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Arora S, Bajaj T, Kumar J, Goyal M, Singh A, Singh C. Recent Advances in Delivery of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics to the Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:54-66. [PMID: 37977811 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The classes of neuropharmaceuticals known as proteins and peptides serve as diagnostic tools and are involved in specific communication in the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, due to tight junctions resembling epithelial cells found in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, they are typically excluded from transport from the blood to the brain. The drugs having molecular weight of less than 400 Dalton are able to cross the BBB via lipid-mediated free diffusion. However, large molecule therapeutics are devoid of these characteristics. As an alternative, these substances may be carried via chimeric peptide drug delivery systems, and assist in transcytosis through BBB with the aid of linker strategies. With their recent developments, several forms of nanoparticles, including poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers, nanogels, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles, chitosan, and solid lipid nanoparticles, have also been considered for their therapeutic applications. Moreover, the necessity for physiologic optimization of current drug delivery methods and their carriers to deliver therapeutic doses of medication into the brain for the treatment of various neurologic illnesses has also been emphasized. Therapeutic use of proteins and peptides has no neuroprotective impact in the absence of all these methods. Each tactic, however, has unique drawbacks and considerations. In this review, we discuss different drug delivery methods for therapeutic distribution of pharmaceuticals, primarily neuroproteins and neuropeptides, through endothelial capillaries via blood-brain barrier. Finally, we have also discussed the challenges and future perspective of protein and peptide therapeutics delivery to the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Very few reports on the delivery of therapeutic protein and peptide nanoformulations are available in the literature. Herein, we attempted to discuss these nanoformulations of protein and peptide therapeutics used to treat brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchit Arora
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Tania Bajaj
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Arti Singh
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Charan Singh
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
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Chiariello M, Inzalaco G, Barone V, Gherardini L. Overcoming challenges in glioblastoma treatment: targeting infiltrating cancer cells and harnessing the tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1327621. [PMID: 38188666 PMCID: PMC10767996 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1327621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly malignant primary brain tumor with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Despite current treatment approaches, including surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), GB remains mostly incurable due to its invasive growth pattern, limited drug penetration beyond the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and resistance to conventional therapies. One of the main challenges in GB treatment is effectively eliminating infiltrating cancer cells that remain in the brain parenchyma after primary tumor resection. We've reviewed the most recent challenges and surveyed the potential strategies aimed at enhancing local treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiariello
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy
- Core Research Laboratory (CRL), Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Inzalaco
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy
- Core Research Laboratory (CRL), Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Virginia Barone
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy
- Core Research Laboratory (CRL), Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy
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Gad El-Hak HN, Mohamed FH. Effect of lactoferrin supplement on cadmium chloride induced toxicity to male rats: Toxicopathological, ultrastructural and immunological studies. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111182. [PMID: 37944217 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether lactoferrin supplementation could counteract the harm that cadmium (Cd) induced to the rats. The effect of Cd and lactoferrin were investigated in hematological, biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical expression and ultrastructural studies. After 30 days of treatment, rats exposed to Cd had significantly higher levels of Cd in their blood, more oxidized lipids, and less antioxidant capacity overall. Supplemental lactoferrin also significantly undoes that effect. Hematological and biochemical parameters changed along with the increase in blood Cd levels. The histological integrity of the liver, kidney, spleen, and (axillary, cervical, mesenteric and popliteal) lymph nodes that had been damaged by Cd exposure was also restored by lactoferrin supplementation. Moreover, the liver and spleen ultrastructure showed the same improvement. In addition, the spleen of Lf/Cd group showed less immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in comparison to the Cd group. In conclusion, the current study showed that supplementing with lactoferrin improved immune response and restored biochemical and oxidative stability induced by Cd.
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Zhou Q, Li J, Xiang J, Shao S, Zhou Z, Tang J, Shen Y. Transcytosis-enabled active extravasation of tumor nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114480. [PMID: 35952830 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Extravasation is the first step for nanomedicines in circulation to reach targeted solid tumors. Traditional nanomedicines have been designed to extravasate into tumor interstitium through the interendothelial gaps previously assumed rich in tumor blood vessels, i.e., the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. While the EPR effect has been validated in animal xenograft tumor models, accumulating evidence implies that the EPR effect is very limited and highly heterogeneous in human tumors, leading to highly unpredictable and inefficient extravasation and thus limited therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines, including those approved in clinics. Enabling EPR-independent extravasation is the key to develop new generation of nanomedicine with enhanced efficacy. Transcytosis of tumor endothelial cells can confer nanomedicines to actively extravasate into solid tumors without relying on the EPR effect. Here, we review and prospectthe development of transcytosis-inducing nanomedicines, in hope of providing instructive insights for design of nanomedicines that can undergo selective transcellular transport across tumor endothelial cells, and thus inspiring the development of next-generation nanomedicines for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials of Zhejiang Province and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials of Zhejiang Province and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials of Zhejiang Province and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials of Zhejiang Province and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials of Zhejiang Province and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials of Zhejiang Province and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Tang X, Du X, Yu Y, Qin M, Qian L, Zhang M, Yang Y, Yu Q, Gan Z. Deep-Penetrating Triple-Responsive Prodrug Nanosensitizer Actuates Efficient Chemoradiotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Models. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202834. [PMID: 35808966 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the most accepted treatment for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and can significantly improve the R0 resection rate. However, there are few long-term survivors after CRT. Although some polymer nanoparticles have shown potential in alleviating the dose-limiting toxicity and assisting the chemotherapy of PDAC, there are few efficient nanosensitizers (NS) available for CRT of this malignancy, especially in the context of its hypoxic nature. Herein, based on the biological features of PDAC, a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)/glutathione (GSH)/hypoxia triple-responsive prodrug NS to overcome the biological barrier and microenvironmental limitations confronted by CRT in PDAC is developed. Due to triple-responsiveness, deep tumor penetration, GSH/hypoxia-responsive drug release/activation, and hypoxia-induced chemoradio-sensitization can be simultaneously achieved with this NS. As a result, tumor shrinkage after CRT with this NS can be observed in both subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC models, foreshadowing its potential in clinical neoadjuvant CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Tang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Du
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, P. R. China
| | - Yanting Yu
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Meng Qin
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lili Qian
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Yu
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Gan
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Ghosh S, Huda P, Fletcher NL, Howard CB, Walsh B, Campbell D, Pinkham MB, Thurecht KJ. Antibody-Based Formats to Target Glioblastoma: Overcoming Barriers to Protein Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1233-1247. [PMID: 35438509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is recognized as the most aggressive form of primary brain cancer. Despite advances in treatment strategies that include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the median survival time (∼15 months) of patients with GB has not significantly improved. The poor prognosis of GB is also associated with a very high chance of tumor recurrence (∼90%), and current treatment measures have failed to address the complications associated with this disease. However, targeted therapies enabled through antibody engineering have shown promise in countering GB when used in combination with conventional approaches. Here, we discuss the challenges in conventional as well as future GB therapeutics and highlight some of the known advantages of using targeted biologics to overcome these impediments. We also review a broad range of potential alternative routes that could be used clinically to administer anti-GB biologics to the brain through evasion of its natural barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pie Huda
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley Walsh
- GlyTherix, Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | | | - Mark B Pinkham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Muntoni E, Marini E, Ferraris C, Garelli S, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Panciani PP, Battaglia L. Intranasal lipid nanocarriers: Uptake studies with fluorescently labeled formulations. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112470. [PMID: 35338962 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery by the intranasal route allows both systemic absorption and non-invasive brain targeting, due to the unique connection provided by the olfactory and trigeminal nerves between the brain and the external environment. Lipid nanocarriers can improve intranasal drug delivery by enhancing bioadhesion to nasal mucosa, and by protecting the encapsulated drug from biological degradation and transport efflux proteins. In this study two different biocompatible lipid nanocarriers were compared: nanoemulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles. The nasal uptake was investigated by labeling the nanocarriers lipid matrix with two fluorescent probes, 6-coumarin and rhodamine B, both lipophilic, yet characterized by different water solubility, in order to mimic the behavior of hypothetic drug compounds. Ex vivo permeation, in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies were performed. 6-coumarin, water insoluble and therefore integral with the lipid matrix, was taken up to a limited extent, within a long timeframe, but with a proportionally more pronounced brain accumulation. In nanoemulsions soluble rhodamine B showed a relevant systemic uptake, with good bioavailability, likely due to the prompt release of the probe at the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Muntoni
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Sara Garelli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Turin, 10195 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Turin, 10195 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Panciani
- Spedali Civili, Section of Neurosurgery, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Congdon EE, Jiang Y, Sigurdsson EM. Targeting tau only extracellularly is likely to be less efficacious than targeting it both intra- and extracellularly. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:125-137. [PMID: 34896021 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the tau protein is thought to be responsible for the neurodegeneration and subsequent functional impairments in diseases that are collectively named tauopathies. Alzheimer's disease is the most common tauopathy, but the group consists of over 20 different diseases, many of which have tau pathology as their primary feature. The development of tau therapies has mainly focused on preventing the formation of and/or clearing these aggregates. Of these, immunotherapies that aim to either elicit endogenous tau antibodies or deliver exogenous ones are the most common approach in clinical trials. While their mechanism of action can involve several pathways, both extra- and intracellular, pharmaceutical companies have primarily focused on antibody-mediated clearance of extracellular tau. As we have pointed out over the years, this is rather surprising because it is well known that most of pathological tau protein is found intracellularly. It has been repeatedly shown by several groups over the past decades that antibodies can enter neurons and that their cellular uptake can be enhanced by various means, particularly by altering their charge. Here, we will briefly describe the potential extra- and intracellular mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated clearance of tau pathology, discuss these in the context of recent failures of some of the tau antibody trials, and finally provide a brief overview of how the intracellular efficacy of tau antibodies can potentially be further improved by certain modifications that aim to enhance tau clearance via specific intracellular degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Nakayama E, Kato F, Tajima S, Ogawa S, Yan K, Takahashi K, Sato Y, Suzuki T, Kawai Y, Inagaki T, Taniguchi S, Le TT, Tang B, Prow NA, Uda A, Maeki T, Lim CK, Khromykh AA, Suhrbier A, Saijo M. Neuroinvasiveness of the MR766 strain of Zika virus in IFNAR-/- mice maps to prM residues conserved amongst African genotype viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009788. [PMID: 34310650 PMCID: PMC8341709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) strains are classified into the African and Asian genotypes. The higher virulence of the African MR766 strain, which has been used extensively in ZIKV research, in adult IFNα/β receptor knockout (IFNAR-/-) mice is widely viewed as an artifact associated with mouse adaptation due to at least 146 passages in wild-type suckling mouse brains. To gain insights into the molecular determinants of MR766's virulence, a series of genes from MR766 were swapped with those from the Asian genotype PRVABC59 isolate, which is less virulent in IFNAR-/- mice. MR766 causes 100% lethal infection in IFNAR-/- mice, but when the prM gene of MR766 was replaced with that of PRVABC59, the chimera MR/PR(prM) showed 0% lethal infection. The reduced virulence was associated with reduced neuroinvasiveness, with MR766 brain titers ≈3 logs higher than those of MR/PR(prM) after subcutaneous infection, but was not significantly different in brain titers of MR766 and MR/PR(prM) after intracranial inoculation. MR/PR(prM) also showed reduced transcytosis when compared with MR766 in vitro. The high neuroinvasiveness of MR766 in IFNAR-/- mice could be linked to the 10 amino acids that differ between the prM proteins of MR766 and PRVABC59, with 5 of these changes affecting positive charge and hydrophobicity on the exposed surface of the prM protein. These 10 amino acids are highly conserved amongst African ZIKV isolates, irrespective of suckling mouse passage, arguing that the high virulence of MR766 in adult IFNAR-/- mice is not the result of mouse adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Ogawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawai
- Management Department of Biosafety and Laboratory Animal, Division of Biosafety Control and Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Inagaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thuy T. Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, The University of Queensland and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Akihiko Uda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, The University of Queensland and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, The University of Queensland and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Kouhi A, Pachipulusu V, Kapenstein T, Hu P, Epstein AL, Khawli LA. Brain Disposition of Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Dogma, Approaches and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126442. [PMID: 34208575 PMCID: PMC8235515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Research in the past few decades has revealed that one of the biggest challenges in the development of antibodies for drug delivery to the CNS is the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which acts to restrict drug delivery and contributes to the limited uptake (0.1–0.2% of injected dose) of circulating antibodies into the brain. This article reviews the various methods currently used for antibody delivery to the CNS at the preclinical stage of development and the underlying mechanisms of BBB penetration. It also describes efforts to improve or modulate the physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibodies (e.g., charge, Fc receptor binding affinity, and target affinity), to adapt their pharmacokinetics (PK), and to influence their distribution and disposition into the brain. Finally, a distinction is made between approaches that seek to modify BBB permeability and those that use a physiological approach or antibody engineering to increase uptake in the CNS. Although there are currently inherent difficulties in developing safe and efficacious antibodies that will cross the BBB, the future prospects of brain-targeted delivery of antibody-based agents are believed to be excellent.
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12
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Desai AA, Smith MD, Zhang Y, Makowski EK, Gerson JE, Ionescu E, Starr CG, Zupancic JM, Moore SJ, Sutter AB, Ivanova MI, Murphy GG, Paulson HL, Tessier PM. Rational affinity maturation of anti-amyloid antibodies with high conformational and sequence specificity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100508. [PMID: 33675750 PMCID: PMC8081927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloidogenic polypeptides is strongly linked to several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Conformational antibodies that selectively recognize protein aggregates are leading therapeutic agents for selectively neutralizing toxic aggregates, diagnostic and imaging agents for detecting disease, and biomedical reagents for elucidating disease mechanisms. Despite their importance, it is challenging to generate high-quality conformational antibodies in a systematic and site-specific manner due to the properties of protein aggregates (hydrophobic, multivalent, and heterogeneous) and limitations of immunization (uncontrolled antigen presentation and immunodominant epitopes). Toward addressing these challenges, we have developed a systematic directed evolution procedure for affinity maturing antibodies against Alzheimer's Aβ fibrils and selecting variants with strict conformational and sequence specificity. We first designed a library based on a lead conformational antibody by sampling combinations of amino acids in the antigen-binding site predicted to mediate high antibody specificity. Next, we displayed this library on the surface of yeast, sorted it against Aβ42 aggregates, and identified promising clones using deep sequencing. The resulting antibodies displayed similar or higher affinities than clinical-stage Aβ antibodies (aducanumab and crenezumab). Moreover, the affinity-matured antibodies retained high conformational specificity for Aβ aggregates, as observed for aducanumab and unlike crenezumab. Notably, the affinity-maturated antibodies displayed extremely low levels of nonspecific interactions, as observed for crenezumab and unlike aducanumab. We expect that our systematic methods for generating antibodies with unique combinations of desirable properties will improve the generation of high-quality conformational antibodies specific for diverse types of aggregated conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec A Desai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily K Makowski
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia E Gerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Edward Ionescu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles G Starr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon J Moore
- Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexandra B Sutter
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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13
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Pardridge WM. Brain Delivery of Nanomedicines: Trojan Horse Liposomes for Plasmid DNA Gene Therapy of the Brain. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:602236. [PMID: 35047884 PMCID: PMC8757841 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.602236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-viral gene therapy of the brain is enabled by the development of plasmid DNA brain delivery technology, which requires the engineering and manufacturing of nanomedicines that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The development of such nanomedicines is a multi-faceted problem that requires progress at multiple levels. First, the type of nanocontainer, e.g., nanoparticle or liposome, which encapsulates the plasmid DNA, must be developed. Second, the type of molecular Trojan horse, e.g., peptide or receptor-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), must be selected for incorporation on the surface of the nanomedicine, as this Trojan horse engages specific receptors expressed on the BBB, and the brain cell membrane, to trigger transport of the nanomedicine from blood into brain cells beyond the BBB. Third, the plasmid DNA must be engineered without bacterial elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes, to enable administration to humans; the plasmid DNA must also be engineered with tissue-specific gene promoters upstream of the therapeutic gene, to insure gene expression in the target organ with minimal off-target expression. Fourth, upstream manufacturing of the nanomedicine must be developed and scalable so as to meet market demand for the target disease, e.g., annual long-term treatment of 1,000 patients with an orphan disease, short term treatment of 10,000 patients with malignant glioma, or 100,000 patients with new onset Parkinson's disease. Fifth, downstream manufacturing problems, such as nanomedicine lyophilization, must be solved to ensure the nanomedicine has a commercially viable shelf-life for treatment of CNS disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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14
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Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
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15
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Alasad YW, Asha MZ. Monoclonal antibodies as a preventive therapy for migraine: A meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 195:105900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Conner KP, Devanaboyina SC, Thomas VA, Rock DA. The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107574. [PMID: 32433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are a diverse drug class that include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinantly expressed enzymes, hormones and growth factors, cytokines (e.g. chemokines, interleukins, interferons), as well as a wide range of engineered fusion scaffolds containing IgG1 Fc domain for half-life extension. As the pharmaceutical industry advances more potent and selective protein-based medicines through discovery and into the clinical stages of development, it has become widely appreciated that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of TP biodistribution can aid this endeavor. This review aims to highlight the literature that has advanced our understanding of the determinants of TP biodistribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the multi-faceted role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in mAb and Fc-fusion protein disposition. In addition, characterization of the TP-target interaction at the cell-level is discussed as an essential strategy to establish pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships that may lead to more informed human dose projections during clinical development. Methods for incorporation of tissue and cell-level parameters defining these characteristics into higher-order mechanistic and semi-mechanistic PK models will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dan A Rock
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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17
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Wang G, Zhou Z, Zhao Z, Li Q, Wu Y, Yan S, Shen Y, Huang P. Enzyme-Triggered Transcytosis of Dendrimer-Drug Conjugate for Deep Penetration into Pancreatic Tumors. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4890-4904. [PMID: 32286784 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The dense fibrotic stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) resists drug diffusion into the tumor and leads to an unsatisfactory prognosis. To address this problem, we demonstrate a dendrimer-camptothecin (CPT) conjugate that actively penetrates deep into PDA tumors through γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-triggered cell endocytosis and transcytosis. The dendrimer-drug conjugate was synthesized by covalent attachment of CPT to polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive linker followed with surface modification with glutathione. Once the conjugate was delivered to the PDA tumor periphery, the overexpressed GGT on the vascular endothelial cell or tumor cell triggers the γ-glutamyl transfer reactions of glutathione to produce primary amines. The positively charged conjugate was rapidly internalized via caveolae-mediated endocytosis and followed by vesicle-mediated transcytosis, augmenting its deep penetration within the tumor parenchyma and releasing active CPT throughout the tumor after cleavage by intracellular ROS. The dendrimer-drug conjugate exhibited high antitumor activity in multiple mice tumor models, including patient-derived PDA xenograft and orthotopic PDA cell xenograft, compared to the standard first-line chemotherapeutic drug (gemcitabine) for advanced pancreatic cancer. This study demonstrates the high efficiency of an active tumor-penetrating dendrimer-drug conjugate via transcytotic transport with ROS-responsive drug release for PDA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qunying Li
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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18
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Tumor extravasation and infiltration as barriers of nanomedicine for high efficacy: The current status and transcytosis strategy. Biomaterials 2020; 240:119902. [PMID: 32105817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery platforms have been explored for cancer treatments and resulted in several nanomedicines in clinical uses and many in clinical trials. However, current nanomedicines have not met the expected clinical therapeutic efficacy. Thus, improving therapeutic efficacy is the foremost pressing task of nanomedicine research. An effective nanomedicine must overcome biological barriers to go through at least five steps to deliver an effective drug into the cytosol of all the cancer cells in a tumor. Of these barriers, nanomedicine extravasation into and infiltration throughout the tumor are the two main unsolved blockages. Up to now, almost all the nanomedicines are designed to rely on the high permeability of tumor blood vessels to extravasate into tumor interstitium, i.e., the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or so-called "passive tumor accumulation"; however, the EPR features are not so characteristic in human tumors as in the animal tumor models. Following extravasation, the large size nanomedicines are almost motionless in the densely packed tumor microenvironment, making them restricted in the periphery of tumor blood vessels rather than infiltrating in the tumors and thus inaccessible to the distal but highly malignant cells. Recently, we demonstrated using nanocarriers to induce transcytosis of endothelial and cancer cells to enable nanomedicines to actively extravasate into and infiltrate in solid tumors, which led to radically increased anticancer activity. In this perspective, we make a brief discussion about how active transcytosis can be employed to overcome the difficulties, as mentioned above, and solve the inherent extravasation and infiltration dilemmas of nanomedicines.
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19
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Qin M, Wang L, Wu D, Williams CK, Xu D, Kranz E, Guo Q, Guan J, Vinters HV, Lee Y, Xie Y, Luo Y, Sun G, Sun X, He Z, Lu Y, Kamata M, Wen J, Chen ISY. Enhanced Delivery of Rituximab Into Brain and Lymph Nodes Using Timed-Release Nanocapsules in Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3132. [PMID: 32047498 PMCID: PMC6996053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis into the central nervous system (CNS) and lymph nodes (LNs) is a major obstacle for effective therapies. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionized tumor treatment; however, their efficacy for treating metastatic tumors-particularly, CNS and LN metastases-is poor due to inefficient penetration into the CNS and LNs following intravenous injection. We recently reported an effective delivery of mAb to the CNS by encapsulating the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab (RTX) within a thin shell of polymer that contains the analogs of choline and acetylcholine receptors. This encapsulated RTX, denoted as n-RTX, eliminated lymphoma cells systemically in a xenografted humanized mouse model using an immunodeficient mouse as a recipient of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and fetal thymus more effectively than native RTX; importantly, n-RTX showed notable anti-tumor effect on CNS metastases which is unable to show by native RTX. As an important step toward future clinical translation of this technology, we further analyzed the properties of n-RTX in immunocompetent animals, rats, and non-human primates (NHPs). Our results show that a single intravenous injection of n-RTX resulted in 10-fold greater levels in the CNS and 2-3-fold greater levels in the LNs of RTX, respectively, than the injection of native RTX in both rats and NHPs. In addition, we demonstrate the enhanced delivery and efficient B-cell depletion in lymphoid organs of NHPs with n-RTX. Moreover, detailed hematological analysis and liver enzyme activity tests indicate n-RTX treatment is safe in NHPs. As this nanocapsule platform can be universally applied to other therapeutic mAbs, it holds great promise for extending mAb therapy to poorly accessible body compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher K Williams
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology) and Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emiko Kranz
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qi Guo
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiaoqiong Guan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology) and Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - YooJin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yiming Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irvin S Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Rajpoot K. Nanotechnology-based Targeting of Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Promising Tool for Efficient Delivery of Neuromedicines. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:819-836. [PMID: 31906836 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200106105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional drug delivery approaches remained ineffective in offering better treatment to various neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). In this context, diverse types of nanocarriers have shown their great potential to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have emerged as a prominent carrier system in drug delivery. Moreover, nanotechnology-based methods usually involve numerous nanosized carrier platforms, which potentiate the effect of the therapeutic agents in the therapy of NDs especially in diagnosis and drug delivery with negligible side effects. In addition, nanotechnology-based techniques have offered several strategies to cross BBB to intensify the bioavailability of drug moieties in the brain. In the last few years, diverse kinds of nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed by incorporating various biocompatible components (e.g., polysaccharide-based NPs, polymeric NPs, selenium NPs, AuNPs, protein-based NPs, gadolinium NPs, etc.), that showed great therapeutic benefits against NDs. Eventually, this review provides deep insights to explore recent applications of some innovative nanocarriers enclosing active molecules for the efficient treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Rajpoot
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, 495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
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21
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Understanding Inter-Individual Variability in Monoclonal Antibody Disposition. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040056. [PMID: 31817205 PMCID: PMC6963779 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the largest and most dominant class of therapeutic proteins. Inter-individual variability has been observed for several mAbs; however, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors contributing to inter-subject differences in mAb disposition is still lacking. In this review, we analyze the mechanisms of antibody disposition and the putative mechanistic determinants of inter-individual variability. Results from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies were reviewed evaluate the role of the neonatal Fc receptor and Fc gamma receptors (expression and polymorphism), target properties (expression, shedding, turnover, internalization, heterogeneity, polymorphism), and the influence of anti-drug antibodies. Particular attention is given to the influence of co-administered drugs and disease, and to the physiological relevance of covariates identified by population pharmacokinetic modeling, as determinants of variability in mAb pharmacokinetics.
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22
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Tee JK, Yip LX, Tan ES, Santitewagun S, Prasath A, Ke PC, Ho HK, Leong DT. Nanoparticles' interactions with vasculature in diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5381-5407. [PMID: 31495856 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00309f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing use of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedicine provides an exciting approach to develop novel imaging and drug delivery systems, owing to the ease with which these NPs can be functionalized to cater to various applications. In cancer therapeutics, nanomedicine generally relies on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect observed in tumour vasculature to deliver anti-cancer drugs across the endothelium. However, such a phenomenon is dependent on the tumour microenvironment and is not consistently observed in all tumour types, thereby limiting drug transport to the tumour site. On the other hand, there is a rise in utilizing inorganic NPs to intentionally induce endothelial leakiness, creating a window of opportunity to control drug delivery across the endothelium. While this active targeting approach creates a similar phenomenon compared to the EPR effect arising from tumour tissues, its drug delivery applications extend beyond cancer therapeutics and into other vascular-related diseases. In this review, we summarize the current findings of the EPR effect and assess its limitations in the context of anti-cancer drug delivery systems. While the EPR effect offers a possible route for drug passage, we further explore alternative uses of NPs to create controllable endothelial leakiness within short exposures, a phenomenon we coined as nanomaterial-induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL). Furthermore, we discuss the main mechanistic features of the NanoEL effect that make it unique from conventionally established endothelial leakiness in homeostatic and pathologic conditions, as well as examine its potential applicability in vascular-related diseases, particularly cancer. Therefore, this new paradigm changes the way inorganic NPs are currently being used for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kai Tee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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Han L, Liu C, Qi H, Zhou J, Wen J, Wu D, Xu D, Qin M, Ren J, Wang Q, Long L, Liu Y, Chen I, Yuan X, Lu Y, Kang C. Systemic Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Central Nervous System for Brain Tumor Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805697. [PMID: 30773720 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an essential component of immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a class of powerful therapeutics for treatment of a broad range of diseases. For central nervous system (CNS) diseases, however, the efficacy remains limited due to their inability to enter the CNS. A platform technology is reported here that enables effective delivery of mAbs to the CNS for brain tumor therapy. This is achieved by encapsulating the mAbs within nanocapsules that contain choline and acetylcholine analogues; such analogues facilitate the penetration of the nanocapsules through the brain-blood barrier and the delivery of mAbs to tumor sites. This platform technology uncages the therapeutic power of mAbs for various CNS diseases that remain poorly treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chaoyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongzhao Qi
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qixue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Lixia Long
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Irvin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xubo Yuan
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
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Mantle JL, Lee KH. Immunoglobulin G transport increases in an in vitro blood–brain barrier model with amyloid‐β and with neuroinflammatory cytokines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1752-1761. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Mantle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware Newark Delaware
| | - Kelvin H. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware Newark Delaware
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Congdon EE, Chukwu JE, Shamir DB, Deng J, Ujla D, Sait HBR, Neubert TA, Kong XP, Sigurdsson EM. Tau antibody chimerization alters its charge and binding, thereby reducing its cellular uptake and efficacy. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:157-173. [PMID: 30910484 PMCID: PMC6492224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bringing antibodies from pre-clinical studies to human trials requires humanization, but this process may alter properties that are crucial for efficacy. Since pathological tau protein is primarily intraneuronal in Alzheimer's disease, the most efficacious antibodies should work both intra- and extracellularly. Thus, changes which impact uptake or antibody binding will affect antibody efficacy. Methods Initially, we examined four tau mouse monoclonal antibodies with naturally differing charges. We quantified their neuronal uptake, and efficacy in preventing toxicity and pathological seeding induced by human-derived pathological tau. Later, we generated a human chimeric 4E6 (h4E6), an antibody with well documented efficacy in multiple tauopathy models. We compared the uptake and efficacy of unmodified and chimeric antibodies in neuronal and differentiated neuroblastoma cultures. Further, we analyzed tau binding using ELISA assays. Findings Neuronal uptake of tau antibodies and their efficacy strongly depends on antibody charge. Additionally, their ability to prevent tau toxicity and seeding of tau pathology does not necessarily go together. Particularly, chimerization of 4E6 increased its charge from 6.5 to 9.6, which blocked its uptake into human and mouse cells. Furthermore, h4E6 had altered binding characteristics despite intact binding sites, compared to the mouse antibody. Importantly, these changes in uptake and binding substantially decreased its efficacy in preventing tau toxicity, although under certain conditions it did prevent pathological seeding of tau. Conclusions These results indicate that efficacy of chimeric/humanized tau antibodies should be thoroughly characterized prior to clinical trials, which may require further engineering to maintain or improve their therapeutic potential. Fund National Institutes of Health (NS077239, AG032611, R24OD18340, R24OD018339 and RR027990, Alzheimer's Association (2016-NIRG-397228) and Blas Frangione Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Chukwu
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Ave, MSB 398, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Dov B Shamir
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Deng
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, 540 First Avenue, Skirball Institute Lab 5-18, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Devyani Ujla
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Hameetha B R Sait
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, 540 First Avenue, Skirball Institute Lab 5-18, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Ave, MSB 398, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America; New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 435 E 30th St. Science Building SB1115, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
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Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Effective Treatment of Brain Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061280. [PMID: 30875730 PMCID: PMC6471202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most prevalent of intracranial malignancies. They are associated with a very poor prognosis and near 100% mortality. This has been the case for decades, largely because we lack effective therapeutics to augment surgery and radiotherapy. Notwithstanding improvements in the precision and efficacy of these life-prolonging treatments, with no reliable options for adjunct systemic therapy, brain recurrences are virtually inevitable. The factors limiting intracranial efficacy of existing agents are both physiological and molecular in nature. For example, heterogeneous permeability, abnormal perfusion and high interstitial pressure oppose the conventional convective delivery of circulating drugs, thus new delivery strategies are needed to achieve uniform drug uptake at therapeutic concentrations. Brain metastases are also highly adapted to their microenvironment, with complex cross-talk between the tumor, the stroma and the neural compartments driving speciation and drug resistance. New strategies must account for resistance mechanisms that are frequently engaged in this milieu, such as HER3 and other receptor tyrosine kinases that become induced and activated in the brain microenvironment. Here, we discuss molecular and physiological factors that contribute to the recalcitrance of these tumors, and review emerging therapeutic strategies, including agents targeting the PI3K axis, immunotherapies, nanomedicines and MRI-guided focused ultrasound for externally controlling drug delivery.
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Methotrexate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Protein Functionalization to Improve Brain Biodistribution. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020065. [PMID: 30717376 PMCID: PMC6409770 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and invasive primary tumor of the central nervous system and normally has a negative prognosis. Biodistribution in healthy animal models is an important preliminary study aimed at investigating the efficacy of chemotherapy, as it is mainly addressed towards residual cells after surgery in a region with an intact blood⁻brain barrier. Nanoparticles have emerged as versatile vectors that can overcome the blood⁻brain barrier. In this experimental work, solid lipid nanoparticles, prepared using fatty acid coacervation, have been loaded with an active lipophilic ester of cytotoxic drug methotrexate, and functionalized with either transferrin or insulin, two proteins whose receptors are abundantly expressed on the blood⁻brain barrier. Functionalization has been achieved by grafting a maleimide moiety onto the nanoparticle's surface and exploiting its reactivity towards thiolated proteins. The nanoparticles have been tested in vitro on a blood⁻brain barrier cellular model and in vivo for biodistribution in Wistar rats. Drug metabolites, in particular 7-hydroxymethotrexate, have also been investigated in the animal model. The data obtained indicate that the functionalization of the nanoparticles improved their ability to overcome the blood⁻brain barrier when a PEG spacer between the proteins and the nanoparticle's surface was used. This is probably because this method provided improved ligand⁻receptor interactions and selectivity for the target tissue.
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28
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Dwivedi N, Shah J, Mishra V, Tambuwala M, Kesharwani P. Nanoneuromedicine for management of neurodegenerative disorder. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Meng H, Leong W, Leong KW, Chen C, Zhao Y. Walking the line: The fate of nanomaterials at biological barriers. Biomaterials 2018; 174:41-53. [PMID: 29778981 PMCID: PMC5984195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems have developed an efficient multi-tiered defense system to block foreign substances such as engineered nanomaterials (NMs) from causing damage. In a pathological scenario, the disease itself may also pose additional barriers due to the imbalance between abnormal cells and their surrounding microenvironment, and NMs could behave similarly or differently to classic foreign substances, depending on their unique characteristics. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that govern the fate of NMs against these biological barriers, including the strategies that can be used to shift their fate between access and blockage, become key information for NMs design. In this manuscript, we first describe the biological barriers that NMs may encounter, and further discuss how these biological barrier interactions could shift the fate of NMs between toxicity and therapeutic potential. A list of effects that may influence NMs access at nano/bio interface are presented and discussed, followed by personal insights on the important nano/bio topics that require additional research for a better understanding of NM/biological barrier interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanosciences and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Wei Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanosciences and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanosciences and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Identification of Emerging Macrophage-Tropic HIV-1 R5 Variants in Brain Tissue of AIDS Patients without Severe Neurological Complications. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00755-17. [PMID: 28768859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00755-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated HIV-positive (HIV-1+) individuals frequently suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), with about 30% of AIDS patients suffering severe HIV-associated dementias (HADs). Antiretroviral therapy has greatly reduced the incidence of HAND and HAD. However, there is a continuing problem of milder neurocognitive impairments in treated HIV+ patients that may be increasing with long-term therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether envelope (env) genes could be amplified from proviral DNA or RNA derived from brain tissue of 12 individuals with normal neurology or minor neurological conditions (N/MC individuals). The tropism and characteristics of the brain-derived Envs were then investigated and compared to those of Envs derived from immune tissue. We showed that (i) macrophage-tropic R5 Envs could be detected in the brain tissue of 4/12 N/MC individuals, (ii) macrophage-tropic Envs in brain tissue formed compartmentalized clusters distinct from non-macrophage-tropic (non-mac-tropic) Envs recovered from the spleen or brain, (iii) the evidence was consistent with active viral expression by macrophage-tropic variants in the brain tissue of some individuals, and (iv) Envs from immune tissue of the N/MC individuals were nearly all tightly non-mac-tropic, contrasting with previous data for neuro-AIDS patients where immune tissue Envs mediated a range of macrophage infectivities, from background levels to modest infection, with a small number of Envs from some patients mediating high macrophage infection levels. In summary, the data presented here show that compartmentalized and active macrophage-tropic HIV-1 variants are present in the brain tissue of individuals before neurological disease becomes overt or serious.IMPORTANCE The detection of highly compartmentalized macrophage-tropic R5 Envs in the brain tissue of HIV patients without serious neurological disease is consistent with their emergence from a viral population already established there, perhaps from early disease. The detection of active macrophage-tropic virus expression, and probably replication, indicates that antiretroviral drugs with optimal penetration through the blood-brain barrier should be considered even for patients without neurological disease (neuro-disease). Finally, our data are consistent with the brain forming a sanctuary site for latent virus and low-level viral replication in the absence of neuro-disease.
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Intracellular and transdermal protein delivery mediated by non-covalent interactions with a synthetic guanidine-rich molecular carrier. Int J Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Umeano O, Wang H, Dawson H, Lei B, Umeano A, Kernagis D, James ML. Female gonadal hormone effects on microglial activation and functional outcomes in a mouse model of moderate traumatic brain injury. World J Crit Care Med 2017; 6:107-115. [PMID: 28529912 PMCID: PMC5415850 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v6.i2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To address the hypothesis that young, gonad-intact female mice have improved long-term recovery associated with decreased neuroinflammation compared to male mice.
METHODS Eight to ten week-old male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) mice underwent closed cranial impact. Gonad-intact female mice were injured only in estrus state. After injury, between group differences were assessed using complementary immunohistochemical staining for microglial cells at 1 h, mRNA polymerase chain reaction for inflammatory markers at 1 h after injury, Rotarod over days 1-7, and water maze on days 28-31 after injury.
RESULTS Male mice had a greater area of injury (P = 0.0063), F4/80-positive cells (P = 0.032), and up regulation of inflammatory genes compared to female mice. Male and OVX mice had higher mortality after injury when compared to female mice (P = 0.043). No group differences were demonstrated in Rotarod latencies (P = 0.62). OVX mice demonstrated decreased water maze latencies compared to other groups (P = 0.049).
CONCLUSION Differences in mortality, long-term neurological recovery, and markers of neuroinflammation exist between female and male mice after moderate traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Unexpectedly, OVX mice have decreased long term neurological function after MTBI when compared to gonad intact male and female mice. As such, it can be concluded that the presence of female gonadal hormones may influence behavioural outcomes after MTBI, though mechanisms involved are unclear.
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Kang YS, Jung HJ, Oh JS, Song DY. Use of PEGylated Immunoliposomes to Deliver Dopamine Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:817-23. [PMID: 27350533 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), drugs must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Patients with PD are deficient in dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter that cannot pass through the BBB. Liposomes modified by adding polyethylene glycol (PEGylated liposomes (PLs)) can be conjugated with antibody to form DA-PEGylated immunoliposomes (DA-PILs), and we tested their use as carriers of DA for treating PD. METHODS PEGylated liposomes (PLs) were prepared by evaporation method, and [(3) H]dopamine was encapsulated within the dried lipid film using a freeze/thaw cycle to form DA-PL. Thiolated OX26 MAb, an antitransferrin receptor monoclonal antibody, was then conjugated to 46-nm PEGylated liposomes. Particle size, zeta potential, and stability were assessed, and in vivo effects were determined after the intravenous injection of DA, DA-PL, and DA-PIL by examining brain tissue in normal rats and rats that underwent transection of the medial forebrain bundle to induce PD. RESULTS The uptake of DA-PIL in the brains of this PD rat model increased about 8-fold compared with that of DA alone and about 3-fold compared with that of encapsulated DA-PEGylated liposomes (DA-PL). The volume of distribution of DA-PIL in the brain by the perfusion method was 4-fold higher than that of DA-PL, indicating that conjugation of OX26 MAb to the transferrin receptor of brain capillary endothelium mediated the effective delivery of DA to brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS Dopamine can be effectively delivered to the brain by means of a PIL-based drug delivery system in PD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sook Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (RIPS) and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University Chungpa-dong 2-ga, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Joo Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (RIPS) and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University Chungpa-dong 2-ga, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Suk Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (RIPS) and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University Chungpa-dong 2-ga, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Oji Y, Hashimoto N, Tsuboi A, Murakami Y, Iwai M, Kagawa N, Chiba Y, Izumoto S, Elisseeva O, Ichinohasama R, Sakamoto J, Morita S, Nakajima H, Takashima S, Nakae Y, Nakata J, Kawakami M, Nishida S, Hosen N, Fujiki F, Morimoto S, Adachi M, Iwamoto M, Oka Y, Yoshimine T, Sugiyama H. Association of WT1 IgG antibody against WT1 peptide with prolonged survival in glioblastoma multiforme patients vaccinated with WT1 peptide. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1391-401. [PMID: 27170523 PMCID: PMC5089562 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously evaluated Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) peptide vaccination in a large number of patients with leukemia or solid tumors and have reported that HLA‐A*24:02 restricted, 9‐mer WT1‐235 peptide (CYTWNQMNL) vaccine induces cellular immune responses and elicits WT1‐235‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, whether this vaccine induces humoral immune responses to produce WT1 antibody remains unknown. Thus, we measured IgG antibody levels against the WT1‐235 peptide (WT1‐235 IgG antibody) in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) receiving the WT1 peptide vaccine. The WT1‐235 IgG antibody, which was undetectable before vaccination, became detectable in 30 (50.8%) of a total of 59 patients during 3 months of WT1 peptide vaccination. The dominant WT1‐235 IgG antibody subclass was Th1‐type, IgG1 and IgG3. WT1‐235 IgG antibody production was significantly and positively correlated with both progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Importantly, the combination of WT1‐235 IgG antibody production and positive delayed type‐hypersensitivity (DTH) to the WT1‐235 peptide was a better prognostic marker for long‐term OS than either parameter alone. These results suggested that WT1‐235 peptide vaccination induces not only WT1‐235‐specific CTLs as previously described but also WT1‐235‐specific humoral immune responses associated with antitumor cellular immune response. Our results indicate that the WT1 IgG antibody against the WT1 peptide may be a useful predictive marker, with better predictive performance in combination with DTH to WT1 peptide, and provide a new insight into the antitumor immune response induction in WT1 peptide vaccine‐treated patients. What's new? The Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) antigen is a promising target for immunotherapeutic strategies against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a brain tumor with poor survival rates. The present study shows that vaccination with WT1‐235 peptide can induce WT1‐235‐specific humoral immune responses in GBM patients. WT1‐235 IgG antibody production was significantly associated with prolonged progression‐free survival and overall survival. Survival times were significantly longer in GBM patients with positive delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to WT1 peptide. Thus, in WT1 vaccine‐treated GBM patients, especially those exhibiting positive DTH responses, WT1‐235 IgG antibody production can predict long‐term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oji
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuboi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yui Murakami
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Iwai
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Chiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Olga Elisseeva
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoshi Morita
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Disease, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakae
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Disease, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakata
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawakami
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sumiyuki Nishida
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Disease, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soyoko Morimoto
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayuko Adachi
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Oka
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Disease, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (World Premier International Research Center), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoshimine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Villaseñor R, Ozmen L, Messaddeq N, Grüninger F, Loetscher H, Keller A, Betsholtz C, Freskgård PO, Collin L. Trafficking of Endogenous Immunoglobulins by Endothelial Cells at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25658. [PMID: 27149947 PMCID: PMC4858719 DOI: 10.1038/srep25658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) restricts access of large molecules to the brain. The low endocytic activity of brain endothelial cells (BECs) is believed to limit delivery of immunoglobulins (IgG) to the brain parenchyma. Here, we report that endogenous mouse IgG are localized within intracellular vesicles at steady state in BECs in vivo. Using high-resolution quantitative microscopy, we found a fraction of endocytosed IgG in lysosomes. We observed that loss of pericytes (key components of the BBB) in pdgf-bret/ret mice affects the intracellular distribution of endogenous mouse IgG in BECs. In these mice, endogenous IgG was not detected within lysosomes but instead accumulate at the basement membrane and brain parenchyma. Such IgG accumulation could be due to reduced lysosomal clearance and increased sorting to the abluminal membrane of BECs. Our results suggest that, in addition to low uptake from circulation, IgG lysosomal degradation may be a downstream mechanism by which BECs further restrict IgG access to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Villaseñor
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Ozmen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM/UdS, Collège de France, BP 10142, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fiona Grüninger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hansruedi Loetscher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annika Keller
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich University, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Freskgård
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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Lai SF, Ko BH, Chien CC, Chang CJ, Yang SM, Chen HH, Petibois C, Hueng DY, Ka SM, Chen A, Margaritondo G, Hwu Y. Gold nanoparticles as multimodality imaging agents for brain gliomas. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:85. [PMID: 26589283 PMCID: PMC4654925 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, in particular for brain cancer therapy. However, this requires a detailed analysis of nanoparticles from the associated microvasculature to the tumor, not easy because of the required high spatial resolution. The objective of this study is to demonstrate an experimental solution of this problem, based in vivo and post-mortem whole organ imaging plus nanoscale 3-dimensional (3D) X-ray microscopy. Results The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as contrast agents paved the way to a detailed high-resolution three dimensional (3D) X-ray and fluorescence imaging analysis of the relation between xenografted glioma cells and the tumor-induced angiogenic microvasculature. The images of the angiogenic microvessels revealed nanoparticle leakage. Complementary tests showed that after endocytotic internalization fluorescent AuNPs allow the visible-light detection of cells. Conclusions AuNP-loading of cells could be extended from the case presented here to other imaging techniques. In our study, they enabled us to (1) identify primary glioma cells at inoculation sites in mice brains; (2) follow the subsequent development of gliomas. (3) Detect the full details of the tumor-related microvasculature; (4) Finding leakage of AuNPs from the tumor-related vasculature, in contrast to no leakage from normal vasculature. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0140-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lai
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Bai-Hung Ko
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chi Chien
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ju Chang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Ming Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang-Hsin Chen
- Inserm U1029 LMMA, University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Cyril Petibois
- Inserm U1029 LMMA, University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - G Margaritondo
- School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Y Hwu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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Setyawati MI, Tay CY, Docter D, Stauber RH, Leong DT. Understanding and exploiting nanoparticles' intimacy with the blood vessel and blood. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8174-99. [PMID: 26239875 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00499c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While the blood vessel is seldom the target tissue, almost all nanomedicine will interact with blood vessels and blood at some point of time along its life cycle in the human body regardless of their intended destination. Despite its importance, many bionanotechnologists do not feature endothelial cells (ECs), the blood vessel cells, or consider blood effects in their studies. Including blood vessel cells in the study can greatly increase our understanding of the behavior of any given nanomedicine at the tissue of interest or to understand side effects that may occur in vivo. In this review, we will first describe the diversity of EC types found in the human body and their unique behaviors and possibly how these important differences can implicate nanomedicine behavior. Subsequently, we will discuss about the protein corona derived from blood with foci on the physiochemical aspects of nanoparticles (NPs) that dictate the protein corona characteristics. We would also discuss about how NPs characteristics can affect uptake by the endothelium. Subsequently, mechanisms of how NPs could cross the endothelium to access the tissue of interest. Throughout the paper, we will share some novel nanomedicine related ideas and insights that were derived from the understanding of the NPs' interaction with the ECs. This review will inspire more exciting nanotechnologies that had accounted for the complexities of the real human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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Kishishita S, Nishikawa T, Shinoda Y, Nagashima H, Okamoto H, Takuma S, Aoyagi H. Effect of temperature shift on levels of acidic charge variants in IgG monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:700-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Edvinsson L. CGRP receptor antagonists and antibodies against CGRP and its receptor in migraine treatment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:193-9. [PMID: 25731075 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently developed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonistic molecules have shown promising results in clinical trials for acute treatment of migraine attacks. Drugs from the gepant class of CGRP receptor antagonists are effective and do not cause vasoconstriction, one of the major limitations in the use of triptans. However their use had to be discontinued because of risk of liver toxicity after continuous exposure. As an alternative approach to block CGRP transmission, fully humanized monoclonal antibodies towards CGRP and the CGRP receptor have been developed for treatment of chronic migraine (attacks >15 days/month). Initial results from phase I and II clinical trials have revealed promising results with minimal side effects and significant relief from chronic migraine as compared with placebo. The effectiveness of these various molecules raises the question of where is the target site(s) for antimigraine action. The gepants are small molecules that can partially pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore, might have effects in the CNS. However, antibodies are large molecules and have limited possibility to pass the BBB, thus effectively excluding them from having a major site of action within the CNS. It is suggested that the antimigraine site should reside in areas not limited by the BBB such as intra- and extracranial vessels, dural mast cells and the trigeminal system. In order to clarify this topic and surrounding questions, it is important to understand the localization of CGRP and the CGRP receptor components in these possible sites of migraine-related regions and their relation to the BBB.
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Musich T, O'Connell O, Gonzalez-Perez MP, Derdeyn CA, Peters PJ, Clapham PR. HIV-1 non-macrophage-tropic R5 envelope glycoproteins are not more tropic for entry into primary CD4+ T-cells than envelopes highly adapted for macrophages. Retrovirology 2015; 12:25. [PMID: 25809903 PMCID: PMC4373511 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-mac-tropic HIV-1 R5 viruses are predominantly transmitted and persist in immune tissue even in AIDS patients who carry highly mac-tropic variants in the brain. Non-mac-tropic R5 envelopes (Envs) require high CD4 levels for infection contrasting with highly mac-tropic Envs, which interact more efficiently with CD4 and mediate infection of macrophages that express low CD4. Non-mac-tropic R5 Envs predominantly target T-cells during transmission and in immune tissue where they must outcompete mac-tropic variants. Here, we investigated whether Env+ pseudoviruses bearing transmitted/founder (T/F), early and late disease non-mac-tropic R5 envelopes mediated more efficient infection of CD4+ T-cells compared to those with highly mac-tropic Envs. RESULTS Highly mac-tropic Envs mediated highest infectivity for primary T-cells, Jurkat/CCR5 cells, myeloid dendritic cells, macrophages, and HeLa TZM-bl cells, although this was most dramatic on macrophages. Infection of primary T-cells mediated by all Envs was low. However, infection of T-cells was greatly enhanced by increasing virus attachment with DEAE dextran and spinoculation, which enhanced the three Env+ virus groups to similar extents. Dendritic cell capture of viruses and trans-infection also greatly enhanced infection of primary T-cells. In trans-infection assays, non-mac-tropic R5 Envs were preferentially enhanced and those from late disease mediated levels of T-cell infection that were equivalent to those mediated by mac-tropic Envs. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that T/F, early or late disease non-mac-tropic R5 Envs do not preferentially mediate infection of primary CD4+ T-cells compared to highly mac-tropic Envs from brain tissue. We conclude that non-macrophage-tropism of HIV-1 R5 Envs in vitro is determined predominantly by a reduced capacity to target myeloid cells via low CD4 rather than a specific adaptation for T-cells entry that precludes macrophage infection.
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Agile delivery of protein therapeutics to CNS. J Control Release 2014; 190:637-63. [PMID: 24956489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of therapeutic proteins have shown potential to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Challenge to deliver these protein molecules to the brain is well known. Proteins administered through parenteral routes are often excluded from the brain because of their poor bioavailability and the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Barriers also exist to proteins administered through non-parenteral routes that bypass the BBB. Several strategies have shown promise in delivering proteins to the brain. This review, first, describes the physiology and pathology of the BBB that underscore the rationale and needs of each strategy to be applied. Second, major classes of protein therapeutics along with some key factors that affect their delivery outcomes are presented. Third, different routes of protein administration (parenteral, central intracerebroventricular and intraparenchymal, intranasal and intrathecal) are discussed along with key barriers to CNS delivery associated with each route. Finally, current delivery strategies involving chemical modification of proteins and use of particle-based carriers are overviewed using examples from literature and our own work. Whereas most of these studies are in the early stage, some provide proof of mechanism of increased protein delivery to the brain in relevant models of CNS diseases, while in few cases proof of concept had been attained in clinical studies. This review will be useful to broad audience of students, academicians and industry professionals who consider critical issues of protein delivery to the brain and aim developing and studying effective brain delivery systems for protein therapeutics.
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Kaiser PD, Maier J, Traenkle B, Emele F, Rothbauer U. Recent progress in generating intracellular functional antibody fragments to target and trace cellular components in living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1933-1942. [PMID: 24792387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In biomedical research there is an ongoing demand for new technologies, which help to elucidate disease mechanisms and provide the basis to develop novel therapeutics. In this context a comprehensive understanding of cellular processes and their pathophysiology based on reliable information on abundance, localization, posttranslational modifications and dynamic interactions of cellular components is indispensable. Besides their significant impact as therapeutic molecules, antibodies are arguably the most powerful research tools to study endogenous proteins and other cellular components. However, for cellular diagnostics their use is restricted to endpoint assays using fixed and permeabilized cells. Alternatively, live cell imaging using fluorescent protein-tagged reporters is widely used to study protein localization and dynamics in living cells. However, only artificially introduced chimeric proteins are visualized, whereas the endogenous proteins, their posttranslational modifications as well as non-protein components of the cell remain invisible and cannot be analyzed. To overcome these limitations, traceable intracellular binding molecules provide new opportunities to perform cellular diagnostics in real time. In this review we summarize recent progress in the generation of intracellular and cell penetrating antibodies and their application to target and trace cellular components in living cells. We highlight recent advances in the structural formulation of recombinant antibody formats, reliable screening protocols and sophisticated cellular targeting technologies and propose that such intrabodies will become versatile research tools for real time cell-based diagnostics including target validation and live cell imaging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent advances in molecular engineering of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp D Kaiser
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Maier
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Felix Emele
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Kasinathan N, Jagani HV, Alex AT, Volety SM, Rao JV. Strategies for drug delivery to the central nervous system by systemic route. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:243-57. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.878858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of monoclonal antibodies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 52:83-124. [PMID: 23299465 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-012-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their functional derivatives represents a growing segment of the development pipeline in the pharmaceutical industry. More than 25 mAbs and derivatives have been approved for a variety of therapeutic applications. In addition, around 500 mAbs and derivatives are currently in different stages of development. mAbs are considered to be large molecule therapeutics (in general, they are 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than small chemical molecule therapeutics), but they are not just big chemicals. These compounds demonstrate much more complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour than small molecules. Because of their large size and relatively poor membrane permeability and instability in the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, parenteral administration is the most usual route of administration. The rate and extent of mAb distribution is very slow and depends on extravasation in tissue, distribution within the particular tissue, and degradation. Elimination primarily happens via catabolism to peptides and amino acids. Although not definitive, work has been published to define the human tissues mainly involved in the elimination of mAbs, and it seems that many cells throughout the body are involved. mAbs can be targeted against many soluble or membrane-bound targets, thus these compounds may act by a variety of mechanisms to achieve their pharmacological effect. mAbs targeting soluble antigen generally exhibit linear elimination, whereas those targeting membrane-bound antigen often exhibit non-linear elimination, mainly due to target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD). The high-affinity interaction of mAbs and their derivatives with the pharmacological target can often result in non-linear pharmacokinetics. Because of species differences (particularly due to differences in target affinity and abundance) in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mAbs, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of mAbs has been used routinely to expedite the development of mAbs and their derivatives and has been utilized to help in the selection of appropriate dose regimens. Although modelling approaches have helped to explain variability in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs, there is a clear need for more complex models to improve understanding of pharmacokinetic processes and pharmacodynamic interactions of mAbs with the immune system. There are different approaches applied to physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling of mAbs and important differences between the models developed. Some key additional features that need to be accounted for in PBPK models of mAbs are neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn; an important salvage mechanism for antibodies) binding, TMDD and lymph flow. Several models have been described incorporating some or all of these features and the use of PBPK models are expected to expand over the next few years.
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Chacko AM, Li C, Pryma DA, Brem S, Coukos G, Muzykantov V. Targeted delivery of antibody-based therapeutic and imaging agents to CNS tumors: crossing the blood-brain barrier divide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:907-26. [PMID: 23751126 PMCID: PMC4089357 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.808184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain tumors are inherently difficult to treat in large part due to the cellular blood-brain barriers (BBBs) that limit the delivery of therapeutics to the tumor tissue from the systemic circulation. Virtually no large molecules, including antibody-based proteins, can penetrate the BBB. With antibodies fast becoming attractive ligands for highly specific molecular targeting to tumor antigens, a variety of methods are being investigated to enhance the access of these agents to intracranial tumors for imaging or therapeutic applications. AREAS COVERED This review describes the characteristics of the BBB and the vasculature in brain tumors, described as the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Antibodies targeted to molecular markers of central nervous system (CNS) tumors will be highlighted, and current strategies for enhancing the delivery of antibodies across these cellular barriers into the brain parenchyma to the tumor will be discussed. Noninvasive imaging approaches to assess BBB/BBTB permeability and/or antibody targeting will be presented as a means of guiding the optimal delivery of targeted agents to brain tumors. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of several approaches in increasing brain tumor delivery across the BBB divide. However, each carries its own risks and challenges. There is tremendous potential in using neuroimaging strategies to assist in understanding and defining the challenges to translating and optimizing molecularly targeted antibody delivery to CNS tumors to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Chacko
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Nuclear Medicine & Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, 231 S. 34 Street, Room 288, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
The central nervous system has been considered off-limits to antibody therapeutics. However, recent advances in preclinical and clinical drug development suggest that antibodies can cross the blood-brain barrier in limited quantities and act centrally to mediate their effects. In particular, immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease has shown that targeting beta amyloid with antibodies can reduce pathology in both mouse models and the human brain, with strong evidence supporting a central mechanism of action. These findings have fueled substantial efforts to raise antibodies against other central nervous system targets, particularly neurodegenerative targets, such as tau, beta-secretase, and alpha-synuclein. Nevertheless, it is also apparent that antibody penetration across the blood-brain barrier is limited, with an estimated 0.1-0.2 % of circulating antibodies found in brain at steady-state concentrations. Thus, technologies designed to improve antibody uptake in brain are receiving increased attention and are likely going to represent the future of antibody therapy for neurologic diseases, if proven safe and effective. Herein we review briefly the progress and limitations of traditional antibody drug development for neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on passive immunotherapy. We also take a more in-depth look at new technologies for improved delivery of antibodies to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Joy Yu
- Neurodegeneration Labs, Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ryan J. Watts
- Neurodegeneration Labs, Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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Marshall SA, McClain JA, Kelso ML, Hopkins DM, Pauly JR, Nixon K. Microglial activation is not equivalent to neuroinflammation in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration: The importance of microglia phenotype. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:239-51. [PMID: 23313316 PMCID: PMC3629000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake, a defining characteristic of an alcohol use disorder (AUD), results in neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex that has been linked to a variety of cognitive deficits. Neuroinflammation is thought to be a factor in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration, and microglia activation is a key but not sole component of an inflammatory response. These experiments investigate the effects of ethanol exposure in a well-accepted model of an AUD on both microglial activation and blood brain barrier disruption (BBB) in order to understand their relationship to classical definitions of inflammation and alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Following a four-day binge ethanol paradigm, rat hippocampal and entorhinal cortex tissue was examined using three distinct approaches to determine microglia phenotype and BBB disruption: immunohistochemistry, autoradiography, and ELISA. After ethanol exposure, there was an increase in [(3)H]-PK-11195 binding and OX-42 immunoreactivity indicative of microglial activation; however, microglia were not fully activated since both OX-6 and ED-1 immunoreactive microglia were absent. This data was supported by functional evidence as there was no increase in the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 or TNF-α, but a 26% increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and a 38% increase in the growth factor, TGF-β, seven days after exposure. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a disruption of the BBB. These data suggest that the four-day binge model of an AUD, which produces neurodegeneration in corticolimbic regions, does not elicit classical neuroinflammation but instead produces partially activated microglia. Partial activation of microglia following binge ethanol exposure suggest that microglia in this model have beneficial or homeostatic roles rather than directly contributing to neurodegeneration and are a consequence of alcohol-induced-damage instead of the source of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Alex Marshall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - Justin A. McClain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | | | - Deann M. Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - James R. Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
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Cationized IVIg as a potential substitute to IVIg for the treatment of experimental immune thrombocytopenia. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:409-13. [PMID: 23665226 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the possibility of using cationized IVIg (cIVIg) instead of IVIg as a more effective therapy for the treatment of experimental immune thrombocytopenia in mice. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution of cIVIg and IVIg in mice were compared. cIVIg displayed a shorter plasma half-life and an increased organ uptake in both the spleen and liver compared to IVIg, suggesting that cIVIg could be more potent than IVIg to prevent platelet clearance in a mouse model of thrombocytopenia. However, although the biodistribution of cIVIg in the spleen and liver was improved, its ability to prevent platelet clearance in mice remained similar to that of IVIg. Altogether, our data demonstrate the possibility of using chemical cationization of IVIg preparations to increase organ uptake, and also highlight the challenges of developing effective substitutes to IVIg.
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Patel M, Souto EB, Singh KK. Advances in brain drug targeting and delivery: limitations and challenges of solid lipid nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:889-905. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.784742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Futami J, Kitazoe M, Murata H, Yamada H. Exploiting protein cationization techniques in future drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:261-9. [PMID: 23496081 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of a method for the efficient intracellular delivery of inherently non-permeable proteins is needed for manipulation of cellular phenotypes or the discovery of protein-based drugs. It has been demonstrated that proteins artificially cationized by chemical conjugation show efficient intracellular delivery via adsorptive-mediated endocytosis and then can exert their biological activity in cells. Studies have also revealed that cationic peptides known as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide a means to deliver molecules into mammalian cells. Although the internalization mechanisms remain controversial, it is now becoming clear that the main port of entry into cells by CPPs also involves adsorptive-mediated endocytosis rather than the direct penetration of the plasma membrane. As the mammalian cell membrane possesses an abundance of negatively charged glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids, cationization of proteins is a reasonable choice to endow them with the ability for intracellular delivery. Cationization of proteins is usually accompanied by drastic changes in protein properties, structure and biological activities. Recently developed sophisticated protein chemistry can minimize these side effects. Therefore, protein cationization techniques will hopefully prove to be powerful tools for innovative research and drug discovery. In this review, techniques for cationization of proteins and their intracellular delivery, as well as some of their potential therapeutic applications, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Futami
- Okayama University, Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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