stem/progenitor cells was altered by different approaches have provided some clues to the cellular origin of gastric cancer. Despite the challenges and the similarity between gastric epithelial progenitors and their differentiation program in mice and humans, it remains to be determined whether observations made in genetically engineered mice are also applicable to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M Karam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gautrey H, McConnell J, Lako M, Hall J, Hesketh J. Staufen1 is expressed in preimplantation mouse embryos and is required for embryonic stem cell differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1935-42. [PMID: 18585410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells derived from the blastocyst of the preimplantation embryo can be induced to differentiate in vitro along different cell lineages. However the molecular and cellular factors that signal and/or determine the expression of key genes, and the localisation of the encoded proteins, during the differentiation events are poorly understood. One common mechanism by which proteins can be targeted to specific regions of the cell is through the asymmetric localisation of mRNAs and Staufen, a double-stranded RNA binding protein, is known to play a direct role in mRNA transport and localisation. The aims of the present study were to describe the expression of Staufen in preimplantation embryos and mES cells and to use RNA interference (RNAi) to investigate the roles of Staufen1 in mES cell lineage differentiation. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that Staufen is present in the preimplantation mouse embryo, pluripotent mES cells and mES cells stimulated to differentiate into embryoid bodies, but the Staufen staining patterns did not support asymmetric distribution of the protein. Knockdown of Staufen1 gene expression in differentiating mES cells reduced the synthesis of lineage-specific markers including Brachyury, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), PAX-6, and Vasa. There was however no significant change in either the gene expression of Nanog and Oct4, or in the synthesis of SSEA-1, all of which are key markers of pluripotency. These data indicate that inhibition of Staufen1 gene expression by RNAi affects an early step in mES cell differentiation and suggest a key role for Staufen in the cell lineage differentiation of mES cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gautrey
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Doherty JM, Geske MJ, Stappenbeck TS, Mills JC. Diverse adult stem cells share specific higher-order patterns of gene expression. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2124-30. [PMID: 18511597 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissue stem cells (SCs) share functional properties regardless of their tissue of residence. It had been thought that SCs might also share expression of certain "stemness" genes, although early investigations for such genes were unsuccessful. Here, we show that SCs from diverse tissues do preferentially express certain types of genes and that SCs resemble other SCs in terms of global gene expression more than they resemble the differentiated cells (DCs) of the tissues that they supply. Genes associated with nuclear function and RNA binding were over-represented in SCs. In contrast, DCs from diverse tissues shared enrichment in genes associated with extracellular space, signal transduction, and the plasma membrane. Further analysis showed that transit-amplifying cells could be distinguished from both SCs and DCs by heightened expression of cell division and DNA repair genes and decreased expression of apoptosis-related genes. This transit-amplifying cell-specific signature was confirmed by de novo generation of a global expression profile of a cell population highly enriched for transit-amplifying cells: colonic crypt-base columnar cells responding to mucosal injury. Thus, progenitor cells preferentially express intracellular or biosynthetic genes, and differentiation correlates with increased expression of genes for interacting with other cells or the microenvironment. The higher-order, Gene Ontology term-based analysis we use to distinguish SC- and DC-associated gene expression patterns can also be used to identify intermediate differentiation states (e.g., that of transit-amplifying cells) and, potentially, any biological state that is reflected in changes in global gene expression patterns. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Giannakis M, Chen SL, Karam SM, Engstrand L, Gordon JI. Helicobacter pylori evolution during progression from chronic atrophic gastritis to gastric cancer and its impact on gastric stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4358-63. [PMID: 18332421 PMCID: PMC2393758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800668105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the adaptations of Helicobacter pylori to a rarely captured event in the evolution of its impact on host biology-the transition from chronic atrophic gastritis (ChAG) to gastric adenocarcinoma-and defined the impact of these adaptations on an intriguing but poorly characterized interaction between this bacterium and gastric epithelial stem cells. Bacterial isolates were obtained from a single human host colonized with a single dominant strain before and after his progression from ChAG to gastric adenocarcinoma during a 4-year interval. Draft genome assemblies were generated from two isolates, one ChAG-associated, the other cancer-associated. The cancer-associated strain was less fit in a gnotobiotic transgenic mouse model of human ChAG and better able to establish itself within a mouse gastric epithelial progenitor-derived cell line (mGEP) that supports bacterial attachment. GeneChip-based comparisons of the transcriptomes of mGEPs and a control mouse gastric epithelial cell line revealed that, upon infection, the cancer-associated strain regulates expression of GEP-associated signaling and metabolic pathways, and tumor suppressor genes associated with development of gastric cancer in humans, in a manner distinct from the ChAG-associated isolate. The effects on GEP metabolic pathways, some of which were confirmed in gnotobiotic mice, together with observed changes in the bacterial transcriptome are predicted to support aspects of an endosymbiosis between this microbe and gastric stem cells. These results provide insights about how H. pylori may adapt to and influence stem cell biology and how its intracellular residency could contribute to gastric tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Giannakis
- *Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Swaine L. Chen
- *Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Sherif M. Karam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey I. Gordon
- *Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sahin MB, Schwartz RE, Buckley SM, Heremans Y, Chase L, Hu WS, Verfaillie CM. Isolation and characterization of a novel population of progenitor cells from unmanipulated rat liver. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:333-45. [PMID: 18306374 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Widespread use of liver transplantation in the treatment of hepatic diseases is restricted by the limited availability of donated organs. One potential solution to this problem would be isolation and propagation of liver progenitor cells or stem cells. Here, we report on the isolation of a novel progenitor cell population from unmanipulated (that is, no prior exposure to chemicals and no injury) adult rat liver. Rat liver cells were cultured following a protocol developed in our laboratory to generate a unique progenitor cell population called liver-derived progenitor cells (LDPCs). LDPCs were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunostaining and microarray gene expression. LDPCs were also differentiated into hepatocytes and biliary epithelium in vitro and examined for mature hepatic markers and urea and albumin production. These analyses showed that, LDPCs expressed stem cell markers such as cluster domain (CD)45, CD34, c-kit, and Thy 1, similar to hematopoietic stem cells, as well as endodermal/hepatic markers such as hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)3beta, hematopoietically-expressed homeobox gene-1, c-met, and transthyretin. LDPCs were negative for OV-6, cytokeratins (CKs), albumin, and HNF1alpha. The microarray gene expression profile demonstrated that they showed some similarities to known liver progenitor/stem cells such as oval cells. In addition, LDPCs differentiated into functional hepatocytes in vitro as shown by albumin expression and urea production. In conclusion, LDPCs are a population of unique liver progenitors that can be generated from unmanipulated adult liver, which makes them potentially useful for clinical applications, especially for cell transplantation in the treatment of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Behnan Sahin
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Strong TD, Gebska MA, Champion HC, Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ. Stem and endothelial progenitor cells in erection biology. Int J Impot Res 2008; 20:243-54. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
35
|
Mimuro H, Suzuki T, Nagai S, Rieder G, Suzuki M, Nagai T, Fujita Y, Nagamatsu K, Ishijima N, Koyasu S, Haas R, Sasakawa C. Helicobacter pylori dampens gut epithelial self-renewal by inhibiting apoptosis, a bacterial strategy to enhance colonization of the stomach. Cell Host Microbe 2007; 2:250-63. [PMID: 18005743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of the gastric pits in the stomach by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a major risk factor for gastritis, gastric ulcers, and cancer. Normally, rapid self-renewal of gut epithelia, which occurs by a balance of progenitor proliferation and pit cell apoptosis, serves as a host defense mechanism to limit bacterial colonization. To investigate how Hp overcomes this host defense, we use the Mongolian gerbil model of Hp infection. Apoptotic loss of pit cells induced by a proapoptotic agent is suppressed by Hp. The ability of Hp to suppress apoptosis contributed to pit hyperplasia and persistent bacterial colonization of the stomach. Infection with WT Hp but not with a mutant in the virulence effector cagA increased levels of the prosurvival factor phospho-ERK and antiapoptotic protein MCL1 in the gastric pits. Thus, CagA activates host cell survival and antiapoptotic pathways to overcome self-renewal of the gastric epithelium and help sustain Hp infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Mimuro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kouznetsova I, Laubinger W, Kalbacher H, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Roessner A, Hoffmann W. Biosynthesis of Gastrokine-2 in the Human Gastric Mucosa: Restricted Spatial Expression along the Antral Gland Axis and Differential Interaction with TFF1, TFF2 and Mucins. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 20:899-908. [DOI: 10.1159/000110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
37
|
Rubinek T, Chesnokova V, Wolf I, Wawrowsky K, Vlotides G, Melmed S. Discordant proliferation and differentiation in pituitary tumor-transforming gene-null bone marrow stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1082-92. [PMID: 17626243 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00145.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian securin, pituitary tumor-transforming gene ( Pttg), regulates sister chromatid separation during mitosis. Mice deficient in Pttg expression exhibit organ-specific hypoplasia of the testis, spleen, pituitary, and postmaturity pancreatic β-cells, pointing to a possible adult stem cell defect. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) contribute to bone, cartilage, and fat tissue repair and regeneration, and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) have broader differentiation ability. Bone marrow cells derived under MAPC conditions are involved in a spectrum of tissue repair. We therefore tested whether Pttg deletion affects stem cell proliferation and differentiation. BMSCs were isolated under MAPC conditions, although unlike MAPCs, wild-type (WT) and Pttg−/− BMSCs do not express octamer-binding transcription factor 4 and are stem cell antigen-I positive. WT and Pttg−/− cells did not differ in their ability to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, or hepatocyte-like cells or in phenotypic markers. Cells underwent >100 population doublings, with no observed transforming events. Pttg-null BMSCs replicated 27% slower than WT BMSCs, and under hypoxic conditions, this difference widened. Although apoptosis was not enhanced in Pttg−/− cells, Pttg−/− BMSC senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity was elevated, consistent with enhanced p21 protein levels. Using gene array assays, DNA repair genes were shown to be upregulated in Pttg−/− BMSCs, whereas genes involved in cell cycle progression, including cyclin D1, were decreased. Separase, the protease regulated by Pttg, has been implicated in DNA damage repair and was downregulated in Pttg−/− BMSCs. Separase was constitutively phosphorylated in Pttg−/− cells, a modification likely serving as a compensatory mechanism for Pttg deletion. The results indicate that Pttg deletion reduces BMSC proliferation, renders cells more sensitive to hypoxia, and enhances senescent features, thus pointing to a role for Pttg in the maintenance and proliferation of BMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tami Rubinek
- Academic Affairs, Rm. 2015, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lieu DK, Degraffenried LA, Isseroff RR, Kurzrock EA. β1 Integrin Expression Pattern in Transitional Urothelium Does Not Allow for Efficient Stem Cell Enrichment as in Other Epithelia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:263-70. [PMID: 17518562 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With a lack of distinct stem cell markers, isolation of tissue-specific stem cells for tissue engineering and gene therapy is a great challenge. Beta (beta)(1) integrin expression has been used as a way of enriching for putative epithelial stem cells through rapid adhesion to collagen IV or flow cytometry. This is a first report of enrichment of putative urothelial stem cells using rapid adhesion and flow cytometric methods. We assessed our success by determining the clonogenic and proliferative potential of the isolated cells. We demonstrated that enrichment based on beta(1) integrin expression with flow cytometry yields highly clonogenic and proliferative urothelial cells, whereas the rapid adhesion method is not as efficient, possibly because of the unique nature of urothelium, a transitional epithelium, compared to results reported in stratified and columnar epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Lieu
- Departments of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Regalo G, Canedo P, Suriano G, Resende C, Campos ML, Oliveira MJ, Figueiredo C, Rodrigues-Pereira P, Blin N, Seruca R, Carneiro F, Machado JC. C/EBPbeta is over-expressed in gastric carcinogenesis and is associated with COX-2 expression. J Pathol 2007; 210:398-404. [PMID: 16981245 DOI: 10.1002/path.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) transcription factor has been associated with several cancer models. In this study, the expression of C/EBPbeta was analysed in a series of 90 gastric carcinomas (GCs). We also assessed the effect of C/EBPbeta on COX-2 expression. In normal gastric mucosa, C/EBPbeta expression was restricted to cells in the proliferative zone. In intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and GC of the intestinal and atypical subtypes, C/EBPbeta was over-expressed (p < 0.0001, for the association with histological type). C/EBPbeta and Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, were also co-expressed in primary GC. We also observed an overlap between C/EBPbeta and COX-2 expression in GC. Using GC cell lines we show that C/EBPbeta can regulate the expression of endogenous COX-2 and transactivate the promoter of the COX-2 gene, depending on its methylation status. These results suggest that C/EBPbeta may be a marker of neoplastic transformation and also play an active role in gastric tumourigenesis by regulating COX-2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Regalo
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kouznetsova I, Kalinski T, Peitz U, Mönkemüller KE, Kalbacher H, Vieth M, Meyer F, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P, Lippert H, Hoffmann W. Localization of TFF3 peptide in human esophageal submucosal glands and gastric cardia: differentiation of two types of gastric pit cells along the rostro-caudal axis. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 328:365-74. [PMID: 17216196 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
TFF3 (trefoil factor family 3), which is a major secretory product of the gastric antrum and the intestine, but which is nearly absent in the gastric corpus, plays a key role in the maintenance of mucosal integrity. Here, we have systematically investigated TFF3 expression in the esophagus and gastric cardia by the use of reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and immunohistochemistry. Synthesis of TFF3, but not TFF1 or TFF2, is detectable in esophageal submucosal glands. The stratified squamous epithelium is devoid of TFF synthesis. Prominent TFF3 expression starts at the Z-line with a sharply decreasing gradient toward the cardia. Immunohistochemistry has localized TFF3 to surface mucous cells of the proximal cardia. TFF3 distribution differs characteristically from that of TFF1 (secreted primarily by superficial surface mucous cells), whereas TFF3, together with the mucin MUC5AC, is also found in deeper lying cells toward the isthmus. This is the first report of TFF3 as a typical secretory peptide of esophageal submucosal glands and gastric cardia. The different expression patterns of TFF3 and TFF1 in the cardia suggest a stepwise maturation of surface mucous cells from TFF3/MUC5AC-positive cells close to the isthmus to TFF1/TFF3/MUC5AC-positive cells at the pit. The gradient of TFF3 expression along the gastric rostro-caudal axis defines two types of gastric pit cells: those secreting TFF3 in the cardia and the antrum and those nearly devoid of TFF3 synthesis in the corpus. This indicates the special requirement, particularly of the esophagogastric junction, for TFF3-triggered protection and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kouznetsova
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Medizinische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Suzuki H, Hibi T, Marshall BJ. Helicobacter pylori: present status and future prospects in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:1-15. [PMID: 17322988 PMCID: PMC2780612 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Helicobacter pylori has already changed the natural history of peptic ulcer disease, with most patients being cured at their first presentation. Similarly, the incidence of gastric cancer and other diseases related to H. pylori are likely to be greatly reduced in the near future. Isolation of the spiral intragastric bacterium H. pylori totally reversed the false dogma that the stomach was sterile, and it taught us that chronic infectious disease can still exist in modern society. Helicobacter pylori's unique location, persistence, and evasion of the immune system offer important insights into the pathophysiology of the gut. Also, the fact that it was overlooked for so long encourages us to think "outside the box" when investigating other diseases with obscure etiologies. We should consider such provocative scientific ideas as bridges to the future disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lugus JJ, Chung YS, Mills JC, Kim SI, Grass J, Kyba M, Doherty JM, Bresnick EH, Choi K. GATA2 functions at multiple steps in hemangioblast development and differentiation. Development 2006; 134:393-405. [PMID: 17166922 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms that regulate the generation of hematopoietic and endothelial cells from mesoderm are poorly understood. To define the underlying mechanisms, we compared gene expression profiles between embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived hemangioblasts (Blast-Colony-Forming Cells, BL-CFCs) and their differentiated progeny, Blast cells. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that BL-CFCs resembled other stem cell populations. A role for Gata2, one of the BL-CFC-enriched transcripts, was further characterized by utilizing the in vitro model of ES cell differentiation. Our studies revealed that Gata2 was a direct target of BMP4 and that enforced GATA2 expression upregulated Bmp4, Flk1 and Scl. Conditional GATA2 induction resulted in a temporal-sensitive increase in hemangioblast generation, precocious commitment to erythroid fate, and increased endothelial cell generation. GATA2 additionally conferred a proliferative signal to primitive erythroid progenitors. Collectively, we provide compelling evidence that GATA2 plays specific, contextual roles in the generation of Flk-1+ mesoderm, the Flk-1+Scl+ hemangioblast, primitive erythroid and endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Lugus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yin KJ, Cirrito JR, Yan P, Hu X, Xiao Q, Pan X, Bateman R, Song H, Hsu FF, Turk J, Xu J, Hsu CY, Mills JC, Holtzman DM, Lee JM. Matrix metalloproteinases expressed by astrocytes mediate extracellular amyloid-beta peptide catabolism. J Neurosci 2006; 26:10939-48. [PMID: 17065436 PMCID: PMC6674654 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2085-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that the development of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may result from an imbalance between the generation and clearance of the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta). Although familial AD appears to be caused by Abeta overproduction, sporadic AD (the most prevalent form) may result from impairment in clearance. Recent evidence suggests that several proteases may contribute to the degradation of Abeta. Furthermore, astrocytes have recently been implicated as a potential cellular mediator of Abeta degradation. In this study, we examined the possibility that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteases known to be expressed and secreted by astrocytes, could play a role in extracellular Abeta degradation. We found that astrocytes surrounding amyloid plaques showed enhanced expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in aged amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 mice. Moreover, astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) degraded Abeta, lowering levels and producing several fragments after incubation with synthetic human Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42). This activity was attenuated with specific inhibitors of MMP-2 and -9, as well as in ACM derived from mmp-2 or -9 knock-out (KO) mice. In vivo, significant increases in the steady-state levels of Abeta were found in the brains of mmp-2 and -9 KO mice compared with wild-type controls. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the MMPs with N-[(2R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl]-L-tryptophan methylamide (GM 6001) increased brain interstitial fluid Abeta levels and elimination of half-life in APPsw mice. These results suggest that MMP-2 and -9 may contribute to extracellular brain Abeta clearance by promoting Abeta catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| | - John R. Cirrito
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
- Departments of Psychiatry
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| | - Qingli Xiao
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| | - Xiaoou Pan
- Molecular Biology and Pharmacology
- Pathology and Immunology, and
| | - Randall Bateman
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| | - Haowei Song
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - John Turk
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Jan Xu
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| | - Chung Y Hsu
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan 110
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Molecular Biology and Pharmacology
- Pathology and Immunology, and
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
- Molecular Biology and Pharmacology
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huh WJ, Pan XO, Mysorekar IU, Mills JC. Location, allocation, relocation: isolating adult tissue stem cells in three dimensions. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:511-7. [PMID: 16889955 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The literature on isolation of adult tissue stem cells is vast and disparate. To better organize the field, we redefine 'isolation', re-expressing it as the sum of three component vectors: location, allocation and relocation. Location is the isolation of stem cells in situ by anatomical features. Allocation is physical isolation by cell sorting. Relocation is isolation of the functional properties of a stem cell to regenerate its normal progeny when relocated to a new environment. Techniques for the allocation and relocation of stem cells from certain tissues (e.g. hematopoietic) are currently better defined than their location, whereas those of other tissues (e.g. mammary glands) have had recent advances along all three vectors. Yet another group (e.g. gastric glands), have stem cells with well characterized location, emerging techniques for allocation but still rudimentary techniques for relocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Jae Huh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lavine KJ, White AC, Park C, Smith CS, Choi K, Long F, Hui CC, Ornitz DM. Fibroblast growth factor signals regulate a wave of Hedgehog activation that is essential for coronary vascular development. Genes Dev 2006; 20:1651-66. [PMID: 16778080 PMCID: PMC1482484 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1411406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease are the leading cause of death in the industrial world. Therapies employed for treating these diseases are aimed at promoting increased blood flow to cardiac tissue. Pharmacological induction of new coronary growth has recently been explored, however, clinical trials with known proangiogenic factors have been disappointing. To identify novel therapeutic targets, we have explored signaling pathways that govern embryonic coronary development. Using a combination of genetically engineered mice and an organ culture system, we identified novel roles for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Hedgehog (HH) signaling in coronary vascular development. We show that FGF signals promote coronary growth indirectly by signaling to the cardiomyoblast through redundant function of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2. Myocardial FGF signaling triggers a wave of HH activation that is essential for vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf)-A, Vegf-B, Vegf-C, and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) expression. We demonstrate that HH is necessary for coronary vascular development and activation of HH signaling is sufficient to promote coronary growth and to rescue coronary defects due to loss of FGF signaling. These studies implicate HH signaling as an essential regulator of coronary vascular development and as a potential therapeutic target for coronary neovascularization. Consistent with this, activation of HH signaling in the adult heart leads to an increase in coronary vessel density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kory J Lavine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Doherty JM, Carmichael LK, Mills JC. GOurmet: a tool for quantitative comparison and visualization of gene expression profiles based on gene ontology (GO) distributions. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:151. [PMID: 16545118 PMCID: PMC1459206 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ever-expanding population of gene expression profiles (EPs) from specified cells and tissues under a variety of experimental conditions is an important but difficult resource for investigators to utilize effectively. Software tools have been recently developed to use the distribution of gene ontology (GO) terms associated with the genes in an EP to identify specific biological functions or processes that are over- or under-represented in that EP relative to other EPs. Additionally, it is possible to use the distribution of GO terms inherent to each EP to relate that EP as a whole to other EPs. Because GO term annotation is organized in a tree-like cascade of variable granularity, this approach allows the user to relate (e.g., by hierarchical clustering) EPs of varying length and from different platforms (e.g., GeneChip, SAGE, EST library). Results Here we present GOurmet, a software package that calculates the distribution of GO terms represented by the genes in an individual expression profile (EP), clusters multiple EPs based on these integrated GO term distributions, and provides users several tools to visualize and compare EPs. GOurmet is particularly useful in meta-analysis to examine EPs of specified cell types (e.g., tissue-specific stem cells) that are obtained through different experimental procedures. GOurmet also introduces a new tool, the Targetoid plot, which allows users to dynamically render the multi-dimensional relationships among individual elements in any clustering analysis. The Targetoid plotting tool allows users to select any element as the center of the plot, and the program will then represent all other elements in the cluster as a function of similarity to the selected central element. Conclusion GOurmet is a user-friendly, GUI-based software package that greatly facilitates analysis of results generated by multiple EPs. The clustering analysis features a dynamic targetoid plot that is generalizable for use with any clustering application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lynn K Carmichael
- The Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Giannakis M, Stappenbeck TS, Mills JC, Leip DG, Lovett M, Clifton SW, Ippolito JE, Glasscock JI, Arumugam M, Brent MR, Gordon JI. Molecular properties of adult mouse gastric and intestinal epithelial progenitors in their niches. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11292-300. [PMID: 16464855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced 36,641 expressed sequence tags from laser capture microdissected adult mouse gastric and small intestinal epithelial progenitors, obtaining 4031 and 3324 unique transcripts, respectively. Using Gene Ontology (GO) terms, each data set was compared with cDNA libraries from intact adult stomach and small intestine. Genes in GO categories enriched in progenitors were filtered against genes in GO categories represented in hematopoietic, neural, and embryonic stem cell transcriptomes and mapped onto transcription factor networks, plus canonical signal transduction and metabolic pathways. Wnt/beta-catenin, phosphoinositide-3/Akt kinase, insulin-like growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling cascades, plus glycerolipid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolic pathways are among those prominently represented in adult gut progenitors. The results reveal shared as well as distinctive features of adult gut stem cells when compared with other stem cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Giannakis
- Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Oh JD, Kling-Bäckhed H, Giannakis M, Engstrand LG, Gordon JI. Interactions between gastric epithelial stem cells and Helicobacter pylori in the setting of chronic atrophic gastritis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:21-7. [PMID: 16406776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic atrophic gastritis (ChAG), a Helicobacter pylori-associated risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, involves loss of acid-producing parietal cells. Recent studies in gnotobiotic mouse models of ChAG have shown that parietal cell loss results in amplification of multi- and oligo-potential gastric stem cells that express sialylated glycan receptors recognized by H. pylori adhesins. Moreover, H. pylori resides within a subset of these stem cells. Studies of the transcriptomes of gastric stem cells, harvested directly from the stomachs of uninfected mice, using laser capture microdissection, suggest that they have the ability to complement some of the metabolic needs of H. pylori. These findings indicate that proliferating and non-proliferating gastric stem cells provide a habitat that could support H. pylori persistence in a gastric ecosystem that has lost its acid barrier to colonization by environmental, oral and intestinal microbes. One consequence to the host might be an increased risk of tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung D Oh
- Center for Genome Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Adult tissue-specific stem cells have the capacity to self-renew and generate functional differentiated cells that replenish lost cells throughout an organism's lifetime. Studies on stem cells from diverse systems have shown that stem cell function is controlled by extracellular cues from the niche and by intrinsic genetic programs within the stem cell. Here, we review the remarkable progress recently made in research regarding the stem cell niche. We compare the differences and commonalities of different stem cell niches in Drosophila ovary/testis and Caenorhabditis elegans distal tip, as well as in mammalian bone marrow, skin/hair follicle, intestine, brain, and testis. On the basis of this comparison, we summarize the common features, structure, and functions of the stem cell niche and highlight important niche signals that are conserved from Drosophila to mammals. We hope this comparative summary defines the basic elements of the stem cell niche, providing guiding principles for identification of the niche in other systems and pointing to areas for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Eckfeldt CE, Mendenhall EM, Verfaillie CM. The molecular repertoire of the 'almighty' stem cell. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6:726-37. [PMID: 16103873 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells share the defining characteristics of self-renewal, which maintains or expands the stem-cell pool, and multi-lineage differentiation, which generates and regenerates tissues. Stem-cell self-renewal and differentiation are influenced by the convergence of intrinsic cellular signals and extrinsic microenvironmental cues from the surrounding stem-cell niche, but the specific signals involved are poorly understood. Recently, several studies have sought to identify the genetic mechanisms that underlie the stem-cell phenotype. Such a molecular road map of stem-cell function should lead to an understanding of the true potential of stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Eckfeldt
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|