1
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Wu Y, Li X, Madsen KE, Zhang H, Cho S, Song R, Nuxoll RF, Xiong Y, Liu J, Feng J, Yang T, Zhang K, Aranyosi AJ, Wright DE, Ghaffari R, Huang Y, Nuzzo RG, Rogers JA. Skin-interfaced microfluidic biosensors for colorimetric measurements of the concentrations of ketones in sweat. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4288-4295. [PMID: 39193649 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Ketones, such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), are important metabolites that can be used to monitor for conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and ketosis. Compared to conventional approaches that rely on samples of urine or blood evaluated using laboratory techniques, processes for monitoring of ketones in sweat using on-body sensors offer significant advantages. Here, we report a class of soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that can quantify the concentrations of BHB in sweat based on simple and low-cost colorimetric schemes. These devices combine microfluidic structures and enzymatic colorimetric BHB assays for selective and accurate analysis. Human trials demonstrate the broad applicability of this technology in practical scenarios, and they also establish quantitative correlations between the concentration of BHB in sweat and in blood. The results represent a convenient means for managing DKA and aspects of personal nutrition/wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinming Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kenneth E Madsen
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Haohui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Soongwon Cho
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ruihao Song
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ravi F Nuxoll
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yirui Xiong
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jingyuan Feng
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kaiqing Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Alexander J Aranyosi
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ralph G Nuzzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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2
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Cho S, Shaban SM, Song R, Zhang H, Yang D, Kim MJ, Xiong Y, Li X, Madsen K, Wapnick S, Zhang S, Chen Z, Kim J, Guinto G, Li M, Lee M, Nuxoll RF, Shajari S, Wang J, Son S, Shin J, Aranyosi AJ, Wright DE, Kim TI, Ghaffari R, Huang Y, Kim DH, Rogers JA. A skin-interfaced microfluidic platform supports dynamic sweat biochemical analysis during human exercise. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eado5366. [PMID: 39231240 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ado5366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Blood lactate concentration is an established circulating biomarker for measuring muscle acidity and can be evaluated for monitoring endurance, training routines, or athletic performance. Sweat is an alternative biofluid that may serve similar purposes and offers the advantage of noninvasive collection and continuous monitoring. The relationship between blood lactate and dynamic sweat biochemistry for wearable engineering applications in physiological fitness remains poorly defined. Here, we developed a microfluidic wearable band with an integrated colorimetric timer and biochemical assays that temporally captures sweat and measures pH and lactate concentration. A colorimetric silver nanoplasmonic assay was used to measure the concentration of lactate, and dye-conjugated SiO2 nanoparticle-agarose composite materials supported dynamic pH analysis. We evaluated these sweat biomarkers in relation to blood lactate in human participant studies during cycling exercise of varying intensity. Iontophoresis-generated sweat pH from regions of actively working muscles decreased with increasing heart rate during exercise and was negatively correlated with blood lactate concentration. In contrast, sweat pH from nonworking muscles did not correlate with blood lactate concentration. Changes in sweat pH and blood lactate were observed in participants who did not regularly exercise but not in individuals who regularly exercised, suggesting a relationship to physical fitness and supporting further development for noninvasive, biochemical fitness evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soongwon Cho
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Samy M Shaban
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - Ruihao Song
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Haohui Zhang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dasom Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Precision Biology Research Center (PBRC), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jae Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yirui Xiong
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiuyuan Li
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kenneth Madsen
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sarena Wapnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shifan Zhang
- Department of Statistics, School of Computer, Data and Information Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gianna Guinto
- College of Science and Health, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Michelle Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Minkyu Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ravi F Nuxoll
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Shajari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seongeun Son
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander J Aranyosi
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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3
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Garg M, Guo H, Maclam E, Zhanov E, Samudrala S, Pavlov A, Rahman MS, Namkoong M, Moreno JP, Tian L. Molecularly Imprinted Wearable Sensor with Paper Microfluidics for Real-Time Sweat Biomarker Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:46113-46122. [PMID: 39178237 PMCID: PMC11378148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
The urgent need for real-time and noninvasive monitoring of health-associated biochemical parameters has motivated the development of wearable sweat sensors. Existing electrochemical sensors show promise in real-time analysis of various chemical biomarkers. These sensors often rely on labels and redox probes to generate and amplify the signals for the detection and quantification of analytes with limited sensitivity. In this study, we introduce a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biochemical sensor to quantify a molecular biomarker in sweat using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which eliminates the need for labels or redox probes. The molecularly imprinted biosensor can achieve sensitive and specific detection of cortisol at concentrations as low as 1 pM, 1000-fold lower than previously reported MIP cortisol sensors. We integrated multimodal electrochemical sensors with an iontophoresis sweat extraction module and paper microfluidics for real-time sweat analysis. Several parameters can be simultaneously quantified, including sweat volume, secretion rate, sodium ion, and cortisol concentration. Paper microfluidic modules not only quantify sweat volume and secretion rate but also facilitate continuous sweat analysis without user intervention. While we focus on cortisol sensing as a proof-of-concept, the molecularly imprinted wearable sensors can be extended to real-time detection of other biochemicals, such as protein biomarkers and therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Heng Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Ethan Maclam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Elizabeth Zhanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Sathwika Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Anton Pavlov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Md Saifur Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Myeong Namkoong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
| | - Jennette P Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, Texas, United States
| | - Limei Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, Texas, United States
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4
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Ma J, Li H, Anwer S, Umer W, Antwi-Afari MF, Xiao EB. Evaluation of sweat-based biomarkers using wearable biosensors for monitoring stress and fatigue: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:677-703. [PMID: 38581242 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2024.2330242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. This systematic review aims to report the evaluation of wearable biosensors for the real-time measurement of stress and fatigue using sweat biomarkers. Methods. A thorough search of the literature was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and IEEE. A three-step approach for selecting research articles was developed and implemented. Results. Based on a systematic search, a total of 17 articles were included in this review. Lactate, cortisol, glucose and electrolytes were identified as sweat biomarkers. Sweat-based biomarkers are frequently monitored in real time using potentiometric and amperometric biosensors. Wearable biosensors such as an epidermal patch or a sweatband have been widely validated in scientific literature. Conclusions. Sweat is an important biofluid for monitoring general health, including stress and fatigue. It is becoming increasingly common to use biosensors that can measure a wide range of sweat biomarkers to detect fatigue during high-intensity work. Even though wearable biosensors have been validated for monitoring various sweat biomarkers, such biomarkers can only be used to assess stress and fatigue indirectly. In general, this study may serve as a driving force for academics and practitioners to broaden the use of wearable biosensors for the real-time assessment of stress and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shahnawaz Anwer
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, People's Republic of China
| | - Waleed Umer
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, UK
| | | | - Eric Bo Xiao
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wei C, Fu D, Ma T, Chen M, Wang F, Chen G, Wang Z. Sensing patches for biomarker identification in skin-derived biofluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116326. [PMID: 38696965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
In conventional clinical disease diagnosis and screening based on biomarker detection, most analysis samples are collected from serum, blood. However, these invasive collection methods require specific instruments, professionals, and may lead to infection risks. Additionally, the diagnosis process suffers from untimely results. The identification of skin-related biomarkers plays an unprecedented role in early disease diagnosis. More importantly, these skin-mediated approaches for collecting biomarker-containing biofluid samples are noninvasive or minimally invasive, which is more preferable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Therefore, skin-based biomarker detection patches have been promoted, owing to their unique advantages, such as simple fabrication, desirable transdermal properties and no requirements for professional medical staff. Currently, the skin biomarkers extracted from sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF) and wound exudate, are achieved with wearable sweat patches, transdermal MN patches, and wound patches, respectively. In this review, we detail these three types of skin patches in biofluids collection and diseases-related biomarkers identification. Patch classification and the corresponding manufacturing as well as detection strategies are also summarized. The remaining challenges in clinical applications and current issues in accurate detection are discussed for further advancement of this technology (Scheme 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Danni Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tianyue Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Fangling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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6
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Hauer L, Naga A, Badr RGM, Pham JT, Wong WSY, Vollmer D. Wetting on silicone surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5273-5295. [PMID: 38952198 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Silicone is frequently used as a model system to investigate and tune wetting on soft materials. Silicone is biocompatible and shows excellent thermal, chemical, and UV stability. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the surface can be easily varied by several orders of magnitude in a controlled manner. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a popular choice for coating applications such as lubrication, self-cleaning, and drag reduction, facilitated by low surface energy. Aiming to understand the underlying interactions and forces, motivated numerous and detailed investigations of the static and dynamic wetting behavior of drops on PDMS-based surfaces. Here, we recognize the three most prevalent PDMS surface variants, namely liquid-infused (SLIPS/LIS), elastomeric, and liquid-like (SOCAL) surfaces. To understand, optimize, and tune the wetting properties of these PDMS surfaces, we review and compare their similarities and differences by discussing (i) the chemical and molecular structure, and (ii) the static and dynamic wetting behavior. We also provide (iii) an overview of methods and techniques to characterize PDMS-based surfaces and their wetting behavior. The static and dynamic wetting ridge is given particular attention, as it dominates energy dissipation, adhesion, and friction of sliding drops and influences the durability of the surfaces. We also discuss special features such as cloaking and wetting-induced phase separation. Key challenges and opportunities of these three surface variants are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hauer
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Physics at Interfaces, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Abhinav Naga
- Department of Physics, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Rodrique G M Badr
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7-9, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan T Pham
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45221 OH, USA
| | - William S Y Wong
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Doris Vollmer
- Physics at Interfaces, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Vignesh V, Castro-Dominguez B, James TD, Gamble-Turner JM, Lightman S, Reis NM. Advancements in Cortisol Detection: From Conventional Methods to Next-Generation Technologies for Enhanced Hormone Monitoring. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1666-1681. [PMID: 38551608 PMCID: PMC11059103 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The hormone cortisol, released as the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, has a well-characterized circadian rhythm that enables an allostatic response to external stressors. When the pattern of secretion is disrupted, cortisol levels are chronically elevated, contributing to diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, mental health disorders, and diabetes. The diagnosis of chronic stress and stress related disorders depends upon accurate measurement of cortisol levels; currently, it is quantified using mass spectroscopy or immunoassay, in specialized laboratories with trained personnel. However, these methods are time-consuming, expensive and are unable to capture the dynamic biorhythm of the hormone. This critical review traces the path of cortisol detection from traditional laboratory-based methods to decentralised cortisol monitoring biosensors. A complete picture of cortisol biology and pathophysiology is provided, and the importance of precision medicine style monitoring of cortisol is highlighted. Antibody-based immunoassays still dominate the pipeline of development of point-of-care biosensors; new capture molecules such as aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) combined with technologies such as microfluidics, wearable electronics, and quantum dots offer improvements to limit of detection (LoD), specificity, and a shift toward rapid or continuous measurements. While a variety of different sensors and devices have been proposed, there still exists a need to produce quantitative tests for cortisol ─ using either rapid or continuous monitoring devices that can enable a personalized medicine approach to stress management. This can be addressed by synergistic combinations of technologies that can leverage low sample volumes, relevant limit of detection and rapid testing time, to better account for cortisol's shifting biorhythm. Trends in cortisol diagnostics toward rapid and continuous monitoring of hormones are highlighted, along with insights into choice of sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visesh Vignesh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Bioengineering and Biomedical
Technologies (CBio) University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Bernardo Castro-Dominguez
- Department
of Chemical and Engineering and Digital Manufacturing and Design University
of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | | | - Stafford Lightman
- Translational
Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS1 3NY Bristol, U.K.
| | - Nuno M. Reis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Bioengineering and Biomedical
Technologies (CBio) University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
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8
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Saha T, Mukherjee S, Dickey MD, Velev OD. Harvesting and manipulating sweat and interstitial fluid in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1244-1265. [PMID: 38197332 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices began to be used to facilitate sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF) sensing in the mid-2010s. Since then, numerous prototypes involving microfluidics have been developed in different form factors for sensing biomarkers found in these fluids under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (on-body) settings. These devices transport and manipulate biofluids using microfluidic channels composed of silicone, polymer, paper, or fiber. Fluid flow transport and sample management can be achieved by controlling the flow rate, surface morphology of the channel, and rate of fluid evaporation. Although many devices have been developed for estimating sweat rate, electrolyte, and metabolite levels, only a handful have been able to proceed beyond laboratory testing and reach the stage of clinical trials and commercialization. To further this technology, this review reports on the utilization of microfluidics towards sweat and ISF management and transport. The review is distinguished from other recent reviews by focusing on microfluidic principles of sweat and ISF generation, transport, extraction, and management. Challenges and prospects are highlighted, with a discussion on how to transition such prototypes towards personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Sneha Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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9
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Lightman SL. Clinical Endocrinology-Time for a Reset? J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae024. [PMID: 38440109 PMCID: PMC10910589 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Measurement of blood levels of circulating hormones has always been the cornerstone of the biochemical diagnosis of endocrine diseases, with the objective of detecting hormone excess or insufficiency. Unfortunately, the dynamic nature of hormone secretion means single-point measurements of many hormones often lack diagnostic validity. Endocrinologists have devised complex dynamic tests as indirect assessments of the functioning of the hormone system under investigation. Recent advances in the measurement of dynamic hormone changes across the day now offer an opportunity to reconsider whether there might be better ways both to diagnose and to monitor the therapy of endocrine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stafford L Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, The Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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10
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Ok J, Park S, Jung YH, Kim TI. Wearable and Implantable Cortisol-Sensing Electronics for Stress Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211595. [PMID: 36917076 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is released from the body in response to stress. Although a moderate level of cortisol secretion can help the body maintain homeostasis, excessive secretion can cause various diseases, such as depression and anxiety. Conventional methods for cortisol measurement undergo procedures that limit continuous monitoring, typically collecting samples of bodily fluids, followed by separate analysis in a laboratory setting that takes several hours. Thus, recent studies demonstrate wearable, miniaturized sensors integrated with electronic modules that enable wireless real-time analysis. Here, the primary focus is on wearable and implantable electronic devices that continuously measure cortisol concentration. Diverse types of cortisol-sensing techniques, such as antibody-, DNA-aptamer-, and molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors, as well as wearable and implantable devices that aim to continuously monitor cortisol in a minimally invasive fashion are discussed. In addition to the cortisol monitors that directly measure stress levels, other schemes that indirectly measure stress, such as electrophysiological signals and sweat are also summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions in stress monitoring and management electronics are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Watkins Z, McHenry A, Heikenfeld J. Wearing the Lab: Advances and Challenges in Skin-Interfaced Systems for Continuous Biochemical Sensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:223-282. [PMID: 38273210 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Continuous, on-demand, and, most importantly, contextual data regarding individual biomarker concentrations exemplify the holy grail for personalized health and performance monitoring. This is well-illustrated for continuous glucose monitoring, which has drastically improved outcomes and quality of life for diabetic patients over the past 2 decades. Recent advances in wearable biosensing technologies (biorecognition elements, transduction mechanisms, materials, and integration schemes) have begun to make monitoring of other clinically relevant analytes a reality via minimally invasive skin-interfaced devices. However, several challenges concerning sensitivity, specificity, calibration, sensor longevity, and overall device lifetime must be addressed before these systems can be made commercially viable. In this chapter, a logical framework for developing a wearable skin-interfaced device for a desired application is proposed with careful consideration of the feasibility of monitoring certain analytes in sweat and interstitial fluid and the current development of the tools available to do so. Specifically, we focus on recent advancements in the engineering of biorecognition elements, the development of more robust signal transduction mechanisms, and novel integration schemes that allow for continuous quantitative analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the most compelling and promising prospects in the field of wearable biosensing and the challenges that remain in translating these technologies into useful products for disease management and for optimizing human performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Watkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Adam McHenry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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12
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Yang M, Sun N, Lai X, Zhao X, Zhou W. Advances in Non-Electrochemical Sensing of Human Sweat Biomarkers: From Sweat Sampling to Signal Reading. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:17. [PMID: 38248394 PMCID: PMC10813192 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Sweat, commonly referred to as the ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, is an essential physiological fluid in the human body. It contains a wide range of metabolites, electrolytes, and other biologically significant markers that are closely linked to human health. Compared to other bodily fluids, such as blood, sweat offers distinct advantages in terms of ease of collection and non-invasive detection. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on wearable sweat sensors due to their potential for continuous monitoring of biomarkers. Electrochemical methods have been extensively used for in situ sweat biomarker analysis, as thoroughly reviewed by various researchers. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in non-electrochemical methods for analyzing sweat, including colorimetric methods, fluorescence techniques, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and more. The review covers multiple aspects of non-electrochemical sweat analysis, encompassing sweat sampling methodologies, detection techniques, signal processing, and diverse applications. Furthermore, it highlights the current bottlenecks and challenges faced by non-electrochemical sensors, such as limitations and interference issues. Finally, the review concludes by offering insights into the prospects for non-electrochemical sensing technologies. By providing a valuable reference and inspiring researchers engaged in the field of sweat sensor development, this paper aspires to foster the creation of innovative and practical advancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Yang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Sun
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaochen Lai
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xingqiang Zhao
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wangping Zhou
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
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13
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Yang DS, Wu Y, Kanatzidis EE, Avila R, Zhou M, Bai Y, Chen S, Sekine Y, Kim J, Deng Y, Guo H, Zhang Y, Ghaffari R, Huang Y, Rogers JA. 3D-printed epidermal sweat microfluidic systems with integrated microcuvettes for precise spectroscopic and fluorometric biochemical assays. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4992-5003. [PMID: 37641877 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Systems for capture, storage and analysis of eccrine sweat can provide insights into physiological health status, quantify losses of water, electrolytes, amino acids and/or other essential species, and identify exposures to adverse environmental species or illicit drugs. Recent advances in materials and device designs serve as the basis for skin-compatible classes of microfluidic platforms and in situ colorimetric assays for precise assessments of sweat rate, sweat loss and concentrations of wide-ranging types of biomarkers in sweat. This paper presents a set of findings that enhances the performance of these systems through the use of microfluidic networks, integrated valves and microscale optical cuvettes formed by three dimensional printing in hard/soft hybrid materials systems, for accurate spectroscopic and fluorometric assays. Field studies demonstrate the capability of these microcuvette systems to evaluate the concentrations of copper, chloride, and glucose in sweat, along with the pH of sweat, with laboratory-grade accuracy and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Precision Biology Research Center (PBRC), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Yixin Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Evangelos E Kanatzidis
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhou
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yun Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yurina Sekine
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Joohee Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexia Guo
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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14
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Paradisi A, Berto M, Di Giosia M, Mazzali S, Borsari M, Marforio TD, Zerbetto F, Calvaresi M, Orieshyna A, Amdursky N, Bortolotti CA, Biscarini F. Robust Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes/Protein Hybrid Electrolyte Gated Transistors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301704. [PMID: 37432093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising materials for biosensing applications with electrolyte-gated transistors (EGT). However, to be employed in EGT devices, SWCNTs often require lengthy solution-processing fabrication techniques. Here, we introduce a simple solution-based method that allows fabricating EGT devices from stable dispersions of SWCNTs/bovine serum albumin (BSA) hybrids in water. The dispersion is then deposited on a substrate allowing the formation of a SWCNTs random network as the semiconducting channel. We demonstrate that this methodology allows the fabrication of EGT devices with electric performances that allow their use in biosensing applications. We demonstrate their application for the detection of cortisol in solution, upon gate electrode functionalization with anti-cortisol antibodies. This is a robust and cost-effective methodology that sets the ground for a SWCNT/BSA-based biosensing platform that allows overcoming many limitations of standard SWCNTs biosensor fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paradisi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Berto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Orieshyna
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Ouyang W, Lu W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Kim JU, Shen H, Wu Y, Luan H, Kilner K, Lee SP, Lu Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Yu Y, Wegener AJ, Moreno JA, Xie Z, Wu Y, Won SM, Kwon K, Wu C, Bai W, Guo H, Liu TL, Bai H, Monti G, Zhu J, Madhvapathy SR, Trueb J, Stanslaski M, Higbee-Dempsey EM, Stepien I, Ghoreishi-Haack N, Haney CR, Kim TI, Huang Y, Ghaffari R, Banks AR, Jhou TC, Good CH, Rogers JA. A wireless and battery-less implant for multimodal closed-loop neuromodulation in small animals. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1252-1269. [PMID: 37106153 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Fully implantable wireless systems for the recording and modulation of neural circuits that do not require physical tethers or batteries allow for studies that demand the use of unconstrained and freely behaving animals in isolation or in social groups. Moreover, feedback-control algorithms that can be executed within such devices without the need for remote computing eliminate virtual tethers and any associated latencies. Here we report a wireless and battery-less technology of this type, implanted subdermally along the back of freely moving small animals, for the autonomous recording of electroencephalograms, electromyograms and body temperature, and for closed-loop neuromodulation via optogenetics and pharmacology. The device incorporates a system-on-a-chip with Bluetooth Low Energy for data transmission and a compressed deep-learning module for autonomous operation, that offers neurorecording capabilities matching those of gold-standard wired systems. We also show the use of the implant in studies of sleep-wake regulation and for the programmable closed-loop pharmacological suppression of epileptic seizures via feedback from electroencephalography. The technology can support a broader range of applications in neuroscience and in biomedical research with small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haixu Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yunyun Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Stephen P Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Neurolux Inc., Northfield, IL, USA
| | - Yinsheng Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Amy J Wegener
- US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Justin A Moreno
- US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
- SURVICE Engineering, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongha Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hexia Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hedan Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Giuditta Monti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jason Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Surabhi R Madhvapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jacob Trueb
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Iwona Stepien
- Developmental Therapeutics Core, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Chad R Haney
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Neurolux Inc., Northfield, IL, USA
| | - Anthony R Banks
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Neurolux Inc., Northfield, IL, USA
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Cameron H Good
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Neurolux Inc., Northfield, IL, USA.
- US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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16
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Ju F, Wang Y, Yin B, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Jiao C. Microfluidic Wearable Devices for Sports Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1792. [PMID: 37763955 PMCID: PMC10535163 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review the application and research progress of flexible microfluidic wearable devices in the field of sports. The research team thoroughly investigated the use of life signal-monitoring technology for flexible wearable devices in the domain of sports. In addition, the classification of applications, the current status, and the developmental trends of similar products and equipment were evaluated. Scholars expect the provision of valuable references and guidance for related research and the development of the sports industry. The use of microfluidic detection for collecting biomarkers can mitigate the impact of sweat on movements that are common in sports and can also address the issue of discomfort after prolonged use. Flexible wearable gadgets are normally utilized to monitor athletic performance, rehabilitation, and training. Nevertheless, the research and development of such devices is limited, mostly catering to professional athletes. Devices for those who are inexperienced in sports and disabled populations are lacking. Conclusions: Upgrading microfluidic chip technology can lead to accurate and safe sports monitoring. Moreover, the development of multi-functional and multi-site devices can provide technical support to athletes during their training and competitions while also fostering technological innovation in the field of sports science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Ju
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (F.J.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (F.J.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Binfeng Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;
| | - Mengyun Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (F.J.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (F.J.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Gong
- Institute of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Changgeng Jiao
- Institute of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
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17
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Min J, Demchyshyn S, Sempionatto JR, Song Y, Hailegnaw B, Xu C, Yang Y, Solomon S, Putz C, Lehner L, Schwarz JF, Schwarzinger C, Scharber M, Sani ES, Kaltenbrunner M, Gao W. An autonomous wearable biosensor powered by a perovskite solar cell. NATURE ELECTRONICS 2023; 6:630-641. [PMID: 38465017 PMCID: PMC10923186 DOI: 10.1038/s41928-023-00996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors can potentially be used to continuously and non-invasively monitor physicochemical biomarkers that contain information related to disease diagnostics and fitness tracking. However, the development of such autonomous sensors faces a number of challenges including achieving steady sweat extraction for continuous and prolonged monitoring, and addressing the high power demands of multifunctional and complex analysis. Here we report an autonomous wearable biosensor that is powered by a perovskite solar cell and can provide continuous and non-invasive metabolic monitoring. The device uses a flexible quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solar cell module that provides ample power under outdoor and indoor illumination conditions (power conversion efficiency exceeding 31% under indoor light illumination). We show that the wearable device can continuously collect multimodal physicochemical data - glucose, pH, sodium ions, sweat rate, and skin temperature - across indoor and outdoor physical activities for over 12 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stepan Demchyshyn
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Juliane R. Sempionatto
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Bekele Hailegnaw
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Christoph Putz
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Lukas Lehner
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Julia Felicitas Schwarz
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Scharber
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ehsan Shirzaei Sani
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Martin Kaltenbrunner
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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18
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Choi Y, Ho DH, Kim S, Choi YJ, Roe DG, Kwak IC, Min J, Han H, Gao W, Cho JH. Physically defined long-term and short-term synapses for the development of reconfigurable analog-type operators capable of performing health care tasks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5946. [PMID: 37406117 PMCID: PMC10321737 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracting valuable information from the overflowing data is a critical yet challenging task. Dealing with high volumes of biometric data, which are often unstructured, nonstatic, and ambiguous, requires extensive computer resources and data specialists. Emerging neuromorphic computing technologies that mimic the data processing properties of biological neural networks offer a promising solution for handling overflowing data. Here, the development of an electrolyte-gated organic transistor featuring a selective transition from short-term to long-term plasticity of the biological synapse is presented. The memory behaviors of the synaptic device were precisely modulated by restricting ion penetration through an organic channel via photochemical reactions of the cross-linking molecules. Furthermore, the applicability of the memory-controlled synaptic device was verified by constructing a reconfigurable synaptic logic gate for implementing a medical algorithm without further weight-update process. Last, the presented neuromorphic device demonstrated feasibility to handle biometric information with various update periods and perform health care tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsuk Choi
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dong Hae Ho
- Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Seongchan Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gue Roe
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In Cheol Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hong Han
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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19
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Khosravi S, Soltanian S, Servati A, Khademhosseini A, Zhu Y, Servati P. Screen-Printed Textile-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:684. [PMID: 37504083 PMCID: PMC10377550 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of health parameters have attracted significant attention. Having these biosensors embedded in textile substrates can provide a convenient experience due to their soft and flexible nature that conforms to the skin, creating good contact for long-term use. These biosensors can be easily integrated with everyday clothing by using textile fabrication processes to enhance affordable and scalable manufacturing. Herein, a flexible electrochemical glucose sensor that can be screen-printed onto a textile substrate has been demonstrated. The screen-printed textile-based glucose biosensor achieved a linear response in the range of 20-1000 µM of glucose concentration and high sensitivity (18.41 µA mM-1 cm-2, R2 = 0.996). In addition, the biosensors show high selectivity toward glucose among other interfering analytes and excellent stability over 30 days of storage. The developed textile-based biosensor can serve as a platform for monitoring bio analytes in sweat, and it is expected to impact the next generation of wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Khosravi
- Flexible Electronics and Energy Lab (FEEL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Saeid Soltanian
- Flexible Electronics and Energy Lab (FEEL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amir Servati
- Materials Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Peyman Servati
- Flexible Electronics and Energy Lab (FEEL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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20
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Song Z, Zhou S, Qin Y, Xia X, Sun Y, Han G, Shu T, Hu L, Zhang Q. Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:630. [PMID: 37366995 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine. Wearable biosensors serve as an ideal platform for real-time and continuous health monitoring, which exhibit unique properties such as self-powered, lightweight, low cost, high flexibility, detection convenience, and great conformability. This review introduces the recent research progress in wearable biosensors. First of all, the biological fluids often detected by wearable biosensors are proposed. Then, the existing micro-nanofabrication technologies and basic characteristics of wearable biosensors are summarized. Then, their application manners and information processing are also highlighted in the paper. Massive cutting-edge research examples are introduced such as wearable physiological pressure sensors, wearable sweat sensors, and wearable self-powered biosensors. As a significant content, the detection mechanism of these sensors was detailed with examples to help readers understand this area. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are proposed to push this research area forward and expand practical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanxia Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiangjiao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, International Health Science Innovation Center, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tong Shu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, International Health Science Innovation Center, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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21
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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22
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Feng C, Mao M, Zhang X, Liao Y, Xiao X, Liu H, Liu K. Programmable microfluidics for dynamic multiband camouflage. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:43. [PMID: 37033108 PMCID: PMC10073183 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Achieving multiband camouflage covering both visible and infrared regions is challenging due to the broad bandwidth and differentiated regulation demand in diverse regions. In this work, we propose a programmable microfluidic strategy that uses dye molecules in layered fluids to manipulate visible light- and infrared-semitransparent solvent to manipulate infrared light. With three primary fluid inputs, we achieve 64 chromaticity values and 8 emissivities from 0.42 to 0.90. In view of the wide tuning range, we demonstrate that the microfluidic film can dynamically change its surface reflectance to blend into varying backgrounds in both visible and infrared images. Moreover, we fabricate the microfluidic device in a textile form and demonstrate its ability to match exactly with the colors of natural leaves of different seasons in the full hyperspectrum range. Considering the broadband modulation and ease of operation, the programmable microfluidic strategy provides a feasible approach for smart optical surfaces in long-span optical spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzao Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Mingran Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Yutian Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Xiaohui Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Huidong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Kang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
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23
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Shajari S, Salahandish R, Zare A, Hassani M, Moossavi S, Munro E, Rashid R, Rosenegger D, Bains JS, Sanati Nezhad A. MicroSweat: A Wearable Microfluidic Patch for Noninvasive and Reliable Sweat Collection Enables Human Stress Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204171. [PMID: 36461733 PMCID: PMC9982588 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress affects cognition, behavior, and physiology, leading to lasting physical and mental illness. The ability to detect and measure stress, however, is poor. Increased circulating cortisol during stress is mirrored by cortisol release from sweat glands, providing an opportunity to use it as an external biomarker for monitoring internal emotional state. Despite the attempts at using wearable sensors for monitoring sweat cortisol, there is a lack of reliable wearable sweat collection devices that preserve the concentration and integrity of sweat biomolecules corresponding to stress levels. Here, a flexible, self-powered, evaporation-free, bubble-free, surfactant-free, and scalable capillary microfluidic device, MicroSweat, is fabricated to reliably collect human sweat from different body locations. Cortisol levels are detected corresponding to severe stress ranging from 25 to 125 ng mL-1 averaged across multiple body regions and 100-1000 ng mL-1 from the axilla. A positive nonlinear correlation exists between cortisol concentration and stress levels quantified using the perceived stress scale (PSS). Moreover, owing to the sweat variation in response to environmental effects and physiological differences, the longitudinal and personalized profile of sweat cortisol is acquired, for the first time, for various body locations. The obtained sweat cortisol data is crucial for analyzing human stress in personalized and clinical healthcare sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Shajari
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Mohsen Hassani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- International Microbiome CentreCumming School of MedicineHealth Sciences CentreUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Emily Munro
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | - Ruba Rashid
- Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | | | - Jaideep S. Bains
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
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24
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Kashaninejad N, Nguyen NT. Microfluidic solutions for biofluids handling in on-skin wearable systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:913-937. [PMID: 36628970 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
On-skin wearable systems for biofluid sampling and biomarker sensing can revolutionize the current practices in healthcare monitoring and personalized medicine. However, there is still a long path toward complete market adoption and acceptance of this fascinating technology. Accordingly, microfluidic science and technology can provide excellent solutions for bridging the gap between basic research and clinical research. The research gap has led to the emerging field of epidermal microfluidics. Moreover, recent advances in the fabrication of highly flexible and stretchable microfluidic systems have revived the concept of micro elastofluidics, which can provide viable solutions for on-skin wearable biofluid handling. In this context, this review highlights the current state-of-the-art platforms in this field and discusses the potential technologies that can be used for on-skin wearable devices. Toward this aim, we first compare various microfluidic platforms that could be used for on-skin wearable devices. These platforms include semiconductor-based, polymer-based, liquid metal-based, paper-based, and textile-based microfluidics. Next, we discuss how these platforms can enhance the stretchability of on-skin wearable biosensors at the device level. Next, potential microfluidic solutions for collecting, transporting, and controlling the biofluids are discussed. The application of finger-powered micropumps as a viable solution for precise and on-demand biofluid pumping is highlighted. Finally, we present the future directions of this field by emphasizing the applications of droplet-based microfluidics, stretchable continuous-flow micro elastofluidics, stretchable superhydrophobic surfaces, liquid beads as a form of digital micro elastofluidics, and topological liquid diodes that received less attention but have enormous potential to be integrated into on-skin wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Kashaninejad
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
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25
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Kim ER, Joe C, Mitchell RJ, Gu MB. Biosensors for healthcare: current and future perspectives. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:374-395. [PMID: 36567185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are utilized in several different fields, including medicine, food, and the environment; in this review, we examine recent developments in biosensors for healthcare. These involve three distinct types of biosensor: biosensors for in vitro diagnosis with blood, saliva, or urine samples; continuous monitoring biosensors (CMBs); and wearable biosensors. Biosensors for in vitro diagnosis have seen a significant expansion recently, with newly reported clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas methodologies and improvements to many established integrated biosensor devices, including lateral flow assays (LFAs) and microfluidic/electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (μPADs/ePADs). We conclude with a discussion of two novel groups of biosensors that have drawn great attention recently, continuous monitoring and wearable biosensors, as well as with perspectives on the commercialization and future of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ryung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheulmin Joe
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Bock Gu
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Abstract
Skin-interfaced microfluidic systems help assess health status and chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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27
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Dong Y, Liu TL, Chen S, Nithianandam P, Matar K, Li J. A "Two-Part" Resonance Circuit Based Detachable Sweat Patch for Noninvasive Biochemical and Biophysical Sensing. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2210136. [PMID: 37521161 PMCID: PMC10373531 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202210136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics play important roles in noninvasive, continuous, and personalized monitoring of multiple biosignals generated by the body. To unleash their full potential for next-generation human centered bio-integrated electronics, the wireless sensing capability is a desirable feature. However, state-of-the-art wireless sensing technologies exploit rigid and bulky electronic modules for power supply, signal generation, and data transmission. This study reports a battery-free device technology based on a "two-part" resonance circuit model with modularized, physically separated, and detachable functional units for magnetic coupling and biosensing. The resulting platform combines advantages of electronics and microfluidics with low cost, minimized form factors, and improved performance stability. Demonstration of a detachable sweat patch capable of simultaneous recording of cortisol concentration, pH value, and temperature highlights the potential of the "two-part" circuit for advanced, transformative biosensing. The resulting wireless sensors provide a new engineering solution to monitoring biosignals through intimate and seamless integration with skin surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Prasad Nithianandam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keyan Matar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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28
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Aubry G, Lee HJ, Lu H. Advances in Microfluidics: Technical Innovations and Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:444-467. [PMID: 36625114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Aubry
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyun Jee Lee
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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29
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Zhang J, Chen M, Peng Y, Li S, Han D, Ren S, Qin K, Li S, Han T, Wang Y, Gao Z. Wearable biosensors for human fatigue diagnosis: A review. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10318. [PMID: 36684114 PMCID: PMC9842037 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue causes deleterious effects to physical and mental health of human being and may cause loss of lives. Therefore, the adverse effects of fatigue on individuals and the society are massive. With the ever-increasing frequency of overtraining among modern military and sports personnel, timely, portable and accurate fatigue diagnosis is essential to avoid fatigue-induced accidents. However, traditional detection methods require complex sample preparation and blood sampling processes, which cannot meet the timeliness and portability of fatigue diagnosis. With the development of flexible materials and biosensing technology, wearable biosensors have attracted increased attention to the researchers. Wearable biosensors collect biomarkers from noninvasive biofluids, such as sweat, saliva, and tears, followed by biosensing with the help of biosensing modules continuously and quantitatively. The detection signal can then be transmitted through wireless communication modules that constitute a method for real-time understanding of abnormality. Recent developments of wearable biosensors are focused on miniaturized wearable electrochemistry and optical biosensors for metabolites detection, of which, few have exhibited satisfactory results in medical diagnosis. However, detection performance limits the wide-range applicability of wearable fatigue diagnosis. In this article, the application of wearable biosensors in fatigue diagnosis has been discussed. In fact, exploration of the composition of different biofluids and their potential toward fatigue diagnosis have been discussed here for the very first time. Moreover, discussions regarding the current bottlenecks in wearable fatigue biosensors and the latest advancements in biochemical reaction and data communication modules have been incorporated herein. Finally, the main challenges and opportunities were discussed for wearable fatigue diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Shuyue Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Kang Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Tie Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
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Tian Y, Xu G, Cai K, Zhao X, Zhang B, Wang L, Wang T. Emerging biotransduction strategies on soft interfaces for biosensing. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:80-91. [PMID: 36512329 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05444b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a lab-on-soft biochip providing accurate and timely biomarker information, wearable biosensors can satisfy the increasing demand for intelligent e-health services, active disease diagnosis/therapy, and huge bioinformation data. As biomolecules generally could not directly produce detectable signals, biotransducers that specifically convert biomolecules to electrical or optical signals are involved, which determines the pivotal sensing performance including 3S (sensitivity, selectivity, and stability), reversibility, etc. The soft interface poses new requirements for biotransducers, especially equipment-free, facile operation, mechanical tolerance, and high sensing performance. In this review, we discussed the emerging electrochemical and optical biotransduction strategies on wearables from the aspects of the transduction mechanism, amplification strategies, biomaterial selection, and device fabrication procedures. Challenges and perspectives regarding future biotransducers for monitoring trace amounts of biomolecules with high fidelity, sensitivity, and multifunctionality are also discussed. It is expected that through fusion with functional electronics, wearable biosensors can provide possibilities to further decentralize the healthcare system and even build biomolecule-based intelligent cyber-physical systems and new modalities of cyborgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kaiyu Cai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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31
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Madhvapathy SR, Arafa HM, Patel M, Winograd J, Kong J, Zhu J, Xu S, Rogers JA. Advanced thermal sensing techniques for characterizing the physical properties of skin. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 9:041307. [PMID: 36467868 PMCID: PMC9677811 DOI: 10.1063/5.0095157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the thermal properties of the skin can serve as the basis for a noninvasive, quantitative characterization of dermatological health and physiological status. Applications range from the detection of subtle spatiotemporal changes in skin temperature associated with thermoregulatory processes, to the evaluation of depth-dependent compositional properties and hydration levels, to the assessment of various features of microvascular/macrovascular blood flow. Examples of recent advances for performing such measurements include thin, skin-interfaced systems that enable continuous, real-time monitoring of the intrinsic thermal properties of the skin beyond its superficial layers, with a path to reliable, inexpensive instruments that offer potential for widespread use as diagnostic tools in clinical settings or in the home. This paper reviews the foundational aspects of the latest thermal sensing techniques with applicability to the skin, summarizes the various devices that exploit these concepts, and provides an overview of specific areas of application in the context of skin health. A concluding section presents an outlook on the challenges and prospects for research in this field.
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Huang Q, Wu C, Hou S, Yao K, Sun H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Law J, Yang M, Chan HY, Roy VAL, Zhao Y, Wang D, Song E, Yu X, Lao L, Sun Y, Li WJ. Mapping of Spatiotemporal Auricular Electrophysiological Signals Reveals Human Biometric Clusters. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201404. [PMID: 36217916 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Underneath the ear skin there are rich vascular network and sensory nerve branches. Hence, the 3D mapping of auricular electrophysiological signals can provide new biomedical perspectives. However, it is still extremely challenging for current sensing techniques to cover the entire ultra-curved auricle. Here, a 3D graphene-based ear-conformable sensing device with embedded and distributed 3D electrodes for full-auricle physiological monitoring is reported. As a proof-of-concept, spatiotemporal auricular electrical skin resistance (AESR) mapping is demonstrated for the first time, and human subject-specific AESR distributions are observed. From the data of more than 30 ears (both right and left ears), the auricular region-specific AESR changes after cycling exercise are observed in 98% of the tests and are clustered into four groups via machine learning-based data analyses. Correlations of AESR with heart rate and blood pressure are also studied. This 3D electronic platform and AESR-based biometrical findings show promising biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Senlin Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Wang
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yikai Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Junhui Law
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Mingxiao Yang
- Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ho-Yin Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Lixing Lao
- Virginia University of Integrative Medicine, Vienna, VA, 22182, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Wen Jung Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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33
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Shi Z, Li X, Shuai Y, Lu Y, Liu Q. The development of wearable technologies and their potential for measuring nutrient intake: Towards precision nutrition. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:388-406. [PMID: 36134894 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate food intake and nutritional status are crucial for the maintenance of health and disease prevention. Conventional dietary assessment is mainly based on comparisons of nutrient intakes with reference intakes, failing to meet the needs of personalised nutritional guidance based on individual nutritional status. Given their capability of providing insights into health information non-invasively in real time, wearable technologies offer great opportunities for nutrition monitoring. Nutrient metabolic profiles can be monitored immediately and continuously which could potentially offer the possibility for the tracking and guiding of nutrient intake. Here, we review and highlight the recent advances in wearable sensors from the perspective of sensing technologies for nutrient detection in biofluids. The integration of biosensors with wearable devices serves as an ideal platform for the analysis of biofluids including sweat, saliva and tears. The wearable sensing systems applied to the analysis of typical nutrients and important metabolites are demonstrated in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and others. Taking advantage of their high flexibility and lightweight, wearable sensors have been widely developed for the in situ quantitative detection of metabolic biomarkers. The technical principles, detection methods and applications are summarised. The challenges and future perspectives for wearable nutrition monitoring devices are discussed including the need to better determine relationships among nutrient metabolic profile, nutrient intake and food intake. With the development of materials, sensing techniques and manufacturing processes, wearable technologies are paving the way towards personalised precision nutrition, although there is still a long way to go before they can be utilised for practical clinical applications. Joint research efforts between nutrition scientists, doctors, engineers and sensor researchers are essential to further accelerate the realisation of reliable and practical wearable nutrition monitoring platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghan Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Shuai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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34
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Yulianti ES, Rahman SF, Whulanza Y. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Cortisol. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1090. [PMID: 36551057 PMCID: PMC9776045 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a steroid hormone, cortisol has a close relationship with the stress response, and therefore, can be used as a biomarker for early detection of stress. An electrochemical immunosensor is one of the most widely used methods to detect cortisol, with antibodies as its bioreceptor. Apart from conventional laboratory-based methods, the trend for cortisol detection has seemed to be exploiting antibodies and aptamers. Both can provide satisfactory performance with high selectivity and sensitivity, but they still face issues with their short shelf life. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely used to detect macro- and micro-molecules by forming artificial antibodies as bioreceptors. MIPs are an alternative to natural antibodies, which despite demonstrating high selectivity and a low degree of cross-reactivity, often also show a high sensitivity to the environment, leading to their denaturation. MIPs can be prepared with convenient and relatively affordable fabrication processes. They also have high durability in ambient conditions, a long shelf life, and the ability to detect cortisol molecules at a concentration as low as 2 ag/mL. By collecting data from the past five years, this review summarizes the antibody and aptamer-based amperometric sensors as well as the latest developments exploiting MIPs rather than antibodies. Lastly, factors that can improve MIPs performance and are expected to be developed in the future are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Septia Yulianti
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti Fauziyah Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yudan Whulanza
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
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35
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Lee Y, Jung G, Jin SW, Ha JS. Flexible Thin-Film Speaker Integrated with an Array of Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for the Interactive Audiovisual Display of Multi-functional Sensor Signals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48844-48856. [PMID: 36266973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the core technologies for wearable electronics is the use of an interactive display device that is attached to the body or clothes to transmit various bio-signals and environmental stimuli to the user. In this study, we report a flexible audiovisual display device consisting of a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) thin-film speaker stacked on an 8 × 8 array of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) and a multi-functional sensor consisting of temperature and ultraviolet (UV) sensors connected to a pressure sensor, allowing the body temperature and UV exposure to be displayed both visually and acoustically. Polydimethylsiloxane is employed as an insulator between the carbon nanotube (CNT)/polyaniline temperature sensor and the ZnO/CNT UV sensor to form a capacitor-type pressure sensor. With the use of a stretchable polymer substrate, liquid metal Galinstan interconnections, and the flexible Au-grid electrodes, both the PVDF speaker and the QD-LED array are stable under repeated cycles of bending deformation with a bending radius of 7.5 mm. By connecting the audiovisual display device to the skin-attached multi-functional sensor, changes in the body temperature and UV exposure are displayed as LED patterns with accompanying acoustic alarms. This study demonstrates the significant potential of our proposed audiovisual monitoring device and multi-functional sensor for use in health-monitoring applications, especially for the elderly and infants requiring prompt care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyusung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Jin
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Ha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
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36
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Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandeep Arya
- Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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37
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Sun W, Guo Z, Yang Z, Wu Y, Lan W, Liao Y, Wu X, Liu Y. A Review of Recent Advances in Vital Signals Monitoring of Sports and Health via Flexible Wearable Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7784. [PMID: 36298135 PMCID: PMC9607392 DOI: 10.3390/s22207784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, vital signals monitoring in sports and health have been considered the research focus in the field of wearable sensing technologies. Typical signals include bioelectrical signals, biophysical signals, and biochemical signals, which have applications in the fields of athletic training, medical diagnosis and prevention, and rehabilitation. In particular, since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a dramatic increase in real-time interest in personal health. This has created an urgent need for flexible, wearable, portable, and real-time monitoring sensors to remotely monitor these signals in response to health management. To this end, the paper reviews recent advances in flexible wearable sensors for monitoring vital signals in sports and health. More precisely, emerging wearable devices and systems for health and exercise-related vital signals (e.g., ECG, EEG, EMG, inertia, body movements, heart rate, blood, sweat, and interstitial fluid) are reviewed first. Then, the paper creatively presents multidimensional and multimodal wearable sensors and systems. The paper also summarizes the current challenges and limitations and future directions of wearable sensors for vital typical signal detection. Through the review, the paper finds that these signals can be effectively monitored and used for health management (e.g., disease prediction) thanks to advanced manufacturing, flexible electronics, IoT, and artificial intelligence algorithms; however, wearable sensors and systems with multidimensional and multimodal are more compliant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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38
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Ibrahim NFA, Sabani N, Johari S, Manaf AA, Wahab AA, Zakaria Z, Noor AM. A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7670. [PMID: 36236769 PMCID: PMC9573257 DOI: 10.3390/s22197670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Adini Ibrahim
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Sabani
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Shazlina Johari
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Sports Engineering Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
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Demuru S, Kim J, El Chazli M, Bruce S, Dupertuis M, Binz PA, Saubade M, Lafaye C, Briand D. Antibody-Coated Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Cortisol Detection in Human Sweat. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2721-2731. [PMID: 36054907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of the hormone cortisol is related to several pathological states, and its monitoring could help prevent severe stress, fatigue, and mental diseases. While wearable antibody-based biosensors could allow real-time and simple monitoring of antigens, an accurate and low-cost antibody-based cortisol detection through electrochemical methods is considerably challenging due to its low concentration and the high ionic strength of real biofluids. Here, a label-free and fast sensor for cortisol detection is proposed based on antibody-coated organic electrochemical transistors. The developed devices show unprecedented high sensitivities of 50 μA/dec for cortisol sensing in high-ionic-strength solutions with effective cortisol detection demonstrated with real human sweat. The sensing mechanism is analyzed through impedance spectroscopy and confirmed with electrical models. Compared to existing methods requiring bulky and expensive laboratory equipment, these wearable devices enable point-of-care cortisol detection in 5 min with direct sweat collection for personalized well-being monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Demuru
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Jaemin Kim
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El Chazli
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dupertuis
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Binz
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Saubade
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lafaye
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Danick Briand
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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40
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Ates HC, Nguyen PQ, Gonzalez-Macia L, Morales-Narváez E, Güder F, Collins JJ, Dincer C. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:887-907. [PMID: 35910814 PMCID: PMC9306444 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ceren Ates
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Q. Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Eden Morales-Narváez
- Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J. Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Chu SS, Nguyen HA, Zhang J, Tabassum S, Cao H. Towards Multiplexed and Multimodal Biosensor Platforms in Real-Time Monitoring of Metabolic Disorders. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5200. [PMID: 35890880 PMCID: PMC9323394 DOI: 10.3390/s22145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions that increases the probability of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, and is very common worldwide. While the exact cause of MS has yet to be understood, there is evidence indicating the relationship between MS and the dysregulation of the immune system. The resultant biomarkers that are expressed in the process are gaining relevance in the early detection of related MS. However, sensing only a single analyte has its limitations because one analyte can be involved with various conditions. Thus, for MS, which generally results from the co-existence of multiple complications, a multi-analyte sensing platform is necessary for precise diagnosis. In this review, we summarize various types of biomarkers related to MS and the non-invasively accessible biofluids that are available for sensing. Then two types of widely used sensing platform, the electrochemical and optical, are discussed in terms of multimodal biosensing, figure-of-merit (FOM), sensitivity, and specificity for early diagnosis of MS. This provides a thorough insight into the current status of the available platforms and how the electrochemical and optical modalities can complement each other for a more reliable sensing platform for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sik Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hung Anh Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Jimmy Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shawana Tabassum
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.C.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
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Polat EO, Cetin MM, Tabak AF, Bilget Güven E, Uysal BÖ, Arsan T, Kabbani A, Hamed H, Gül SB. Transducer Technologies for Biosensors and Their Wearable Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:385. [PMID: 35735533 PMCID: PMC9221076 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Ozan Polat
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Cibali, Istanbul 34083, Turkey; (M.M.C.); (A.F.T.); (E.B.G.); (B.Ö.U.); (T.A.); (A.K.); (H.H.); (S.B.G.)
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43
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Mirzajani H, Abbasiasl T, Mirlou F, Istif E, Bathaei MJ, Dağ Ç, Deyneli O, Yazıcı D, Beker L. An ultra-compact and wireless tag for battery-free sweat glucose monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114450. [PMID: 35688025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glucose monitoring before, during, and after exercise is essential for people with diabetes as exercise increases the risk of activity-induced hyper- and hypo-glycemic events. The situation is even more challenging for athletes with diabetes as they have impaired metabolic control compared to sedentary individuals. In this regard, a compact and noninvasive wearable glucose monitoring device that can be easily worn is critical to enabling glucose monitoring. This report presents an ultra-compact glucose tag with a footprint and weight of 1.2 cm2 and 0.13 g, respectively, for sweat analysis. The device comprises a near field communication (NFC) chip, antenna, electrochemical sensor, and microfluidic channels implemented in different material layers. The device has a flexible and conformal structure and can be easily attached to different body parts. The battery-less operation of the device was enabled by NFC-based wireless power transmission and the compact antenna. Femtosecond laser ablation was employed to fabricate a highly compact and flexible NFC antenna. The proposed device demonstrated excellent operating characteristics with a limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and sensitivity of 24 μM, 74 μM, and 1.27 μA cm-2 mM-1, respectively. The response of the proposed sensor in sweat glucose detection and quantification was validated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Also, the device's capability in attachment to the body, sweat collection, and glucose measurement was demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo experiments, and satisfactory results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mirzajani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Taher Abbasiasl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Fariborz Mirlou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Emin Istif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Javad Bathaei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Dağ
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey; Nanofabrication and Nanocharacterization Centre for Scientific and Technological Advanced Research, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey; Koç University İşBank Centre for Infectious Diseases, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Deyneli
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University Hospital, Topkapı Caddesi, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yazıcı
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University Hospital, Topkapı Caddesi, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Beker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Research (KUTTAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.
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Wu W, Wang L, Yang Y, Du W, Ji W, Fang Z, Hou X, Wu Q, Zhang C, Li L. Optical flexible biosensors: From detection principles to biomedical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mogera U, Guo H, Namkoong M, Rahman MS, Nguyen T, Tian L. Wearable plasmonic paper-based microfluidics for continuous sweat analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1736. [PMID: 35319971 PMCID: PMC8942375 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors have the potential to provide clinically meaningful information associated with the health and disease states of individuals. Current sensors mainly rely on enzymes and antibodies as biorecognition elements to achieve specific quantification of metabolite and stress biomarkers in sweat. However, enzymes and antibodies are prone to degrade over time, compromising the sensor performance. Here, we introduce a wearable plasmonic paper-based microfluidic system for continuous and simultaneous quantitative analysis of sweat loss, sweat rate, and metabolites in sweat. Plasmonic sensors based on label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can provide chemical "fingerprint" information for analyte identification. We demonstrate the sensitive detection and quantification of uric acid in sweat at physiological and pathological concentrations. The well-defined flow characteristics of paper microfluidic devices enable accurate quantification of sweat loss and sweat rate. The wearable plasmonic device is soft, flexible, and stretchable, which can robustly interface with the skin without inducing chemical or physical irritation.
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46
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47
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Wang B, Zhao C, Wang Z, Yang KA, Cheng X, Liu W, Yu W, Lin S, Zhao Y, Cheung KM, Lin H, Hojaiji H, Weiss PS, Stojanović MN, Tomiyama AJ, Andrews AM, Emaminejad S. Wearable aptamer-field-effect transistor sensing system for noninvasive cortisol monitoring. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0967. [PMID: 34985954 PMCID: PMC8730602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technologies for personalized monitoring require sensors that track biomarkers often present at low levels. Cortisol—a key stress biomarker—is present in sweat at low nanomolar concentrations. Previous wearable sensing systems are limited to analytes in the micromolar-millimolar ranges. To overcome this and other limitations, we developed a flexible field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor array that exploits a previously unreported cortisol aptamer coupled to nanometer-thin-film In2O3 FETs. Cortisol levels were determined via molecular recognition by aptamers where binding was transduced to electrical signals on FETs. The physiological relevance of cortisol as a stress biomarker was demonstrated by tracking salivary cortisol levels in participants in a Trier Social Stress Test and establishing correlations between cortisol in diurnal saliva and sweat samples. These correlations motivated the development and on-body validation of an aptamer-FET array–based smartwatch equipped with a custom, multichannel, self-referencing, and autonomous source measurement unit enabling seamless, real-time cortisol sweat sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyung-Ae Yang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xuanbing Cheng
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenfei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenzhuo Yu
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuyu Lin
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin M. Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haisong Lin
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hannaneh Hojaiji
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Milan N. Stojanović
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - A. Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.M.A.); (S.E.)
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.M.A.); (S.E.)
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Wu H, Saito Y, Yoshizaki G, Yoshiura Y, Ohnuki H, Endo H. Study on the development of carbon nanotube enhanced biosensor for gender determination of fish. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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49
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Zhong B, Jiang K, Wang L, Shen G. Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103257. [PMID: 34713981 PMCID: PMC8728835 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors have received significant research interest and have become popular as sweat contains considerable health information about physiological and psychological states. However, measured biomarker concentrations vary with sweat rates, which has a significant effect on the accuracy and reliability of sweat biosensors. Wearable sweat loss measuring devices (SLMDs) have recently been proposed to overcome the limitations of biomarker tracking and reduce inter- and intraindividual variability. In addition, they offer substantial potential for monitoring human body homeostasis, because sweat loss plays an indispensable role in thermoregulation and skin hydration. Previous studies have not carried out a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles, importance, and development of wearable SLMDs. This paper reviews wearable SLMDs with a new health perspective from the role of sweat loss to advanced mechanisms and designs. Two types of sweat and their measurement significance for practical applications are highlighted. Then, a comprehensive review of advances in different wearable SLMDs based on hygrometers, absorbent materials, and microfluidics is presented by describing their respective device architectures, present situations, and future directions. Finally, concluding remarks on opportunities for future application fields and challenges for future sweat sensing are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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50
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Kim J, Wu Y, Luan H, Yang DS, Cho D, Kwak SS, Liu S, Ryu H, Ghaffari R, Rogers JA. A Skin-Interfaced, Miniaturized Microfluidic Analysis and Delivery System for Colorimetric Measurements of Nutrients in Sweat and Supply of Vitamins Through the Skin. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103331. [PMID: 34747140 PMCID: PMC8805554 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients play critical roles in maintaining core physiological functions and in preventing diseases. Technologies for delivering these nutrients and for monitoring their concentrations can help to ensure proper nutritional balance. Eccrine sweat is a potentially attractive class of biofluid for monitoring purposes due to the ability to capture sweat easily and noninvasively from nearly any region of the body using skin-integrated microfluidic technologies. Here, a miniaturized system of this type is presented that allows simple, rapid colorimetric assessments of the concentrations of multiple essential nutrients in sweat, simultaneously and without any supporting electronics - vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and iron. A transdermal patch integrated directly with the microfluidics supports passive, sustained delivery of these species to the body throughout a period of wear. Comparisons of measurement results to those from traditional lab analysis methods demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of this platform. On-body tests with human subjects reveal correlations between the time dynamics of concentrations of these nutrients in sweat and those of the corresponding concentrations in blood. Studies conducted before and after consuming certain foods and beverages highlight practical capabilities in monitoring nutritional balance, with strong potential to serve as a basis for guiding personalized dietary choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohee Kim
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Yixin Wu
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Da Som Yang
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Donghwi Cho
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Sung Soo Kwak
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research InstituteKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Korea
| | - Shanliangzi Liu
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Hanjun Ryu
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for BioelectronicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of Neurological SurgeryFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
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