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Grenon MB, Papavergi MT, Bathini P, Sadowski M, Lemere CA. Temporal Characterization of the Amyloidogenic APPswe/PS1dE9;hAPOE4 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5754. [PMID: 38891941 PMCID: PMC11172317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disorder with a global prevalence estimated at 55 million people. In clinical studies administering certain anti-beta-amyloid (Aβ) antibodies, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs) have emerged as major adverse events. The frequency of these events is higher among apolipoprotein ε4 allele carriers (APOE4) compared to non-carriers. To reflect patients most at risk for vascular complications of anti-Aβ immunotherapy, we selected an APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model bearing the human APOE4 gene (APPPS1:E4) and compared it with the same APP/PS1 mouse model bearing the human APOE3 gene (APOE ε3 allele; APPPS1:E3). Using histological and biochemical analyses, we characterized mice at three ages: 8, 12, and 16 months. Female and male mice were assayed for general cerebral fibrillar and pyroglutamate (pGlu-3) Aβ deposition, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), microhemorrhages, apoE and cholesterol composition, astrocytes, microglia, inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, and neuritic dystrophy. Amyloidosis, lipid deposition, and astrogliosis increased with age in APPPS1:E4 mice, while inflammation did not reveal significant changes with age. In general, APOE4 carriers showed elevated Aβ, apoE, reactive astrocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglial response, and neuritic dystrophy compared to APOE3 carriers at different ages. These results highlight the potential of the APPPS1:E4 mouse model as a valuable tool in investigating the vascular side effects associated with anti-amyloid immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine B. Grenon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Praveen Bathini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Sadowski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
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McLaren AMR, Kawaja MD. Olfactory Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:811-827. [PMID: 38728185 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and it is one of the leading causes of death globally. Identification and validation of biomarkers that herald the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease is of paramount importance for early reliable diagnosis and effective pharmacological therapy commencement. A substantial body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that olfactory dysfunction is a preclinical symptom of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. While a correlation between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease onset and progression in humans exists, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unknown. The aim of this article is to review the current state of knowledge regarding the range of potential factors that may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease-related olfactory dysfunction. This review predominantly focuses on genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease including amyloid-β protein precursor, presenilin 1 and 2, and apolipoprotein E mutations, that may (in varying ways) drive the cellular events that lead to and sustain olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Kawaja
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
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Payne T, Taylor J, Casey C, Kunkel D, Parker M, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Pearce RA, Lennertz RC, Sanders RD. Prospective analysis of plasma amyloid beta and postoperative delirium in the Interventions for Postoperative Delirium: Biomarker-3 study. Br J Anaesth 2023; 130:546-556. [PMID: 36842841 PMCID: PMC10273086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of postoperative delirium on the amyloid cascade of Alzheimer's dementia is poorly understood. Using early postoperative plasma biomarkers, we explored whether surgery and delirium are associated with changes in amyloid pathways. METHODS We analysed data from 100 participants in the Interventions for Postoperative Delirium: Biomarker-3 (IPOD-B3) cohort study in the USA (NCT03124303 and NCT01980511), which recruited participants aged >65 yr undergoing non-intracranial surgery. We assessed the relationship between the change in plasma amyloid beta ratio (AβR; Aβ42:Aβ40) and delirium incidence (defined by the 3-Minute Diagnostic Confusion Assessment Method) and severity (quantified by the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98, the study's primary outcome). We also tested the relationship between plasma amyloid beta and intraoperative variables. RESULTS Across all participants, the plasma AβR increased from the preoperative period to postoperative Day 1 (Wilcoxon P<0.001). However, this increase was not associated with delirium incidence (Wilcoxon P=0.22) or peak severity after adjusting for confounders (log[incidence rate ratio]=0.43; P=0.14). Postoperative Day 1 change in plasma AβR was not associated with postoperative Day 1 change in plasma tau, neurofilament light, or inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12), or with operative time or low intraoperative arterial pressure. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative changes in plasma amyloid do not appear to be associated with postoperative delirium. Our findings do not support associations of dynamic changes in amyloid with postoperative delirium. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION .NCT03124303 and NCT01980511.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Payne
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Taylor
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron Casey
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Kunkel
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maggie Parker
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert A Pearce
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard C Lennertz
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert D Sanders
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Academic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Tan S, Xu C, Ma J. Role of posttranslational modifications in memory and cognitive impairments caused by neonatal sevoflurane exposure. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1113345. [PMID: 36992831 PMCID: PMC10040769 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advancement of technology, increasingly many newborns are receiving general anesthesia at a young age for surgery, other interventions, or clinical assessment. Anesthetics cause neurotoxicity and apoptosis of nerve cells, leading to memory and cognitive impairments. The most frequently used anesthetic in infants is sevoflurane; however, it has the potential to be neurotoxic. A single, short bout of sevoflurane exposure has little impact on cognitive function, but prolonged or recurrent exposure to general anesthetics can impair memory and cognitive function. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unknown. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs), which can be described roughly as the regulation of gene expression, protein activity, and protein function, have sparked enormous interest in neuroscience. Posttranslational modifications are a critical mechanism mediating anesthesia-induced long-term modifications in gene transcription and protein functional deficits in memory and cognition in children, according to a growing body of studies in recent years. Based on these recent findings, our paper reviews the effects of sevoflurane on memory loss and cognitive impairment, discusses how posttranslational modifications mechanisms can contribute to sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity, and provides new insights into the prevention of sevoflurane-induced memory and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Siwen Tan
- Outpatient Department, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongxi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junpeng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Junpeng Ma,
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Pontrello CG, McWhirt JM, Glabe CG, Brewer GJ. Age-Related Oxidative Redox and Metabolic Changes Precede Intraneuronal Amyloid-β Accumulation and Plaque Deposition in a Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1501-1521. [PMID: 36278355 PMCID: PMC9789488 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many identified mechanisms could be upstream of the prominent amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To profile the progression of pathology in AD. METHODS We monitored metabolic signaling, redox stress, intraneuronal amyloid-β (iAβ) accumulation, and extracellular plaque deposition in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice across the lifespan. RESULTS Intracellular accumulation of aggregated Aβ in the CA1 pyramidal cells at 9 months preceded extracellular plaques that first presented in the CA1 at 16 months of age. In biochemical assays, brain glutathione (GSH) declined with age in both 3xTg-AD and non-transgenic controls, but the decline was accelerated in 3xTg-AD brains from 2 to 4 months. The decline in GSH correlated exponentially with the rise in iAβ. Integrated metabolic signaling as the ratio of phospho-Akt (pAkt) to total Akt (tAkt) in the PI3kinase and mTOR pathway declined at 6, 9, and 12 months, before rising at 16 and 20 months. These pAkt/tAkt ratios correlated with both iAβ and GSH levels in a U-shaped relationship. Selective vulnerability of age-related AD-genotype-specific pAkt changes was greatest in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer. To demonstrate redox causation, iAβ accumulation was lowered in cultured middle-age adult 3xTg-AD neurons by treatment of the oxidized redox state in the neurons with exogenous cysteine. CONCLUSION The order of pathologic progression in the 3xTg-AD mouse was loss of GSH (oxidative redox shift) followed by a pAkt/tAkt metabolic shift in CA1, iAβ accumulation in CA1, and extracellular Aβ deposition. Upstream targets may prove strategically more effective for therapy before irreversible changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal G. Pontrello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M. McWhirt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles G. Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
MIND Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Brewer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
MIND Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Gregory J. Brewer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Tel.: +1 217 502 4511; E-mail:
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Neuroprotective Effects of the Psychoactive Compound Biatractylolide (BD) in Alzheimer's Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238294. [PMID: 36500385 PMCID: PMC9737891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in the survival or death of neuronal cells, and they are regulators of energy metabolism and cell death pathways. Many studies support the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Biatractylolide (BD) is a kind of internal symmetry double sesquiterpene novel ester compound isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Baizhu, has neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease. We developed a systematic pharmacological model based on chemical pharmacokinetic and pharmacological data to identify potential compounds and targets of Baizhu. The neuroprotective effects of BD in PC12 (rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells) and SH-SY5Y (human bone marrow neuroblastoma cells) were evaluated by in vitro experiments. Based on the predicted results, we selected 18 active compounds, which were associated with 20 potential targets and 22 signaling pathways. Compound-target, target-disease and target-pathway networks were constructed using Cytoscape 3.2.1. And verified by in vitro experiments that BD could inhibit Aβ by reducing oxidative stress and decreasing CytC release induced mPTP opening. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of BD as an anti-Alzheimer's disease drug.
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Saha J, Bose P, Dhakal S, Ghosh P, Rangachari V. Ganglioside-Enriched Phospholipid Vesicles Induce Cooperative Aβ Oligomerization and Membrane Disruption. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2206-2220. [PMID: 36173882 PMCID: PMC9840156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ). Structural polymorphism observed among Aβ fibrils in AD brains seem to correlate with the clinical subtypes suggesting a link between fibril polymorphism and pathology. Since fibrils emerge from a templated growth of low-molecular-weight oligomers, understanding the factors affecting oligomer generation is important. Membrane lipids are key factors to influence early stages of Aβ aggregation and oligomer generation, which cause membrane disruption. We have previously demonstrated that conformationally discrete Aβ oligomers can be generated by modulating the charge, composition, and chain length of lipids and surfactants. Here, we extend our studies into liposomal models by investigating Aβ oligomerization on large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of total brain extracts (TBE), reconstituted lipid rafts (LRs), or 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC). Varying the vesicle composition by specifically increasing the amount of GM1 gangliosides as a constituent, we found that only GM1-enriched liposomes induce the formation of toxic, low-molecular-weight oligomers. Furthermore, we found that the aggregation on liposome surface and membrane disruption are highly cooperative and sensitive to membrane surface characteristics. Numerical simulations confirm such a cooperativity and reveal that GM1-enriched liposomes form twice as many pores as those formed in the absence GM1. Overall, this study uncovers mechanisms of cooperativity between oligomerization and membrane disruption under controlled lipid compositional bias, and refocuses the significance of the early stages of Aβ aggregation in polymorphism, propagation, and toxicity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhinuk Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Priyankar Bose
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Shailendra Dhakal
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Vijayaraghavan Rangachari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States; Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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Human Palatine Tonsils Are Linked to Alzheimer’s Disease through Function of Reservoir of Amyloid Beta Protein Associated with Bacterial Infection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152285. [PMID: 35892582 PMCID: PMC9330135 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ)-peptide production or deposition in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was shown to be caused by chronic inflammation that may be induced by infection, but the role of pathogenic-bacteria-related AD-associated Aβ is not yet clearly understood. In this study, we validated the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the Aβ-protein load and bacterial infection and that there are effects of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), on the Aβ load in the inflammatory environment of human tonsils. Here, we detected Aβ-peptide deposits in human tonsil tissue as well as tissue similar to tonsilloliths found in the olfactory cleft. Interestingly, we demonstrated for the first time the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) clustered around or embedded in the Aβ deposits. Notably, we showed that treatment with S. aureus upregulated the Aβ-protein load in cultures of human tonsil organoids and brain organoids, showing the new role of S. aureus in Aβ-protein aggregation. These findings suggest that a reservoir of Aβ and pathogenic bacteria may be a possible therapeutic target in human tonsils, supporting the treatment of antibiotics to prevent the deposition of Aβ peptides via the removal of pathogens in the intervention of AD pathogenesis.
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Cho Y, Bae HG, Okun E, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Physiology and pharmacology of amyloid precursor protein. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108122. [PMID: 35114285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein and a well-characterized precursor protein of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which accumulate in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. Aβ has been extensively investigated since the amyloid hypothesis in AD was proposed. Besides Aβ, previous studies on APP and its proteolytic cleavage products have suggested their diverse pathological and physiological functions. However, their roles still have not been thoroughly understood. In this review, we extensively discuss the evolutionarily-conserved biology of APP, including its structure and processing pathway, as well as recent findings on the physiological roles of APP and its fragments in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. We have also elaborated upon the current status of APP-targeted therapeutic approaches for AD treatment by discussing inhibitors of several proteases participating in APP processing, including α-, β-, and γ-secretases. Finally, we have highlighted the future perspectives pertaining to further research and the potential clinical role of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Pauld Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Israel
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Associations of circulating C-reactive proteins, APOE ε4, and brain markers for Alzheimer's disease in healthy samples across the lifespan. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:243-253. [PMID: 34920091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E gene ε4 allele (APOE ε4) and higher circulating level of C-reactive protein (CRP) have been extensively investigated as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Paradoxically, APOE ε4 has been associated with lower levels of blood CRP in middle-aged and older populations. However, few studies have investigated this intriguing relation and its impact on neurological markers for AD in younger ages, nor across the whole lifespan. Here, we examine associations of blood CRP levels, APOE ε4, and biomarkers for AD in a cognitively healthy lifespan cohort (N up to 749; 20-81 years of age) and replicate the findings in UK Biobank (N = 304 322; 37-72 years of age), the developmental ABCD study (N = 10 283; 9-11 years of age), and a middle-aged sample (N = 339; 40-65 years of age). Hippocampal volume, brain amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque levels, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ and tau species, and neurofilament protein light protein (NFL) were used as AD biomarkers in subsamples. In addition, we examined the genetic contribution to the variation of CRP levels over different CRP ranges using polygenic scores for CRP (PGS-CRP). Our results show APOE ε4 consistently associates with low blood CRP levels across all age groups (p < 0.05). Strikingly, both ε4 and PGS-CRP associated mainly with blood CRP levels within the low range (<5mg/L). We then show both APOE ε4 and high CRP levels associate with smaller hippocampus volumes across the lifespan (p < 0.025). APOE ε4 was associated with high Aβ plaque levels in the brain (FDR-corrected p = 8.69x10-4), low levels of CSF Aβ42 (FDR-corrected p = 6.9x10-2), and lower ratios of Aβ42 to Aβ40 (FDR-corrected p = 5.08x10-5). Blood CRP levels were weakly correlated with higher ratio of CSF Aβ42 to Aβ40 (p = 0.03, FDR-corrected p = 0.4). APOE ε4 did not correlate with blood concentrations of another 9 inflammatory cytokines, and none of these cytokines correlated with AD biomarkers. CONCLUSION: The inverse correlation between APOEε 4 and blood CRP levels existed before any pathological AD biomarker was observed, and only in the low CRP level range. Thus, we suggest to investigate whether APOEε 4 can confer risk by being associated with a lower inflammatory response to daily exposures, possibly leading to greater accumulation of low-grade inflammatory stress throughout life. A lifespan perspective is needed to understand this relationship concerning risk of developing AD.
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Restifo LL. Unraveling the Gordian knot: genetics and the troubled road to effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab185. [PMID: 34718566 PMCID: PMC8733445 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the late 20th century, identification of the major protein components of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles provided a window into the molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease, ushering in an era of optimism that targeted therapeutics would soon follow. The amyloid-cascade hypothesis took hold very early, supported by discoveries that dominant mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 cause the very rare, early-onset, familial forms of the disease. However, in the past decade, a stunning series of failed Phase-3 clinical trials, testing anti-amyloid antibodies or processing-enzyme inhibitors, prompts the question, What went wrong? The FDA's recent controversial approval of aducanumab, despite widespread concerns about efficacy and safety, only amplifies the question. The assumption that common, late-onset Alzheimer's is a milder form of familial disease was not adequately questioned. The differential timing of discoveries, including blood-brain-barrier-penetrant tracers for imaging of plaques and tangles, made it easy to focus on amyloid. Furthermore, the neuropathology community initially implemented Alzheimer's diagnostic criteria based on plaques only. The discovery that MAPT mutations cause frontotemporal dementia with tauopathy made it even easier to overlook the tangles in Alzheimer's. Many important findings were simply ignored. The accepted mouse models did not predict the human clinical trials data. Given this lack of pharmacological validity, input from geneticists in collaboration with neuroscientists is needed to establish criteria for valid models of Alzheimer's disease. More generally, scientists using genetic model organisms as whole-animal bioassays can contribute to building the pathogenesis network map of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Restifo
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
- BIO5 Interdisciplinary Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Ullah R, Park TJ, Huang X, Kim MO. Abnormal amyloid beta metabolism in systemic abnormalities and Alzheimer's pathology: Insights and therapeutic approaches from periphery. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101451. [PMID: 34450351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that is incurable. Despite recent success in treatments that partially improve symptomatic relief, they have failed in most clinical trials. Re-holding AD for accurate diagnosis and treatment is widely known as a challenging task. Lack of knowledge of basic molecular pathogenesis might be a possible reason for ineffective AD treatment. Historically, a majority of therapy-based studies have investigated the role of amyloid-β (Aβ peptide) in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas less is known about Aβ peptide in the periphery in AD. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of Aβ peptide metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) in the brain and periphery. We show that the abnormal metabolism of Aβ peptide is significantly linked with central-brain and peripheral abnormalities; the interaction between peripheral Aβ peptide metabolism and peripheral abnormalities affects central-brain Aβ peptide metabolism, suggesting the existence of significant communication between these two pathways of Aβ peptide metabolism. This close interaction between the central brain and periphery in abnormal Aβ peptide metabolism plays a key role in the development and progression of AD. In conclusion, we need to obtain a full understanding of the dynamic roles of Aβ peptide at the molecular level in both the brain and periphery in relation to the pathology of AD. This will not only provide new information regarding the complex disease pathology, but also offer potential new clues to improve therapeutic strategies and diagnostic biomarkers for the successful treatment of AD.
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Damotte V, van der Lee SJ, Chouraki V, Grenier‐Boley B, Simino J, Adams H, Tosto G, White C, Terzikhan N, Cruchaga C, Knol MJ, Li S, Schraen S, Grove ML, Satizabal C, Amin N, Berr C, Younkin S, Gottesman RF, Buée L, Beiser A, Knopman DS, Uitterlinden A, DeCarli C, Bressler J, DeStefano A, Dartigues J, Yang Q, Boerwinkle E, Tzourio C, Fornage M, Ikram MA, Amouyel P, de Jager P, Reitz C, Mosley TH, Lambert J, Seshadri S, van Duijn CM. Plasma amyloid β levels are driven by genetic variants near APOE, BACE1, APP, PSEN2: A genome-wide association study in over 12,000 non-demented participants. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1663-1674. [PMID: 34002480 PMCID: PMC8597077 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is increasing interest in plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) as an endophenotype of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying the genetic determinants of plasma Aβ levels may elucidate important biological processes that determine plasma Aβ measures. METHODS We included 12,369 non-demented participants from eight population-based studies. Imputed genetic data and measured plasma Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 levels and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio were used to perform genome-wide association studies, and gene-based and pathway analyses. Significant variants and genes were followed up for their association with brain positron emission tomography Aβ deposition and AD risk. RESULTS Single-variant analysis identified associations with apolipoprotein E (APOE) for Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, and BACE1 for Aβ1-40. Gene-based analysis of Aβ1-40 additionally identified associations for APP, PSEN2, CCK, and ZNF397. There was suggestive evidence for interaction between a BACE1 variant and APOE ε4 on brain Aβ deposition. DISCUSSION Identification of variants near/in known major Aβ-processing genes strengthens the relevance of plasma-Aβ levels as an endophenotype of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Damotte
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Sven J. van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de LilleLilleFrance
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Jeannette Simino
- Gertrude C. Ford MIND CenterDepartment of Data ScienceJohn D. Bower School of Population HealthUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Hieab Adams
- Departments of EpidemiologyNeurologyand Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Charles White
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric GenomicsInstitute for the NeurosciencesDepartments of Neurology and PsychiatryBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Program in Medical and Population GeneticsBroad InstituteCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory MedicineGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University in St. LouisSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Maria J. Knol
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Susanna Schraen
- Université Lille, CHU‐Lille, InsermUF de Neurobiologie, CBPGLilleFrance
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of EpidemiologyHuman Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Claudia Satizabal
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Claudine Berr
- INSERM U1061University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Steven Younkin
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic, JacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de LilleLilleFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERMUniversité de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
| | - David S. Knopman
- Department of NeurologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Andre Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California at DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, Department of EpidemiologyHuman Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Anita DeStefano
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Qiong Yang
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of EpidemiologyHuman Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Human Genome Sequencing CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Bordeaux Population Health Research CenterINSERM, UMR1219Bordeaux UniversityBordeauxFrance
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, Department of EpidemiologyHuman Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Departments of EpidemiologyNeurologyand Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Phil de Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric GenomicsInstitute for the NeurosciencesDepartments of Neurology and PsychiatryBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Program in Medical and Population GeneticsBroad InstituteCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Translational & Systems NeuroimmunologyDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Medical Center, New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- Department of MedicineGertrude C. Ford MIND CenterUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | | | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUT Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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14
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d'Uscio LV, Katusic ZS. Endothelium-specific deletion of amyloid-β precursor protein exacerbates endothelial dysfunction induced by aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:19165-19185. [PMID: 34382945 PMCID: PMC8386539 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The physiological function of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the control of endothelial function during aging is unclear. Aortas of young (4-6 months old) and aged (23-26 months old) wild-type (WT) and endothelium-specific APP-deficient (eAPP−/−) mice were used to study aging-induced changes in vascular phenotype. Unexpectedly, aging significantly increased protein expression of APP in aortas of WT mice but not in aortas of eAPP−/− mice thereby demonstrating selective upregulation APP expression in vascular endothelium of aged aortas. Most notably, endothelial dysfunction (impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations) induced by aging was significantly exacerbated in aged eAPP−/− mice aortas as compared to age-matched WT mice. Consistent with this observations, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression was significantly decreased in aged eAPP−/− mice as compared to age matched WT mice. In addition, protein expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and release of prostaglandins were significantly increased in both aged WT and eAPP−/− mice. Notably, treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, normalized endothelium-dependent relaxations in aged WT mice, but not in aged eAPP−/− mice. In aggregate, our findings support the concept that aging-induced upregulation of APP in vascular endothelium is an adaptive response designed to protect and preserve expression and function of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius V d'Uscio
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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15
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Floden AM, Sohrabi M, Nookala S, Cao JJ, Combs CK. Salivary Aβ Secretion and Altered Oral Microbiome in Mouse Models of AD. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:1133-1144. [PMID: 33463464 PMCID: PMC8122496 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210119151952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide containing plaque aggregations in the brain are a hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, Aβ is produced by cell types outside of the brain suggesting that the peptide may serve a broad physiologic purpose. OBJECTIVE Based upon our prior work documenting expression of amyloid β precursor protein (APP) in intestinal epithelium we hypothesized that salivary epithelium might also express APP and be a source of Aβ. METHODS To begin testing this idea, we compared human age-matched control and AD salivary glands to C57BL/6 wild type, AppNL-G-F , and APP/PS1 mice. RESULTS Both male and female AD, AppNL-G-F , and APP/PS1 glands demonstrated robust APP and Aβ immunoreactivity. Female AppNL-G-F mice had significantly higher levels of pilocarpine stimulated Aβ 1-42 compared to both wild type and APP/PS1 mice. No differences in male salivary Aβ levels were detected. No significant differences in total pilocarpine stimulated saliva volumes were observed in any group. Both male and female AppNL-G-F but not APP/PS1 mice demonstrated significant differences in oral microbiome phylum and genus abundance compared to wild type mice. Male, but not female, APP/PS1 and AppNL-G-F mice had significantly thinner molar enamel compared to their wild type counterparts. CONCLUSION These data support the idea that oral microbiome changes exist during AD in addition to changes in salivary Aβ and oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Floden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, United States
| | - Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, United States
| | - Suba Nookala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, United States
| | - Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, United States
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16
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Padilla-Zambrano HS, García-Ballestas E, Quiñones-Ossa GA, Sibaja-Perez AE, Agrawal A, Moscote-Salazar LR, Menéndez-González M. The Prion-like Properties of Amyloid-beta Peptide and Tau: Is there Any Risk of Transmitting Alzheimer's Disease During Neurosurgical Interventions? Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:781-789. [PMID: 33280597 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666201204164220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have recognized similarities between the peptides involved in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease and prions. The Tau protein and the Amyloid β peptide represent the theoretical pillars of Alzheimer's disease development. It is probable that there is a shared mechanism for the transmission of these substances and the prion diseases development; this presumption is based on the presentation of several cases of individuals without risk factors who developed dementia decades after a neurosurgical procedure. This article aims to present the role of Aβ and Tau, which underlie the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the AD and their similarities with the prion diseases infective mechanisms by means of the presentation of the available evidence at molecular (in-vitro), animal, and human levels that support the controversy on whether these diseases might be transmitted in neurosurgical interventions, which may constitute a wide public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huber S Padilla-Zambrano
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ezequiel García-Ballestas
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Andrés E Sibaja-Perez
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Luis R Moscote-Salazar
- Neurosurgeon-Critical Care, Center for Biomedical Research (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar, Colombia
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17
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Boix CP, Lopez-Font I, Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Sáez-Valero J. Amyloid precursor protein glycosylation is altered in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:96. [PMID: 32787955 PMCID: PMC7425076 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that undergoes alternative proteolytic processing. Its processing through the amyloidogenic pathway originates a large sAPPβ ectodomain fragment and the β-amyloid peptide, while non-amyloidogenic processing generates sAPPα and shorter non-fibrillar fragments. Hence, measuring sAPPα and sAPPβ has been proposed as a means to identify imbalances between the amyloidogenic/non-amyloidogenic pathways in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. However, to date, no consistent changes in these proteolytic fragments have been identified in either the brain or cerebrospinal fluid of AD individuals. Methods In frontal cortex homogenates from AD patients (n = 7) and non-demented controls (NDC; n = 7), the expression of total APP mRNA and that of the APP isoforms generated by alternative splicing, APP695 and APP containing the Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI), was analyzed by qRT-PCR using TaqMan and SYBR Green probes. The balance between the amyloidogenic/non-amyloidogenic pathways was examined in western blots estimating the sAPPα and sAPPβ fragments and their membrane-tethered C-terminal fragments CTFα and CTFβ. CHO-PS70 cells, stably over-expressing wild-type human APP, served to evaluate whether Aβ42 peptide treatment results in altered APP glycosylation. We determined the glycosylation pattern of sAPPα and sAPPβ in brain extracts and CHO-PS70 culture media by lectin-binding assays. Results In the cortex of AD patients, we detected an increase in total APP mRNA relative to the controls, due to an increase in both the APP695 and APP-KPI variants. However, the sAPPα or sAPPβ protein levels remained unchanged, as did those of CTFα and CTFβ. We studied the glycosylation of the brain sAPPα and sAPPβ using lectins and pan-specific antibodies to discriminate between the fragments originated from neuronal APP695 and glial/KPI variants. Lectin binding identified differences in the glycosylation of sAPPβ species derived from the APP695 and APP-KPI variants, probably reflecting their distinct cellular origin. Moreover, the lectin-binding pattern differed in the sAPPα and sAPPβ originated from all the variants. Finally, when the lectin-binding pattern was compared between AD and NDC groups, significant differences were evident in sAPPα glycosylation. Lectin binding of the soluble sAPPα and sAPPβ from CHO-PS70 cells were also altered in cells treated with the Aβ peptide. Conclusion Our analysis of the lectin binding to sAPPα and sAPPβ suggests that glycosylation dictates the proteolytic pathway for APP processing. Differences between the demented and controls indicate that changes in glycosylation may influence the generation of the different APP fragments and, consequently, the pathological progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Boix
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
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18
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Banote RK, Chebli J, Şatır TM, Varshney GK, Camacho R, Ledin J, Burgess SM, Abramsson A, Zetterberg H. Amyloid precursor protein-b facilitates cell adhesion during early development in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10127. [PMID: 32576936 PMCID: PMC7311384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biological function of amyloid beta (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) beyond its role in Alzheimer's disease is emerging. Yet, its function during embryonic development is poorly understood. The zebrafish APP orthologue, Appb, is strongly expressed during early development but thus far has only been studied via morpholino-mediated knockdown. Zebrafish enables analysis of cellular processes in an ontogenic context, which is limited in many other vertebrates. We characterized zebrafish carrying a homozygous mutation that introduces a premature stop in exon 2 of the appb gene. We report that appb mutants are significantly smaller until 2 dpf and display perturbed enveloping layer (EVL) integrity and cell protrusions at the blastula stage. Moreover, appb mutants surviving beyond 48 hpf exhibited no behavioral defects at 6 dpf and developed into healthy and fertile adults. The expression of the app family member, appa, was also found to be altered in appb mutants. Taken together, we show that appb is involved in the initial development of zebrafish by supporting the integrity of the EVL, likely by mediating cell adhesion properties. The loss of Appb might then be compensated for by other app family members to maintain normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Banote
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Cellectricon AB, Neongatan 4B, SE-431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jasmine Chebli
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tuğçe Munise Şatır
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.,Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rafael Camacho
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Core Facilities, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.,Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra Abramsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N3BG, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, WC1N3BG, United Kingdom
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19
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Delport A, Hewer R. Determining the Protein Stability of Alzheimer's Disease Protein, Amyloid Precursor Protein. Protein J 2020; 38:419-424. [PMID: 30937647 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining protein thermal stability is integral in biomedical research. Here, with the use of two thermal stability assays, we show the melting temperature of amyloid precursor protein, an Alzheimer's disease related protein. The average melting temperature for amyloid precursor protein of 55.9 °C was derived from differential scanning fluorometry (55.1 ± 0.3 °C) and cellular thermal melt (56.7 ± 0.7 °C). These experimental methods have significant application for Alzheimer's disease research including their use for amyloid precursor protein stability profiling and for the identification of additional binding partners to further elucidate novel protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandré Delport
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa
| | - Raymond Hewer
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa.
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20
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Lue LF, Kuo YM, Sabbagh M. Advance in Plasma AD Core Biomarker Development: Current Findings from Immunomagnetic Reduction-Based SQUID Technology. Neurol Ther 2019; 8:95-111. [PMID: 31833027 PMCID: PMC6908530 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-019-00167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
New super-sensitive biomarker assay platforms for measuring Alzheimer's disease (AD) core pathological markers in plasma have recently been developed and tested. Research findings from these technologies offer promising evidence for identifying the earliest stages of AD and correlating them with brain pathological progression. Here, we review findings using immunomagnetic reduction, one of these ultrasensitive technologies. The principles, technology and assays developed, along with selected published findings will be discussed. The major findings from this technology were significant increases of amyloid beta (Aβ) 42 and total tau (t-tau) levels in subjects clinically diagnosed with early AD when compared with cognitively normal control (NC) subjects. The composite marker of the product of Aβ42 and t-tau discriminated subjects with early AD from NC subjects with high accuracy. The potential of this technology for the purpose of early or preclinical disease stage detection has yet to be explored in subjects who have also been assessed with brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid AD core biomarker measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Civin Neuropathology Laboratory, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical School, 1 Dasyue Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W Bonneville Ave, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA
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21
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d'Uscio LV, Katusic ZS. Vascular phenotype of amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1297-H1308. [PMID: 30901278 PMCID: PMC6620686 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00539.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is expressed in the blood vessel wall, but the physiological function of APP is not completely understood. Previous studies established that APP has amine oxidase activity responsible for degradation of catecholamines. In the present study, we characterized the vascular phenotype of APP-knockout (APP-/-) mice. We demonstrate that circulating levels of catecholamines are significantly increased in male as compared with female APP-/- mice. Studies of vasomotor function in isolated aortas revealed that contractions to the α1-receptor agonist phenylephrine were significantly reduced in male APP-/- mice but not in females. In addition, contractions to G protein activation with sodium fluoride were reduced exclusively in male APP-/- mice aortas. The endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were not affected by the loss of APP in mice of both sexes. Further analysis of the mechanisms underlying endothelium-dependent relaxations revealed that inhibition of cyclooxygenase by indomethacin significantly impaired relaxations to acetylcholine exclusively in male APP-/- mice. Furthermore, acetylcholine-induced production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was significantly reduced in male APP-/- mice aortas while acetylcholine-induced production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was enhanced. We concluded that altered vascular reactivity to phenylephrine appears to be in part the result of chronic exposure of male APP-/- aorta to high circulating levels of catecholamines. The mechanisms responsible for the impairment of endothelium-dependent cGMP signaling and adaptive enhancement of endothelium-dependent production of cAMP remain to be defined. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Male amyloid precursor protein (APP)-deficient mice have higher circulating levels of catecholamines as compared with female APP-deficient mice. As a consequence, endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasomotor functions of male APP-deficient mice are significantly altered. Under physiological conditions, expression of APP appears to play an important role in vascular function.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Catecholamines/blood
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Genotype
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Second Messenger Systems
- Sex Factors
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius V d'Uscio
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
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22
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Kulas JA, Franklin WF, Smith NA, Manocha GD, Puig KL, Nagamoto-Combs K, Hendrix RD, Taglialatela G, Barger SW, Combs CK. Ablation of amyloid precursor protein increases insulin-degrading enzyme levels and activity in brain and peripheral tissues. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E106-E120. [PMID: 30422705 PMCID: PMC6417684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00279.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein widely studied for its role as the source of β-amyloid peptide, accumulation of which is causal in at least some cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is expressed ubiquitously and is involved in diverse biological processes. Growing bodies of evidence indicate connections between AD and somatic metabolic disorders related to type 2 diabetes, and App-/- mice show alterations in glycemic regulation. We find that App-/- mice have higher levels of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) mRNA, protein, and activity compared with wild-type controls. This regulation of IDE by APP was widespread across numerous tissues, including liver, skeletal muscle, and brain as well as cell types within neural tissue, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of APP in the SIM-A9 microglia cell line elevated IDE levels. Fasting levels of blood insulin were lower in App-/- than App+/+ mice, but the former showed a larger increase in response to glucose. These low basal levels may enhance peripheral insulin sensitivity, as App-/- mice failed to develop impairment of glucose tolerance on a high-fat, high-sucrose ("Western") diet. Insulin levels and insulin signaling were also lower in the App-/- brain; synaptosomes prepared from App-/- hippocampus showed diminished insulin receptor phosphorylation compared with App+/+ mice when stimulated ex vivo. These findings represent a new molecular link connecting APP to metabolic homeostasis and demonstrate a novel role for APP as an upstream regulator of IDE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Whitney F Franklin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Nicholas A Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Gunjan D Manocha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Kendra L Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Rachel D Hendrix
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock Arkansas
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
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23
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Kim HS, Lee SH, Choi I. On-chip plasmonic immunoassay based on targeted assembly of gold nanoplasmonic particles. Analyst 2019; 144:2820-2826. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An on-chip, non-enzymatic immunoassay was developed via the targeted assemblies of gold nanoparticles with target proteins in degassing-driven microfluidic devices and simply quantified at the single particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sil Kim
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California at Berkeley
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul
- South Korea
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24
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d'Uscio LV, He T, Santhanam AV, Katusic ZS. Endothelium-specific amyloid precursor protein deficiency causes endothelial dysfunction in cerebral arteries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1715-1726. [PMID: 28959912 PMCID: PMC6168907 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17735418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The exact physiological function of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) in endothelial cells is unknown. Endothelium-specific APP-deficient (eAPP-/-) mice were created to gain new insights into the role of APP in the control of vascular endothelial function. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were significantly impaired in basilar arteries of global APP knockout (APP-/-) and eAPP-/- mice ( P < 0.05). In contrast, endothelium-independent relaxations to nitric oxide (NO)-donor diethylamine-NONOate were unchanged. Western blot analysis revealed that protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was significantly downregulated in large cerebral arteries of APP-/- mice and eAPP-/- mice as compared to respective wild-type littermates ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, basal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were also significantly reduced in large cerebral arteries of APP-deficient mice ( P < 0.05). In contrast, protein expression of prostacyclin synthase as well as levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was not affected by genetic inactivation of APP in endothelial cells. By using siRNA to knockdown APP in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells we also found a significant downregulation of eNOS mRNA and protein expressions in APP-deficient endothelium ( P < 0.05). These findings indicate that under physiological conditions, expression of APP in cerebral vascular endothelium plays an important protective function by maintaining constitutive expression of eNOS .
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius V d'Uscio
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tongrong He
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anantha V Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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25
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Rangachari V, Dean DN, Rana P, Vaidya A, Ghosh P. Cause and consequence of Aβ - Lipid interactions in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1652-1662. [PMID: 29526709 PMCID: PMC6133763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Self-templating propagation of protein aggregate conformations is increasingly becoming a significant factor in many neurological diseases. In Alzheimer disease (AD), intrinsically disordered amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides undergo aggregation that is sensitive to environmental conditions. High-molecular weight aggregates of Aβ that form insoluble fibrils are deposited as senile plaques in AD brains. However, low-molecular weight aggregates called soluble oligomers are known to be the primary toxic agents responsible for neuronal dysfunction. The aggregation process is highly stochastic involving both homotypic (Aβ-Aβ) and heterotypic (Aβ with interacting partners) interactions. Two of the important members of interacting partners are membrane lipids and surfactants, to which Aβ shows a perpetual association. Aβ-membrane interactions have been widely investigated for more than two decades, and this research has provided a wealth of information. Although this has greatly enriched our understanding, the objective of this review is to consolidate the information from the literature that collectively showcases the unique phenomenon of lipid-mediated Aβ oligomer generation, which has largely remained inconspicuous. This is especially important because Aβ aggregate "strains" are increasingly becoming relevant in light of the correlations between the structure of aggregates and AD phenotypes. Here, we will focus on aspects of Aβ-lipid interactions specifically from the context of how lipid modulation generates a wide variety of biophysically and biochemically distinct oligomer sub-types. This, we believe, will refocus our thinking on the influence of lipids and open new approaches in delineating the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaraghavan Rangachari
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - Dexter N Dean
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Pratip Rana
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Ashwin Vaidya
- Department of Mathematical Science, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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26
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Blood-derived amyloid-β protein induces Alzheimer's disease pathologies. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1948-1956. [PMID: 29086767 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β protein (Aβ) protein plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is believed that Aβ deposited in the brain originates from the brain tissue itself. However, Aβ is generated in both brain and peripheral tissues. Whether circulating Aβ contributes to brain AD-type pathologies remains largely unknown. In this study, using a model of parabiosis between APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic AD mice and their wild-type littermates, we observed that the human Aβ originated from transgenic AD model mice entered the circulation and accumulated in the brains of wild-type mice, and formed cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Aβ plaques after a 12-month period of parabiosis. AD-type pathologies related to the Aβ accumulation including tau hyperphosphorylation, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and microhemorrhage were found in the brains of the parabiotic wild-type mice. More importantly, hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation was markedly impaired in parabiotic wild-type mice. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to reveal that blood-derived Aβ can enter the brain, form the Aβ-related pathologies and induce functional deficits of neurons. Our study provides novel insight into AD pathogenesis and provides evidence that supports the development of therapies for AD by targeting Aβ metabolism in both the brain and the periphery.
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27
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Pretorius E, Bester J, Kell DB. A Bacterial Component to Alzheimer's-Type Dementia Seen via a Systems Biology Approach that Links Iron Dysregulation and Inflammagen Shedding to Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1237-56. [PMID: 27340854 PMCID: PMC5325058 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by a great many observable changes, both molecular and physiological. These include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and (more proximal to cognitive decline) the death of neuronal and other cells. A systems biology approach seeks to organize these observed variables into pathways that discriminate those that are highly involved (i.e., causative) from those that are more usefully recognized as bystander effects. We review the evidence that iron dysregulation is one of the central causative pathway elements here, as this can cause each of the above effects. In addition, we review the evidence that dormant, non-growing bacteria are a crucial feature of AD, that their growth in vivo is normally limited by a lack of free iron, and that it is this iron dysregulation that is an important factor in their resuscitation. Indeed, bacterial cells can be observed by ultrastructural microscopy in the blood of AD patients. A consequence of this is that the growing cells can shed highly inflammatory components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). These too are known to be able to induce (apoptotic and pyroptotic) neuronal cell death. There is also evidence that these systems interact with elements of vitamin D metabolism. This integrative systems approach has strong predictive power, indicating (as has indeed been shown) that both natural and pharmaceutical iron chelators might have useful protective roles in arresting cognitive decline, and that a further assessment of the role of microbes in AD development is more than highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, UK.,The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, UK.,Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, UK
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28
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Amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19430-44. [PMID: 26840089 PMCID: PMC4991393 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its family members amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) are type 1 transmembrane glycoproteins that are highly conserved across species. The transcriptional regulation of APP and APLP2 is similar but not identical, and the cleavage of both proteins is regulated by phosphorylation. APP has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease causation, and in addition to its importance in neurology, APP is deregulated in cancer cells. APLP2 is likewise overexpressed in cancer cells, and APLP2 and APP are linked to increased tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In this present review, we discuss the unfolding account of these APP family members’ roles in cancer progression and metastasis.
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29
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Colvin BA, Rogers VA, Kulas JA, Ridgway EA, Amtashar FS, Combs CK, Nichols MR. The conformational epitope for a new Aβ42 protofibril-selective antibody partially overlaps with the peptide N-terminal region. J Neurochem 2017; 143:736-749. [PMID: 28881033 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is a key component of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While monomeric Aβ appears to be benign, oligomers adopt a biologically detrimental structure. These soluble structures can be detected in AD brain tissue by antibodies that demonstrate selectivity for aggregated Aβ. Protofibrils are a subset of soluble oligomeric Aβ species and are described as small (< 100 nm) curvilinear assemblies enriched in β-sheet structure. Our own in vitro studies demonstrate that microglial cells are much more sensitive to soluble Aβ42 protofibrils compared to Aβ42 monomer or insoluble Aβ42 fibrils. Protofibrils interact with microglia, trigger Toll-like receptor signaling, elicit cytokine transcription and expression, and are rapidly taken up by the cells. Because of the importance of this Aβ species, we sought to develop an antibody that selectively recognizes protofibrils over other Aβ species. Immunization of rabbits with isolated Aβ42 protofibrils generated a high-titer anti serum with a strong affinity for Aβ42 protofibrils. The antiserum, termed AbSL, was selective for Aβ42 protofibrils over Aβ42 monomers and Aβ42 fibrils. AbSL did not react with amyloid precursor protein and recognized distinct pathological features in AD transgenic mouse brain slices. Competition studies with an Aβ antibody that targets residues 1-16 indicated that the conformational epitope for AbSL involved the N-terminal region of protofibrils in some manner. The newly developed antibody may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses in AD tissue and patients, and targeting of protofibrils in AD may have beneficial effects. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 621. Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Colvin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Victoria A Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ridgway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fatima S Amtashar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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30
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Kulas JA, Puig KL, Combs CK. Amyloid precursor protein in pancreatic islets. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:49-67. [PMID: 28710249 PMCID: PMC6267436 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been extensively investigated for its role in the production of amyloid beta (Aβ), a plaque-forming peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Epidemiological evidence suggests type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for AD. The pancreas is an essential regulator of blood glucose levels through the secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon. Pancreatic dysfunction is a well-characterized consequence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we have examined the expression and processing of pancreatic APP to test the hypothesis that APP may play a role in pancreatic function and the pathophysiology of diabetes. Our data demonstrate the presence of APP within the pancreas, including pancreatic islets in both mouse and human samples. Additionally, we report that the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD overexpresses APP within pancreatic islets, although this did not result in detectable levels of Aβ. We compared whole pancreas and islet culture lysates by Western blot from C57BL/6 (WT), APP-/- and APP/PS1 mice and observed APP-dependent differences in the total protein levels of GLUT4, IDE and BACE2. Immunohistochemistry for BACE2 detected high levels in pancreatic α cells. Additionally, both mouse and human islets processed APP to release sAPP into cell culture media. Moreover, sAPP stimulated insulin but not glucagon secretion from islet cultures. We conclude that APP and its metabolites are capable of influencing the basic physiology of the pancreas, possibly through the release of sAPP acting in an autocrine or paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Kendra L Puig
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, USA
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31
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d'Uscio LV, He T, Katusic ZS. Expression and Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Vascular Endothelium. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:20-32. [PMID: 27927802 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is evolutionary conserved protein expressed in endothelial cells of cerebral and peripheral arteries. In this review, we discuss mechanisms responsible for expression and proteolytic cleavage of APP in endothelial cells. We focus on physiological and pathological implications of APP expression in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius V d'Uscio
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tongrong He
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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32
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Colvin BA, Rogers VA, Kulas JA, Ridgway EA, Amtashar FS, Combs CK, Nichols MR. The conformational epitope for a new Aβ42 protofibril-selective antibody partially overlaps with the peptide N-terminal region. J Neurochem 2017. [PMID: 28881033 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is a key component of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While monomeric Aβ appears to be benign, oligomers adopt a biologically detrimental structure. These soluble structures can be detected in AD brain tissue by antibodies that demonstrate selectivity for aggregated Aβ. Protofibrils are a subset of soluble oligomeric Aβ species and are described as small (< 100 nm) curvilinear assemblies enriched in β-sheet structure. Our own in vitro studies demonstrate that microglial cells are much more sensitive to soluble Aβ42 protofibrils compared to Aβ42 monomer or insoluble Aβ42 fibrils. Protofibrils interact with microglia, trigger Toll-like receptor signaling, elicit cytokine transcription and expression, and are rapidly taken up by the cells. Because of the importance of this Aβ species, we sought to develop an antibody that selectively recognizes protofibrils over other Aβ species. Immunization of rabbits with isolated Aβ42 protofibrils generated a high-titer anti serum with a strong affinity for Aβ42 protofibrils. The antiserum, termed AbSL, was selective for Aβ42 protofibrils over Aβ42 monomers and Aβ42 fibrils. AbSL did not react with amyloid precursor protein and recognized distinct pathological features in AD transgenic mouse brain slices. Competition studies with an Aβ antibody that targets residues 1-16 indicated that the conformational epitope for AbSL involved the N-terminal region of protofibrils in some manner. The newly developed antibody may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses in AD tissue and patients, and targeting of protofibrils in AD may have beneficial effects. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 621. Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Colvin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Victoria A Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ridgway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fatima S Amtashar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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33
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Linsenmeier L, Altmeppen HC, Wetzel S, Mohammadi B, Saftig P, Glatzel M. Diverse functions of the prion protein - Does proteolytic processing hold the key? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2128-2137. [PMID: 28693923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of the cellular and disease-associated form of the prion protein leads to generation of bioactive soluble prion protein fragments and modifies the structure and function of its cell-bound form. The nature of proteases responsible for shedding, α-, β-, and γ-cleavage of the prion protein are only partially identified and their regulation is largely unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the increasingly multifaceted picture of prion protein proteolysis and shed light on physiological and pathological roles associated with these cleavages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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34
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De Biase D, Costagliola A, Pagano TB, Piegari G, Wojcik S, Dziewiątkowski J, Grieco E, Mattace Raso G, Russo V, Papparella S, Paciello O. Amyloid precursor protein, lipofuscin accumulation and expression of autophagy markers in aged bovine brain. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:102. [PMID: 28407771 PMCID: PMC5390414 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a highly regulated process involving the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic macromolecules and organelles in mammalian cells via the lysosomal system. Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and integrity of the autophagosomal - lysosomal network appears to be critical in the progression of aging. Our aim was to survey the expression of autophagy markers and Amyloid precursor protein (APP) in aged bovine brains. For our study, we collected samples from the brain of old (aged 11–20 years) and young (aged 1–5 years) Podolic dairy cows. Formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded sections were stained with routine and special staining techniques. Primary antibodies for APP and autophagy markers such as Beclin-1 and LC3 were used to perform immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Results Histologically, the most consistent morphological finding was the age-related accumulation of intraneuronal lipofuscin. Furthermore, in aged bovine brains, immunofluorescence detected a strongly positive immunoreaction to APP and LC3. Beclin-1 immunoreaction was weak or absent. In young controls, the immunoreaction for Beclin-1 and LC3 was mild while the immunoreaction for APP was absent. Western blot analysis confirmed an increased APP expression and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and a decreased expression of Beclin-1 in aged cows. Conclusions These data suggest that, in aged bovine, autophagy is significantly impaired if compared to young animals and they confirm that intraneuronal APP deposition increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - A Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - T B Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - G Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - S Wojcik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 80-11, Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Dziewiątkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 80-11, Gdansk, Poland
| | - E Grieco
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Salerno, Italy
| | - G Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - V Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - S Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - O Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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Yousefirad N, Kaygısız Z, Aydın Y. Amyloid beta peptide 22-35 induces a negative inotropic effect on isolated rat hearts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 8:146-151. [PMID: 28078053 PMCID: PMC5209443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidences indicate that deposition of amyloid beta peptides (Aβs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Aβs may influence cardiovascular system and ileum contractions. But the effect of amyloid beta peptide 22-35 (Aβ22-35) on cardiovascular functions and contractions of ileum has not been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible effects of this peptide on isolated rat heart and ileum smooth muscle. Langendorff-perfused rat heart preparations were established. The hearts were perfused under constant pressure (60 mmHg) with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. Aβ22-35 at doses of 1, 10 and 100 nM significantly decreased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP; an index of cardiac contractility) and maximal rate of pressure development of left ventricle (+dP/dtmax; another index of cardiac contractility). This peptide at doses studied had no significant effect on heart rate, coronary flow, monophasic action potential amplitude (MAPamp), MAP duration at 90% repolarization (MAP90) and ileum contractions. We suggest that Aβ22-35 exerts a negative inotropism on isolated rat hearts with unchanged heart rate, coronary flow, MAPamp, MAP90 and smooth muscle contractility of ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Yousefirad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ziya Kaygısız
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Aydın
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi Eskisehir, Turkey
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36
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Wang S, Bolós M, Clark R, Cullen CL, Southam KA, Foa L, Dickson TC, Young KM. Amyloid β precursor protein regulates neuron survival and maturation in the adult mouse brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 77:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Bourgade K, Dupuis G, Frost EH, Fülöp T. Anti-Viral Properties of Amyloid-β Peptides. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 54:859-878. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bourgade
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Dupuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric H. Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamàs Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Katsurabayashi S, Kawano H, Ii M, Nakano S, Tatsumi C, Kubota K, Takasaki K, Mishima K, Fujiwara M, Iwasaki K. Overexpression of Swedish mutant APP in aged astrocytes attenuates excitatory synaptic transmission. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/1/e12665. [PMID: 26733247 PMCID: PMC4760399 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), a type I transmembrane protein, has different aspects, namely, performs essential physiological functions and produces β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ). Overexpression of neuronal APP is responsible for synaptic dysfunction. In the central nervous system, astrocytes – a major glial cell type – have an important role in the regulation of synaptic transmission. Although APP is expressed in astrocytes, it remains unclear whether astrocytic overexpression of mutant APP affects synaptic transmission. In this study, the effect of astrocytic overexpression of a mutant APP on the excitatory synaptic transmission was investigated using coculture system of the transgenic (Tg) cortical astrocytes that express the human APP695 polypeptide with the double mutation K670N + M671L found in a large Swedish family with early onset Alzheimer's disease, and wild‐type hippocampal neuron. Significant secretion of Aβ 1–40 and 1–42 was observed in cultured cortical astrocytes from the Tg2576 transgenic mouse that genetically overexpresses Swedish mutant APP. Under the condition, Tg astrocytes did not affect excitatory synaptic transmission of cocultured wild‐type neurons. However, aged Tg astrocytes cultured for 9 weeks elicited a significant decrease in excitatory synaptic transmission in cocultured neurons. Moreover, a reduction in the number of readily releasable synaptic vesicles accompanied a decrease in the number of excitatory synapses in neurons cocultured with aged Tg astrocytes. These observations indicate that astrocytic expression of the mutant APP is involved in the downregulation of synaptic transmission with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ii
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nakano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tatsumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Yousefirad N, Kaygisiz Z, Aydin Y. The Effects of Beta Amyloid Peptide 1-42 on Isolated Rat Hearts and Ileum Smooth Muscle. Pharmacology 2016; 98:261-266. [DOI: 10.1159/000448590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Manocha GD, Floden AM, Rausch K, Kulas JA, McGregor BA, Rojanathammanee L, Puig KR, Puig KL, Karki S, Nichols MR, Darland DC, Porter JE, Combs CK. APP Regulates Microglial Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 36:8471-86. [PMID: 27511018 PMCID: PMC4978805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4654-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prior work suggests that amyloid precursor protein (APP) can function as a proinflammatory receptor on immune cells, such as monocytes and microglia. Therefore, we hypothesized that APP serves this function in microglia during Alzheimer's disease. Although fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ)-stimulated cytokine secretion from both wild-type and APP knock-out (mAPP(-/-)) microglial cultures, oligomeric Aβ was unable to stimulate increased secretion from mAPP(-/-) cells. This was consistent with an ability of oligomeric Aβ to bind APP. Similarly, intracerebroventricular infusions of oligomeric Aβ produced less microgliosis in mAPP(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. The mAPP(-/-) mice crossed to an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse line demonstrated reduced microgliosis and cytokine levels and improved memory compared with wild-type mice despite robust fibrillar Aβ plaque deposition. These data define a novel function for microglial APP in regulating their ability to acquire a proinflammatory phenotype during disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains is the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide within plaques robustly invested with reactive microglia. This supports the notion that Aβ stimulation of microglial activation is one source of brain inflammatory changes during disease. Aβ is a cleavage product of the ubiquitously expressed amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is able to self-associate into a wide variety of differently sized and structurally distinct multimers. In this study, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that nonfibrillar, oligomeric forms of Aβ are able to interact with the parent APP protein to stimulate microglial activation. This provides a mechanism by which metabolism of APP results in possible autocrine or paracrine Aβ production to drive the microgliosis associated with AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan D Manocha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Angela M Floden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Keiko Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Brett A McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Lalida Rojanathammanee
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Kelley R Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Kendra L Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Sanjib Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, and
| | - Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, and
| | - Diane C Darland
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203,
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41
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Zhao L, He D, Jiao M, Kong L, Shao C, Chen J, Fang Z, Ma X, Chen H, Li L, Luo S, Zheng N, Chen Y, Wang Q, Fang S. Overexpression of Histone Deacetylase and Amyloid Precursor Protein in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 16:586-594. [PMID: 27507654 DOI: 10.1177/1533034616661664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, and histone deacetylase inhibitors are considered potential therapeutic agents. Histone tails undergo acetylation at lysine residues, which is associated with transcriptional activation. However, previous studies indicated that as histone deacetylase inhibitors, both (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and valproic acid presented the effects of downregulation of amyloid precursor protein expression, which resulted in the induction of apoptosis. The downregulation of amyloid precursor protein, instead of conventionally activating gene expression as histone deacetylase inhibitor, was attractive. However, there was no relevant report on the correlation of the expression of amyloid precursor protein and histone deacetylase 1 in cancer. In the present study, we detected the expression of amyloid precursor protein and histone deacetylase 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent tissues, as well as the correlations among histone deacetylase 1, amyloid precursor protein, and tumor stage. The results showed that the expressions of amyloid precursor protein and histone deacetylase 1 were significantly higher in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues than that in adjacent tissues ( P < .05), however, there was no statistical difference between amyloid precursor protein and histone deacetylase 1 with tumor stages. The present findings provided more foundation for the study on amyloid precursor protein metabolism in cancer, especially on the regulation of amyloid precursor protein by histone deacetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luguang Zhao
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan He
- 2 Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiao
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingshuo Kong
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunkui Shao
- 2 Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junli Chen
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Fang
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Chen
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Luo
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Zheng
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,3 Institute of geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,3 Institute of geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- 1 DME Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,3 Institute of geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Kheirandish-Gozal L, Philby MF, Alonso-Álvarez ML, Terán-Santos J, Gozal D. Biomarkers of Alzheimer Disease in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Effect of Adenotonsillectomy. Sleep 2016; 39:1225-32. [PMID: 27070140 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Obese children are at increased risk for developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and both of these conditions are associated with an increased risk for end-organ morbidities. Both OSA and obesity (OB) have been associated with increased risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). This study aimed to assess whether OSA and OB lead to increased plasma levels of 2 AD markers amyloid β protein 42 (Aβ42) and pre-senilin 1 (PS1). METHODS Fasting morning plasma samples from otherwise healthy children with a diagnosis of OB, OSA, or both (OSA+OB), and controls, and in a subset of children with OSA after adenotonsillectomy (T&A) were assayed for Aβ42 and PS1 levels using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS 286 children (mean age of 7.2 ± 2.7 y) were evaluated. Compared to control subjects, OB children had similar Aβ42 (108.3 ± 31.7 pg/mL versus 83.6 ± 14.6 pg/mL) and PS1 levels (0.89 ± 0.44 ng/mL versus 0.80 ± 0.29 pg/mL). However, OSA children (Aβ42: 186.2 ± 66.7 pg/mL; P < 0.001; PS1: 3.42 ± 1.46 ng/mL; P < 0.001), and particularly OSA+OB children had significant elevations in both Aβ42 (349.4 ± 112.9 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and PS1 (PS1: 4.54 ± 1.16 ng/mL; P < 0.001) circulating concentrations. In a subset of 24 children, T&A resulted in significant reductions of Aβ42 (352.0 ± 145.2 versus 151.9 ± 81.4 pg/mL; P < 0.0001) and PS1 (4.82 ± 1.09 versus 2.02 ± 1.18 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Thus, OSA, and particularly OSA+OB, are associated with increased plasma levels of AD biomarkers, which decline upon treatment of OSA in a representative, yet not all- encompassing subset of patients, suggesting that OSA may accelerate AD-related processes even in early childhood. However, the cognitive and overall health-related implications of these findings remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Section of Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mona F Philby
- Section of Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - María Luz Alonso-Álvarez
- Sleep Unit, CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Instituto Carlos III, CIBERES, Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU), Burgos, Spain
| | - Joaquin Terán-Santos
- Sleep Unit, CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Instituto Carlos III, CIBERES, Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU), Burgos, Spain
| | - David Gozal
- Section of Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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43
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Xu W, Weissmiller AM, White JA, Fang F, Wang X, Wu Y, Pearn ML, Zhao X, Sawa M, Chen S, Gunawardena S, Ding J, Mobley WC, Wu C. Amyloid precursor protein-mediated endocytic pathway disruption induces axonal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1815-33. [PMID: 27064279 PMCID: PMC4855914 DOI: 10.1172/jci82409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosome/lysosome pathway is disrupted early in the course of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS); however, it is not clear how dysfunction in this pathway influences the development of these diseases. Herein, we explored the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which endosomal dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and DS. We determined that full-length amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its β-C-terminal fragment (β-CTF) act though increased activation of Rab5 to cause enlargement of early endosomes and to disrupt retrograde axonal trafficking of nerve growth factor (NGF) signals. The functional impacts of APP and its various products were investigated in PC12 cells, cultured rat basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs), and BFCNs from a mouse model of DS. We found that the full-length wild-type APP (APPWT) and β-CTF both induced endosomal enlargement and disrupted NGF signaling and axonal trafficking. β-CTF alone induced atrophy of BFCNs that was rescued by the dominant-negative Rab5 mutant, Rab5S34N. Moreover, expression of a dominant-negative Rab5 construct markedly reduced APP-induced axonal blockage in Drosophila. Therefore, increased APP and/or β-CTF impact the endocytic pathway to disrupt NGF trafficking and signaling, resulting in trophic deficits in BFCNs. Our data strongly support the emerging concept that dysregulation of Rab5 activity contributes importantly to early pathogenesis of AD and DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Joseph A. White
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew L. Pearn
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiaobei Zhao
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mariko Sawa
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Salazar C, Valdivia G, Ardiles ÁO, Ewer J, Palacios AG. Genetic variants associated with neurodegenerative Alzheimer disease in natural models. Biol Res 2016; 49:14. [PMID: 26919851 PMCID: PMC4769573 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of transgenic models for the study of neurodegenerative diseases has made valuable contributions to the field. However, some important limitations, including protein overexpression and general systemic compensation for the missing genes, has caused researchers to seek natural models that show the main biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here we review some of these models-most of them rodents, focusing especially on the genetic variations in biomarkers for Alzheimer diseases, in order to explain their relationships with variants associated with the occurrence of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Valdivia
- Facultad de Ciencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Álvaro O Ardiles
- Facultad de Ciencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - John Ewer
- Facultad de Ciencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Adrián G Palacios
- Facultad de Ciencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. .,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 287, Playa Ancha, 2360102, Valparaíso, Chile.
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45
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Rudolph S, Klein AN, Tusche M, Schlosser C, Elfgen A, Brener O, Teunissen C, Gremer L, Funke SA, Kutzsche J, Willbold D. Competitive Mirror Image Phage Display Derived Peptide Modulates Amyloid Beta Aggregation and Toxicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147470. [PMID: 26840229 PMCID: PMC4740492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer´s disease is the most prominent type of dementia and currently no causative treatment is available. According to recent studies, oligomeric species of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide appear to be the most toxic Aβ assemblies. Aβ monomers, however, may be not toxic per se and may even have a neuroprotective role. Here we describe a competitive mirror image phage display procedure that allowed us to identify preferentially Aβ1–42 monomer binding and thereby stabilizing peptides, which destabilize and thereby eliminate toxic oligomer species. One of the peptides, called Mosd1 (monomer specific d-peptide 1), was characterized in more detail. Mosd1 abolished oligomers from a mixture of Aβ1–42 species, reduced Aβ1–42 toxicity in cell culture, and restored the physiological phenotype in neuronal cells stably transfected with the gene coding for human amyloid precursor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rudolph
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Antonia Nicole Klein
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christine Schlosser
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne Elfgen
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Brener
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Charlotte Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Aileen Funke
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Fakultät Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften Coburg, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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Currinn H, Guscott B, Balklava Z, Rothnie A, Wassmer T. APP controls the formation of PI(3,5)P(2) vesicles through its binding of the PIKfyve complex. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:393-408. [PMID: 26216398 PMCID: PMC4706845 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids that are crucial for major signalling events as well as established regulators of membrane trafficking. Control of endosomal sorting and endosomal homeostasis requires phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2), the latter a lipid of low abundance but significant physiological relevance. PI(3,5)P2 is formed by phosphorylation of PI(3)P by the PIKfyve complex which is crucial for maintaining endosomal homeostasis. Interestingly, loss of PIKfyve function results in dramatic neurodegeneration. Despite the significance of PIKfyve, its regulation is still poorly understood. Here we show that the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), a central molecule in Alzheimer's disease, associates with the PIKfyve complex (consisting of Vac14, PIKfyve and Fig4) and that the APP intracellular domain directly binds purified Vac14. We also show that the closely related APP paralogues, APLP1 and 2 associate with the PIKfyve complex. Whether APP family proteins can additionally form direct protein-protein interaction with PIKfyve or Fig4 remains to be explored. We show that APP binding to the PIKfyve complex drives formation of PI(3,5)P2 positive vesicles and that APP gene family members are required for supporting PIKfyve function. Interestingly, the PIKfyve complex is required for APP trafficking, suggesting a feedback loop in which APP, by binding to and stimulating PI(3,5)P2 vesicle formation may control its own trafficking. These data suggest that altered APP processing, as observed in Alzheimer's disease, may disrupt PI(3,5)P2 metabolism, endosomal sorting and homeostasis with important implications for our understanding of the mechanism of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Currinn
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Benjamin Guscott
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Zita Balklava
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Alice Rothnie
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Thomas Wassmer
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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47
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Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Taneja V, Kukreti R. Dissecting Complex and Multifactorial Nature of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Clinical, Genomic, and Systems Biology Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4833-64. [PMID: 26351077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. AD can be classified into familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD) based on heritability and into early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) based on age of onset. LOAD cases are more prevalent with genetically complex architecture. In spite of significant research focused on understanding the etiological mechanisms, search for diagnostic biomarker(s) and disease-modifying therapy is still on. In this article, we aim to comprehensively review AD literature on established etiological mechanisms including role of beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) along with promising newer etiological factors such as epigenetic modifications that have been associated with AD suggesting its multifactorial nature. As genomic studies have recently played a significant role in elucidating AD pathophysiology, a systematic review of findings from genome-wide linkage (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA), genome-wide expression (GWE), and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) was conducted. The availability of multi-dimensional genomic data has further coincided with the advent of computational and network biology approaches in recent years. Our review highlights the importance of integrative approaches involving genomics and systems biology perspective in elucidating AD pathophysiology. The promising newer approaches may provide reliable means of early and more specific diagnosis and help identify therapeutic interventions for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India. .,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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48
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Kim JH, Wang Q, Choi JM, Lee S, Cho EJ. Protective role of caffeic acid in an Aβ25-35-induced Alzheimer's disease model. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:480-8. [PMID: 26425277 PMCID: PMC4575960 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deficits in memory and cognitive functions. The accumulation of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and oxidative stress in the brain are the most common causes of AD. MATERIALS/METHODS Caffeic acid (CA) is an active phenolic compound that has a variety of pharmacological actions. We studied the protective abilities of CA in an Aβ25-35-injected AD mouse model. CA was administered at an oral dose of 10 or 50 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Behavioral tests including T-maze, object recognition, and Morris water maze were carried out to assess cognitive abilities. In addition, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) production in the brain were measured to investigate the protective effect of CA in oxidative stress. RESULTS In the T-maze and object recognition tests, novel route awareness and novel object recognition were improved by oral administration of CA compared with the Aβ25-35-injected control group. These results indicate that administration of CA improved spatial cognitive and memory functions. The Morris water maze test showed that memory function was enhanced by administration of CA. In addition, CA inhibited lipid peroxidation and NO formation in the liver, kidney, and brain compared with the Aβ25-35-injected control group. In particular, CA 50 mg/kg/day showed the stronger protective effect from cognitive impairment than CA 10 mg/kg/day. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that CA improves Aβ25-35-induced memory deficits and cognitive impairment through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Ji Myung Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Seodong-daero 4726, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
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49
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Bauereiss A, Welzel O, Jung J, Grosse-Holz S, Lelental N, Lewczuk P, Wenzel EM, Kornhuber J, Groemer TW. Surface Trafficking of APP and BACE in Live Cells. Traffic 2015; 16:655-75. [PMID: 25712587 PMCID: PMC6680167 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid‐β (Aβ)‐peptide, the major constituent of the plaques that develop during Alzheimer's disease, is generated via the cleavage of Aβ precursor protein (APP) by β‐site APP‐cleaving enzyme (BACE). Using live‐cell imaging of APP and BACE labeled with pH‐sensitive proteins, we could detect the release events of APP and BACE and their distinct kinetics. We provide kinetic evidence for the cleavage of APP by α‐secretase on the cellular surface after exocytosis. Furthermore, simultaneous dual‐color evanescent field illumination revealed that the two proteins are trafficked to the surface in separate compartments. Perturbing the membrane lipid composition resulted in a reduced frequency of exocytosis and affected BACE more strongly than APP. We propose that surface fusion frequency is a key factor regulating the aggregation of APP and BACE in the same membrane compartment and that this process can be modulated via pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bauereiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Welzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Jung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Grosse-Holz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalia Lelental
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva M Wenzel
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teja W Groemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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50
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Tian Y, Guo S, Guo Y, Jian L. Anesthetic Propofol Attenuates Apoptosis, Aβ Accumulation, and Inflammation Induced by Sevoflurane Through NF-κB Pathway in Human Neuroglioma Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:891-8. [PMID: 25809614 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anesthetics have been reported to promote Alzheimer's disease neuropathogenesis by inducing amyloid beta (Aβ) protein accumulation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propofol on the apoptosis, Aβ accumulation, and inflammation induced by sevoflurane in human neuroglioma cells. Human neuroglioma cells were treated with or without sevoflurane and then co-incubated with or without propofol. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis (FACS) using AV-PI kits, and data showed that apoptosis induced by sevoflurane was significantly attenuated by propofol treatment. In addition, with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production measured by FACS after staining with dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate, propofol could significantly reduce the production of ROS as well as the accumulation of Aβ induced by sevoflurane assessed by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. On the other hand, the same treatment decreased the inflammation factor production of interleukin-6. Moreover, the level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was tested by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. We found that the activation of NF-κB pathway was suppressed by propofol. The results suggest that propofol can effectively attenuate the apoptosis, Aβ accumulation, and inflammation induced by sevoflurane in human neuroglioma cells through NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
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