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Guan X, Hu Y, Hao J, Lu M, Zhang Z, Hu W, Li D, Li C. Stress, Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype and Atherosclerosis: Novel Insight into Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Transition in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024; 26:411-425. [PMID: 38814419 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our work is to establish more distinct association between specific stress and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypes to alleviate atherosclerotic plaque burden and delay atherosclerosis (AS) progression. RECENT FINDING In recent years, VSMCs phenotypic transition has received significant interests. Different stresses were found to be associated with VSMCs phenotypic transition. However, the explicit correlation between VSMCs phenotype and specific stress has not been elucidated clearly yet. We discover that VSMCs phenotypic transition, which is widely involved in the progression of AS, is associated with specific stress. We discuss approaches targeting stresses to intervene VSMCs phenotypic transition, which may contribute to develop innovative therapies for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuya Guan
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yuanlong Hu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jiaqi Hao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Mengkai Lu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wenxian Hu
- Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Chao Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao, 266000, China.
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2
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Jiang Q, He J, Zhang H, Chi H, Shi Y, Xu X. Recent advances in the development of tumor microenvironment-activatable nanomotors for deep tumor penetration. Mater Today Bio 2024; 27:101119. [PMID: 38966042 PMCID: PMC11222818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents a significant threat to human health, with the use of traditional chemotherapy drugs being limited by their harsh side effects. Tumor-targeted nanocarriers have emerged as a promising solution to this problem, as they can deliver drugs directly to the tumor site, improving drug effectiveness and reducing adverse effects. However, the efficacy of most nanomedicines is hindered by poor penetration into solid tumors. Nanomotors, capable of converting various forms of energy into mechanical energy for self-propelled movement, offer a potential solution for enhancing drug delivery to deep tumor regions. External force-driven nanomotors, such as those powered by magnetic fields or ultrasound, provide precise control but often necessitate bulky and costly external equipment. Bio-driven nanomotors, propelled by sperm, macrophages, or bacteria, utilize biological molecules for self-propulsion and are well-suited to the physiological environment. However, they are constrained by limited lifespan, inadequate speed, and potential immune responses. To address these issues, nanomotors have been engineered to propel themselves forward by catalyzing intrinsic "fuel" in the tumor microenvironment. This mechanism facilitates their penetration through biological barriers, allowing them to reach deep tumor regions for targeted drug delivery. In this regard, this article provides a review of tumor microenvironment-activatable nanomotors (fueled by hydrogen peroxide, urea, arginine), and discusses their prospects and challenges in clinical translation, aiming to offer new insights for safe, efficient, and precise treatment in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiahuan He
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hairui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Haorui Chi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
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3
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Xiao Y, Elmasry M, Bai JDK, Chen A, Chen Y, Jackson B, Johnson JO, Gillies RJ, Prasanna P, Chen C, Damaghi M. Eco-evolutionary Guided Pathomic Analysis to Predict DCIS Upstaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.23.600274. [PMID: 38979368 PMCID: PMC11230267 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.23.600274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancers evolve in a dynamic ecosystem. Thus, characterizing cancer's ecological dynamics is crucial to understanding cancer evolution and can lead to discovering novel biomarkers to predict disease progression. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early-stage breast cancer characterized by abnormal epithelial cell growth confined within the milk ducts. Although there has been extensive research on genetic and epigenetic causes of breast carcinogenesis, none of these studies have successfully identified a biomarker for the progression and/or upstaging of DCIS. In this study, we show that ecological habitat analysis of hypoxia and acidosis biomarkers can significantly improve prediction of DCIS upstaging. First, we developed a novel eco-evolutionary designed approach to define habitats in the tumor intra-ductal microenvironment based on oxygen diffusion distance in our DCIS cohort of 84 patients. Then, we identify cancer cells with metabolic phenotypes attributed to their habitat conditions, such as the expression of CA9 indicating hypoxia responding phenotype, and LAMP2b indicating a hypoxia-induced acid adaptation. Traditionally these markers have shown limited predictive capabilities for DCIS upstaging, if any. However, when analyzed from an ecological perspective, their power to differentiate between indolent and upstaged DCIS increased significantly. Second, using eco-evolutionary guided computational and digital pathology techniques, we discovered distinct spatial patterns of these biomarkers and used the distribution of such patterns to predict patient upstaging. The patterns were characterized by both cellular features and spatial features. With a 5-fold validation on the biopsy cohort, we trained a random forest classifier to achieve the area under curve(AUC) of 0.74. Our results affirm the importance of using eco-evolutionary-designed approaches in biomarkers discovery studies in the era of digital pathology by demonstrating the role of eco-evolution dynamics in predicting cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Xiao
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Manal Elmasry
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ji Dong K. Bai
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Prateek Prasanna
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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4
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Whiting FJH, Househam J, Baker AM, Sottoriva A, Graham TA. Phenotypic noise and plasticity in cancer evolution. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:451-464. [PMID: 37968225 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-genetic alterations can produce changes in a cell's phenotype. In cancer, these phenomena can influence a cell's fitness by conferring access to heritable, beneficial phenotypes. Herein, we argue that current discussions of 'phenotypic plasticity' in cancer evolution ignore a salient feature of the original definition: namely, that it occurs in response to an environmental change. We suggest 'phenotypic noise' be used to distinguish non-genetic changes in phenotype that occur independently from the environment. We discuss the conceptual and methodological techniques used to identify these phenomena during cancer evolution. We propose that the distinction will guide efforts to define mechanisms of phenotype change, accelerate translational work to manipulate phenotypes through treatment, and, ultimately, improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Househam
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Andrea Sottoriva
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Computational Biology Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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5
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Del Pino Herrera A, Ferrall-Fairbanks MC. A war on many fronts: cross disciplinary approaches for novel cancer treatment strategies. Front Genet 2024; 15:1383676. [PMID: 38873108 PMCID: PMC11169904 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1383676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth where cancer cells take advantage of surrounding cellular populations to obtain resources and promote invasion. Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer accounting for almost 90% of cancer cases. One of the major subtypes of carcinomas are adenocarcinomas, which originate from glandular cells that line certain internal organs. Cancers such as breast, prostate, lung, pancreas, colon, esophageal, kidney are often adenocarcinomas. Current treatment strategies include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and more recently immunotherapy. However, patients with adenocarcinomas often develop resistance or recur after the first line of treatment. Understanding how networks of tumor cells interact with each other and the tumor microenvironment is crucial to avoid recurrence, resistance, and high-dose therapy toxicities. In this review, we explore how mathematical modeling tools from different disciplines can aid in the development of effective and personalized cancer treatment strategies. Here, we describe how concepts from the disciplines of ecology and evolution, economics, and control engineering have been applied to mathematically model cancer dynamics and enhance treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Del Pino Herrera
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Meghan C. Ferrall-Fairbanks
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Lee S, Bondaruk J, Wang Y, Chen H, Lee JG, Majewski T, Mullen RD, Cogdell D, Chen J, Wang Z, Yao H, Kus P, Jeong J, Lee I, Choi W, Navai N, Guo C, Dinney C, Baggerly K, Mendelsohn C, McConkey D, Behringer RR, Kimmel M, Wei P, Czerniak B. Loss of LPAR6 and CAB39L dysregulates the basal-to-luminal urothelial differentiation program, contributing to bladder carcinogenesis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114146. [PMID: 38676926 PMCID: PMC11265536 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a strategy that combines histologic and molecular mapping that permits interrogation of the chronology of changes associated with cancer development on a whole-organ scale. Using this approach, we present the sequence of alterations around RB1 in the development of bladder cancer. We show that RB1 is not involved in initial expansion of the preneoplastic clone. Instead, we found a set of contiguous genes that we term "forerunner" genes whose silencing is associated with the development of plaque-like field effects initiating carcinogenesis. Specifically, we identified five candidate forerunner genes (ITM2B, LPAR6, MLNR, CAB39L, and ARL11) mapping near RB1. Two of these genes, LPAR6 and CAB39L, are preferentially downregulated in the luminal and basal subtypes of bladder cancer, respectively. Their loss of function dysregulates urothelial differentiation, sensitizing the urothelium to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced cancers, which recapitulate the luminal and basal subtypes of human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyou Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jolanta Bondaruk
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yishan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - June Goo Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tadeusz Majewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel D Mullen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Cogdell
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ziqiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pawel Kus
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joon Jeong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ilkyun Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Neema Navai
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles Guo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Colin Dinney
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keith Baggerly
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marek Kimmel
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Auxillos J, Crouigneau R, Li YF, Dai Y, Stigliani A, Tavernaro I, Resch-Genger U, Sandelin A, Marie R, Pedersen SF. Spatially resolved analysis of microenvironmental gradient impact on cancer cell phenotypes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3448. [PMID: 38701211 PMCID: PMC11068013 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the physiological and pathophysiological significance of microenvironmental gradients, e.g., for diseases such as cancer, tools for generating such gradients and analyzing their impact are lacking. Here, we present an integrated microfluidic-based workflow that mimics extracellular pH gradients characteristic of solid tumors while enabling high-resolution live imaging of, e.g., cell motility and chemotaxis, and preserving the capacity to capture the spatial transcriptome. Our microfluidic device generates a pH gradient that can be rapidly controlled to mimic spatiotemporal microenvironmental changes over cancer cells embedded in a 3D matrix. The device can be reopened allowing immunofluorescence analysis of selected phenotypes, as well as the transfer of cells and matrix to a Visium slide for spatially resolved analysis of transcriptional changes across the pH gradient. This workflow is easily adaptable to other gradients and multiple cell types and can therefore prove invaluable for integrated analysis of roles of microenvironmental gradients in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Auxillos
- Section for Computational and RNA biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roxane Crouigneau
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yan-Fang Li
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yifan Dai
- Section for Computational and RNA biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnaud Stigliani
- Section for Computational and RNA biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabella Tavernaro
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Richard-Willstaetter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Richard-Willstaetter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albin Sandelin
- Section for Computational and RNA biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rodolphe Marie
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stine F. Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Berrell N, Sadeghirad H, Blick T, Bidgood C, Leggatt GR, O'Byrne K, Kulasinghe A. Metabolomics at the tumor microenvironment interface: Decoding cellular conversations. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1121-1146. [PMID: 38146814 DOI: 10.1002/med.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer heterogeneity remains a significant challenge for effective cancer treatments. Altered energetics is one of the hallmarks of cancer and influences tumor growth and drug resistance. Studies have shown that heterogeneity exists within the metabolic profile of tumors, and personalized-combination therapy with relevant metabolic interventions could improve patient response. Metabolomic studies are identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets that have improved treatment response. The spatial location of elements in the tumor microenvironment are becoming increasingly important for understanding disease progression. The evolution of spatial metabolomics analysis now allows scientists to deeply understand how metabolite distribution contributes to cancer biology. Recently, these techniques have spatially resolved metabolite distribution to a subcellular level. It has been proposed that metabolite mapping could improve patient outcomes by improving precision medicine, enabling earlier diagnosis and intraoperatively identifying tumor margins. This review will discuss how altered metabolic pathways contribute to cancer progression and drug resistance and will explore the current capabilities of spatial metabolomics technologies and how these could be integrated into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Berrell
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Habib Sadeghirad
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony Blick
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles Bidgood
- APCRC-Q, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham R Leggatt
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ken O'Byrne
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Song JH, Dávalos LM, MacCarthy T, Damaghi M. Evolvability of cancer-associated genes under APOBEC3A/B selection. iScience 2024; 27:109433. [PMID: 38550998 PMCID: PMC10972820 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolvability is an emergent hallmark of cancer that depends on intra-tumor heterogeneity and genetic variation. Mutations generated by APOBEC3 contribute to genetic variation and tumor evolvability. However, the influence of APOBEC3 on the evolvability of the genome and its differential impact on cancer genes versus non-cancer genes remains unclear. Analyzing over 40,000 human protein-coding transcripts, we identified distinct distribution patterns of APOBEC3A/B TC motifs between cancer and non-cancer genes, suggesting unique associations with cancer. Studying a bat species with numerous APOBEC3 genes, we found distinct motif patterns in orthologs of cancer genes compared to non-cancer genes, as in humans, suggesting APOBEC3 evolution to reduce impacts on the genome rather than the converse. Simulations confirmed that APOBEC3-induced heterogeneity enhances cancer evolution through bimodal patterns of mutations in certain classes of genes. Our results suggest the bimodal distribution of APOBEC-induced mutations can significantly increase cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyun Song
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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10
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Czerniak B, Lee S, Jung SY, Kus P, Bondaruk J, Lee J, Jaksik R, Putluri N, Dinh K, Cogdell D, Chen H, Wang Y, Chen J, Nevai N, Dinney C, Mendelsohn C, McConkey D, Behringer R, Guo C, Wei P, Kimmel M. Inferring Bladder Cancer Evolution from Mucosal field Effects by Whole-Organ Spatial Mutational, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Mapping. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3994376. [PMID: 38659962 PMCID: PMC11042420 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3994376/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Multi-platform mutational, proteomic, and metabolomic spatial mapping was used on the whole-organ scale to identify the molecular evolution of bladder cancer from mucosal field effects. We identified complex proteomic and metabolomic dysregulations in microscopically normal areas of bladder mucosa adjacent to dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The mutational landscape developed in a background of complex defects of protein homeostasis which included dysregulated nucleocytoplasmic transport, splicesome, ribosome biogenesis, and peroxisome. These changes were combined with altered urothelial differentiation which involved lipid metabolism and protein degradations controlled by PPAR. The complex alterations of proteome were accompanied by dysregulation of gluco-lipid energy-related metabolism. The analysis of mutational landscape identified three types of mutations based on their geographic distribution and variant allele frequencies. The most common were low frequency α mutations restricted to individual mucosal samples. The two other groups of mutations were associated with clonal expansion. The first of this group referred to as β mutations occurred at low frequencies across the mucosa. The second of this group called γ mutations increased in frequency with disease progression. Modeling of the mutations revealed that carcinogenesis may span nearly 30 years and can be divided into dormant and progressive phases. The α mutations developed gradually in the dormant phase. The progressive phase lasted approximately five years and was signified by the advent of β mutations, but it was driven by γ mutations which developed during the last 2-3 years of disease progression to invasive cancer. Our study indicates that the understanding of complex alterations involving mucosal microenvironment initiating bladder carcinogenesis can be inferred from the multi-platform whole-organ mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangkyou Lee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - June Lee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Khanh Dinh
- Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University
| | | | - Huiqin Chen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Yishan Wang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Neema Nevai
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Colin Dinney
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - David McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University
| | | | - Charles Guo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Peng Wei
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
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11
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Lin X, Yang C, Lv Y, Zhang B, Kan J, Li H, Tao J, Yang C, Li X, Liu Y. Preclinical multi-physiologic monitoring of immediate-early responses to diverse treatment strategies in breast cancer by optoacoustic imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300457. [PMID: 38221652 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Optoacoustic imaging enables the measurement of tissue oxygen saturation (sO2) and blood perfusion while being utilized for detecting tumor microenvironments. Our aim was to employ multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) to assess immediate-early changes of hemoglobin level and sO2 within breast tumors during diverse treatments. Mouse breast cancer models were allocated into four groups: control, everolimus (EVE), paclitaxel (PTX), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Hemoglobin was quantified daily, as well as sO2 and blood perfusion were verified by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. MSOT showed a temporal window of enhanced oxygenation and improved perfusion in EVE and PTX groups, while sO2 consistently remained below baseline in PDT. The same results were obtained for the IHC. Therefore, MSOT can monitor tumor hypoxia and indirectly reflect blood perfusion in a non-invasive and non-labeled way, which has the potential to monitor breast cancer progression early and enable individualized treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Lin
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Changfeng Yang
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Lv
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Kan
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Tao
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yang
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianglin Li
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Weistuch C, Murgas KA, Zhu J, Norton L, Dill KA, Tannenbaum AR, Deasy JO. Functional transcriptional signatures for tumor-type-agnostic phenotype prediction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.12.536595. [PMID: 37090606 PMCID: PMC10120658 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer transcriptional patterns exhibit both shared and unique features across diverse cancer types, but whether these patterns are sufficient to characterize the full breadth of tumor phenotype heterogeneity remains an open question. We hypothesized that cancer transcriptional diversity mirrors patterns in normal tissues optimized for distinct functional tasks. Starting with normal tissue transcriptomic profiles, we use non-negative matrix factorization to derive six distinct transcriptomic phenotypes, called archetypes, which combine to describe both normal tissue patterns and variations across a broad spectrum of malignancies. We show that differential enrichment of these signatures correlates with key tumor characteristics, including overall patient survival and drug sensitivity, independent of clinically actionable DNA alterations. Additionally, we show that in HR+/HER2- breast cancers, metastatic tumors adopt transcriptomic signatures consistent with the invaded tissue. Broadly, our findings suggest that cancer often arrogates normal tissue transcriptomic characteristics as a component of both malignant progression and drug response. This quantitative framework provides a strategy for connecting the diversity of cancer phenotypes and could potentially help manage individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Weistuch
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medical
Physics
| | - Kevin A. Murgas
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical
Informatics
| | - Jiening Zhu
- Stony Brook University, Department of Applied Mathematics and
Statistics
| | - Larry Norton
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of
Medicine
| | - Ken A. Dill
- Stony Brook University, Laufer Center for Physical and
Quantitative Biology
| | - Allen R. Tannenbaum
- Stony Brook University, Department of Applied Mathematics and
Statistics
- Stony Brook University, Department of Computer Science
| | - Joseph O. Deasy
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medical
Physics
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13
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Shie WY, Cheng SJ, Chen KC, Tang CC, Peng HH, Ko HH, Hou HH, Elizabeth Chou HY. Fibroblast growth factor 5 expression predicts the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123:390-399. [PMID: 37704482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 5 is a member of the FGF family that functions as a regulator of tissue growth and regeneration. Aberrant FGF5 expression has been previously associated with the progression of a number of different malignancies. However, its potential role in oral cancer remains unclear. In this study, we explored the relationship between the expression of FGF5 protein in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and the clinicopathological parameters of OSCCs and whether the expression of FGF5 protein in OSCCs could be a prognostic factor for OSCC patients. METHODS The FGF5 protein expression was examined in 64 OSCC and 34 normal oral mucosal specimens by immunohistochemical staining. Stress induced upregulation and intracellular redistribution of FGF5 were verified using xenograft animal model and OSCC cell lines. RESULTS The mean FGF5 protein labelling index was significantly higher in OSCC than in normal oral mucosal samples, with high FGF5 protein labelling index (>58%) being correlated with advanced stage and poor survival of OSCC patients. Apart from the peri-cytoplasmic staining pattern characteristic of paracrine growth factors, FGF5 protein was localized as distinct punctate structures in the cytoplasm of advanced stage or stressed-induced cells. This redistribution and upregulation of FGF5 protein could be sustained after termination of the stress induction in cell line and xenograft animal models. CONCLUSION FGF5 can be induced by cellular stress and risk factors of OSCC, where high expression levels of FGF5 is potentially a useful parameter for predicting OSCC progression and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Shie
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Tang
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Peng
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, College of Medicine, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsin Ko
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, College of Medicine, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Han Hou
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Elizabeth Chou
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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West J, Rentzeperis F, Adam C, Bravo R, Luddy KA, Robertson-Tessi M, Anderson ARA. Tumor-immune metaphenotypes orchestrate an evolutionary bottleneck that promotes metabolic transformation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1323319. [PMID: 38426105 PMCID: PMC10902449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1323319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolism plays a complex role in the evolution of cancerous tumors, including inducing a multifaceted effect on the immune system to aid immune escape. Immune escape is, by definition, a collective phenomenon by requiring the presence of two cell types interacting in close proximity: tumor and immune. The microenvironmental context of these interactions is influenced by the dynamic process of blood vessel growth and remodelling, creating heterogeneous patches of well-vascularized tumor or acidic niches. Methods Here, we present a multiscale mathematical model that captures the phenotypic, vascular, microenvironmental, and spatial heterogeneity which shapes acid-mediated invasion and immune escape over a biologically-realistic time scale. The model explores several immune escape mechanisms such as i) acid inactivation of immune cells, ii) competition for glucose, and iii) inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor expression (PD-L1). We also explore the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 and sodium bicarbonate buffer agents for treatment. To aid in understanding immune escape as a collective cellular phenomenon, we define immune escape in the context of six collective phenotypes (termed "meta-phenotypes"): Self-Acidify, Mooch Acid, PD-L1 Attack, Mooch PD-L1, Proliferate Fast, and Starve Glucose. Results Fomenting a stronger immune response leads to initial benefits (additional cytotoxicity), but this advantage is offset by increased cell turnover that leads to accelerated evolution and the emergence of aggressive phenotypes. This creates a bimodal therapy landscape: either the immune system should be maximized for complete cure, or kept in check to avoid rapid evolution of invasive cells. These constraints are dependent on heterogeneity in vascular context, microenvironmental acidification, and the strength of immune response. Discussion This model helps to untangle the key constraints on evolutionary costs and benefits of three key phenotypic axes on tumor invasion and treatment: acid-resistance, glycolysis, and PD-L1 expression. The benefits of concomitant anti-PD-L1 and buffer treatments is a promising treatment strategy to limit the adverse effects of immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey West
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Casey Adam
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Bravo
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Luddy
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Mark Robertson-Tessi
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Alexander R. A. Anderson
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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15
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Jiang Z, He J, Zhang B, Wang L, Long C, Zhao B, Yang Y, Du L, Luo W, Hu J, Hong X. A Potential "Anti-Warburg Effect" in Circulating Tumor Cell-mediated Metastatic Progression? Aging Dis 2024:AD.2023.1227. [PMID: 38300633 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a defining hallmark of cancer metastasis, warranting thorough exploration. The tumor-promoting function of the "Warburg Effect", marked by escalated glycolysis and restrained mitochondrial activity, is widely acknowledged. Yet, the functional significance of mitochondria-mediated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) during metastasis remains controversial. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are considered metastatic precursors that detach from primary or secondary sites and harbor the potential to seed distant metastases through hematogenous dissemination. A comprehensive metabolic characterization of CTCs faces formidable obstacles, including the isolation of these rare cells from billions of blood cells, coupled with the complexities of ex vivo-culturing of CTC lines or the establishment of CTC-derived xenograft models (CDX). This review summarized the role of the "Warburg Effect" in both tumorigenesis and CTC-mediated metastasis. Intriguingly, bioinformatic analysis of single-CTC transcriptomic studies unveils a potential OXPHOS dominance over Glycolysis signature genes across several important cancer types. From these observations, we postulate a potential "Anti-Warburg Effect" (AWE) in CTCs-a metabolic shift bridging primary tumors and metastases. The observed AWE could be clinically important as they are significantly correlated with therapeutic response in melanoma and prostate patients. Thus, unraveling dynamic metabolic regulations within CTC populations might reveal an additional layer of regulatory complexities of cancer metastasis, providing an avenue for innovative anti-metastasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofeng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Cancer Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiapeng He
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Cancer Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Cancer Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhao Long
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Boxi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Longxiang Du
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiren Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyang Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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16
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Demicco M, Liu XZ, Leithner K, Fendt SM. Metabolic heterogeneity in cancer. Nat Metab 2024; 6:18-38. [PMID: 38267631 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to survive during cancer progression. In this context, tumour metabolic heterogeneity arises and develops in response to diverse environmental factors. This metabolic heterogeneity contributes to cancer aggressiveness and impacts therapeutic opportunities. In recent years, technical advances allowed direct characterisation of metabolic heterogeneity in tumours. In addition to the metabolic heterogeneity observed in primary tumours, metabolic heterogeneity temporally evolves along with tumour progression. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms of environment-induced metabolic heterogeneity. In addition, we discuss how cancer metabolism and the key metabolites and enzymes temporally and functionally evolve during the metastatic cascade and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Demicco
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiao-Zheng Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katharina Leithner
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Song JH, Dávalos LM, MacCarthy T, Damaghi M. Evolvability of cancer-associated genes under APOBEC3A/B selection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.27.554991. [PMID: 38106028 PMCID: PMC10723265 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.27.554991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Evolvability is an emergent hallmark of cancer that depends on intra-tumor heterogeneity and, ultimately, genetic variation. Mutations generated by APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases can contribute to genetic variation and the consequences of APOBEC activation differ depending on the stage of cancer, with the most significant impact observed during the early stages. However, how APOBEC activity shapes evolutionary patterns of genes in the host genome and differential impacts on cancer-associated and non-cancer genes remain unclear. Analyzing over 40,000 human protein-coding transcripts, we identified distinct distribution patterns of APOBEC3A/B TC motifs between cancer-related genes and controls, suggesting unique associations with cancer. Studying a bat species with many more APOBEC3 genes, we found diverse motif patterns in orthologs of cancer genes compared to controls, similar to humans and suggesting APOBEC evolution to reduce impacts on the genome rather than the converse. Simulations confirmed that APOBEC-induced heterogeneity enhances cancer evolution, shaping clonal dynamics through bimodal introduction of mutations in certain classes of genes. Our results suggest that a major consequence of the bimodal distribution of APOBEC affects greater cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyun Song
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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18
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Shie WY, Chu PH, Kuo MYP, Chen HW, Lin MT, Su XJ, Hong YL, Chou HYE. Acidosis promotes the metastatic colonization of lung cancer via remodeling of the extracellular matrix and vasculogenic mimicry. Int J Oncol 2023; 63:136. [PMID: 37888615 PMCID: PMC10631766 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidosis is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment caused by the metabolic switch from glucose oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. It has been associated with tumor growth and progression; however, the precise mechanism governing how acidosis promotes metastatic dissemination has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, a long‑term acidosis model was established using patient‑derived lung cancer cells, to identify critical components of metastatic colonization via transcriptome profiling combined with both in vitro and in vivo functional assays, and association analysis using clinical samples. Xenograft inoculates of 1 or 10 acidotic cells mimicking circulating tumor cell clusters were shown to exhibit increased tumor incidence compared with their physiological pH counterparts. Transcriptomics revealed that profound remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) occurred in the acidotic cells, including upregulation of the integrin subunit α‑4 (ITGA4) gene. In clinical lung cancer, ITGA4 expression was found to be upregulated in primary tumors with metastatic capability, and this trait was retained in the corresponding secondary tumors. Expression of ITGA4 was markedly upregulated around the vasculogenic mimicry structures of the acidotic tumors, while acidotic cells exhibited a higher ability of vasculogenic mimicry in vitro. Acidosis was also found to induce the enrichment of side population cells, suggesting an enhanced resistance to noxious attacks of the tumor microenvironment. Taken together, these results demonstrated that acidosis actively contributed to tumor metastatic colonization, and novel mechanistic insights into the therapeutic management and prognosis of lung cancer were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Shie
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pin-Hsuan Chu
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mark Yen-Ping Kuo
- Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Tie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Xuan-Jie Su
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ling Hong
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Han-Yi Elizabeth Chou
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C
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19
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Alberghina L. The Warburg Effect Explained: Integration of Enhanced Glycolysis with Heterogeneous Mitochondria to Promote Cancer Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15787. [PMID: 37958775 PMCID: PMC10648413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Warburg effect is the long-standing riddle of cancer biology. How does aerobic glycolysis, inefficient in producing ATP, confer a growth advantage to cancer cells? A new evaluation of a large set of literature findings covering the Warburg effect and its yeast counterpart, the Crabtree effect, led to an innovative working hypothesis presented here. It holds that enhanced glycolysis partially inactivates oxidative phosphorylation to induce functional rewiring of a set of TCA cycle enzymes to generate new non-canonical metabolic pathways that sustain faster growth rates. The hypothesis has been structured by constructing two metabolic maps, one for cancer metabolism and the other for the yeast Crabtree effect. New lines of investigation, suggested by these maps, are discussed as instrumental in leading toward a better understanding of cancer biology in order to allow the development of more efficient metabolism-targeted anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Alberghina
- Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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20
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Frisardi V, Canovi S, Vaccaro S, Frazzi R. The Significance of Microenvironmental and Circulating Lactate in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15369. [PMID: 37895048 PMCID: PMC10607673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate represents the main product of pyruvate reduction catalyzed by the lactic dehydrogenase family of enzymes. Cancer cells utilize great quantities of glucose, shifting toward a glycolytic metabolism. With the contribution of tumor stromal cells and under hypoxic conditions, this leads toward the acidification of the extracellular matrix. The ability to shift between different metabolic pathways is a characteristic of breast cancer cells and is associated with an aggressive phenotype. Furthermore, the preliminary scientific evidence concerning the levels of circulating lactate in breast cancer points toward a correlation between hyperlactacidemia and poor prognosis, even though no clear linkage has been demonstrated. Overall, lactate may represent a promising metabolic target that needs to be investigated in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Frisardi
- Geriatric Unit, Neuromotor Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simone Canovi
- Clinical Laboratory, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Vaccaro
- Clinical Nutrition Unit and Oncological Metabolic Centre, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Frazzi
- Scientific Directorate, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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21
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Sunassee ED, Jardim-Perassi BV, Madonna MC, Ordway B, Ramanujam N. Metabolic Imaging as a Tool to Characterize Chemoresistance and Guide Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:995-1009. [PMID: 37343066 PMCID: PMC10592445 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
After an initial response to chemotherapy, tumor relapse is frequent. This event is reflective of both the spatiotemporal heterogeneities of the tumor microenvironment as well as the evolutionary propensity of cancer cell populations to adapt to variable conditions. Because the cause of this adaptation could be genetic or epigenetic, studying phenotypic properties such as tumor metabolism is useful as it reflects molecular, cellular, and tissue-level dynamics. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the characteristic metabolic phenotype is a highly fermentative state. However, during treatment, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the metabolic landscape are highly unstable, with surviving populations taking on a variety of metabolic states. Thus, longitudinally imaging tumor metabolism provides a promising approach to inform therapeutic strategies, and to monitor treatment responses to understand and mitigate recurrence. Here we summarize some examples of the metabolic plasticity reported in TNBC following chemotherapy and review the current metabolic imaging techniques available in monitoring chemotherapy responses clinically and preclinically. The ensemble of imaging technologies we describe has distinct attributes that make them uniquely suited for a particular length scale, biological model, and/or features that can be captured. We focus on TNBC to highlight the potential of each of these technological advances in understanding evolution-based therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi D. Sunassee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Megan C. Madonna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Bryce Ordway
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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22
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Su J, Zheng Z, Bian C, Chang S, Bao J, Yu H, Xin Y, Jiang X. Functions and mechanisms of lactylation in carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253064. [PMID: 37646027 PMCID: PMC10461103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As critical executors regulating many cellular operations, proteins determine whether living activities can be performed in an orderly and efficient manner. Precursor proteins are inert and must be modified posttranslationally to enable a wide range of protein types and functions. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are well recognized as being directly associated with carcinogenesis and immune modulation and have emerged as important targets for cancer detection and treatment. Lactylation (Kla), a novel PTM associated with cellular metabolism found in a wide range of cells, interacts with both histone and nonhistone proteins. Unlike other epigenetic changes, Kla has been linked to poor tumor prognosis in all current studies. Histone Kla can affect gene expression in tumors and immunological cells, thereby promoting malignancy and immunosuppression. Nonhistone proteins can also regulate tumor progression and treatment resistance through Kla. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of Kla in the onset and progression of cancers, metabolic reprogramming, immunosuppression, and intestinal flora regulation to identify new molecular targets for cancer therapy and provide a new direction for combined targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenbin Bian
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sitong Chang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jindian Bao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyuan Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Martino F, Lupi M, Giraudo E, Lanzetti L. Breast cancers as ecosystems: a metabolic perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:244. [PMID: 37561190 PMCID: PMC10415483 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and one of the major causes of cancer death. Despite enormous progress in its management, both from the therapeutic and early diagnosis viewpoints, still around 700,000 patients succumb to the disease each year, worldwide. Late recurrency is the major problem in BC, with many patients developing distant metastases several years after the successful eradication of the primary tumor. This is linked to the phenomenon of metastatic dormancy, a still mysterious trait of the natural history of BC, and of several other types of cancer, by which metastatic cells remain dormant for long periods of time before becoming reactivated to initiate the clinical metastatic disease. In recent years, it has become clear that cancers are best understood if studied as ecosystems in which the impact of non-cancer-cell-autonomous events-dependent on complex interaction between the cancer and its environment, both local and systemic-plays a paramount role, probably as significant as the cell-autonomous alterations occurring in the cancer cell. In adopting this perspective, a metabolic vision of the cancer ecosystem is bound to improve our understanding of the natural history of cancer, across space and time. In BC, many metabolic pathways are coopted into the cancer ecosystem, to serve the anabolic and energy demands of the cancer. Their study is shedding new light on the most critical aspect of BC management, of metastatic dissemination, and that of the related phenomenon of dormancy and fostering the application of the knowledge to the development of metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Martino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariadomenica Lupi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Letizia Lanzetti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
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24
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Gnocchi D, Nikolic D, Paparella RR, Sabbà C, Mazzocca A. Cellular Adaptation Takes Advantage of Atavistic Regression Programs during Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3942. [PMID: 37568758 PMCID: PMC10416974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of cancer cells to extreme microenvironmental conditions (i.e., hypoxia, high acidity, and reduced nutrient availability) contributes to cancer resilience. Furthermore, neoplastic transformation can be envisioned as an extreme adaptive response to tissue damage or chronic injury. The recent Systemic-Evolutionary Theory of the Origin of Cancer (SETOC) hypothesizes that cancer cells "revert" to "primitive" characteristics either ontogenically (embryo-like) or phylogenetically (single-celled organisms). This regression may confer robustness and maintain the disordered state of the tissue, which is a hallmark of malignancy. Changes in cancer cell metabolism during adaptation may also be the consequence of altered microenvironmental conditions, often resulting in a shift toward lactic acid fermentation. However, the mechanisms underlying the robust adaptive capacity of cancer cells remain largely unknown. In recent years, cancer cells' metabolic flexibility has received increasing attention among researchers. Here, we focus on how changes in the microenvironment can affect cancer cell energy production and drug sensitivity. Indeed, changes in the cellular microenvironment may lead to a "shift" toward "atavistic" biologic features, such as the switch from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to lactic acid fermentation, which can also sustain drug resistance. Finally, we point out new integrative metabolism-based pharmacological approaches and potential biomarkers for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (D.N.); (R.R.P.); (C.S.)
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25
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Jaworska M, Szczudło J, Pietrzyk A, Shah J, Trojan SE, Ostrowska B, Kocemba-Pilarczyk KA. The Warburg effect: a score for many instruments in the concert of cancer and cancer niche cells. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00504-1. [PMID: 37332080 PMCID: PMC10374743 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Although Warburg's discovery of intensive glucose uptake by tumors, followed by lactate fermentation in oxygen presence of oxygen was made a century ago, it is still an area of intense research and development of new hypotheses that, layer by layer, unravel the complexities of neoplastic transformation. This seemingly simple metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells reveals an intriguing, multi-faceted nature that may link various phenomena including cell signaling, cell proliferation, ROS generation, energy supply, macromolecules synthesis/biosynthetic precursor supply, immunosuppression, or cooperation of cancerous cells with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), known as reversed Warburg effect. According to the current perception of the causes and consequences of the Warburg effect, PI3K/Akt/mTOR are the main signaling pathways that, in concert with the transcription factors HIF-1, p53, and c-Myc, modulate the activity/expression of key regulatory enzymes, including PKM2, and PDK1 to tune in the most optimal metabolic setting for the cancer cell. This in turn secures adequate levels of biosynthetic precursors, NADPH, NAD+, and rapid ATP production to meet the increased demands of intensively proliferating tumor cells. The end-product of "aerobic glycolysis", lactate, an oncometabolite, may provide fuel to neighboring cancer cells, and facilitate metastasis and immunosuppression together enabling cancer progression. The importance and possible applicability of the presented issue are best illustrated by numerous trials with various agents targeting the Warburg effect, constituting a promising strategy in future anti-cancer regimens. In this review, we present the key aspects of this multifactorial phenomenon, depicting the mechanisms and benefits behind the Warburg effect, and also pointing to selected aspects in the field of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Jaworska
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Szczudło
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Pietrzyk
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jay Shah
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Government Medical College Miraj, Miraj, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonia E Trojan
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Ostrowska
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga A Kocemba-Pilarczyk
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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26
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Ji H, Qiao O, Zhang Y, Wang W, Han X, Zhang X, Liu C, Gao W. Dual targeting of wild-type p53 and gut microbiota by Magnolol represses key metabolic process and kills CRC cells. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37326338 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells consume considerable glucose quantities and majorly employ glycolysis for ATP generation. This metabolic signature (the Warburg effect) allows cancer cells to channel glucose to biosynthesis to support and maintain their dramatic growth along with proliferation. Currently, our understanding of the metabolic and mechanistic implications of the Warburg effect along with its relationship with biosynthesis remains unclear. Herein, we illustrate that the tumor repressor p53 mediate Magnolol (MAG) triggers colon cancer cell apoptosis. And MAG regulates the glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation steps through transcriptional modulation of its downstream genes TP53-induced glycolysis modulator and biosynthesis of cytochrome c oxidase, attenuating cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, we show that MAG cooperates with its own intestinal microflora characteristic metabolites to repress tumors, especially remarkably declined kynurenine (Kyn)/tryptophan (Trp) ratio. Besides, strong relationships of MAG influenced genes, microbiota, as well as metabolites, were explored. Therefore, we established that p53-microbiota-metabolites function as a mechanism, which enable therapy approaches against metabolism-implicated colorectal cancer, in particular MAG as a prospective candidate for treating colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ou Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhe Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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27
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Gosling SB, Arnold EL, Davies SK, Cross H, Bouybayoune I, Calabrese D, Nallala J, Pinder SE, Fu L, Lips EH, King L, Marks J, Hall A, Grimm LJ, Lynch T, Pinto D, Stobart H, Hwang ES, Wesseling J, Geraki K, Stone N, Lyburn ID, Greenwood C, Rogers KD. Microcalcification crystallography as a potential marker of DCIS recurrence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9331. [PMID: 37291276 PMCID: PMC10250538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) accounts for 20-25% of all new breast cancer diagnoses. DCIS has an uncertain risk of progression to invasive breast cancer and a lack of predictive biomarkers may result in relatively high levels (~ 75%) of overtreatment. To identify unique prognostic biomarkers of invasive progression, crystallographic and chemical features of DCIS microcalcifications have been explored. Samples from patients with at least 5-years of follow up and no known recurrence (174 calcifications in 67 patients) or ipsilateral invasive breast cancer recurrence (179 microcalcifications in 57 patients) were studied. Significant differences were noted between the two groups including whitlockite relative mass, hydroxyapatite and whitlockite crystal maturity and, elementally, sodium to calcium ion ratio. A preliminary predictive model for DCIS to invasive cancer progression was developed from these parameters with an AUC of 0.797. These results provide insights into the differing DCIS tissue microenvironments, and how these impact microcalcification formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Gosling
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK.
| | - Emily L Arnold
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK
| | | | - Hannah Cross
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Ihssane Bouybayoune
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah E Pinder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Liping Fu
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther H Lips
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorraine King
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, UK
| | - Jeffrey Marks
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, UK
| | - Allison Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lars J Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, UK
| | - Thomas Lynch
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, UK
| | | | | | - E Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, UK
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Divisions of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Nicholas Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Iain D Lyburn
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK
- Thirlestaine Breast Centre, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK
- Cobalt Medical Charity, Cheltenham, UK
| | | | - Keith D Rogers
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK.
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28
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Wall SW, Sanchez L, Tuttle KS, Pearson SJ, Soma S, Wyatt GL, Carter HN, Jenschke RM, Tan L, Martinez SA, Lorenzi PL, Gohil VM, Rijnkels M, Porter WW. Noncanonical role of singleminded-2s in mitochondrial respiratory chain formation in breast cancer. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1046-1063. [PMID: 37121978 PMCID: PMC10238511 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of breast cancer progression and is associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Here, we show that the breast tumor suppressor gene SIM2 promotes mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using breast cancer cell line models. Mechanistically, we found that SIM2s functions not as a transcription factor but localizes to mitochondria and directly interacts with the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) to facilitate functional supercomplex (SC) formation. Loss of SIM2s expression disrupts SC formation through destabilization of MRC Complex III, leading to inhibition of electron transport, although Complex I (CI) activity is retained. A metabolomic analysis showed that knockout of SIM2s leads to a compensatory increase in ATP production through glycolysis and accelerated glutamine-driven TCA cycle production of NADH, creating a favorable environment for high cell proliferation. Our findings indicate that SIM2s is a novel stabilizing factor required for SC assembly, providing insight into the impact of the MRC on metabolic adaptation and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Wall
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lilia Sanchez
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Scott J Pearson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shivatheja Soma
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Garhett L Wyatt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hannah N Carter
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ramsey M Jenschke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Sara A Martinez
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Monique Rijnkels
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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29
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Lee S, Toft NJ, Axelsen TV, Espejo MS, Pedersen TM, Mele M, Pedersen HL, Balling E, Johansen T, Burton M, Thomassen M, Vahl P, Christiansen P, Boedtkjer E. Carbonic anhydrases reduce the acidity of the tumor microenvironment, promote immune infiltration, decelerate tumor growth, and improve survival in ErbB2/HER2-enriched breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:46. [PMID: 37098526 PMCID: PMC10127511 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrases catalyze CO2/HCO3- buffer reactions with implications for effective H+ mobility, pH dynamics, and cellular acid-base sensing. Yet, the integrated consequences of carbonic anhydrases for cancer and stromal cell functions, their interactions, and patient prognosis are not yet clear. METHODS We combine (a) bioinformatic analyses of human proteomic data and bulk and single-cell transcriptomic data coupled to clinicopathologic and prognostic information; (b) ex vivo experimental studies of gene expression in breast tissue based on quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reactions, intracellular and extracellular pH recordings based on fluorescence confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemical protein identification in human and murine breast cancer biopsies; and (c) in vivo tumor size measurements, pH-sensitive microelectrode recordings, and microdialysis-based metabolite analyses in mice with experimentally induced breast carcinomas. RESULTS Carbonic anhydrases-particularly the extracellular isoforms CA4, CA6, CA9, CA12, and CA14-undergo potent expression changes during human and murine breast carcinogenesis. In patients with basal-like/triple-negative breast cancer, elevated expression of the extracellular carbonic anhydrases negatively predicts survival, whereas, surprisingly, the extracellular carbonic anhydrases positively predict patient survival in HER2/ErbB2-enriched breast cancer. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition attenuates cellular net acid extrusion and extracellular H+ elimination from diffusion-restricted to peripheral and well-perfused regions of human and murine breast cancer tissue. Supplied in vivo, the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide acidifies the microenvironment of ErbB2-induced murine breast carcinomas, limits tumor immune infiltration (CD3+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, F4/80+ macrophages), lowers inflammatory cytokine (Il1a, Il1b, Il6) and transcription factor (Nfkb1) expression, and accelerates tumor growth. Supporting the immunomodulatory influences of carbonic anhydrases, patient survival benefits associated with high extracellular carbonic anhydrase expression in HER2-enriched breast carcinomas depend on the tumor inflammatory profile. Acetazolamide lowers lactate levels in breast tissue and blood without influencing breast tumor perfusion, suggesting that carbonic anhydrase inhibition lowers fermentative glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that carbonic anhydrases (a) elevate pH in breast carcinomas by accelerating net H+ elimination from cancer cells and across the interstitial space and (b) raise immune infiltration and inflammation in ErbB2/HER2-driven breast carcinomas, restricting tumor growth and improving patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Lee
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 1115, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Toft
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 1115, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine V Axelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 1115, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Sofia Espejo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 1115, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tina M Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 1115, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marco Mele
- Department of Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Helene L Pedersen
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Eva Balling
- Department of Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Tonje Johansen
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Genome Center, University and Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Genome Center, University and Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Vahl
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peer Christiansen
- Department of Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
- Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 1115, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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30
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Pernia Marin M, Salvatore M. Analogies between the periphery of cancer and the leading edge of pulmonary fibrosis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:274. [PMID: 37085817 PMCID: PMC10120126 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The periphery of malignant tumors and the leading edge of fibrotic tissue have analogous metabolic pathways. Both use glycolysis as the primary source of energy to produce biomass with consequential acidification of the microenvironment. A low PH has been shown to increase the ability of cancer cells to invade the surrounding tissue in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The pH-dependent activation of TGF-B leading to myofibroblast activation is an important step in the initiation and progression of fibrosis. Markers of accelerated cell proliferation have also been reported in the periphery of malignant tumors and the leading edge of fibrosis. Understanding the shared molecular and metabolic characteristics of these conditions may explain the increased prevalence of cancer among patients with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Salvatore
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Rao Malla R, Bhamidipati P, Adem M. Insights into the potential of Sanguinarine as a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115565. [PMID: 37086811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the progression and metastasis of BC. A significant proportion of BC is characterized by a hypoxic TME, which contributes to the development of drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Sanguinarine (SAN), an isoquinoline alkaloid found in Papaver plants, has shown promise as an anticancer agent. The present review focuses on exploring the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic TME in BC and the potential of SAN as a therapeutic option. The review presents the current understanding of the hypoxic TME, its signaling pathways, and its impact on the progression of BC. Additionally, the review elaborates on the mechanisms of action of SAN in BC, including its effects on vital cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, drug resistance, and tumor-induced immune suppression. The review highlights the importance of addressing hypoxic TME in treating BC and the potential of SAN as a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Priyamvada Bhamidipati
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Meghapriya Adem
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visva vidhyalayam, Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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32
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Rolver MG, Holland LKK, Ponniah M, Prasad NS, Yao J, Schnipper J, Kramer S, Elingaard-Larsen L, Pedraz-Cuesta E, Liu B, Pardo LA, Maeda K, Sandelin A, Pedersen SF. Chronic acidosis rewires cancer cell metabolism through PPARα signaling. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1668-1684. [PMID: 36533672 PMCID: PMC10108231 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms linking tumor microenvironment acidosis to disease progression are not understood. Here, we used mammary, pancreatic, and colon cancer cells to show that adaptation to growth at an extracellular pH (pHe ) mimicking acidic tumor niches is associated with upregulated net acid extrusion capacity and elevated intracellular pH at physiological pHe , but not at acidic pHe . Using metabolic profiling, shotgun lipidomics, imaging and biochemical analyses, we show that the acid adaptation-induced phenotype is characterized by a shift toward oxidative metabolism, increased lipid droplet-, triacylglycerol-, peroxisome content and mitochondrial hyperfusion. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARA, PPARα) expression and activity are upregulated, at least in part by increased fatty acid uptake. PPARα upregulates genes driving increased mitochondrial and peroxisomal mass and β-oxidation capacity, including mitochondrial lipid import proteins CPT1A, CPT2 and SLC25A20, electron transport chain components, peroxisomal proteins PEX11A and ACOX1, and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a negative regulator of glycolysis. This endows acid-adapted cancer cells with increased capacity for utilizing fatty acids for metabolic needs, while limiting glycolysis. As a consequence, the acid-adapted cells exhibit increased sensitivity to PPARα inhibition. We conclude that PPARα is a key upstream regulator of metabolic changes favoring cancer cell survival in acidic tumor niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala G Rolver
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lya K K Holland
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muthulakshmi Ponniah
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanditha S Prasad
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiayi Yao
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Schnipper
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Signe Kramer
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elena Pedraz-Cuesta
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis A Pardo
- Oncophysiology Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Marcucci F, Rumio C. On the Role of Glycolysis in Early Tumorigenesis-Permissive and Executioner Effects. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081124. [PMID: 37190033 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming energy production from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis is now considered a hallmark of cancer. When tumors grow beyond a certain size they give rise to changes in their microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia, mechanical stress) that are conducive to the upregulation of glycolysis. Over the years, however, it has become clear that glycolysis can also associate with the earliest steps of tumorigenesis. Thus, many of the oncoproteins most commonly involved in tumor initiation and progression upregulate glycolysis. Moreover, in recent years, considerable evidence has been reported suggesting that upregulated glycolysis itself, through its enzymes and/or metabolites, may play a causative role in tumorigenesis, either by acting itself as an oncogenic stimulus or by facilitating the appearance of oncogenic mutations. In fact, several changes induced by upregulated glycolysis have been shown to be involved in tumor initiation and early tumorigenesis: glycolysis-induced chromatin remodeling, inhibition of premature senescence and induction of proliferation, effects on DNA repair, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of target proteins, antiapoptotic effects, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition or autophagy, and induction of angiogenesis. In this article we summarize the evidence that upregulated glycolysis is involved in tumor initiation and, in the following, we propose a mechanistic model aimed at explaining how upregulated glycolysis may play such a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
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Fang WB, Medrano M, Cote P, Portsche M, Rao V, Hong Y, Behbod F, Knapp JR, Bloomer C, Noel-Macdonnell J, Cheng N. Transcriptome analysis reveals differences in cell cycle, growth and migration related genes that distinguish fibroblasts derived from pre-invasive and invasive breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1130911. [PMID: 37091166 PMCID: PMC10118028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1130911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Introduction As the most common form of pre-invasive breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) affects over 50,000 women in the US annually. Despite standardized treatment involving lumpectomy and radiation therapy, up to 25% of patients with DCIS experience disease recurrence often with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), indicating that a subset of patients may be under-treated. As most DCIS cases will not progress to invasion, many patients may experience over-treatment. By understanding the underlying processes associated with DCIS to IDC progression, we can identify new biomarkers to determine which DCIS cases may become invasive and improve treatment for patients. Accumulation of fibroblasts in IDC is associated with disease progression and reduced survival. While fibroblasts have been detected in DCIS, little is understood about their role in DCIS progression. Goals We sought to determine 1) whether DCIS fibroblasts were similar or distinct from normal and IDC fibroblasts at the transcriptome level, and 2) the contributions of DCIS fibroblasts to breast cancer progression. Methods Fibroblasts underwent transcriptome profiling and pathway analysis. Significant DCIS fibroblast-associated genes were further analyzed in existing breast cancer mRNA databases and through tissue array immunostaining. Using the sub-renal capsule graft model, fibroblasts from normal breast, DCIS and IDC tissues were co-transplanted with DCIS.com breast cancer cells. Results Through transcriptome profiling, we found that DCIS fibroblasts were characterized by unique alterations in cell cycle and motility related genes such as PKMYT1, TGF-α, SFRP1 and SFRP2, which predicted increased cell growth and invasion by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Immunostaining analysis revealed corresponding increases in expression of stromal derived PKMYT1, TGF-α and corresponding decreases in expression of SFRP1 and SFRP2 in DCIS and IDC tissues. Grafting studies in mice revealed that DCIS fibroblasts enhanced breast cancer growth and invasion associated with arginase-1+ cell recruitment. Conclusion DCIS fibroblasts are phenotypically distinct from normal breast and IDC fibroblasts, and play an important role in breast cancer growth, invasion, and recruitment of myeloid cells. These studies provide novel insight into the role of DCIS fibroblasts in breast cancer progression and identify some key biomarkers associated with DCIS progression to IDC, with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Marcela Medrano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Paige Cote
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mike Portsche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vinamratha Rao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Knapp
- Center for Genes Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Clark Bloomer
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Janelle Noel-Macdonnell
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Core, Health Services and Outcomes Research Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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West J, Robertson-Tessi M, Anderson ARA. Agent-based methods facilitate integrative science in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:300-311. [PMID: 36404257 PMCID: PMC10918696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this opinion, we highlight agent-based modeling as a key tool for exploration of cell-cell and cell-environment interactions that drive cancer progression, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. These biological phenomena are particularly suited to be captured at the cell-scale resolution possible only within agent-based or individual-based mathematical models. These modeling approaches complement experimental work (in vitro and in vivo systems) through parameterization and data extrapolation but also feed forward to drive new experiments that test model-generated predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey West
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark Robertson-Tessi
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Gao S, Zhang W, Ma J, Ni X. PHF6 recruits BPTF to promote HIF-dependent pathway and progression in YAP-high breast cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:220. [PMID: 36967443 PMCID: PMC10040131 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant epigenetic remodeling events contribute to progression and metastasis of breast cancer (Bca). The specific mechanims that epigenetic factors rely on to mediate tumor aggressiveness remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate the roles of epigenetic protein PHF6 in breast tumorigenesis. Methods Published datasets and tissue samples with PHF6 staining were used to investigate the clinical relevance of PHF6 in Bca. CCK-8, clony formation assays were used to assess cell growth capacity. Cell migration and invasion abilities were measured by Transwell assay. The gene mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR assays were used to investigate transcriptional relationships among genes. The Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was used to validate interactions between proteins. The CRISPR/Cas9 editing technology was used to construct double HIF knockout (HIF-DKO) cells. The subcutaneous xenograft model and orthotopic implantation tumor model were used to asess in vivo tumor growth. Results In this study, we utilized MTT assay to screen that PHF6 is required for Bca growth. PHF6 promotes Bca proliferation and migration. By analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer (TCGA-Bca) cohort, we found that PHF6 was significantly higher in tumor versus normal tissues. Mechanistically, PHF6 physically interacts with HIF-1α and HIF-2α to potentiate HIF-driven transcriptional events to initiate breast tumorigenesis. HIF-DKO abolished PHF6-mediated breast tumor growth, and PHF6 deficiency in turn impaired HIF transcriptional effects. Besides, hypoxia could also rely on YAP activation, but not HIF, to sustain PHF6 expressions in Bca cells. In addition, PHF6 recuits BPTF to mediate epigenetic remodeling to augment HIF transcriptional activity. Targeting PHF6 or BPTF inhibitor (AU1) is effective in mice models. Lastly, PHF6 correlated with HIF target gene expression in human breast tumors, which is an independent prognostic regulator. Conclusions Collectively, this study identified PHF6 as a prognostic epigenetic regulator for Bca, functioning as a HIF coactivator. The fundamental mechanisms underlying YAP/PHF6/HIF axis in breast tumors endowed novel epigenegtic targets for Bca treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-023-04031-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gao
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Breast, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Xiaojian Ni
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Cancer Center, ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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West J, Adler F, Gallaher J, Strobl M, Brady-Nicholls R, Brown J, Roberson-Tessi M, Kim E, Noble R, Viossat Y, Basanta D, Anderson ARA. A survey of open questions in adaptive therapy: Bridging mathematics and clinical translation. eLife 2023; 12:e84263. [PMID: 36952376 PMCID: PMC10036119 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive therapy is a dynamic cancer treatment protocol that updates (or 'adapts') treatment decisions in anticipation of evolving tumor dynamics. This broad term encompasses many possible dynamic treatment protocols of patient-specific dose modulation or dose timing. Adaptive therapy maintains high levels of tumor burden to benefit from the competitive suppression of treatment-sensitive subpopulations on treatment-resistant subpopulations. This evolution-based approach to cancer treatment has been integrated into several ongoing or planned clinical trials, including treatment of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and BRAF-mutant melanoma. In the previous few decades, experimental and clinical investigation of adaptive therapy has progressed synergistically with mathematical and computational modeling. In this work, we discuss 11 open questions in cancer adaptive therapy mathematical modeling. The questions are split into three sections: (1) integrating the appropriate components into mathematical models (2) design and validation of dosing protocols, and (3) challenges and opportunities in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey West
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
| | - Fred Adler
- Department of Mathematics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jill Gallaher
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
| | - Maximilian Strobl
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
| | - Renee Brady-Nicholls
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
| | - Joel Brown
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
| | - Mark Roberson-Tessi
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and TechnologyGangneungRepublic of Korea
| | - Robert Noble
- Department of Mathematics, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Yannick Viossat
- Ceremade, Université Paris-Dauphine, Université Paris Sciences et LettresParisFrance
| | - David Basanta
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
| | - Alexander RA Anderson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaUnited States
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Xu JX, Qin SL, Wei HW, Chen YY, Peng YC, Qi LN. Down-regulation of ALDOB during metabolic reprogramming mediates malignant behavior in hepatocellular carcinoma and insensitivity to postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:303-316. [PMID: 36749124 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative transarterial chemoembolization (PA-TACE) is an effective adjuvant therapy for preventing early postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, many patients are insensitive to it. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the in-depth reasons for PA-TACE resistance and provide a reliable basis for selecting patients who will benefit the most from PA-TACE. METHODS The unique gene expression profiles of primary tumors from PA-TACE-sensitive or -insensitive patients were analyzed using microarray data. Combined differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were used to screen for potential drivers of PA-TACE insensitivity. The expression of ALDOB was silenced or overexpressed in hepatoma cell lines, and changes in glycolytic activity, cycle, apoptosis, and malignant biological phenotypes were observed under normoxia and hypoxia. Finally, an animal model was constructed to verify the effects of ALDOB dysregulation on the tumorigenic ability of HCC cells in vivo. RESULTS The inhibition of ALDOB promoted the up-regulation of Ki67 expression, and glycolytic activity was significantly enhanced. Moreover, the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities were increased in HCC cells and even worse in hypoxia. This advantage of malignant behavior was also validated using in vivo models. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of ALDOB may underlie the metabolic reprogramming observed in HCC by promoting the malignant behavior of HCC cells. Hypoxia and ALDOB down-regulation acted additively, which was closely related to PA-TACE insensitivity. The use of ALDOB and Ki67 as a combined marker has the potential to identify the 'PA-TACE beneficiary population'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shui-Lin Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hao-Wen Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Chong Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
- Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
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Bergman D, Jackson TL. Phenotype switching in a global method for agent-based models of biological tissue. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281672. [PMID: 36780481 PMCID: PMC9925070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Agent-based models (ABMs) are an increasingly important tool for understanding the complexities presented by phenotypic and spatial heterogeneity in biological tissue. The resolution a modeler can achieve in these regards is unrivaled by other approaches. However, this comes at a steep computational cost limiting either the scale of such models or the ability to explore, parameterize, analyze, and apply them. When the models involve molecular-level dynamics, especially cell-specific dynamics, the limitations are compounded. We have developed a global method for solving these computationally expensive dynamics significantly decreases the computational time without altering the behavior of the system. Here, we extend this method to the case where cells can switch phenotypes in response to signals in the microenvironment. We find that the global method in this context preserves the temporal population dynamics and the spatial arrangements of the cells while requiring markedly less simulation time. We thus add a tool for efficiently simulating ABMs that captures key facets of the molecular and cellular dynamics in heterogeneous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bergman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Trachette L. Jackson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Cai Z, Yu J, Hu J, Sun K, Liu M, Gu D, Chen J, Xu Y, He X, Wei W, Wang Z, Sun B. Three near-infrared and lysosome-targeting probes for photodynamic therapy (PDT). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:122027. [PMID: 36323089 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome, an organelle which contains a number of hydrolases and hydrogen ions, plays a crucial role in cellular survival and apoptosis. If selectively destroy lysosomes membrane, inner hydrolases and hydrogen ions will leak and induce cell death. In this work, three lysosome-targeting fluorescent probes (HCL 1-3, heptamethine cyanine lysosomal-targeting probe) were designed, synthesized and developed for photodynamic therapy. Piperazine and N, N-dimethyl structures made HCL 1-3 have good lysosome targeting ability while Pearson's correlation coefficients reached 0.85, 0.87 and 0.78. It can be concluded from MTT test, HCL 1-3 have high photo cytotoxicity and low dark cytotoxicity from MTT test. Calcein/PI staining assays also supported cytotoxicity of HCL 1-3 under light conditions. In vivo experiments, HCL 2 accumulated in tumor and a strong fluorescence signal was observed at 12 h post injection. All results showed that our experiments provide help and new ideas for cyanine dyes in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoer Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Jiaying Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Jinzhong Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Dihai Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Xiaofan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Wanying Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Zining Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Baiwang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
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Liu S, Li Y, Yuan M, Song Q, Liu M. Correlation between the Warburg effect and progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1060495. [PMID: 36776368 PMCID: PMC9913723 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is ineligible for hormonal therapy and Her-2-targeted therapy due to the negative expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. Although targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been shown to attenuate the aggressiveness of TNBC partially, few patients have benefited from them. The conventional treatment for TNBC remains chemotherapy. Chemoresistance, however, impedes therapeutic progress over time, and chemotherapy toxicity increases the burden of cancer on patients. Therefore, introducing more advantageous TNBC treatment options is a necessity. Metabolic reprogramming centered on glucose metabolism is considered a hallmark of tumors. It is described as tumor cells tend to convert glucose to lactate even under normoxic conditions, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Similar to Darwinian evolution, its emergence is attributed to the selective pressures formed by the hypoxic microenvironment of pre-malignant lesions. Of note, the Warburg effect does not disappear with changes in the microenvironment after the formation of malignant tumor phenotypes. Instead, it forms a constitutive expression mediated by mutations or epigenetic modifications, providing a robust selective survival advantage for primary and metastatic lesions. Expanding evidence has demonstrated that the Warburg effect mediates multiple invasive behaviors in TNBC, including proliferation, metastasis, recurrence, immune escape, and multidrug resistance. Moreover, the Warburg effect-targeted therapy has been testified to be feasible in inhibiting TNBC progression. However, not all TNBCs are sensitive to glycolysis inhibitors because TNBC cells flexibly switch their metabolic patterns to cope with different survival pressures, namely metabolic plasticity. Between the Warburg effect-targeted medicines and the actual curative effect, metabolic plasticity creates a divide that must be continuously researched and bridged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qing Song
- *Correspondence: Min Liu, ; Qing Song,
| | - Min Liu
- *Correspondence: Min Liu, ; Qing Song,
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Spatio-temporal modelling of phenotypic heterogeneity in tumour tissues and its impact on radiotherapy treatment. J Theor Biol 2023; 556:111248. [PMID: 36150537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a mathematical model that describes how tumour heterogeneity evolves in a tissue slice that is oxygenated by a single blood vessel. Phenotype is identified with the stemness level of a cell and determines its proliferative capacity, apoptosis propensity and response to treatment. Our study is based on numerical bifurcation analysis and dynamical simulations of a system of coupled, non-local (in phenotypic "space") partial differential equations that link the phenotypic evolution of the tumour cells to local tissue oxygen levels. In our formulation, we consider a 1D geometry where oxygen is supplied by a blood vessel located on the domain boundary and consumed by the tumour cells as it diffuses through the tissue. For biologically relevant parameter values, the system exhibits multiple steady states; in particular, depending on the initial conditions, the tumour is either eliminated ("tumour-extinction") or it persists ("tumour-invasion"). We conclude by using the model to investigate tumour responses to radiotherapy, and focus on identifying radiotherapy strategies which can eliminate the tumour. Numerical simulations reveal how phenotypic heterogeneity evolves during treatment and highlight the critical role of tissue oxygen levels on the efficacy of radiation protocols that are commonly used in the clinic.
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Ezeani M, Prabhu S. PI3K signalling at the intersection of cardio-oncology networks: cardiac safety in the era of AI. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:594. [PMID: 36380172 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases. They are super elevated in many human cancer types and exert their main cellular functions by activating Akt to trigger an array of distinct responses, affecting metabolism and cell polarity. The signal equally plays important roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology. PI3K is required for cardiogenesis and regulation of cardiac structure and function. Overexpression of PI3K governs the development of cardiac pressure overload adaptation and compensatory hypertrophy. Therefore, inhibition of PI3K shortens life span, enhances cardiac dysfunction and pathological hypertrophy. The inverse inhibition effect, however, desirably destroys many cancer cells by blocking several aspects of the tumorigenesis phenotype. Given the contrasting effects in cardio-oncology; the best therapeutic strategy to target PI3K in cancer, while maintaining or rather increasing cardiac safety is under intense investigational scrutiny. To improve our molecular understanding towards identifying cardiac safety signalling of PI3K and/or better therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, this article reviews PI3K signalling in cardio-oncology. PI3K signalling at the interface of metabolism, inflammation and immunity, and autonomic innervation networks were examined. Examples were then given of cardiovascular drugs that target the networks, being repurposed for cancer treatment. This was followed by an intersection scheme of the networks that can be functionalised with machine learning for safety and risk prediction, diagnoses, and defining new novel encouraging leads and targets for clinical translation. This will hopefully overcome the challenges of the one-signalling-one-health-outcome alliance, and expand our knowledge of the totality of PI3K signalling in cardio-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ezeani
- NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Sandeep Prabhu
- The Alfred, and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Chong KH, Chang YJ, Hsu WH, Tu YT, Chen YR, Lee MC, Tsai KW. Breast Cancer with Increased Drug Resistance, Invasion Ability, and Cancer Stem Cell Properties through Metabolism Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112875. [PMID: 36361665 PMCID: PMC9658063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and the survival rate of patients with breast cancer strongly depends on their stage and clinicopathological features. Chemoradiation therapy is commonly employed to improve the survivability of patients with advanced breast cancer. However, the treatment process is often accompanied by the development of drug resistance, which eventually leads to treatment failure. Metabolism reprogramming has been recognized as a mechanism of breast cancer resistance. In this study, we established a doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7-D500) cell line through a series of long-term doxorubicin in vitro treatments. Our data revealed that MCF-7-D500 cells exhibited increased multiple-drug resistance, cancer stemness, and invasiveness compared with parental cells. We analyzed the metabolic profiles of MCF-7 and MCF-7-D500 cells through liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry. We observed significant changes in 25 metabolites, of which, 21 exhibited increased levels (>1.5-fold change and p < 0.05) and 4 exhibited decreased levels (<0.75-fold change and p < 0.05) in MCF-7 cells with doxorubicin resistance. These results suggest the involvement of metabolism reprogramming in the development of drug resistance in breast cancer, especially the activation of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the hexamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Furthermore, most of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, the HBP, and the TCA cycle were upregulated in MCF-7-D500 cells and contributed to the poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer. Our findings provide new insights into the regulation of drug resistance in breast cancer, and these drug resistance-related metabolic pathways can serve as targets for the treatment of chemoresistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian-Hwee Chong
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Tu
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-2-66289779 (ext. 5796); Fax: +886-2-66281258
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Mitochondrial fitness and cancer risk. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273520. [PMID: 36223343 PMCID: PMC9555630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in metabolism are a hallmark of cancer, but molecular signatures of altered bioenergetics to aid in clinical decision-making do not currently exist. We recently identified a group of human tumors with constitutively reduced expression of the mitochondrial structural protein, Mic60, also called mitofilin or inner membrane mitochondrial protein (IMMT). These Mic60-low tumors exhibit severe loss of mitochondrial fitness, paradoxically accompanied by increased metastatic propensity and upregulation of a unique transcriptome of Interferon (IFN) signaling and Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). Here, we show that an optimized, 11-gene signature of Mic60-low tumors is differentially expressed in multiple malignancies, compared to normal tissues, and correlates with poor patient outcome. When analyzed in three independent patient cohorts of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the Mic60-low gene signature was associated with aggressive disease variants, local inflammation, FOLFIRINOX failure and shortened survival, independently of age, gender, or stage. Therefore, the 11-gene Mic60-low signature may provide an easily accessible molecular tool to stratify patient risk in PDAC and potentially other malignancies.
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Sobhani F, Muralidhar S, Hamidinekoo A, Hall AH, King LM, Marks JR, Maley C, Horlings HM, Hwang ES, Yuan Y. Spatial interplay of tissue hypoxia and T-cell regulation in ductal carcinoma in situ. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:105. [PMID: 36109587 PMCID: PMC9477879 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia promotes aggressive tumor phenotypes and mediates the recruitment of suppressive T cells in invasive breast carcinomas. We investigated the role of hypoxia in relation to T-cell regulation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We designed a deep learning system tailored for the tissue architecture complexity of DCIS, and compared pure DCIS cases with the synchronous DCIS and invasive components within invasive ductal carcinoma cases. Single-cell classification was applied in tandem with a new method for DCIS ductal segmentation in dual-stained CA9 and FOXP3, whole-tumor section digital pathology images. Pure DCIS typically has an intermediate level of colocalization of FOXP3+ and CA9+ cells, but in invasive carcinoma cases, the FOXP3+ (T-regulatory) cells may have relocated from the DCIS and into the invasive parts of the tumor, leading to high levels of colocalization in the invasive parts but low levels in the synchronous DCIS component. This may be due to invasive, hypoxic tumors evolving to recruit T-regulatory cells in order to evade immune predation. Our data support the notion that hypoxia promotes immune tolerance through recruitment of T-regulatory cells, and furthermore indicate a spatial pattern of relocalization of T-regulatory cells from DCIS to hypoxic tumor cells. Spatial colocalization of hypoxic and T-regulatory cells may be a key event and useful marker of DCIS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Sobhani
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Sathya Muralidhar
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Azam Hamidinekoo
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Allison H Hall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lorraine M King
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Marks
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carlo Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hugo M Horlings
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, 121 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yinyin Yuan
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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SP and KLF Transcription Factors in Cancer Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179956. [PMID: 36077352 PMCID: PMC9456310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development and progression depend on reprogramming of signaling pathways that regulate cell metabolism. Alterations to various metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway are crucial to sustain increased redox, bioenergetic, and biosynthesis demands of a tumor cell. Transcription factors (oncogenes and tumor suppressors) play crucial roles in modulating these alterations, and their functions are tethered to major metabolic pathways under homeostatic conditions and disease initiation and advancement. Specificity proteins (SPs) and Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are closely related transcription factors characterized by three highly conserved zinc fingers domains that interact with DNA. Studies have demonstrated that SP and KLF transcription factors are expressed in various tissues and regulate diverse processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. This review highlights the role of SP and KLF transcription factors in the metabolism of various cancers and their impact on tumorigenesis. A better understanding of the role and underlying mechanisms governing the metabolic changes during tumorigenesis could provide new therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment.
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Thennavan A, Garcia-Recio S, Liu S, He X, Perou CM. Molecular signatures of in situ to invasive progression for basal-like breast cancers: An integrated mouse model and human DCIS study. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:83. [PMID: 35851387 PMCID: PMC9293914 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is a non-obligate precursor of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) and thus the identification of features that may predict DCIS progression would be of potential clinical value. Experimental mouse models can be used to address this challenge by studying DCIS-to-IDC biology. Here we utilize single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on the C3Tag genetically engineered mouse model that forms DCIS-like precursor lesions and for which many lesions progress into end-stage basal-like molecular subtype IDC. We also perform bulk RNAseq analysis on 10 human synchronous DCIS-IDC pairs comprised of estrogen receptor (ER) positive and ER-negative subsets and utilize 2 additional public human DCIS data sets for comparison to our mouse model. By identifying malignant cells using inferred DNA copy number changes from the murine C3Tag scRNAseq data, we show the existence of cancer cells within the C3Tag pre-DCIS, DCIS, and IDC-like tumor specimens. These cancer cells were further classified into proliferative, hypoxic, and inflammatory subpopulations, which change in frequency in DCIS versus IDC. The C3Tag tumor progression model was also associated with increase in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and decrease in activated T cells in IDC. Importantly, we translate the C3Tag murine genomic findings into human DCIS where we find common features only with human basal-like DCIS, suggesting there are intrinsic subtype unique DCIS features. This study identifies several tumor and microenvironmental features associated with DCIS progression and may also provide genomic signatures that can identify progression-prone DCIS within the context of human basal-like breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatish Thennavan
- Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Siyao Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiaping He
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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FTO-dependent N(6)-Methyladenosine regulates the progression of endometriosis via the ATG5/PKM2 Axis. Cell Signal 2022; 98:110406. [PMID: 35839979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal modification on mRNAs in eukaryotes, plays a role in endometriosis (EMs). However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we found that FTO is downregulated in EMs; and plays an important role in regulating glycolysis, proliferation, and metastasis of ectopic endometriotic stromal cells (EESCs) by targeting ATG5. We demonstrated that FTO promotes ATG5 expression in a m6A-dependent manner, and further studies revealed that PKM2 is a target of ATG5. Upon FTO overexpression, increased ATG5 protein expression at low m6A levels inhibited the expression of PKM2, thereby reducing the glycolysis level of EESCs. In addition, we demonstrated through in vitro functional experiments that FTO regulates glycolysis, proliferation, and metastasis of EESCs through the ATG5/PKM2 axis. In conclusion, these findings reveal the functional importance of the m6A methylation mechanism of FTO in regulating the development of EMs, which expands our understanding of this interaction, which is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies for EMs.
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50
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Cao YH, Ding J, Tang QH, Zhang J, Huang ZY, Tang XM, Liu JB, Ma YS, Fu D. Deciphering cell-cell interactions and communication in the tumor microenvironment and unraveling intratumoral genetic heterogeneity via single-cell genomic sequencing. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14974-14986. [PMID: 37105769 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2185434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A tumor's heterogeneity has important implications in terms of its clonal origin, progression, stemness, and drug resistance. Therefore, because of its significance in treatment, it is important to understand the gene expression pattern of a single cell, track gene expression or mutation in heterogeneous cells, evaluate the clonal origin of cancer cells, and determine the selective evolution of different subpopulations of cancer cells. Researchers are able to trace a cell's mutation and identify different types of tumor cells by measuring the whole transcriptome with single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq). This technology provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving tumor growth than that offered by traditional RNA sequencing methods. In addition, it has revealed changes in the mutations and functions of somatic cells as a tumor evolves; it has also clarified immune cell infiltration and activation. Research on scRNA-seq technology has recently advanced significantly, suggesting new strategies for the treatment of cancer. In short, cancer researchers have become increasingly dependent on scRNA-seq. This paper reviews the development, detection principles, and processes of scRNA-seq technology and their application in tumor research. It also considers potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hong Cao
- Department of Respiratory, Nantong Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jingjiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Hai Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in the Nanyue Mountainous Region and College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Huang
- Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Huangpu, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Tang
- Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Huangpu, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Xuhui, China
| | - Da Fu
- Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Huangpu, China
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