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Hellyer J, Gereke J. The shadow of fear: hate crime victimization and stress after Charlottesville. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1384470. [PMID: 38993344 PMCID: PMC11236755 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1384470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent years have witnessed an increase in highly publicized attacks targeting members of ethnoracial and religious minority groups. To date, existing research has primarily focused on the tendency for such "trigger events" to generate violent aftershocks. We argue that beyond such ripple effects, highly salient trigger events significantly increase hate-crime related stress among racial and ethnic minorities. Additionally, we explore whether these effects are limited to the group most clearly targeted, or if they "spill over" to other minoritized communities. Methods To study reactions to hate crimes, we draw upon national survey data (N = 1,122) in combination with a natural experiment involving the Unite the Right rally and vehicle attack in Charlottesville, Virginia in August 2017. We employ an "unexpected event during survey" design to estimate the causal effect of the Charlottesville rally on stress about hate crimes. Results We first show that there was an increase in anti-Black hate crimes in the 2 weeks following the Charlottesville incident. We also find a corresponding increase in stress due to the perception of personal vulnerability to hate crimes among African-Americans. However, we do not observe a significant increase in levels of stress following the trigger event among Hispanics and Asian Americans. Discussion Our results suggest that highly publicized instances of intergroup violence can have significant impacts on stress about hate crime victimization within the target group. However, we find that this effect is short-lived, and that both violent aftershocks and the general climate of fear spurred by hate crimes may be racially bounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hellyer
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Carney-Knisely G, Griffin M, Crawford A, Spates K, Singh P. Police killings of unarmed Black persons and suicides among Black youth in the US: A national time-series analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 94:91-99. [PMID: 38710240 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide deaths among Black youth in the US have increased rapidly over the past decade. Direct or vicarious racial trauma experienced through exposure to police brutality may underlie these concerning trends. METHODS We obtained nationally aggregated monthly counts of suicides for non-Hispanic Black and White youth (age ≤ 24 years) and adults (age > 24 years) from the National Mortality Vital Statistics restricted-use data files provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 2013 to 2019. Monthly counts of Black youth suicides constituted our main outcome. We defined our exposure as the monthly counts of police killings of unarmed Black persons over 84 months (2013 to 2019), retrieved from the Mapping Police Violence database. We used ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) time-series analyses to examine whether Black youth suicides increased within 0 to 3 months following police killings of unarmed Black persons, controlling for autocorrelation and corresponding series of White youth suicides. RESULTS Suicides among Black youth increase by ∼1 count three months following an increase in police killings of unarmed Black persons (exposure lag 0 coefficient = 0.16, p > 0.05; exposure lag 1 coefficient = -0.70, p > 0.05; exposure lag 2 coefficient = -0.54, p > 0.05; exposure lag 3 coefficient = 0.95, p < 0.05). The observed increase in suicides concentrates among Black male youth (exposure lag 3 coefficient = 0.88, p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alaxandria Crawford
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Kamesha Spates
- William S. Dietrich II Endowed Chair in Africana Studies, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Parvati Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, USA.
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Quinn KG, Walsh JL, Johnson A, Edwards T, Takahashi L, Dakin A, Bouacha N, Voisin D. Police Violence Experienced by Black Gay and Bisexual Men: The Effects on HIV Care Engagement and Medication Adherence. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:1642-1649. [PMID: 38315300 PMCID: PMC11070282 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-024-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Black men face high rates of police violence, including direct victimization and indirect exposure to or knowledge of harmful policing. This violence can result in death and physical harm, as well as in numerous poor mental health outcomes. There has been little research examining experiences of police violence experienced by Black gay and bisexual men or the effects of police brutality on HIV continuum of care outcomes. To address this important gap, in this exploratory study, we examined the effects of police brutality on engagement in HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral medications. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 107 Black gay and bisexual men living with HIV. The path analysis showed that men with greater exposure to police violence had increased symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and were more likely to have missed HIV care appointments in the past year. Additionally, there was a significant indirect effect of exposure to police violence on missed medication doses via PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Center for AIDS Intervention Research, 2071 N. Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Center for AIDS Intervention Research, 2071 N. Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA
| | - Anthony Johnson
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Travonne Edwards
- School of Child and Youth Care, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lois Takahashi
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dexter Voisin
- School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Robison M, Robertson L, Joiner TE. Why did peri-pandemic suicide death rates decrease among non-Hispanic white people while increasing among most people of color? Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024. [PMID: 38676429 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While suicides in the United States decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, statistically significant decreases have been limited to White people throughout a large portion of 2020. METHODS This paper outlines possible explanations for racial/ethnic differences in suicidality in the early pandemic phases. RESULTS We propose both distal (i.e., tele-mental health usage, internet and technology access, employment protections, and economic security) and proximal (cultural beliefs, coping strategies, clustering, pulling together, and embracing life) factors that may have helped build and foster community and mental wellness. However, this paper argues these factors did not extend, or did not extend as much, to many communities of color. CONCLUSIONS We argue that these disparities are due to the myriad effects of discrimination and systemic racism, encapsulated broadly by the minority stress theory, and provide suggestions for relief and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Robison
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Lee Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - T E Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Criss S, Kim M, De La Cruz MM, Thai N, Nguyen QC, Nguyen TT. Experiences of racism in the U.S. - A perspective from Asian & Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28823. [PMID: 38596122 PMCID: PMC11002583 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Racism is a critical social determinant of health because it can have a direct impact on health and well-being, as well as infiltrate systems, policies, and practices. Few studies have explored the similarities and differences of experiences with racism and health between different minoritized groups. The objective of this paper is to examine how racism influences life experiences from the perspectives of Asian & Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women. Methods Eleven online racially/ethnically homogeneous focus groups with a total of 52 participants were conducted in the U.S., with representation from the North, South, and West coast. The online focus groups were recorded, transcribed, and two were translated into English (from Vietnamese and Spanish). The data was coded through NVivo and analyzed through a series of team meetings to establish themes. Results Participants reported experiences of racism and discrimination, including physical and verbal personal attacks. They shared the role of microaggressions in their daily life, along with the ubiquitous anti-Black sentiment discussed in every group. Our participants discussed the complexities of intersectionality in their experience of discrimination, specifically regarding immigration status, language spoken, and gender. Participants also reported the role of direct racism and vicarious racism (e.g., the experiences with racism of friends or family, awareness of racist incidents via the news) in affecting their mental health. Some effects were fear, stress, anxiety, depression, and self-censoring. For participants in the Black and Latina focus groups, mental health stressors often manifested into physical issues. Discussion Understanding the nuances in experiences across racial/ethnic groups is beneficial in identifying potential interventions to prevent and address racism and its negative health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniece Criss
- Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC, 29613, USA
| | - Melanie Kim
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | | | - Nhung Thai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Quynh C. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Thu T. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Venkataramani AS, Bair EF, Bor J, Jackson CL, Kawachi I, Lee J, Papachristos A, Tsai AC. Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:363-373. [PMID: 38315465 PMCID: PMC10845041 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Importance Racial disparities in sleep health may mediate the broader health outcomes of structural racism. Objective To assess changes in sleep duration in the Black population after officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism. Design, Setting, and Participants Two distinct difference-in-differences analyses examined the changes in sleep duration for the US non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) population before vs after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, using data from adult respondents in the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS; 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS; 2013-2019) with data on officer-involved killings from the Mapping Police Violence database. Data analyses were conducted between September 24, 2021, and September 12, 2023. Exposures Occurrence of any police killing of an unarmed Black person in the state, county, or commuting zone of the survey respondent's residence in each of the four 90-day periods prior to interview, or occurence of a highly public, nationally prominent police killing of an unarmed Black person anywhere in the US during the 90 days prior to interview. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported total sleep duration (hours), short sleep (<7 hours), and very short sleep (<6 hours). Results Data from 181 865 Black and 1 799 757 White respondents in the BRFSS and 9858 Black and 46 532 White respondents in the ATUS were analyzed. In the larger BRFSS, the majority of Black respondents were between the ages of 35 and 64 (99 014 [weighted 51.4%]), women (115 731 [weighted 54.1%]), and college educated (100 434 [weighted 52.3%]). Black respondents in the BRFSS reported short sleep duration at a rate of 45.9%, while White respondents reported it at a rate of 32.6%; for very short sleep, the corresponding values were 18.4% vs 10.4%, respectively. Statistically significant increases in the probability of short sleep and very short sleep were found among Black respondents when officers killed an unarmed Black person in their state of residence during the first two 90-day periods prior to interview. Magnitudes were larger in models using exposure to a nationally prominent police killing occurring anywhere in the US. Estimates were equivalent to 7% to 16% of the sample disparity between Black and White individuals in short sleep and 13% to 30% of the disparity in very short sleep. Conclusions and Relevance Sleep health among Black adults worsened after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black individuals. These empirical findings underscore the role of structural racism in shaping racial disparities in sleep health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheendar S. Venkataramani
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Elizabeth F. Bair
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jacob Bor
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandra L. Jackson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ormiston CK, Lawrence WR, Sulley S, Shiels MS, Haozous EA, Pichardo CM, Stephens ES, Thomas AL, Adzrago D, Williams DR, Williams F. Trends in Adolescent Suicide by Method in the US, 1999-2020. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e244427. [PMID: 38551558 PMCID: PMC10980967 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Adolescent suicide in the US is a major public health problem, yet temporal trends in suicide methods by demographics are understudied. Objective To examine national trends in suicide mortality by method (firearm, poisoning, hanging and asphyxiation, and all other means) from 1999 to 2020 by demographic characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants This serial cross-sectional study used national death certificate data of adolescent (aged 10-19 years) suicide decedents compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2020. Data analysis was performed from April 1, 2023, to July 9, 2023. Exposures Age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Main Outcomes and Measures Trends in age-standardized mortality rates and average annual percent change (AAPC) in rates were estimated by age, sex, and race and ethnicity for each suicide method. Results This study assessed data from 47 217 adolescent suicide decedents. From 1999 to 2020, suicide by firearm (AAPC, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.1-1.9), poisoning (AAPC, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.0-4.4), hanging and asphyxiation (AAPC, 2.4; 95% CI, 0.2-4.6), and other means (AAPC, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-4.6) increased. Rapidly increasing rates were observed among female adolescents for poisoning (AAPC, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.3-6.7) and hanging and asphyxiation (AAPC, 5.9; 95% CI, 5.0-6.8) suicides. From 2007 to 2020, firearm suicides sharply increased among female (annual percent change [APC], 7.8; 95% CI, 6.0-9.5) and male (APC, 5.3; 95% CI, 4.3-6.3) adolescents. Firearm suicide rates increased among Black adolescents from 2012 to 2020 (APC, 14.5; 95% CI, 9.7-19.5), Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents from 2008 to 2020 (APC, 12.0; 95% CI, 9.7-14.5), American Indian and Alaska Native adolescents from 2014 to 2020 (APC, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.6-19.3), and Hispanic or Latino adolescents from 2011 to 2020 (APC, 10.2; 95% CI, 6.3-13.8). During the study period, Black adolescents had the highest average increase in hanging and asphyxiation suicides (AAPC, 4.2; 95% CI, 3.2-5.2). From 2011 to 2020, poisoning suicide deaths increased (APC, 12.6; 95% CI, 8.5-16.7) among female adolescents. Conclusions and Relevance Suicide rates increased across all methods from 1999 to 2020. Differences were noted by sex, age, and race and ethnicity. Increasing suicide rates among racial and ethnic minoritized youth are especially concerning, and effective prevention strategies are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron K. Ormiston
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Wayne R. Lawrence
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Meredith S. Shiels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Emily A. Haozous
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Catherine M. Pichardo
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Erica S. Stephens
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Aleah L. Thomas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - David Adzrago
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Faustine Williams
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kiles TM, Nonyel NP, Higgins M, Campbell HE. White coats, Black lives-racial trauma in Black pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:450-456. [PMID: 38143040 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Race-based traumatic stress, or racial trauma, can negatively impact the health and wellbeing of Black health professionals. However, the effects of racial trauma among Black pharmacists have not been thoroughly explored. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to explore Black pharmacist experiences of race-based traumatic stress and its effects in the workplace. METHODS This qualitative study utilized focus groups among a convenience sample of Black pharmacist attendees of a national convention for an organization dedicated to serving underserved communities and minoritized pharmacy professionals. The data were analyzed with inductive coding and thematic analysis as proposed by Braun and Clark. RESULTS Three focus groups were conducted with a total of 22 participants. The majority of participants were female (77%), and the average age of the participants was 48.3 years old. Three themes related to racial trauma were identified. The participants described racial trauma as an ever-present phenomenon, tension with coworkers and institutions, and internal and external structures of support. The Black pharmacists in this study provided context and recommendations for employers to support their wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS An awareness of the hidden wounds that Black pharmacists carry with them to work every day is an important factor in creating diverse and inclusive workplaces. The results of this study give Black pharmacists a voice and a chance to share with colleagues their distinct realities. Employers and institutions should assess individual needs and implement strategies to support Black pharmacists in creating more inclusive work and professional environments.
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Franco K, Patler C, Pirtle WL. COVID-19's Unequal Toll: Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life by Gendered and Racialized Groups. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 65:60-74. [PMID: 37830769 PMCID: PMC10908199 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231199734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
We examine whether the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with changes to daily activity limitations due to poor physical or mental health and whether those changes were different within and between gendered and racialized groups. We analyze 497,302 observations across the 2019 and 2020 waves of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Among White men and women, the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with fewer days of health-related activity limitations and decreased frequent activity limitation (≥14 days in the past month) compared to the prepandemic period. By contrast, Latina and Black women experienced increased days of activity limitation and greater likelihood of frequent activity limitation, and these changes were significantly different than for White women. These findings are robust to the inclusion of structural inequality measures and demonstrate how systemic racism and sexism likely exacerbate a myriad of pandemic-related health problems.
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Huang Y. Income Loss and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States-Investigating the Moderating Role of Race and Metro-Level Co-ethnic Density. J Urban Health 2024; 101:205-217. [PMID: 38326574 PMCID: PMC10897121 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted individuals' financial well-being and mental health. This study investigates the relationship between income loss and mental health outcomes during the pandemic, as well as the heterogeneity in this relationship by race/ethnicity and co-ethnic density in the metropolitan area. Using nationally representative Household Pulse Survey data, this study finds that income loss is associated with a heightened risk of depression and anxiety, even after controlling for individual and metropolitan-level characteristics. Co-ethnic density in metropolitan areas worsens the effects of income loss on depression and anxiety for Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks while residing in a metropolitan area with more Whites cushions the impact of income loss on depression and anxiety for non-Hispanic Whites. Overall, the study underscores the importance of considering the intersection of race/ethnicity and metropolitan-level co-ethnic density in exploring the influence of economic stressors on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Sociology and Demography, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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Sullivan-Detheridge JH, Reifsnider E, Mengsteab M, Merie K, Staller J, Allen AM. Cross Cultural Empathetic Behavior in Health Care Providers: A Review of 3 Countries. J Prim Care Community Health 2024; 15:21501319241226765. [PMID: 38254300 PMCID: PMC10807346 DOI: 10.1177/21501319241226765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper examines empathetic behavior in the United States, a strongly individualistic country, as contrasted with Hungary and Ethiopia, which are moderately individualistic and strongly collectivistic respectively. It suggests that empathy may have a wider than originally perceived application in diverse settings to combat factors of ethnic bias and discrimination that adversely impact health. Models that distinctly focus on the development of healthcare provider empathic care are needed to enable the needs of resource scarce regions of the world to be met, including pockets of the U.S. More investigation is warranted on how empathic behavior can positively impact health outcomes and disparities.
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Kim Y, Beale AM, Rasmussen HF, Kazmierski KFM, Margolin G. Anti-Black violence, discrimination, and sleep difficulties amongst racially diverse Americans: The aftermath of the murder of George Floyd. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116410. [PMID: 38016308 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Following the murders of George Floyd and other Black Americans during the summer of 2020, there was unprecedented exposure to media-disseminated depictions of anti-Black violence. Little is known about the impact of this widespread form of vicarious racism that was pervasive during that historic time. OBJECTIVE The present study applies the concept of vicarious racism to study this secondary exposure to anti-Black violence. We investigated negative impacts of anti-Black violence (NIAV) and personal experiences with discrimination in association with sleep difficulties, a critical intermediary health process. METHODS Racially diverse Americans (N = 487) were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study using an online survey given between December 11, 2020 and February 11, 2021. RESULTS Black participants endorsed greater NIAV than Asian, Latinx, and White participants. Moreover, Black, Asian, and Latinx participants reported greater direct discrimination than White participants. NIAV and direct discrimination were each associated with more sleep difficulties. Although associations between NIAV and sleep difficulties did not vary by race, race moderated the association between direct discrimination and sleep difficulties. In addition, direct discrimination moderated the association between NIAV and sleep difficulties in an unanticipated direction: the link between NIAV and sleep difficulties was weaker for those experiencing more direct discrimination. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that anti-Black violence and police brutality not only impact direct victims but have widespread vicarious impacts on racially diverse Americans, and highlight that vicarious anti-Black racism and discrimination are important issues of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehsong Kim
- University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, SGM 501, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Alexis M Beale
- University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, SGM 501, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Hannah F Rasmussen
- University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, SGM 501, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Kelly F M Kazmierski
- University of California, Irvine, 4201 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Gayla Margolin
- University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, SGM 501, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Donnelly R, Remani B, Erving CL. Dual pandemics? Assessing associations between area racism, COVID-19 case rates, and mental health among U.S. adults. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 4:100248. [PMID: 38125912 PMCID: PMC10732532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially among racially minoritized adults. Population-level racial attitudes, or area racism, may be associated with mental health, particularly during this historical moment, but this possibility has not been tested in prior research. In the present study, we use nationally representative data from the Household Pulse Survey (April-October 2020) to document associations between area racism and depression/anxiety in the United States among non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and other racial/ethnic minority adults. We further consider the national COVID-19 case rate to examine an additional macro-level stressor. Findings indicate that area racism was positively associated with depression and/or anxiety for Black, Hispanic, White, and other racial/ethnic minority adults. Moreover, COVID-19 cases posed an additional, independent mental health threat for most groups. This study points to area racism as a macro-level stressor and an antecedent of mental health for racially diverse groups of Americans.
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Kemp CG, Mensa-Kwao A, Concepcion T, Hughsam M, Queen E, Sinha M, Collins PY. COVID-19, the COVID-19 response, and racial injustice: Associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms among US adults from April 2020 to March 2021. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:100214. [PMID: 37124707 PMCID: PMC10122769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People in the United States have faced numerous large and intersecting threats to their mental health since the onset of the coronavirus disease pandemic. This study aimed to understand the unique relationships between these co-occurring threats - including the police killings of unarmed Black people and the fight for racial justice - and how they affect mental health symptoms among various demographic groups. Methods Data on population mental health, state-level COVID-19 incidence rates, cases of police-involved killings, and occurrences of racial justice protests were analyzed. The primary outcome was depression or anxiety symptoms. Regression models were used to estimate prospective associations between individual-, household-, and state-level exposures to hypothesized mental health threats and subsequent depression or anxiety symptoms. Results Data from 2,085,041 individual participants were included. Most were women (51.2%), and most were white, non-Hispanic (61.2%), with almost half (47.7%) reporting some loss of household income since March 13, 2020. Neither the killing of unarmed Black people by police, nor the above-average occurrence of Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests, were observed to be associated with anxiety or depressive symptoms in the overall population, though the BLM protests were associated with reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms among younger participants. State-level COVID-19 incidence risk was more strongly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms among women, Black people, older people, and higher income people, compared to men, white people, younger people, and lower income people. Conclusion Our findings are relevant for anticipating and addressing the mental health consequences of social injustice and protest movements in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, as well as future pandemics. Promoting population mental health requires addressing underlying social and structural inequities and prioritizing the pursuit of social justice and health equity as a primary mental health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Kemp
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Tessa Concepcion
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Y Collins
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Zarei K, Kahle L, Buckman DW, Ohlis A, Aradhya S, Choi K, Williams F. Parent-Child Nativity, Race, Ethnicity, and Common Mental Health Conditions Among United States Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2023; 263:113618. [PMID: 37473992 PMCID: PMC10794602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between race, ethnicity, and parent-child nativity, and common mental health conditions among U.S. children and adolescents. METHODS Data were from 2016 to 2019 National Survey of Children's Health, a US population-based, serial cross-sectional survey, and restricted to children who had access to health care. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression to examine the associations between race and ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White, Other-race); mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and behavior/conduct problems) stratified by household generation; and between household generation and outcomes stratified by race and ethnicity, adjusting for demographics (age, sex, family income to poverty ratio, parental education), and an adverse childhood experience (ACE) score. RESULTS When stratifying by household generation, racial and ethnic minority children generally had similar to lower odds of outcomes compared with White children, with the exception of higher odds of behavior/conduct problems among third + -generation Black children. When stratifying by race and ethnicity, third + generation children had increased odds of depression compared to their first-generation counterparts. Third + generation, racial and ethnic minority children had increased odds of anxiety and behavior/conduct problems compared with their first-generation counterparts. The associations generally remained significant after adjusting for the ACE score. CONCLUSIONS Lower odds of common mental health conditions in racial and ethnic minority children could be due to factors such as differential reporting, and higher estimates, including those in third + generation children, could be due to factors including discrimination; systemic racism; and other factors that vary by generation and need further investigation to advance health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Zarei
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Kahle
- Information Management Services, Inc, Calverton, MD
| | | | - Anna Ohlis
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siddartha Aradhya
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University Demography Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD
| | - Faustine Williams
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD
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16
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Del Toro J, Wang MT. Vicarious severe school discipline predicts racial disparities among non-disciplined Black and White American adolescents. Child Dev 2023; 94:1762-1778. [PMID: 37381797 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Racial disparities in school discipline may have collateral consequences on the larger non-suspended student population. The present study leveraged two longitudinal datasets with 1201 non-suspended adolescents (48% Black, 52% White; 55% females, 45% males; Mage : 12-13) enrolled in 84 classrooms in an urban mid-Atlantic city of the United States during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 academic years. Classmates' minor infraction suspensions predicted greater next year's defiant infractions among non-suspended Black adolescents, and this longitudinal relation was worse for Black youth enrolled in predominantly Black classrooms. For White youth, classmates' minor infraction suspensions predicted greater defiant infractions specifically when they were enrolled in predominantly non-White classrooms. Racial inequities in school discipline may have repercussions that disadvantage all adolescents regardless of race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Toro
- University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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17
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Phillips JA, Davidson TR, Baffoe-Bonnie MS. Identifying latent themes in suicide among black and white adolescents and young adults using the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2013-2019. Soc Sci Med 2023; 334:116144. [PMID: 37678110 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Suicide rates for adolescents and young adults (AYA) have risen dramatically in recent years - by almost 60% for Americans aged 10-24 years between 2007 and 2018. This increase has occurred for both whites and Blacks, with the rise in suicide among Black youth of particular note. Blacks historically exhibit lower rates of suicide relative to whites and thus, less is known about the etiology of Black suicide. To gain insight into the underlying causes of suicide among AYA, we examine medical examiner reports from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) from 2013 to 2019 for over 26,000 Black and white suicide decedents ages 10-29. We apply structural topic modeling (STM) approaches to describe the broad contours of AYA suicide in the United States today. Our findings reveal distinct patterns by race. Guns, violence and the criminal justice system are prominent features of Black suicide, whether through the mechanism used in the suicide, either by firearm or other violent means such as fire or electrocution, the existence of criminal or legal problems/disputes, the location of death in a jail, or the presence of police. In contrast, the narratives of white AYA are more likely to reference mental health or substance abuse problems. Access to resources, as measured by county median household income, overlay these patterns. Themes more prevalent among Blacks are more common in poorer counties; those more prevalent among whites tend to be more common in wealthier counties. Our findings are consistent with other studies that suggest Black people experience greater exposure to violence and other traumas, systemic racism and interpersonal discrimination that may elevate the risk for suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Phillips
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Thomas R Davidson
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Marilyn S Baffoe-Bonnie
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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18
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Hennein R, Tiako MJN, Tineo P, Lowe SR. Development and Validation of the Vicarious Racism in Healthcare Workers Scale. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2496-2504. [PMID: 36287336 PMCID: PMC9607839 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Vicarious racism occurs when hearing about or observing people of the same racial and/or ethnic group experience racism. Healthcare workers may face unique experiences of vicarious racism through witnessing or hearing about racism that their patients and colleagues face. However, there are no validated measures of vicarious racism for the healthcare worker population. In this study, we developed and conducted an initial evaluation of the Vicarious Racism in Healthcare Workers Scale. We developed the 12-item scale based on a qualitative study exploring the experiences of racism among healthcare workers and existing literature on the topic. We administered the scale to a cohort of 259 healthcare workers identifying as a racialized minority to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity. Factor analysis yielded two factors: racism in social networks and racism in society at-large. This two-factor solution had good model fit (standardized root mean square residual = 0.061). The internal consistencies of the overall scale, social networks subscale, and society subscale were excellent (α = 0.93, 0.92, and 0.89, respectively). We found evidence in support of convergent validity; scale scores were higher among Black healthcare workers compared with non-Black healthcare workers and those with greater social support needs. Scale scores were positively correlated with directly experienced racism and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety. The scale demonstrated discriminant validity; scale scores did not differ based on gender or job. The Vicarious Racism in Healthcare Workers Scale demonstrated favorable psychometric properties and may be used to assess vicarious racism in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hennein
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | | | - Petty Tineo
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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19
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Sleeper C, Cartwright K, van der Goes DN. The relationship between mental health and public attention to the Brett Kavanaugh hearings and confirmation. Soc Sci Med 2023; 335:116131. [PMID: 37777305 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Researchers have rarely considered how public attention surrounding political events influences mental health. Specifically, in a politically polarized nation like the United States, it is possible that these events have a public mental health effect. OBJECTIVE This study examines the mental health effects associated with the 2018 U.S. Senate hearing and confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh using public survey data. METHODS We use the interview date included in CDC data from the 2014-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to identify the effects of increased public attention on the Kavanaugh hearings and confirmation on the mental health of individuals who identify as female. We employ a triple difference model to control for possible confounding effects and target causality. RESULTS We find meaningful increases in both the number of "not good" mental health days reported and the probability of reporting any "not good" mental health days. On average, females reported 0.24 more poor mental health days during the one-month period surrounding the Kavanaugh confirmation and hearings than women did in the same 1-month period in 2014. This change represents a nearly 10% increase in mental health burden. The results are robust to the inclusion of a range of covariates as well as alternate specifications. In addition, we derive estimates of the societal costs associated with the increased mental health burden linked to Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the Kavanaugh confirmation and hearings were associated with a notable rise in mental health challenges, especially among women. These results extend beyond personal experience and illustrate the societal costs linked to the resulting increased mental health burden. Further research on similar events is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Sleeper
- University of New Mexico, Department of Economics, 1915 Roma Ave NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Kate Cartwright
- University of New Mexico, School of Public Administration, MSC05, 3100, Social Sciences Bldg #78, 3rd Floor, USA.
| | - David N van der Goes
- University of New Mexico, Department of Economics, 1915 Roma Ave NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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20
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Nicoll G, Vincent J, Gajaria A, Zaheer J. A trauma-informed approach to suicide prevention for the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115407. [PMID: 37579538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have questioned how the devastation of the pandemic might impact suicide rates. While initial evidence on suicide rates during the early stages of the pandemic is mixed, there are signs we should still remain vigilant. One way of conceptualizing the long-term effects of the pandemic is as a source of multiple traumatic events: the collective trauma of widespread illness and death and social upheaval, individual traumas from the virus itself (e.g., serious illness and disability, traumatic grief, vicarious trauma), traumas from the social and economic consequences (e.g., domestic violence, unemployment), and its intersections with pre-pandemic traumas and oppression. Given trauma is a well-established risk factor for suicide, this carries significant implications for suicide prevention in the wake of the pandemic. Yet access to trauma-informed care, education, and research remains limited. The pandemic presents a unique opportunity to address these gaps and implement a trauma-informed approach to suicide prevention. Building on existing frameworks, we describe how effective suicide prevention for the pandemic must incorporate trauma-informed and trauma-specific services, strategies, and policies; capacity building; collaborative research; and knowledge exchange. Attending to the traumatic effects of the pandemic may reduce the long-term impact on suicide rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Nicoll
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Medical Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Vincent
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Gajaria
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juveria Zaheer
- Institute for Medical Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Das A, Morey BN, Bruckner TA. Mental health symptoms following the January 6th attack on the United States Capitol. Soc Sci Med 2023; 330:116015. [PMID: 37413848 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
On January 6, 2021, rioters stormed the US Capitol to overturn the Congressional certification of Joseph Biden as the 46th president of the United States. In previous work, the symbolic dis/empowerment framework, as a result of sociopolitical context, has influenced health outcomes in certain sub-populations. We examine whether the Capitol Riot corresponds with an increase in mental health symptoms and explore whether this relation differs by individual political party affiliation and/or state electoral college victory. We utilize the Understanding America Study, a nationally representative panel of adults, between March 10, 2020-July 11, 2021. Using fixed effects linear regression, we find a modest increase above expected levels in mental health symptoms immediately following the Capitol Riot. This result holds for Democrats overall, Democrats in Biden states, and when restricting analyses to only states that voted for Biden (or separately, for Trump). Democrats show the greatest increase of mental health symptoms following the Capital Riot, supporting the symbolic dis/empowerment framework as well as notions of political polarization and allegiance. Social and political events of national importance may adversely affect mental health of specific subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhery Das
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, USA; Center for Population, Inequality, and Policy, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Brittany N Morey
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, USA; Center for Population, Inequality, and Policy, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Tim A Bruckner
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, USA; Center for Population, Inequality, and Policy, University of California, Irvine, USA
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22
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LEE HEDWIG, LARIMORE SAVANNAH, ESPOSITO MICHAEL. Policing and Population Health: Past, Present, and Future. Milbank Q 2023; 101:444-459. [PMID: 37096626 PMCID: PMC10126959 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points A growing body of research suggests that policing, as a form of state-sanctioned racial violence, operates as a social determinant of population health and racial or ethnic health disparities. A lack of compulsory, comprehensive data on interactions with police has greatly limited our ability to calculate the true prevalence and nature of police violence. While innovative unofficial data sources have been able to fill these data gaps, compulsory and comprehensive data reporting on interactions with police, as well as considerable investments in research on policing and health, are required to further our understanding of this public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- HEDWIG LEE
- Duke University
- Washington University in St. Louis
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23
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Bozorgmehr K, Kühne S, Biddle L. Local political climate and spill-over effects on refugee and migrant health: a conceptual framework and call to advance the evidence. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-011472. [PMID: 36898715 PMCID: PMC10008416 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of refugees and migrants is determined by a wide range of factors. Among these, the local political climate in the postmigration phase is an important determinant which operates at interpersonal and institutional levels. We present a conceptual framework to advance theory, measurement and empirical evidence related to the small-area factors which shape and determine the local political climate, as these may translate into variations in health outcomes among refugees, migrants and other marginalised population groups. Using the example of Germany, we present evidence of small-area variation in factors defining political climates, and present and discuss potential pathways from local political climates to health outcomes. We show that anti-immigrant and antirefugee violence is a Europe-wide phenomenon and elaborate how resilience of individuals, communities, and the health system may function as moderator of the effects of the local political climate on health outcomes. Building on a pragmatic review of international evidence on spill-over effects identified in other racialised groups, we present a conceptual framework which incorporates direct effects as well as 'spill-over' effects on mental health with the aim to spark further academic discussion and guide empirical analysis on the topic. After presenting and discussing methodological challenges, we call for collective efforts to build coalitions between social sciences, conflict and violence studies, political science, data science, social psychologists and epidemiology to advance theory, measurement, and analysis of health effects of local political climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Bozorgmehr
- Department of Population Medicine & Health Services Research, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany .,Section Health Equity Studies & Migration, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Kühne
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Applied Social Data Science, Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Louise Biddle
- Department of Population Medicine & Health Services Research, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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24
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Ettman CK, Fan AY, Subramanian M, Adam GP, Badillo Goicoechea E, Abdalla SM, Stuart EA, Galea S. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. SSM Popul Health 2023; 21:101348. [PMID: 36741588 PMCID: PMC9883077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a worsening of mental health among U.S. adults. However, no review to date has synthesized the overall prevalence of population depressive symptoms in the U.S. over the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to document the population prevalence of depressive symptoms and psychological distress across time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, both to identify patterns that emerged in the literature and to assess the data sources, methods, sampling, and measurement used to examine population mental health during the pandemic. In a systematic review of the peer review literature, we identified 49 articles reporting 88 prevalence points of depressive symptoms and related constructs in nationally representative samples of U.S. adults from March 2020 to June 2021. First, we found that the average prevalence of poor mental health across studies was 12.9% for severe depression, 26.0% for at least moderate depression, and 36.0% for at least mild depression. Second, we found that women reported significantly higher prevalence of probable depression than men in 63% of studies that reported depression levels by gender and that results on statistically significant differences between racial and ethnic groups were mixed. Third, we found that the 49 articles published were based on 12 studies; the most common sources were the Household Pulse Survey (n = 15, 31%), the AmeriSpeak panel (n = 8, 16%), the Qualtrics panel (n = 8, 16%), and the Understanding America Study (n = 5, 10%). Prevalence estimates varied based on mental health screening instruments and cutoffs used. The most commonly used instruments were the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (n = 36, 73%) and the Kessler (n = 8, 16%) series. While the prevalence of population depression varied over time depending on the survey instruments, severity, and constructs reported, the overall prevalence of depression remained high from March 2020 through June 2021 across instruments and severity. Understanding the scope of population mental health can help policymakers and providers address and prepare to meet the ongoing and future mental health needs of U.S. adults in the post-COVID-19 context and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Ettman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, USA
| | - Alice Y Fan
- Boston University School of Public Health, USA
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25
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Prevalence of Poor Mental Health Days and Adverse Childhood Experience Reporting in U.S. Adults Before and After COVID-19. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:233-242. [PMID: 35829803 PMCID: PMC9859877 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-022-01001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study of US adults to examine change in the prevalence of psychological burden (i.e., self-reported poor mental health days in the past 30 days, and ACEs recollections) before compared to after COVID-19 started. We analyzed the prevalence of self-reported poor mental health days, and ACEs recollections from 17 states using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Adjusted models identified an increase in prevalence from before compared to after COVID-19 onset in those married or partnered reporting 48% more poor mental health days in the past 30 days; persons of color reporting living with anyone with mental illness during childhood by 73% and reporting more ACEs by 35%; those employed or self-employed reporting childhood sexual abuse by 45%. This ecological-level analysis revealed population-level changes in psychological well-being reporting of U.S. adults from before compared to after the pandemic onset.
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26
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Fix RL, Jackson DB, Jindal M. Examining the nuance in adolescents' police encounters: Positive, negative, or both? JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:406-421. [PMID: 35791816 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Youth-police encounters reflect a pivotal point for intervention to improve police-community relations. Data from 454 youths (M = 15.1 years) included brief written descriptions of positive and negative experiences with a police officer and perceptions of police using Likert-scale items. Participating youths described both positive (46%) and negative (60%) experiences with police. Besides decidedly positive experiences, youths also responded to the positive experiences prompt with ambiguous situations (46%) that involved the arrest of the youth or their family (procedural or distributive justice). Examples of ambiguous self-described positive experiences included, "Restraining order," "My dad went to prison," and "When I was arrested in location redacted, the officer was kind and didn't put me in cuffs." Results from regressions indicated youths' perceptions of police were more often associated with the absence of positive experiences than specific positive or negative experiences. Study findings have implications for police trainings and future research on youth-police encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Fix
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Monique Jindal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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McKinnon II, Johnson DA, Murden RJ, Erving CL, Parker R, Van Dyke ME, Vaccarino V, Booker B, Moore RH, Lewis TT. Extreme racism-related events and poor sleep in African-American women. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:115623. [PMID: 36581549 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Much of the research linking racism-related stressors to poor health has focused on fairly non-violent forms of racism that directly impact individuals under study. Exposure to particularly extreme and/or violent racist events are increasingly visible via smartphone recordings and social media, with consistent anecdotal reports of the effects of seeing and hearing about these events on sleep among minorities who racially identify with the victims. OBJECTIVE This study examines whether exposure to direct and vicarious racism-related events (RREs), including more extreme events, are associated with sleep quality. Additionally, we examine effects of less and more violent direct RREs and vicarious RREs witnessed in person and via social media. METHODS Among 422 African-American women, we assessed exposure to RREs using a modified version of the Race-Related Events Scale and assessed sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Linear regression analyses were used to model continuous global sleep. RESULTS Direct (β = 0.24 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.35]) RREs were associated with worse continuous global sleep quality scores in analyses adjusted for sociodemographics and risk factors for poor sleep. More violent direct RREs (β = 0.59 [95% CI: 0.30, 0.89]) had stronger associations with poor sleep quality than less violent direct RREs (β = 0.25 [95% CI: 0.11, 0.40]). Vicarious RREs overall (β = 0.04 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.21]) and those witnessed via social media (β = -0.07 [95% CI: 0.29, 0.14]) were not associated with global sleep quality; conversely, vicarious RREs witnessed in person were (β = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.21, 0.83]). CONCLUSION Extreme, direct experiences of racism, particularly those that are violent in nature, are associated with poor sleep quality. However, extreme vicarious experiences are not-- unless witnessed in person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izraelle I McKinnon
- Department of Epidemiology (I.I.M., D.A.J., M.E.V.D., V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dayna A Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology (I.I.M., D.A.J., M.E.V.D., V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raphiel J Murden
- Department of Biostatistics (R.J.M., R.P.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Christy L Erving
- Vanderbilt University (C.L.E.), Department of Sociology, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, 201E Garland Hall, Nashville, TN, 37235-1811, USA
| | - Rachel Parker
- Department of Biostatistics (R.J.M., R.P.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Miriam E Van Dyke
- Department of Epidemiology (I.I.M., D.A.J., M.E.V.D., V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology (I.I.M., D.A.J., M.E.V.D., V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.V.), Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bianca Booker
- Department of Epidemiology (I.I.M., D.A.J., M.E.V.D., V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Renee H Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.H.M), Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology (I.I.M., D.A.J., M.E.V.D., V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Kamp Dush CM, Manning WD, Berrigan MN, Hardeman RR. Stress and Mental Health: A Focus on COVID-19 and Racial Trauma Stress. THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES : RSF 2022; 8:104-134. [PMID: 37033679 PMCID: PMC10077922 DOI: 10.7758/rsf.2022.8.8.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, COVID-19 unfolded alongside profound racial trauma. Drawing on a population representative sample of 20-60 year-olds who were married or cohabiting, the National Couples' Health and Time Study (N =3,642), we examine two specific sources of stress: COVID-19 and racial trauma. We leverage the fully powered samples of respondents with racial/ethnic and sexual minority identities and find that COVID-19 and racial trauma stress were higher among individuals who were not White or heterosexual most likely due to racism, xenophobia, and cis-heterosexism at the individual and structural levels. Both COVID-19 and racial trauma stress were associated with poorer mental health outcomes even after accounting for a rich set of potential mechanistic indicators, including discrimination and social climate. We argue that the inclusion of assessments of stress are critical for understanding health and well-being among individuals impacted by systemic and interpersonal discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Kamp Dush
- Minnesota Population Center and the Department of Sociology at the University of Minnesota. She is a family scholar with an interdisciplinary background that includes training in demography, psychology, sociology, and economics. Her research focuses on family functioning, including marriage and cohabitation, and its intersection with human development
| | - Wendy D Manning
- Dr. Howard E. and Penny Daum Aldrich Distinguished Professor in the Department of Sociology at Bowling Green State University. She is a family demographer focusing on trends in family formation and dissolution for same-gender and different-gender couples. Her research examines social relationships and the health and well-being of children, parents, and adults in the United States
| | - Miranda N Berrigan
- University of Minnesota. She is a human development and family studies scholar with interdisciplinary specializations in quantitative research methods and evaluation and demography. Her research focuses on the intersection of family, work, and well-being
| | - Rachel R Hardeman
- Blue Cross Endowed Professor of Health and Racial Equity in the Division of Health Policy and Management and Director of the Center for Antiracism Research for Health Equity at the University of Minnesota. Her program of research applies the tools of population health science and health services research to elucidate a critical and complex determinant of health inequity-racism. Her scholarship advances the field's conceptual and methodological tools for studying racism's relationship to health and healthcare
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Tran S, Wormley AS, Louie P, Sheehan C. Increasing psychological distress among Californians from 2013 to 2020: Race/ethnic differences. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 2:100101. [PMID: 36590986 PMCID: PMC9792130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health is of mounting concern to population-health researchers. While early reports indicated increases in mental health problems, noticeably absent from these studies is how mental health has changed in 2020 compared to previous years (2013-2019) and whether such trends vary by race/ethnicity. The present study used repeated cross-sectional data from the California Health Interview Survey (n = 168,216) to systematically document trends in psychological distress scores (Kessler-6 scale; K6) and severe psychological distress scores (K6; 13+) from 2013 to 2020 and by race/ethnicity over the same period. Among all Californians we find that the reported average psychological distress scores increased by 22% between 2013 and 2020. Reported severe psychological distress scores increased 61% from 2013 to 2020. These increases were largely concentrated in the years 2017-2020. Increases in psychological distress were also especially pronounced among non-Latino/a White Californians (29% increase in K6 from 2013 to 2020), Latino/a Californians (14% increase in K6 from 2013 to 2020), and Asian Californians (35% increase in K6 from 2013 to 2020). Multiple and logistic regression models that accounted for sociodemographic and behavioral health covariates echoed these findings. Future research should continue to investigate secular trends in mental health that coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic and carefully situate the shifts into broader temporal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Tran
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA
| | | | | | - Connor Sheehan
- School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, USA,Corresponding author. P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701, USA
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More, less, or the same: A scoping review of studies that compare depression between Black and White U.S. adult populations. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Stolte A, Nagy GA, Zhan C, Mouw T, Merli MG. The impact of two types of COVID-19-related discrimination and contemporaneous stressors on Chinese immigrants in the US South. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 2:100159. [PMID: 36188193 PMCID: PMC9509533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global rise of the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an increase in anti-Asian discrimination with potentially deleterious effects on individuals of Asian descent. In the present study, we examine how two types of COVID-19-related anti-Asian discrimination and other contemporaneous stressors independently contribute to perceptions of stress in a population-representative sample of Chinese immigrants in North Carolina, as well as the moderating role of ethnic identity on the association between COVID-related discrimination and stress. Analyses rely on data collected among participants ages 18+ in the Chinese Immigrants in Raleigh-Durham (ChIRDU) study who completed surveys in 2018 and during the COVID-19 pandemic (July-September 2020). We utilize ordinary least squares regressions to examine associations of two types of COVID-related discrimination (measured by changes in perceptions of being feared by others and racism-related vigilance) and contemporaneous stressors (measured by general COVID-19-related stressors and acculturative stressors) with perceptions of stress by respondents' pre-pandemic reports of ethnic identity. Controlling for sociodemographic predictors and other stressors, racism-related vigilance is significantly associated with higher perceived stress for Chinese immigrants who identify as completely Chinese. For those who identify as at least partly American, new perceptions of being feared by others during the pandemic are significantly associated with higher perceived stress. Acculturative and COVID-related stressors are independently associated with higher perceived stress for both groups. These results suggest that COVID-related anti-Asian discrimination aggravates the psychological burden of multiple stressors in Chinese immigrants' lives by uniquely contributing to perceptions of stress alongside contemporaneous stressors. The results also highlight the heterogeneous mental health needs of Chinese immigrants and hold important implications for intervention development in the community studied here as well as in other Chinese communities in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Stolte
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriela A. Nagy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chanel Zhan
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ted Mouw
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M. Giovanna Merli
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding author. Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, 201 Science Drive Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Deckard FM, Messamore A, Goosby BJ, Cheadle JE. A Network Approach to Assessing the Relationship between Discrimination and Daily Emotion Dynamics. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01902725221123577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination-health research has been critiqued for neglecting the endogeneity of reports of discrimination to negative affect and the multidimensionality of mental health. To address these challenges, we model discrimination’s relationship to multiple psychological variables without directional constraints. Using time-dense data to identify associational network structures allows for joint testing of the social stress hypothesis, prominent in discrimination-health literature, and the negativity bias hypothesis, an endogeneity critique rooted in social psychology. Our results show discrimination predicts negative emotions from day-to-day but not vice versa, indicating that racial discrimination is a risk factor and not symptom of negative emotion. Furthermore, we identify sadness, guilt, hostility, and fear as a locus of interrelated emotions sensitive to racism-related stressors that emerges over time. Thus, we find support for what race scholars have argued for 120+ years in a model without a priori directional restrictions and then build on this work by empirically identifying cascading mental health consequences of discrimination.
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From virility to virtue: the psychology of apology in honor cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210324119. [PMID: 36191220 PMCID: PMC9564922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210324119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflict is widespread and can easily escalate in regions where honor is a central value. We find evidence that honor cultures' focus on virility impedes a key conflict deescalation strategy—apology—that can be successfully promoted through a shift in mindset. Building on the conceptualization of honor as both virility and virtue, we show that virility concerns of maintaining one's reputation underlie the reluctance to apologize. Conversely, shifting the focus of honor to virtue concerns promotes apologizing. Our findings suggest that honor is a double-edged sword with the potential to both escalate and de-escalate conflicts. In honor cultures, relatively minor disputes can escalate, making numerous forms of aggression widespread. We find evidence that honor cultures’ focus on virility impedes a key conflict de-escalation strategy—apology—that can be successfully promoted through a shift in mindset. Across five studies using mixed methods (text analysis of congressional speeches, a cross-cultural comparison, surveys, and experiments), people from honor societies (e.g., Turkey and US honor states), people who endorse honor values, and people who imagine living in a society with strong honor norms are less willing to apologize for their transgressions (studies 1–4). This apology reluctance is driven by concerns about reputation in honor cultures. Notably, honor is achieved not only by upholding strength and reputation (virility) but also through moral integrity (virtue). The dual focus of honor suggests a potential mechanism for promoting apologies: shifting the focus of honor from reputation to moral integrity. Indeed, we find that such a shift led people in honor cultures to perceive apologizing more positively and apologize more (study 5). By identifying a barrier to apologizing in honor cultures and illustrating ways to overcome it, our research provides insights for deploying culturally intelligent conflict-management strategies in such contexts.
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Greene C, Urbanik MM, Samuels-Wortley K. "It Stays with You for Life": The Everyday Nature and Impact of Police Violence in Toronto's Inner-City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10503. [PMID: 36078218 PMCID: PMC9518342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, police violence has amassed notable international attention from the public, practitioners, and academics alike. This paper explores experiences and perceptions of police violence in Canada, documenting the impacts of direct and vicarious experiences of police violence on inner-city residents. The study employed semi-structured interviews with 45 community members across three Toronto inner-city neighbourhoods. Using a general interview prompt guide, participants were asked a range of questions about their experiences with and perceptions of police, and particularly, of police violence in their community. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, thematically coded, and analyzed. All participants reported direct and/or vicarious experiences of police violence, and most described experiencing long-standing, and continual fear that police contact would result in harm to them. Further, participants described a variety of serious and negative outcomes associated with experiencing and/or witnessing police violence. Police violence in Canada is a public health issue that requires an integrated public health policy approach to address the negative outcomes associated with direct and vicarious police violence exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Greene
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada
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Extreme racism-related events and poor sleep in African-American women. Soc Sci Med 2022; 310:115269. [PMID: 36041238 PMCID: PMC9598673 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Much of the research linking racism-related stressors to poor health has focused on fairly non-violent forms of racism that directly impact individuals under study. Exposure to particularly extreme and/or violent racist events are increasingly visible via smartphone recordings and social media, with consistent anecdotal reports of the effects of seeing and hearing about these events on sleep among minorities who racially identify with the victims. OBJECTIVE This study examines whether exposure to direct and vicarious racism-related events (RREs), including more extreme events, are associated with sleep quality. Additionally, we examine effects of less and more violent direct RREs and vicarious RREs witnessed in person and via social media. METHODS Among 422 African-American women, we assessed exposure to RREs using a modified version of the Race-Related Events Scale and assessed sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Linear regression analyses were used to model continuous global sleep. RESULTS Direct (β = 0.24 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.35]) RREs were associated with worse continuous global sleep quality scores in analyses adjusted for sociodemographics and risk factors for poor sleep. More violent direct RREs (β = 0.59 [95% CI: 0.30, 0.89]) had stronger associations with poor sleep quality than less violent direct RREs (β = 0.25 [95% CI: 0.11, 0.40]). Vicarious RREs overall (β = 0.04 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.21]) and those witnessed via social media (β = -0.07 [95% CI: 0.29, 0.14]) were not associated with global sleep quality; conversely, vicarious RREs witnessed in person were (β = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.21, 0.83]). CONCLUSION Extreme, direct experiences of racism, particularly those that are violent in nature, are associated with poor sleep quality. However, extreme vicarious experiences are not-- unless witnessed in person.
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Jenkins EK, Slemon A, Richardson C, Pumarino J, McAuliffe C, Thomson KC, Goodyear T, Daly Z, McGuinness L, Gadermann A. Mental Health Inequities Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From Three Rounds of a Cross-Sectional Monitoring Survey of Canadian Adults. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604685. [PMID: 35936999 PMCID: PMC9349347 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Adverse mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are well documented; however, there remains limited data detailing trends in mental health at different points in time and across population sub-groups most impacted. This paper draws on data from three rounds of a nationally representative cross-sectional monitoring survey to characterize the mental health impacts of COVID-19 on adults living in Canada (N = 9,061). Methods: Descriptive statistics were used to examine the mental health impacts of the pandemic using a range of self-reported measures. Multivariate logistic regression models were then used to quantify the independent risks of experiencing adverse mental health outcomes for priority population sub-groups, adjusting for age, gender, and survey round. Results: Data illustrate significant disparities in the mental health consequences of the pandemic, with inequitable impacts for sub-groups who experience structural vulnerability related to pre-existing mental health conditions, disability, LGBTQ2+ identity, and Indigenous identity. Conclusion: There is immediate need for population-based approaches to support mental health in Canada and globally. Approaches should attend to the root causes of mental health inequities through promotion and prevention, in addition to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Jenkins
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Emily K. Jenkins,
| | - Allie Slemon
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris Richardson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Javiera Pumarino
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Corey McAuliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kimberly C. Thomson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Trevor Goodyear
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zachary Daly
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liza McGuinness
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne Gadermann
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Curtis DS, Smith KR, Chae DH, Washburn T, Lee H, Kim J, Kramer MR. Highly public anti-Black violence and preterm birth odds for Black and White mothers. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101112. [PMID: 35535210 PMCID: PMC9077530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly public anti-Black violence may increase preterm birth in the general population of pregnant women via stress-mediated paths, particularly Black women exposed in early gestation. To examine spillover from racial violence in the US, we included a total of 49 high publicity incidents of the following types: police lethal force toward Black persons, legal decisions not to indict/convict officers involved, and hate crime murders of Black victims. National search interest in these incidents was measured via Google Trends to proxy for public awareness of racial violence. Timing of racial violence was coded in relation to a three-month preconception period and subsequent pregnancy trimesters, with the primary hypothesis being that first trimester exposure is associated with higher preterm birth odds. The national sample included 1.6 million singleton live births to US-born Black mothers and 6.6 million births to US-born White mothers from 2014 to 2017. Using a preregistered analysis plan, findings show that Black mothers had 5% higher preterm birth odds when exposed to any high publicity racial incidents relative to none in their first trimester, and 2-3% higher preterm birth odds with each log10 increase in national interest. However, post hoc sensitivity tests that included month fixed effects attenuated these associations to null. For White mothers, associations were smaller but of a similar pattern, and were attenuated when including month fixed effects. Highly public anti-Black violence may act as a national stressor, yet whether racial violence is associated with reproductive outcomes in the population is unknown and merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Curtis
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ken R. Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - David H. Chae
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tessa Washburn
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jaewhan Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Michael R. Kramer
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Busch CA, Mohammed TF, Nadile EM, Cooper KM. Aspects of online college science courses that alleviate and exacerbate undergraduate depression. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269201. [PMID: 35648764 PMCID: PMC9159593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a top mental health concern among college students, yet there is a lack of research exploring how online college science courses can exacerbate or alleviate their depression. We surveyed 2,175 undergraduates at a large research-intensive institution about the severity of their depression in large-enrollment online science courses. The survey also explored aspects of online science courses that exacerbate or alleviate depression and we used regression analyses to assess whether demographics predicted responses. Over 50% of undergraduates reported experiencing depression and LGBTQ+ students, financially unstable students, and lower division students were more likely to experience severe rather than mild depression compared to their counterparts. Students reported difficulty building relationships and struggling to perform well online as aspects of online science courses that exacerbated their depression and the flexible nature of online courses and caring instructors as aspects of online courses that alleviated their depression. This study provides insight into how instructors can create more inclusive online learning environments for students with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A. Busch
- Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tasneem F. Mohammed
- Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erika M. Nadile
- Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Katelyn M. Cooper
- Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Perceptions of Mental Health and Exploring the Role of Social Activism Among African Americans Exposed to Media Coverage of Police Brutality and Protests. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 10:1403-1413. [PMID: 35595915 PMCID: PMC9122242 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the role of social activism in the association of exposure to media coverage of police brutality and protests with perceptions of mental health. Data for this study came from a sample of African Americans (N = 304) who responded to an online survey. Perceptions of mental health were assessed using a single item developed by the research team. Exposure to police brutality and protests was measured by asking how often they had seen or heard about African Americans being victims of police brutality and seen or heard about protests on television, social media, or other outlets. Participants were also asked about the extent to which these events caused them emotional distress. Social activism was assessed by asking participants if they had ever participated in political activities, such as calling their representative. Moderation and mediation analyses were conducted using linear regression. Moderation analyses showed that greater emotional distress from watching media coverage of police brutality and protests was associated with worse perceptions of mental health only when engagement in social activism was low. In contrast, mediation analyses indicated that greater frequency of and emotional distress from exposure to media coverage was indirectly associated with worse perceptions of mental health through increased engagement in social activism. Social activism may be an important method for coping with emotional distress from watching media coverage of police brutality and protests, but more research is needed to understand how African Americans might engage in social activism without adversely impacting mental health.
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Corrington A, Fa‐Kaji NM, Hebl MR, King EB, Stewart D, Alao T. The impact of organizational statements of support for the black community in the wake of a racial mega‐threat on organizational attraction and revenue. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/hrm.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Corrington
- School of Business Providence College Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Naomi M. Fa‐Kaji
- Department of Psychological Sciences Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Mikki R. Hebl
- Department of Psychological Sciences Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Eden B. King
- Department of Psychological Sciences Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Dillon Stewart
- Department of Psychological Sciences Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Temi Alao
- Sociology and Criminology & Law Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
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Anderson KN, Radhakrishnan L, Lane RI, Sheppard M, DeVies J, Azondekon R, Smith AR, Bitsko RH, Hartnett KP, Lopes-Cardozo B, Leeb RT, van Santen KL, Carey K, Crossen S, Dias TP, Wotiz S, Adjemian J, Rodgers L, Njai R, Thomas C. Changes and Inequities in Adult Mental Health-Related Emergency Department Visits During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:475-485. [PMID: 35293958 PMCID: PMC8928092 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected adult mental health (MH), with racial and ethnic minoritized groups disproportionately affected. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in adult MH-related emergency department (ED) visits into the Delta variant pandemic period and identify changes and inequities in these visits before and during COVID-19 case surges. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This epidemiologic cross-sectional study used National Syndromic Surveillance Program data from US adults aged 18 to 64 years from 1970 to 2352 ED facilities from January 1, 2019, to August 14, 2021. All MH-related ED visits and visits related to 10 disorders (ie, anxiety, depressive, bipolar, schizophrenia spectrum, trauma- and stressor-related, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, disruptive behavioral and impulse, obsessive-compulsive, eating, and tic disorders) were identified. EXPOSURES The following periods of MH-related ED visits were compared: (1) high Delta variant circulation (July 18-August 14, 2021) with a pre-Delta period (April 18-May 15, 2021), (2) after a COVID-19 case peak (February 14-March 13, 2021) with during a peak (December 27, 2020-January 23, 2021), and (3) the Delta period and the period after a COVID-19 case peak with the respective corresponding weeks during the prepandemic period. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES ED visits for 10 mental disorders and all MH-related visits. RESULTS This cross-sectional study included 107 761 319 ED visits among adults aged 18 to 64 years (59 870 475 [56%] women) from January 1, 2019, to August 14, 2021. There was stability in most MH-related ED visit counts between the Delta and pre-Delta periods (percentage change, -1.4% to -7.5%), except for eating disorders (-11.9%) and tic disorders (-19.8%) and after a COVID-19 case peak compared with during a peak (0.6%-7.4%). Most MH-related ED visit counts declined in the Delta period relative to the prepandemic period (-6.4% to -30.7%); there were fluctuations by disorder when comparing after a COVID-19 case peak with the corresponding prepandemic period (-15.4% to 11.3%). Accounting for ED visit volume, MH-related ED visits were a smaller proportion of visits in the Delta period compared with the pre-Delta period (visit ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.85-0.86) and prepandemic period (visit ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.79-0.80). After a COVID-19 case peak, MH-related ED visits were a larger proportion of ED visits compared with during a peak (visit ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.04) and the corresponding prepandemic period (visit ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.11-1.12). Of the 2 510 744 ED visits included in the race and ethnicity analysis, 24 592 (1%) were American Indian or Alaska Native persons, 33 697 (1%) were Asian persons, 494 198 (20%) were Black persons, 389 740 (16%) were Hispanic persons, 5000 (0.2%) were Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander persons, and 1 172 683 (47%) were White persons. There was between- and within-group variation in ED visits by race and ethnicity and increases in selected disorders after COVID-19 peaks for adults aged 18 to 24 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this cross-sectional study suggest that EDs may have increases in MH-related visits after COVID-19 surges, specifically for young adults and individual racial and ethnic minoritized subpopulations. Public health practitioners should consider subpopulation-specific messaging and programmatic strategies that address differences in MH needs, particularly for those historically marginalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N. Anderson
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lakshmi Radhakrishnan
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rashon I. Lane
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Sheppard
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jourdan DeVies
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Roseric Azondekon
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amanda R. Smith
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca H. Bitsko
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen P. Hartnett
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Barbara Lopes-Cardozo
- Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca T. Leeb
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kelly Carey
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer Adjemian
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Loren Rodgers
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rashid Njai
- Office of Minority Health and Health Equity, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig Thomas
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Wesson P, Hswen Y, Valdes G, Stojanovski K, Handley MA. Risks and Opportunities to Ensure Equity in the Application of Big Data Research in Public Health. Annu Rev Public Health 2022; 43:59-78. [PMID: 34871504 PMCID: PMC8983486 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-051920-110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The big data revolution presents an exciting frontier to expand public health research, broadening the scope of research and increasing the precision of answers. Despite these advances, scientists must be vigilant against also advancing potential harms toward marginalized communities. In this review, we provide examples in which big data applications have (unintentionally) perpetuated discriminatory practices, while also highlighting opportunities for big data applications to advance equity in public health. Here, big data is framed in the context of the five Vs (volume, velocity, veracity, variety, and value), and we propose a sixth V, virtuosity, which incorporates equity and justice frameworks. Analytic approaches to improving equity are presented using social computational big data, fairness in machine learning algorithms, medical claims data, and data augmentation as illustrations. Throughout, we emphasize the biasing influence of data absenteeism and positionality and conclude with recommendations for incorporating an equity lens into big data research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wesson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yulin Hswen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gilmer Valdes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristefer Stojanovski
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Margaret A Handley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Partnerships for Research in Implementation Science for Equity (PRISE), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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44
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Smith-Bynum MA. It's About Time Black Lives Matter: The Urgency of Research on Black Youth Development. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:302-306. [PMID: 35152503 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The events of the past decade underscore with withering banality the depth of American racism and the disturbing normalcy of racial trauma Black adolescents endure every day. I comment on the significance of the timing and scope of the Special Issue. I also highlight the contributions that push new boundaries on established topics such as ethnic-racial identity, racial socialization, emotional development, gender, and via application intersectionality theory. These articles illuminate the multilayered, textured lives of Black adolescents in the early 21st century. The commentary concludes with a call for researchers to leverage the findings from empirical studies on Black adolescents to foster anti-racist institutional change.
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Van Dyke ME, Crawford ND, Lewis TT. Van Dyke et al. Respond to "Methodological Considerations in Investigating Discrimination". Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:384-385. [PMID: 34431496 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Kozlowski D, Larivière V, Sugimoto CR, Monroe-White T. Intersectional inequalities in science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113067119. [PMID: 34983876 PMCID: PMC8764684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113067119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The US scientific workforce is primarily composed of White men. Studies have demonstrated the systemic barriers preventing women and other minoritized populations from gaining entry to science; few, however, have taken an intersectional perspective and examined the consequences of these inequalities on scientific knowledge. We provide a large-scale bibliometric analysis of the relationship between intersectional identities, topics, and scientific impact. We find homophily between identities and topic, suggesting a relationship between diversity in the scientific workforce and expansion of the knowledge base. However, topic selection comes at a cost to minoritized individuals for whom we observe both between- and within-topic citation disadvantages. To enhance the robustness of science, research organizations should provide adequate resources to historically underfunded research areas while simultaneously providing access for minoritized individuals into high-prestige networks and topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kozlowski
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette 4364, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Larivière
- École de Bibliothéconomie et des Sciences de L'information, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada
- Observatoire des Sciences et des Technologies, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Cassidy R Sugimoto
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313
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Abstract
Despite their enormous potential impact on population health and health inequities, police violence and use of excessive force have only recently been addressed from a public health perspective. Moving to change this state of affairs, this article considers police violence in the USA within a social determinants and health disparities framework, highlighting recent literature linking this exposure to mental health symptoms, physical health conditions, and premature mortality. The review demonstrates that police violence is common in the USA; is disproportionately directed toward Black, Latinx, and other marginalized communities; and exerts a significant and adverse effect on a broad range of health outcomes. The state-sponsored nature of police violence, its embedding within a historical and contemporary context of structural racism, and the unique circumstances of the exposure itself make it an especially salient and impactful form of violence exposure, both overlapping with and distinct from other forms of violence. We conclude by noting potential solutions that clinicaly psychology and allied fields may offer to alleviate the impact of police violence, while simultaneously recognizing that a true solution to this issue requires a drastic reformation or replacement of the criminal justice system, as well as addressing the broader context of structural and systemic racism in the USA. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Bowleg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bruce G Link
- School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, University of California Riverside, California, USA
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48
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Robinson WL, Whipple CR, Keenan K, Flack CE, Wingate L. Suicide in African American Adolescents: Understanding Risk by Studying Resilience. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2021; 18:359-385. [PMID: 34762495 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Historically, suicide rates for African American adolescents have been low,relative to rates for youth of other racial-ethnic backgrounds. Since 2001, however, suicide rates among African American adolescents have escalated: Suicide is now the third leading cause of death for African American adolescents. This disturbing trend warrants focused research on suicide etiology and manifestation in African American adolescents, along with culturally sensitive and effective prevention efforts. First, we revisit leading suicide theories and their relevance for African American adolescents. Next, we discuss health promotive and protective factors within the context of African American youth development. We also critique the current status of suicide risk assessment and prevention for African American adolescents. Then, we present a heuristic model of suicide risk and resilience for African American adolescents that considers their development within a hegemonic society. Finally, we recommend future directions for African American adolescent suicidology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W LaVome Robinson
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| | - Christopher R Whipple
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Education, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Caleb E Flack
- Department of Educational Psychology, University ofWisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - LaRicka Wingate
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Adolescent civic engagement: Lessons from Black Lives Matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109860118. [PMID: 34607958 PMCID: PMC8521674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109860118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, individuals of all ages engaged in demonstrations condemning police brutality and supporting the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Research that used parent reports and trends commented on in popular media suggested that adolescents under 18 had become increasingly involved in this movement. In the first large-scale quantitative survey of adolescents’ exposure to BLM demonstrations, 4,970 youth (meanage = 12.88 y) across the United States highlighted that they were highly engaged, particularly with media, and experienced positive emotions when exposed to the BLM movement. In addition to reporting strong engagement and positive emotions related to BLM demonstrations, Black adolescents in particular reported higher negative emotions when engaging with different types of media and more exposure to violence during in-person BLM demonstrations. Appreciating youth civic engagement, while also providing support for processing complex experiences and feelings, is important for the health and welfare of young people and society.
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