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Delabar JM, Gomes MAGB, Fructuoso M, Sarrazin N, George N, Fleary-Roberts N, Sun H, Bui LC, Rodrigues-Lima F, Janel N, Dairou J, Maria EJ, Dodd RH, Cariou K, Potier MC. EGCG-like non-competitive inhibitor of DYRK1A rescues cognitive defect in a down syndrome model. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116098. [PMID: 38171148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Overexpression of the chromosome 21 DYRK1A gene induces morphological defects and cognitive impairments in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and in DS mice models. Aging neurons of specific brain regions of patients with Alzheimer's disease, DS and Pick's disease have increased DYRK1A immunoreactivity suggesting a possible association of DYRK1A with neurofibrillary tangle pathology. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) displays appreciable inhibition of DYRK1A activity and, contrary to all other published inhibitors, EGCG is a non-competitive inhibitor of DYRK1A. Prenatal exposure to green tea polyphenols containing EGCG protects from brain defects induced by overexpression of DYRK1A. In order to produce more robust and possibly more active analogues of the natural compound EGCG, here we synthetized new EGCG-like molecules with several structural modifications to the EGCG skeleton. We replaced the ester boun of EGCG with a more resistant amide bond. We also replaced the oxygen ring by a methylene group. And finally, we positioned a nitrogen atom within this ring. The selected compound was shown to maintain the non-competitive property of EGCG and to correct biochemical and behavioral defects present in a DS mouse model. In addition it showed high stability and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Delabar
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France.
| | - Marco Antônio G B Gomes
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marta Fructuoso
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Nadège Sarrazin
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Nicolas George
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadia Fleary-Roberts
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hua Sun
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Linh Chi Bui
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Team Degenerative Process, Stress and Aging, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Edmilson J Maria
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert H Dodd
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; current address: Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France.
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Elangovan A, Babu HWS, Iyer M, Gopalakrishnan AV, Vellingiri B. Untangle the mystery behind DS-associated AD - Is APP the main protagonist? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101930. [PMID: 37031726 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein profusion in Trisomy 21, also called Down Syndrome (DS), is rooted in the genetic determination of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With the recent development in patient care, the life expectancy of DS patients has gradually increased, leading to the high prospect of AD development, consequently leading to the development of plaques of amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary tangles made of tau by the fourth decade of the patient leading to dementia. The altered gene expression resulted in cellular dysfunction due to impairment of autophagy, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, and copy number variation controlled by the additional genes in Trisomy 21. The cognitive impairment and mechanistic insights underlying DS-AD conditions have been reviewed in this article. Some recent findings regarding biomarkers and therapeutics of DS-AD conditions were highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/ Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harysh Winster Suresh Babu
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/ Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore-641021, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/ Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Genetics and Molecular Basis of Congenital Heart Defects in Down Syndrome: Role of Extracellular Matrix Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032918. [PMID: 36769235 PMCID: PMC9918028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a complex disorder that is caused by the trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is a major cause of congenital heart defects (CHD). Interestingly, only about 50% of individuals with Hsa21 trisomy manifest CHD. Here we review the genetic basis of CHD in DS, focusing on genes that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. The overexpression of Hsa21 genes likely underlies the molecular mechanisms that contribute to CHD, even though the genes responsible for CHD could only be located in a critical region of Hsa21. A role in causing CHD has been attributed not only to protein-coding Hsa21 genes, but also to genes on other chromosomes, as well as miRNAs and lncRNAs. It is likely that the contribution of more than one gene is required, and that the overexpression of Hsa21 genes acts in combination with other genetic events, such as specific mutations or polymorphisms, amplifying their effect. Moreover, a key function in determining alterations in cardiac morphogenesis might be played by ECM. A large number of genes encoding ECM proteins are overexpressed in trisomic human fetal hearts, and many of them appear to be under the control of a Hsa21 gene, the RUNX1 transcription factor.
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Al-Kurbi AA, Da'as SI, Aamer W, Krishnamoorthy N, Poggiolini I, Abdelrahman D, Elbashir N, Al-Shabeeb Akil A, Glass GE, Fakhro KA. A recessive variant in SIM2 in a child with complex craniofacial anomalies and global developmental delay. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104455. [PMID: 35182808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rare deletions and duplications on the long arm of Chromosome 21 have previously been reported in many patients with craniofacial and developmental phenotypes. However, this Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR) contains multiple genes, making identifying a single causative gene difficult. Here, we report a case of a boy with bicoronal craniosynostosis, facial dysmorphism, developmental delay, and intellectual impairment who was found by whole genome sequencing to have a homozygous missense mutation in the Single-Minded Homolog 2 (SIM2) gene (c.461 A > G, p.Tyr154Cys) within the DSCR. SIM2 encodes an essential bHLH and PAS domain transcription factor expressed during fetal brain development and acts as a master regulator of neurogenesis. This variant is globally very rare, segregates in the family, and is predicted to be highly deleterious by in silico analysis, 3D molecular modeling of protein structure, and functional analysis of zebrafish models. Zebrafish expressing the human SIM2p.Y154C variant displayed a progressed microcephaly-like phenotype and head shape abnormalities. When combined with careful phenotyping of the patient vis-à-vis previously reported cases harboring structural variants in this critical 21q22 region, the data support a pathogenic role of SIM2 in this complex syndrome and demonstrates the utility of next-generation sequencing in prioritizing genes in contiguous deletions/duplications syndromes and diagnosing microarray-negative patients in the craniofacial clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alya A Al-Kurbi
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, 34110, Qatar; Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sahar Isa Da'as
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, 34110, Qatar; Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Waleed Aamer
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Doua Abdelrahman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Najwa Elbashir
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Graeme E Glass
- Division of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, 34110, Qatar; Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar; Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, 24144, Qatar.
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5
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Antonaros F, Pitocco M, Abete D, Vione B, Piovesan A, Vitale L, Strippoli P, Caracausi M, Pelleri MC. Structural Characterization of the Highly Restricted Down Syndrome Critical Region on 21q22.13: New KCNJ6 and DSCR4 Transcript Isoforms. Front Genet 2021; 12:770359. [PMID: 34956324 PMCID: PMC8692863 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.770359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 and it is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID) in humans. Subjects with DS show a typical phenotype marked by facial dysmorphisms and ID. Partial trisomy 21 (PT21) is a rare genotype characterized by the duplication of a delimited chromosome 21 (Hsa21) portion and it may or may not be associated with DS diagnosis. The highly restricted Down syndrome critical region (HR-DSCR) is a region of Hsa21 present in three copies in all individuals with PT21 and a diagnosis of DS. This region, located on distal 21q22.13, is 34 kbp long and does not include characterized genes. The HR-DSCR is annotated as an intergenic region between KCNJ6-201 transcript encoding for potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 6 and DSCR4-201 transcript encoding Down syndrome critical region 4. Two transcripts recently identified by massive RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and automatically annotated on Ensembl database reveal that the HR-DSCR seems to be partially crossed by KCNJ6-202 and DSCR4-202 isoforms. KCNJ6-202 shares the coding sequence with KCNJ6-201 which is involved in many physiological processes, including heart rate in cardiac cells and circuit activity in neuronal cells. DSCR4-202 transcript has the first two exons in common with DSCR4-201, the only experimentally verified gene uniquely present in Hominidae. In this study, we performed in silico and in vitro analyses of the HR-DSCR. Bioinformatic data, obtained using Sequence Read Archive (SRA) and SRA-BLAST software, were confirmed by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing on a panel of human tissues. Our data demonstrate that the HR-DSCR cannot be defined as an intergenic region. Further studies are needed to investigate the functional role of the new transcripts, likely involved in DS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonaros
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Pitocco
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Abete
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vione
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vitale
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Strippoli
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Ahmed MM, Block A, Busquet N, Gardiner KJ. Context Fear Conditioning in Down Syndrome Mouse Models: Effects of Trisomic Gene Content, Age, Sex and Genetic Background. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101528. [PMID: 34680922 PMCID: PMC8535510 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of the long arm of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). Currently, there are no effective pharmacotherapies. The success of clinical trials to improve cognition depends in part on the design of preclinical evaluations in mouse models. To broaden understanding of the common limitations of experiments in learning and memory, we report performance in context fear conditioning (CFC) in three mouse models of DS, the Dp(16)1Yey, Dp(17)1Yey and Dp(10)1Yey (abbreviated Dp16, Dp17 and Dp10), separately trisomic for the human Hsa21 orthologs mapping to mouse chromosomes 16, 17 and 10, respectively. We examined female and male mice of the three lines on the standard C57BL/6J background at 3 months of age and Dp17 and Dp10 at 18 months of age. We also examined female and male mice of Dp17 and Dp10 at 3 months of age as F1 hybrids obtained from a cross with the DBA/2J background. Results indicate that genotype, sex, age and genetic background affect CFC performance. These data support the need to use both female and male mice, trisomy of sets of all Hsa21 orthologs, and additional ages and genetic backgrounds to improve the reliability of preclinical evaluations of drugs for ID in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Aaron Block
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Nicolas Busquet
- Department of Neurology, Animal Behavior and In Vivo Neurophysiology Core, NeuroTechnology Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Katheleen J. Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Gomes FDC, Mattos MF, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Pavarino ÉC. Alzheimer's Disease in the Down Syndrome: An Overview of Genetics and Molecular Aspects. Neurol India 2021; 69:32-41. [PMID: 33642267 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.310062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, encoded on chromosome 21, has been associated in Down syndrome (DS) with the development of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). The increase in APP levels leads to an overproduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide that accumulates in the brain. In response to this deposition, microglial cells are active and generate cascade events that include release cytokines and chemokine. The prolonged activation microglial cells induce neuronal loss, production of reactive oxygen species, neuron death, neuroinflammation, and consequently the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The intrinsically deficient immune systems in people with DS result in abnormalities in cytokine levels, which possibly contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Knowledge about the biomarkers involved in the process of neurodegeneration and neuroinflamation is important for understanding the mechanisms involved in the incidence and the precocity of AD in individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana de C Gomes
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Marlon F Mattos
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Eny M Goloni-Bertollo
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Érika C Pavarino
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
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8
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Grimm J, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. Molecular Mechanisms of the Genetic Predisposition to Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia in Infants With Down Syndrome. Front Oncol 2021; 11:636633. [PMID: 33777792 PMCID: PMC7992977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.636633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome are genetically predisposed to developing acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. This myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML–DS) demonstrates a model of step-wise leukemogenesis with perturbed hematopoiesis already presenting in utero, facilitating the acquisition of additional driver mutations such as truncating GATA1 variants, which are pathognomonic to the disease. Consequently, the affected individuals suffer from a transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM)—a pre-leukemic state preceding the progression to ML–DS. In our review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the different steps of clonal evolution in Down syndrome leukemogenesis, and aim to provide a comprehensive view on the complex interplay between gene dosage imbalances, GATA1 mutations and somatic mutations affecting JAK-STAT signaling, the cohesin complex and epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Grimm
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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9
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Duchon A, Del Mar Muniz Moreno M, Martin Lorenzo S, Silva de Souza MP, Chevalier C, Nalesso V, Meziane H, Loureiro de Sousa P, Noblet V, Armspach JP, Brault V, Herault Y. Multi-influential genetic interactions alter behaviour and cognition through six main biological cascades in Down syndrome mouse models. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:771-788. [PMID: 33693642 PMCID: PMC8161522 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an additional copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). To provide novel insights into genotype–phenotype correlations, we used standardized behavioural tests, magnetic resonance imaging and hippocampal gene expression to screen several DS mouse models for the mouse chromosome 16 region homologous to Hsa21. First, we unravelled several genetic interactions between different regions of chromosome 16 and how they contribute significantly to altering the outcome of the phenotypes in brain cognition, function and structure. Then, in-depth analysis of misregulated expressed genes involved in synaptic dysfunction highlighted six biological cascades centred around DYRK1A, GSK3β, NPY, SNARE, RHOA and NPAS4. Finally, we provide a novel vision of the existing altered gene–gene crosstalk and molecular mechanisms targeting specific hubs in DS models that should become central to better understanding of DS and improving the development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Duchon
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Maria Del Mar Muniz Moreno
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Sandra Martin Lorenzo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marcia Priscilla Silva de Souza
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Claire Chevalier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Valérie Nalesso
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - Vincent Noblet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, ICube, FMTS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Paul Armspach
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, ICube, FMTS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Veronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), department of translational medicine and neurogenetics 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
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10
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Zedníková I, Chylíková B, Šeda O, Korabečná M, Pazourková E, Břešťák M, Krkavcová M, Calda P, Hořínek A. Genome-wide miRNA profiling in plasma of pregnant women with down syndrome fetuses. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4531-4540. [PMID: 32472298 PMCID: PMC7295716 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common causes of intellectual disability and new approaches allowing its rapid and effective prenatal detection are being explored. In this study, we investigated the diagnostic potential of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs). This study builds upon our previous study in DS placentas, where seven miRNAs were found to be significantly up-regulated. A total of 70 first-trimester plasma samples from pregnant women were included in the present study (35 samples with DS fetuses; 35 with euploid fetuses). Genome-wide miRNA profiling was performed in the pilot study using Affymetrix GeneChip™ miRNA 4.1 Array Strips (18 samples). Selected miRNAs were then analysed in the validation study using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR; 52 samples). Based on the current pilot study results (12 miRNAs), our previous research on chorionic villi samples (7 miRNAs) and the literature (4 miRNAs), a group of 23 miRNAs was selected for the validation study. Although the results of the pilot study were promising, the validation study using the more sensitive RT-qPCR technique and a larger group of samples revealed no significant differences in miRNA profiles between the compared groups. Our results suggest that testing of the first-trimester plasma miRNAs is probably not suitable for non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Different results could be theoretically achieved at later gestational ages; however, such a result probably would have limited use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Zedníková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Blanka Chylíková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šeda
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Korabečná
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pazourková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Břešťák
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Screening Center ProfiG2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavel Calda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hořínek
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Muñiz Moreno MDM, Brault V, Birling MC, Pavlovic G, Herault Y. Modeling Down syndrome in animals from the early stage to the 4.0 models and next. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:91-143. [PMID: 32057313 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The genotype-phenotype relationship and the physiopathology of Down Syndrome (DS) have been explored in the last 20 years with more and more relevant mouse models. From the early age of transgenesis to the new CRISPR/CAS9-derived chromosomal engineering and the transchromosomic technologies, mouse models have been key to identify homologous genes or entire regions homologous to the human chromosome 21 that are necessary or sufficient to induce DS features, to investigate the complexity of the genetic interactions that are involved in DS and to explore therapeutic strategies. In this review we report the new developments made, how genomic data and new genetic tools have deeply changed our way of making models, extended our panel of animal models, and increased our understanding of the neurobiology of the disease. But even if we have made an incredible progress which promises to make DS a curable condition, we are facing new research challenges to nurture our knowledge of DS pathophysiology as a neurodevelopmental disorder with many comorbidities during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Muñiz Moreno
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France.
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12
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Petersen ME, O’Bryant S. Blood-based biomarkers for Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:699-710. [PMID: 31389185 PMCID: PMC8284928 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) occurs due to triplication of chromosome 21. Individuals with DS face an elevated risk for development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to increased amyloid beta (Aβ) resulting from the over-expression of the amyloid precursor protein found on chromosome 21. Diagnosis of AD among individuals with DS poses particular challenges resulting in an increased focus on alternative diagnostic methods such as blood-based biomarkers. The aim of this review was to evaluate the current state of the literature of blood-based biomarkers found in individuals with DS and particularly among those also diagnosed with AD or in prodromal stages (mild cognitive impairment [MCI]). A systematic review was conducted utilizing a comprehensive search strategy. Twenty-four references were identified, of those, 22 fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected for further analysis with restriction to only plasma-based biomarkers. Studies found Aβ to be consistently higher among individuals with DS; however, the link between Aβ peptides (Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40) and AD among DS was inconsistent. Inflammatory-based proteins were more reliably found to be elevated leading to preliminary work focused on an algorithmic approach with predominantly inflammatory-based proteins to detect AD and MCI as well as predict risk of incidence among DS. Separate work has also shown remarkable diagnostic accuracy with the use of a single protein (NfL) as compared to combined proteomic profiles. This review serves to outline the current state of the literature and highlights the potential plasma-based biomarkers for use in detecting AD and MCI among this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Petersen
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neuro-Oncology, Houston, Texas USA
| | - Sid O’Bryant
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Fort Worth, Texas, USA,Address correspondence to: Sid E. O’Bryant, Ph.D., University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute for Translational Research3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107. Phone: (817) 735-2963; Fax: (817) 735-0611;
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13
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Arbones ML, Thomazeau A, Nakano-Kobayashi A, Hagiwara M, Delabar JM. DYRK1A and cognition: A lifelong relationship. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 194:199-221. [PMID: 30268771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dosage of the serine threonine kinase DYRK1A is critical in the central nervous system (CNS) during development and aging. This review analyzes the functions of this kinase by considering its interacting partners and pathways. The role of DYRK1A in controlling the differentiation of prenatal newly formed neurons is presented separately from its role at the pre- and post-synaptic levels in the adult CNS; its effects on synaptic plasticity are also discussed. Because this kinase is positioned at the crossroads of many important processes, genetic dosage errors in this protein produce devastating effects arising from DYRK1A deficiency, such as in MRD7, an autism spectrum disorder, or from DYRK1A excess, such as in Down syndrome. Effects of these errors have been shown in various animal models including Drosophila, zebrafish, and mice. Dysregulation of DYRK1A levels also occurs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Finally, this review describes inhibitors that have been assessed in vivo. Accurate targeting of DYRK1A levels in the brain, with either inhibitors or activators, is a future research challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Arbones
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aurore Thomazeau
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Akiko Nakano-Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean M Delabar
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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14
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Kurabayashi N, Nguyen MD, Sanada K. Triple play of DYRK1A kinase in cortical progenitor cells of Trisomy 21. Neurosci Res 2019; 138:19-25. [PMID: 30227164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) also known as Trisomy 21 is a genetic disorder that occurs in ∼1 in 800 live births. The disorder is caused by the triplication of all or part of human chromosome 21 and therefore, is thought to arise from the increased dosage of genes found within chromosome 21. The manifestations of the disease include among others physical growth delays and intellectual disability. A prominent anatomical feature of DS is the microcephaly that results from altered brain development. Recent studies using mouse models of DS have shed new light on DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A), a gene located on human chromosome 21 that plays a critical role in neocortical development. The present review summarizes effects of the increased dosage of DYRK1A on the proliferative, neurogenic and astrogliogenic potentials of cortical neural progenitor cells, and relates these findings to the clinical manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kurabayashi
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMR 151, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Kamon Sanada
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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15
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Zhao X, Bhattacharyya A. Human Models Are Needed for Studying Human Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:829-857. [PMID: 30526865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of animal models of neurological disease has been instrumental in furthering our understanding of neurodevelopment and brain diseases. However, animal models are limited in revealing some of the most fundamental aspects of development, genetics, pathology, and disease mechanisms that are unique to humans. These shortcomings are exaggerated in disorders that affect the brain, where the most significant differences between humans and animal models exist, and could underscore failures in targeted therapeutic interventions in affected individuals. Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a much-needed model system for investigating human-specific biology and disease mechanisms. However, questions remain regarding whether these cell-culture-based models are sufficient or even necessary. In this review, we summarize human-specific features of neurodevelopment and the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, present discrepancies between animal models and human diseases, demonstrate how human stem cell models can provide meaningful information, and discuss the challenges that exist in our pursuit to understand distinctively human aspects of neurodevelopment and brain disease. This information argues for a more thoughtful approach to disease modeling through consideration of the valuable features and limitations of each model system, be they human or animal, to mimic disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA.
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA.
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16
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Herault Y, Delabar JM, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Yu E, Brault V. Rodent models in Down syndrome research: impact and future opportunities. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1165-1186. [PMID: 28993310 PMCID: PMC5665454 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. To date, a multiplicity of mouse models with Down-syndrome-related features has been developed to understand this complex human chromosomal disorder. These mouse models have been important for determining genotype-phenotype relationships and identification of dosage-sensitive genes involved in the pathophysiology of the condition, and in exploring the impact of the additional chromosome on the whole genome. Mouse models of Down syndrome have also been used to test therapeutic strategies. Here, we provide an overview of research in the last 15 years dedicated to the development and application of rodent models for Down syndrome. We also speculate on possible and probable future directions of research in this fast-moving field. As our understanding of the syndrome improves and genome engineering technologies evolve, it is necessary to coordinate efforts to make all Down syndrome models available to the community, to test therapeutics in models that replicate the whole trisomy and design new animal models to promote further discovery of potential therapeutic targets. Summary: Mouse models have boosted therapeutic options for Down syndrome, and improved models are being developed to better understand the pathophysiology of this genetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.,T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris
| | - Jean M Delabar
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, 75205 Paris, France.,INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM) CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMRS 975, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,LonDownS Consortium, London, W1T 7NF UK
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,LonDownS Consortium, London, W1T 7NF UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eugene Yu
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Department of Cancer Genetics and Genetics Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Division of Graduate School, Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Veronique Brault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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17
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Systematic Functional Characterization of Human 21st Chromosome Orthologs in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:967-979. [PMID: 29367452 PMCID: PMC5844316 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome have neurological and muscle impairments due to an additional copy of the human 21st chromosome (HSA21). Only a few of ∼200 HSA21 genes encoding proteins have been linked to specific Down syndrome phenotypes, while the remainder are understudied. To identify poorly characterized HSA21 genes required for nervous system function, we studied behavioral phenotypes caused by loss-of-function mutations in conserved HSA21 orthologs in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We identified 10 HSA21 orthologs that are required for neuromuscular behaviors: cle-1 (COL18A1), cysl-2 (CBS), dnsn-1 (DONSON), eva-1 (EVA1C), mtq-2 (N6ATM1), ncam-1 (NCAM2), pad-2 (POFUT2), pdxk-1 (PDXK), rnt-1 (RUNX1), and unc-26 (SYNJ1). We also found that three of these genes are required for normal release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This includes a known synaptic gene unc-26 (SYNJ1), as well as uncharacterized genes pdxk-1 (PDXK) and mtq-2 (N6ATM1). As the first systematic functional analysis of HSA21 orthologs, this study may serve as a platform to understand genes that underlie phenotypes associated with Down syndrome.
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18
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Liu Y, Lin Z, Liu M, Wang H, Sun H. Overexpression of DYRK1A, a Down Syndrome Candidate gene, Impairs Primordial Germ Cells Maintenance and Migration in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15313. [PMID: 29127398 PMCID: PMC5681638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DYRK1A, located on chromosome 21, is a major candidate gene of Down syndrome (DS, trisomy21), and its overexpression is associated with abnormal phenotype of Down syndrome patients. The defects of gonads and germ cells in Down Syndrome suggest that overexpression of DYRK1A has potential effect on primordial germ cells (PGCs) development. Human and zebrafish DYRK1A protein sequence possess 75.6% similarity and same function domains, suggesting the evolutional conservation. Here, we used zebrafish model to detect the definite role of excessive expression of DYRK1A in PGCs development during embryogenesis. We injected DYRK1A mRNA into embryos and detected the PGCs marker gene vasa and nanos1. Results showed depletion in numbers and disordering migration of PGCs in human or zebrafish DYRK1A overexpressed zebrafish embryos. Quantitative proteome analysis indicated that embryonic proteins were significantly altered in DYRK1A overexpressed embryos. Of note, ca15b and piwil1, two identified critical factors for PGCs development, showed ectopic expression induced by overexpressed DYRK1A. In brief, we demonstrate that overexpression of DYRK1A, a candidate gene of Down's syndrome, impairs PGCs development during early embryogenesis by altering key factors in embryos. Importantly, our work may provide a conceivable mechanism for the gonads and germ cells defects of Down syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Lin
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Liu
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqin Sun
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Activity-Dependent Dysfunction in Visual and Olfactory Sensory Systems in Mouse Models of Down Syndrome. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9880-9888. [PMID: 28899917 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1045-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity plays a critical role in the refinement of circuitry during postnatal development and may be disrupted in conditions that cause intellectual disability, such as Down syndrome (DS). To test this hypothesis, visual cortical plasticity was assessed in Ts65Dn mice that harbor a chromosomal duplication syntenic to human chromosome 21q. We find that Ts65Dn mice demonstrate a defect in ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) following monocular deprivation. This phenotype is similar to that of transgenic mice that express amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is duplicated in DS and in Ts65DN mice; however, normalizing APP gene copy number in Ts65Dn mice fails to rescue plasticity. Ts1Rhr mice harbor a duplication of the telomeric third of the Ts65Dn-duplicated sequence and demonstrate the same ODP defect, suggesting a gene or genes sufficient to drive the phenotype are located in that smaller duplication. In addition, we find that Ts65Dn mice demonstrate an abnormality in olfactory system connectivity, a defect in the refinement of connections to second-order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Ts1Rhr mice do not demonstrate a defect in glomerular refinement, suggesting that distinct genes or sets of genes underlie visual and olfactory system phenotypes. Importantly, these data suggest that developmental plasticity and connectivity are impaired in sensory systems in DS model mice, that such defects may contribute to functional impairment in DS, and that these phenotypes, present in male and female mice, provide novel means for examining the genetic and molecular bases for neurodevelopmental impairment in model mice in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our understanding of the basis for intellectual impairment in Down syndrome is hindered by the large number of genes duplicated in Trisomy 21 and a lack of understanding of the effect of disease pathology on the function of neural circuits in vivo This work describes early postnatal developmental abnormalities in visual and olfactory sensory systems in Down syndrome model mice, which provide insight into defects in the function of neural circuits in vivo and provide an approach for exploring the genetic and molecular basis for impairment in the disease. In addition, these findings raise the possibility that basic dysfunction in primary sensory circuitry may illustrate mechanisms important for global learning and cognitive impairment in Down syndrome patients.
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20
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Plaiasu V. Down Syndrome - Genetics and Cardiogenetics. MAEDICA 2017; 12:208-213. [PMID: 29218069 PMCID: PMC5706761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, Down syndrome has been the focus of special attention. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by distinct physical features and some degree of cognitive disability. Patients with Down syndrome also present many other congenital anomalies. The mapping for phenotypes to specific regions of chromosome 21 permits to identify which genes (or small regions) contribute to the phenotypic features of Down syndrome and thus, to understand its pathogenesis. Mainly there are three cytogenetic forms of Down syndrome: free trisomy 21, mosaic trisomy 21 and robertsonian translocation trisomy 21. Prenatal and postnatal testing has become commonly used to diagnose different cases presenting the same pathology. Early clinical diagnosis is extremely important for patient prognosis. Lately, advances in Down syndrome research have been registered, but little is known about cardiovascular phenotype in Down syndrome. About half of patients with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease, and atrioventricular septal defects are the most common defects found. Basic research on Down syndrome is now rapidly accelerating, using new genomic technologies. There were many studies performed to identify a correlation between genotype and phenotype in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilica Plaiasu
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu INSMC, Regional Center of Medical Genetics, Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized neuropathologically by neuronal cell loss, extracellular neuritic plaques composed of β-amyloid (Aβ), and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Aβ is generated by proteolytic processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Most individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have three copies of APP, leading to elevated APP expression, increased Aβ deposition, and characteristic AD neuropathology. Sequencing of APP in familial early-onset AD identified missense mutations that cause AD, while a recently discovered coding variant, APP A673T, reduces the risk for AD. Cellular and animal studies show that risk-associated mutations increase total Aβ levels, Aβ42 levels, or Aβ fibrillogenesis, while protective alleles reduce Aβ levels. Together, these studies provide compelling evidence for the Aβ hypothesis and suggest that therapeutics that reduces Aβ levels or Aβ fibrillogenesis should lower the risk for or prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tcw
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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22
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Aivazidis S, Coughlan CM, Rauniyar AK, Jiang H, Liggett LA, Maclean KN, Roede JR. The burden of trisomy 21 disrupts the proteostasis network in Down syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176307. [PMID: 28430800 PMCID: PMC5400264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Abnormalities in chromosome number have the potential to lead to disruption of the proteostasis network (PN) and accumulation of misfolded proteins. DS individuals suffer from several comorbidities, and we hypothesized that disruption of proteostasis could contribute to the observed pathology and decreased cell viability in DS. Our results confirm the presence of a disrupted PN in DS, as several of its elements, including the unfolded protein response, chaperone system, and proteasomal degradation exhibited significant alterations compared to euploid controls in both cell and mouse models. Additionally, when cell models were treated with compounds that promote disrupted proteostasis, we observed diminished levels of cell viability in DS compared to controls. Collectively our findings provide a cellular-level characterization of PN dysfunction in DS and an improved understanding of the potential pathogenic mechanisms contributing to disrupted cellular physiology in DS. Lastly, this study highlights the future potential of designing therapeutic strategies that mitigate protein quality control dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Abhishek K. Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Hua Jiang
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - L. Alexander Liggett
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Maclean
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sayad A, Ghafouri-Fard S, Omrani MD, Noroozi R, Taheri M. Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) polymorphism is associated with IFNβ response in Iranian multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1093-1099. [PMID: 28386647 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-2935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous immune-related demyelinating disorder of central nervous system with several genetic and environmental factors contributing in its pathogenesis or patients' response to therapies. Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is among the genes which are induced by IFNβ and are involved in the MS pathogenesis and/or response to IFNβ. In the present case-control study, we evaluated the association between three SNPs at nt -123 (A or C, rs17000900), nt -88 (G or T, rs2071430), and nt +20 (A or C, rs464138) and MS risk as well as treatment response in a population of Iranian MS patients including 146 IFNβ responders and 85 non-responders as well as 180 healthy controls. The AGA (-123, -88, +20) haplotype was more frequent in controls compared with MS cases (P = 0.038, OR (95% CI) = 1.77 (1.03-3.02)). Of particular note, the frequency of rs464138 AA genotype was significantly higher in responders compared with non-responders. However, the allele and genotype frequencies of other SNPs were not significantly different among patient subtypes or between patients and controls. Besides, we have demonstrated that CGC, ATA, and AGA (-123, -88, +20) haplotypes were significantly associated with IFNβ response in MS patients. As SNPs on MxA promoter region might participate in MS patients' response to IFNβ, prior patients genotyping may increase the rate of responsiveness and help in individualized selection of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran.
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24
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Kleschevnikov AM, Yu J, Kim J, Lysenko LV, Zeng Z, Yu YE, Mobley WC. Evidence that increased Kcnj6 gene dose is necessary for deficits in behavior and dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 103:1-10. [PMID: 28342823 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, is caused by increased dose of genes present on human chromosome 21 (HSA21). The gene-dose hypothesis argues that a change in the dose of individual genes or regulatory sequences on HSA21 is necessary for creating DS-related phenotypes, including cognitive impairment. We focused on a possible role for Kcnj6, the gene encoding Kir3.2 (Girk2) subunits of a G-protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel. This gene resides on a segment of mouse Chromosome 16 that is present in one extra copy in the genome of the Ts65Dn mouse, a well-studied genetic model of DS. Kir3.2 subunit-containing potassium channels serve as effectors for a number of postsynaptic metabotropic receptors including GABAB receptors. Several studies raise the possibility that increased Kcnj6 dose contributes to synaptic and cognitive abnormalities in DS. To assess directly a role for Kcnj6 gene dose in cognitive deficits in DS, we produced Ts65Dn mice that harbor only 2 copies of Kcnj6 (Ts65Dn:Kcnj6++- mice). The reduction in Kcnj6 gene dose restored to normal the hippocampal level of Kir3.2. Long-term memory, examined in the novel object recognition test with the retention period of 24h, was improved to the level observed in the normosomic littermate control mice (2N:Kcnj6++). Significantly, both short-term and long-term potentiation (STP and LTP) was improved to control levels in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the Ts65Dn:Kcnj6++- mouse. In view of the ability of fluoxetine to suppress Kir3.2 channels, we asked if fluoxetine-treated DG slices of Ts65Dn:Kcnj6+++ mice would rescue synaptic plasticity. Fluoxetine increased STP and LTP to control levels. These results are evidence that increased Kcnj6 gene dose is necessary for synaptic and cognitive dysfunction in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS. Strategies aimed at pharmacologically reducing channel function should be explored for enhancing cognition in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jessica Yu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeesun Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Larisa V Lysenko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Academy of Biology and Biotechnology of Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Str, Rostov-na-Donu 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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25
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Liu H, Wang K, Chen S, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Chen L, Sun X. NFATc1 phosphorylation by DYRK1A increases its protein stability. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172985. [PMID: 28235034 PMCID: PMC5325557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NFATs are transcription factors involved in immune activation and tumor progression. Previous reports showed that DYRK1A suppressed NFATc2 transcriptional activity through phosphorylation. Nonetheless, our results showed that DYRK1A increased NFATc1/αA protein level and subsequent transcriptional activity. DYRK1A phosphorylation of NFATc1/αA at S261, S278, S403 and S409 interfered with NFATc1 ubiquitination and ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Our results imply that DYRK1A is a positive kinase in regulation of NFATc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuankai Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Long Chen
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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26
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Liu Y, Adayev T, Hwang YW. An ELISA DYRK1A non-radioactive kinase assay suitable for the characterization of inhibitors. F1000Res 2017; 6:42. [PMID: 28163906 PMCID: PMC5270589 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10582.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The DYRK1A (dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A) gene encodes a proline-directed Ser/Thr kinase. Elevated expression and/or altered distribution of the kinase have been implicated in the neurological impairments associated with Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Consequently, DYRK1A inhibition has been of significant interest as a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention of DS and AD. Many classes of novel inhibitors have been described in the past decade. Although non-radioactive methods for analyzing DYRK1A inhibition have been developed, methods employing radioactive tracers are still commonly used for quantitative characterization of DYRK1A inhibitors. Here, we present a non-radioactive ELISA assay based on the detection of DYRK1A-phosphorylated dynamin 1a fragment using a phosphorylation site-specific antibody. The assay was verified by the use of two well-characterized DYRK1A inhibitors, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and harmine. The IC
50s for EGCG and harmine determined by the ELISA method were found to be comparable to those previously measured by radioactive tracing methods. Furthermore, we determined the mode of inhibition for EGCG and harmine by a modification of the ELISA assay. This assay confirms the mode of inhibition of EGCG (non-ATP-competitive) and harmine (ATP-competitive), as previously determined. We conclude that the ELISA platform demonstrated here is a viable alternative to the traditional radioactive tracer assays for analyzing DYRK1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Molecular Biology Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Tatyana Adayev
- Molecular Biology Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Hwang
- Molecular Biology Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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27
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Halevy T, Biancotti JC, Yanuka O, Golan-Lev T, Benvenisty N. Molecular Characterization of Down Syndrome Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Role for RUNX1 in Neural Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:777-786. [PMID: 27618722 PMCID: PMC5063584 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the leading genetic cause of mental retardation and is caused by a third copy of human chromosome 21. The different pathologies of DS involve many tissues with a distinct array of neural phenotypes. Here we characterize embryonic stem cell lines with DS (DS-ESCs), and focus on the neural aspects of the disease. Our results show that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiated from five independent DS-ESC lines display increased apoptosis and downregulation of forehead developmental genes. Analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested RUNX1 as a key transcription regulator in DS-NPCs. Using genome editing we were able to disrupt all three copies of RUNX1 in DS-ESCs, leading to downregulation of several RUNX1 target developmental genes accompanied by reduced apoptosis and neuron migration. Our work sheds light on the role of RUNX1 and the importance of dosage balance in the development of neural phenotypes in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Halevy
- Department of Genetics, The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Juan-Carlos Biancotti
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ofra Yanuka
- Department of Genetics, The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan-Lev
- Department of Genetics, The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Department of Genetics, The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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28
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Pelleri MC, Cicchini E, Locatelli C, Vitale L, Caracausi M, Piovesan A, Rocca A, Poletti G, Seri M, Strippoli P, Cocchi G. Systematic reanalysis of partial trisomy 21 cases with or without Down syndrome suggests a small region on 21q22.13 as critical to the phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2525-2538. [PMID: 27106104 PMCID: PMC5181629 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A 'Down Syndrome critical region' (DSCR) sufficient to induce the most constant phenotypes of Down syndrome (DS) had been identified by studying partial (segmental) trisomy 21 (PT21) as an interval of 0.6-8.3 Mb within human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), although its existence was later questioned. We propose an innovative, systematic reanalysis of all described PT21 cases (from 1973 to 2015). In particular, we built an integrated, comparative map from 125 cases with or without DS fulfilling stringent cytogenetic and clinical criteria. The map allowed to define or exclude as candidates for DS fine Hsa21 sequence intervals, also integrating duplication copy number variants (CNVs) data. A highly restricted DSCR (HR-DSCR) of only 34 kb on distal 21q22.13 has been identified as the minimal region whose duplication is shared by all DS subjects and is absent in all non-DS subjects. Also being spared by any duplication CNV in healthy subjects, HR-DSCR is proposed as a candidate for the typical DS features, the intellectual disability and some facial phenotypes. HR-DSCR contains no known gene and has relevant homology only to the chimpanzee genome. Searching for HR-DSCR functional loci might become a priority for understanding the fundamental genotype-phenotype relationships in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Elena Cicchini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vitale
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rocca
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia Poletti
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Strippoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Guido Cocchi
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, BO, Italy
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29
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Duchon A, Herault Y. DYRK1A, a Dosage-Sensitive Gene Involved in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Is a Target for Drug Development in Down Syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:104. [PMID: 27375444 PMCID: PMC4891327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the leading causes of intellectual disability, and patients with DS face various health issues, including learning and memory deficits, congenital heart disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), leukemia, and cancer, leading to huge medical and social costs. Remarkable advances on DS research have been made in improving cognitive function in mouse models for future therapeutic approaches in patients. Among the different approaches, DYRK1A inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutics to reduce DS cognitive deficits. DYRK1A is a dual-specificity kinase that is overexpressed in DS and plays a key role in neurogenesis, outgrowth of axons and dendrites, neuronal trafficking and aging. Its pivotal role in the DS phenotype makes it a prime target for the development of therapeutics. Recently, disruption of DYRK1A has been found in Autosomal Dominant Mental Retardation 7 (MRD7), resulting in severe mental deficiency. Recent advances in the development of kinase inhibitors are expected, in the near future, to remove DS from the list of incurable diseases, providing certain conditions such as drug dosage and correct timing for the optimum long-term treatment. In addition the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms that are targeted by the inhibition of DYRK1A are still to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Duchon
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France; PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Groupement d'Intérêt Économique-Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine, CNRS, INSERMIllkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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30
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Grieco J, Pulsifer M, Seligsohn K, Skotko B, Schwartz A. Down syndrome: Cognitive and behavioral functioning across the lifespan. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 169:135-49. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Falke H, Chaikuad A, Becker A, Loaëc N, Lozach O, Abu Jhaisha S, Becker W, Jones P, Preu L, Baumann K, Knapp S, Meijer L, Kunick C. 10-iodo-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acids are selective inhibitors of DYRK1A. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3131-43. [PMID: 25730262 PMCID: PMC4506206 DOI: 10.1021/jm501994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase DYRK1A has been suggested to act as one of the intracellular regulators contributing to neurological alterations found in individuals with Down syndrome. For an assessment of the role of DYRK1A, selective synthetic inhibitors are valuable pharmacological tools. However, the DYRK1A inhibitors described in the literature so far either are not sufficiently selective or have not been tested against closely related kinases from the DYRK and the CLK protein kinase families. The aim of this study was the identification of DYRK1A inhibitors exhibiting selectivity versus the structurally and functionally closely related DYRK and CLK isoforms. Structure modification of the screening hit 11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid revealed structure-activity relationships for kinase inhibition and enabled the design of 10-iodo-substituted derivatives as very potent DYRK1A inhibitors with considerable selectivity against CLKs. X-ray structure determination of three 11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acids cocrystallized with DYRK1A confirmed the predicted binding mode within the ATP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Falke
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Nuffield
Department
of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of
Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Anja Becker
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- ManRos
Therapeutics, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- “Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease” Group, Station Biologique
de Roscoff, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Olivier Lozach
- “Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease” Group, Station Biologique
de Roscoff, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Samira Abu Jhaisha
- Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen
University, Wendlingweg
2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Becker
- Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen
University, Wendlingweg
2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter
G. Jones
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lutz Preu
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Knut Baumann
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield
Department
of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of
Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos
Therapeutics, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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32
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Souchet B, Guedj F, Sahún I, Duchon A, Daubigney F, Badel A, Yanagawa Y, Barallobre MJ, Dierssen M, Yu E, Herault Y, Arbones M, Janel N, Créau N, Delabar JM. Excitation/inhibition balance and learning are modified by Dyrk1a gene dosage. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:65-75. [PMID: 24801365 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in Down syndrome (DS) have been linked to increased synaptic inhibition, leading to an imbalance of excitation/inhibition (E/I). Various mouse models and studies from human brains have implicated an HSA21 gene, the serine/threonine kinase DYRK1A, as a candidate for inducing cognitive dysfunction. Here, consequences of alterations in Dyrk1a dosage were assessed in mouse models with varying copy numbers of Dyrk1a: mBACtgDyrk1a, Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1Yey (with 3 gene copies) and Dyrk1a(+/-) (one functional copy). Molecular (i.e. immunoblotting/immunohistochemistry) and behavioral analyses (e.g., rotarod, Morris water maze, Y-maze) were performed in mBACtgDyrk1a mice. Increased expression of DYRK1A in mBACtgDyrk1a induced molecular alterations in synaptic plasticity pathways, particularly expression changes in GABAergic and glutaminergic related proteins. Similar alterations were observed in models with partial trisomy of MMU16, Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1Yey, and were reversed in the Dyrk1a(+/-) model. Dyrk1a overexpression produced an increased number and signal intensity of GAD67 positive neurons, indicating enhanced inhibition pathways in three different models: mBACtgDyrk1a, hYACtgDyrk1a and Dp(16)1Yey. Functionally, Dyrk1a overexpression protected mice from PTZ-induced seizures related to GABAergic neuron plasticity. Our study shows that DYRK1A overexpression affects pathways involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity and influences E/I balance toward inhibition. Inhibition of DYRK1A activity offers a therapeutic target for DS, but its inhibition/activation may also be relevant for other psychiatric diseases with E/I balance alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Souchet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Adaptive Functional Biology, UMR CNRS 8251, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Fayçal Guedj
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Adaptive Functional Biology, UMR CNRS 8251, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Ignasi Sahún
- Genomic Regulation Center, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Duchon
- IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, UMR7104, UMR964, Illkirch, France
| | - Fabrice Daubigney
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Adaptive Functional Biology, UMR CNRS 8251, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Anne Badel
- MTI, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine and JST, CREST, Japan
| | - Maria Jose Barallobre
- Plataforma de Recerca Aplicada en Animal de Laboratori (PRAAL), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Genomic Regulation Center, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugene Yu
- Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yann Herault
- IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, UMR7104, UMR964, Illkirch, France
| | - Mariona Arbones
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain; Plataforma de Recerca Aplicada en Animal de Laboratori (PRAAL), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Spain
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Adaptive Functional Biology, UMR CNRS 8251, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Nicole Créau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Adaptive Functional Biology, UMR CNRS 8251, 75205 Paris, France.
| | - Jean Maurice Delabar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Adaptive Functional Biology, UMR CNRS 8251, 75205 Paris, France.
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De la Torre R, De Sola S, Pons M, Duchon A, de Lagran MM, Farré M, Fitó M, Benejam B, Langohr K, Rodriguez J, Pujadas M, Bizot JC, Cuenca A, Janel N, Catuara S, Covas MI, Blehaut H, Herault Y, Delabar JM, Dierssen M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a DYRK1A inhibitor, rescues cognitive deficits in Down syndrome mouse models and in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:278-88. [PMID: 24039182 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Trisomy for human chromosome 21 results in Down syndrome (DS), which is among the most complex genetic perturbations leading to intellectual disability. Accumulating data suggest that overexpression of the dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), is a critical pathogenic mechanisms in the intellectual deficit. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we show that the green tea flavonol epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), a DYRK1A inhibitor, rescues the cognitive deficits of both segmental trisomy 16 (Ts65Dn) and transgenic mice overexpressing Dyrk1A in a trisomic or disomic genetic background, respectively. It also significantly reverses cognitive deficits in a pilot study in DS individuals with effects on memory recognition, working memory and quality of life. We used the mouse models to ensure that EGCG was able to reduce DYRK1A kinase activity in the hippocampus and found that it also induced significant changes in plasma homocysteine levels, which were correlated with Dyrk1A expression levels. Thus, we could use plasma homocysteine levels as an efficacy biomarker in our human study. CONCLUSION We conclude that EGCG is a promising therapeutic tool for cognitive enhancement in DS, and its efficacy may depend of Dyrk1A inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael De la Torre
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group-Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, and CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, CEXS-UPF, Barcelona, Spain
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Papoulidis I, Papageorgiou E, Siomou E, Oikonomidou E, Thomaidis L, Vetro A, Zuffardi O, Liehr T, Manolakos E, Vassilis P. A patient with partial trisomy 21 and 7q deletion expresses mild Down syndrome phenotype. Gene 2014; 536:441-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bhutta MF, Cheeseman MT, Herault Y, Yu YE, Brown SDM. Surveying the Down syndrome mouse model resource identifies critical regions responsible for chronic otitis media. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:439-45. [PMID: 24068166 PMCID: PMC3843744 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic otitis media (OM) is common in Down syndrome (DS), but underlying aetiology is unclear. We analysed the entire available mouse resource of partial trisomy models of DS looking for histological evidence of chronic middle-ear inflammation. We found a highly penetrant OM in the Dp(16)1Yey mouse, which carries a complete trisomy of MMU16. No OM was found in the Dp(17)1Yey mouse or the Dp(10)1Yey mouse, suggesting disease loci are located only on MMU16. The Ts1Cje, Ts1RhR, Ts2Yah, and Ts65Dn trisomies and the transchomosomic Tc1 mouse did not develop OM. On the basis of these findings, we propose a two-locus model for chronic middle-ear inflammation in DS, based upon epistasis of the regions of HSA21 not in trisomy in the Tc1 mouse. We also conclude that environmental factors likely play an important role in disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood F Bhutta
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Room 6607 Level 6, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK,
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Wilcock DM, Griffin WST. Down's syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:84. [PMID: 23866266 PMCID: PMC3750399 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the result of triplication of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) and is the prevailing cause of mental retardation. In addition to the mental deficiencies and physical anomalies noted at birth, triplication of chromosome 21 gene products results in the neuropathological and cognitive changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mapping of the gene that encodes the precursor protein (APP) of the β-amyloid (Aβ) present in the Aβ plaques in both AD and DS to chromosome 21 was strong evidence that this chromosome 21 gene product was a principal neuropathogenic culprit in AD as well as DS. The discovery of neuroinflammatory changes, including dramatic proliferation of activated glia overexpressing a chromosome 2 gene product--the pluripotent immune cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1)--and a chromosome 21 gene product--S100B--in the brains of fetuses, neonates, and children with DS opened the possibility that early events in Alzheimer pathogenesis were driven by cytokines. The specific chromosome 21 gene products and the complexity of the mechanisms they engender that give rise to the neuroinflammatory responses noted in fetal development of the DS brain and their potential as accelerators of Alzheimer neuropathogenesis in DS are topics of this review, particularly as they relate to development and propagation of neuroinflammation, the consequences of which are recognized clinically and neuropathologically as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - W Sue T Griffin
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 629 Jack Stephens Dr., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- The Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Central Arkansas HealthCare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Abdel-Meguid IE, Abdel-Salam E, Latif DMA, Korraa S, Ismaiel A. Markers of neural degeneration and regeneration in Down syndrome patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Dowjat K, Adayev T, Kaczmarski W, Wegiel J, Hwang YW. Gene dosage-dependent association of DYRK1A with the cytoskeleton in the brain and lymphocytes of down syndrome patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:1100-12. [PMID: 23147510 PMCID: PMC3511598 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31827733c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The triplication of the DYRK1A gene encoding proline-directed serine/threonine kinase and located in the critical region of Down syndrome (DS) has been implicated in cognitive deficits and intellectual disability of individuals with DS. We investigated the effect of abnormal levels of this kinase on the cytoskeleton in brain and peripheral tissues of DS subjects. In DS tissues, the predictable approximately equal to 1.5-fold enhancement of the levels of DYRK1A protein was demonstrated. An association of DYRK1A with all 3 major cytoskeleton networks was identified using immunoprecipitation. We concentrated on the actin cytoskeleton because its association with DYRK1A was the most affected by the enzyme levels. As measured by coimmunoprecipitation in DS tissues, but not in fragile X lymphocytes, actin association with DYRK1A was reduced. This reduced association was dependent on the state of phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins and was present only in cells overproducing DYRK1A kinase; therefore, the effect was attributable to the DYRK1A gene dosage. Alterations of DYRK1A-actin assemblies were detected in newborn and infant groups, thereby linking DYRK1A overexpression with abnormal brain development of DS children. The identification of the actin cytoskeleton as one of cellular targets of DYRK1A action provides new insights into a gene dosage-sensitive mechanism by which DYRK1A could contribute to the pathogenesis of DS. In addition, the presence of this DS-specific cytoskeleton anomaly in lymphocytes attests to the systemic nature of some features of DS. To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in human tissue that shows DYRK1A association with the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Dowjat
- Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Rd, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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39
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Kinde I, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. FAST-SeqS: a simple and efficient method for the detection of aneuploidy by massively parallel sequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41162. [PMID: 22815955 PMCID: PMC3399813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing of cell-free, maternal plasma DNA was recently demonstrated to be a safe and effective screening method for fetal chromosomal aneuploidies. Here, we report an improved sequencing method achieving significantly increased throughput and decreased cost by replacing laborious sequencing library preparation steps with PCR employing a single primer pair designed to amplify a discrete subset of repeated regions. Using this approach, samples containing as little as 4% trisomy 21 DNA could be readily distinguished from euploid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Kinde
- The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IK); (KK)
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Kinzler
- The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IK); (KK)
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Guedj F, Pereira PL, Najas S, Barallobre MJ, Chabert C, Souchet B, Sebrie C, Verney C, Herault Y, Arbones M, Delabar JM. DYRK1A: a master regulatory protein controlling brain growth. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:190-203. [PMID: 22293606 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation in a small region of chromosome 21 containing DYRK1A produces morphological and cognitive alterations in human. In mouse models, haploinsufficiency results in microcephaly, and a human DYRK1A gain-of-function model (three alleles) exhibits increased brain volume. To investigate these developmental aspects, we used a murine BAC clone containing the entire gene to construct an overexpression model driven by endogenous regulatory sequences. We compared this new model to two other mouse models with three copies of Dyrk1a, YACtgDyrk1a and Ts65Dn, as well as the loss-of-function model with one copy (Dyrk1a(+/-)). Growth, viability, brain weight, and brain volume depended strongly upon gene copy number. Brain region-specific variations observed in gain-of-function models mirror their counterparts in the loss-of-function model. Some variations, such as increased volume of the superior colliculus and ventricles, were observed in both the BAC transgenic and Ts65Dn mice. Using unbiased stereology we found that, in the cortex, neuron density is inversely related to Dyrk1a copy number but, in thalamic nuclei, neuron density is directly related to copy number. In addition, six genes involved either in cell division (Ccnd1 and pAkt) or in neuronal machinery (Gap43, Map2, Syp, Snap25) were regulated by Dyrk1a throughout development, from birth to adult. These results imply that Dyrk1a expression alters different cellular processes during brain development. Dyrk1a, then, has two roles in the development process: shaping the brain and controlling the structure of neuronal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayçal Guedj
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Adaptive Functional Biology, EAC CNRS 4413, 75205 Paris, France
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41
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McNaughton D, Knight W, Guerreiro R, Ryan N, Lowe J, Poulter M, Nicholl DJ, Hardy J, Revesz T, Lowe J, Rossor M, Collinge J, Mead S. Duplication of amyloid precursor protein (APP), but not prion protein (PRNP) gene is a significant cause of early onset dementia in a large UK series. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:426.e13-21. [PMID: 21193246 PMCID: PMC3657692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) duplications have been identified in screens of selected probands with early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). A causal role for copy number variation (CNV) in the prion protein gene (PRNP) in prion dementias is not known. We aimed to determine the prevalence of copy number variation in APP and PRNP in a large referral series, test a screening method for detection of the same, and expand knowledge of clinical phenotype. We used a 3-tiered screening assay for APP and PRNP duplication (exonic real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction [exon-qPCR], fluorescent microsatellite quantitative PCR [fm-q-PCR], and Illumina array [Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA]) for analysis of a heterogeneous referral series comprising 1531 probands. Five of 1531 probands screened showed APP duplication, a similar prevalence to APP missense mutation. Real-time quantitative PCR and fluorescent microsatellite quantitative PCR were similar individually but are theoretically complementary; we used Illumina arrays as our reference assay. Two of 5 probands were from an autosomal dominant early onset Alzheimer's disease (familial Alzheimer's disease) pedigree. One extensive, noncontiguous duplication on chromosome 21 was consistent with an unbalanced translocation not including the Down's syndrome critical region. Seizures were prominent in the other typical APP duplications. A range of imaging, neuropsychological, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological findings are reported that extend the known phenotype. APP but not PRNP duplication is a significant cause of early onset dementia in the UK. The recognized phenotype may be expanded to include the possibility of early seizures and apparently sporadic disease which, in part, may be due to different mutational mechanisms. The pros and cons of our screening method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McNaughton
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - William Knight
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- University Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Natalie Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jessica Lowe
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mark Poulter
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - James Lowe
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martin Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
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42
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Sturgeon X, Le T, Ahmed MM, Gardiner KJ. Pathways to cognitive deficits in Down syndrome. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 197:73-100. [PMID: 22541289 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-54299-1.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major efforts in Down syndrome (DS) research have been directed at the identification and functional characterization of genes encoded by human chromosome 21 (HSA21). In parallel with this, tissue samples and cell lines derived from individuals with DS have been examined for abnormalities in gene expression and cellular morphology, and mouse models of DS have been characterized for abnormalities at the molecular, cellular, electrophysiological, and behavioral level. One goal of such investigations has been the identification of effective targets for pharmacotherapies that can prevent or correct the abnormalities and, by extension to human clinical trials, prevent or lessen aspects of the cognitive deficits seen in people with DS. Because it is caused by an extra copy of an entire chromosome, DS has been considered by some as too complicated a genetic perturbation to be amenable to postnatal pharmacological interventions. However, recent data from experiments with one mouse model, the Ts65Dn, have clearly demonstrated that several pharmacological interventions can indeed rescue DS-relevant learning and memory deficits. Extension of mouse data to successful human clinical trials will be aided by understanding the molecular basis of successful drug treatments, that is, how increased expression of HSA21 genes perturbs molecular mechanisms that are targeted and rescued by specific drugs. Here, we review information on HSA21 genes, their expression and their likely contributions to the DS phenotype. We then describe results of a bioinformatics effort that integrates information on genes known to cause intellectual disability when mutated, the pathways in which these genes function, and how these pathways are impacted by HSA21 encoded proteins. This pathway approach to the molecular basis of ID in DS aids in understanding why some drug therapies have been successful in the Ts65Dn and in predicting whether these same drugs are likely to be successful in treating ID in DS. These data can be used to design new experiments and interpret information for prediction of additional targets for effective drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Sturgeon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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43
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Lana-Elola E, Watson-Scales SD, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ. Down syndrome: searching for the genetic culprits. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:586-95. [PMID: 21878459 PMCID: PMC3180222 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and results in a large number of phenotypes, including learning difficulties, cardiac defects, distinguishing facial features and leukaemia. These are likely to result from an increased dosage of one or more of the ∼310 genes present on Hsa21. The identification of these dosage-sensitive genes has become a major focus in DS research because it is essential for a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pathology, and might eventually lead to more effective therapy. The search for these dosage-sensitive genes is being carried out using both human and mouse genetics. Studies of humans with partial trisomy of Hsa21 have identified regions of this chromosome that contribute to different phenotypes. In addition, novel engineered mouse models are being used to map the location of dosage-sensitive genes, which, in a few cases, has led to the identification of individual genes that are causative for certain phenotypes. These studies have revealed a complex genetic interplay, showing that the diverse DS phenotypes are likely to be caused by increased copies of many genes, with individual genes contributing in different proportions to the variance in different aspects of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lana-Elola
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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44
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Wegiel J, Kaczmarski W, Barua M, Kuchna I, Nowicki K, Wang KC, Wegiel J, Yang SM, Frackowiak J, Mazur-Kolecka B, Silverman WP, Reisberg B, Monteiro I, de Leon M, Wisniewski T, Dalton A, Lai F, Hwang YW, Adayev T, Liu F, Iqbal K, Iqbal IG, Gong CX. Link between DYRK1A overexpression and several-fold enhancement of neurofibrillary degeneration with 3-repeat tau protein in Down syndrome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:36-50. [PMID: 21157379 PMCID: PMC3083064 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318202bfa1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplication of chromosome 21 in Down syndrome (DS) results in overexpression of the minibrain kinase/dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylated and regulated kinase 1A gene (DYRK1A). DYRK1A phosphorylates cytoplasmic tau protein and appears in intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). We have previously shown significantly more DYRK1A-positive NFTs in DS brains than in sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) brains. This study demonstrates a gene dosage-proportional increase in the level of DYRK1A in DS in the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus, and enhanced cytoplasmic and nuclear immunoreactivity of DYRK1A in DS. The results suggest that overexpressed DYRK1A may alter both phosphorylation of tau and alternative splicing factor (ASF). Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed modification of ASF phosphorylation in DS/AD and AD in comparison to controls. Altered phosphorylation of ASF by overexpressed nuclear DYRK1A may contribute to the alternative splicing of the tau gene and an increase by 2.68 × of the 3R/4R ratio in DS/AD, and a several-fold increase in the number of 3R tau-positive NFTs in DS/AD subjects compared with that in sporadic AD subjects. These data support the hypothesis that phosphorylation of ASF by overexpressed DYRK1A may contribute to alternative splicing of exon 10, increased expression of 3R tau, and early onset of neurofibrillary degeneration in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wegiel
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA.
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Vaglio A, Milunsky A, Quadrelli A, Huang XL, Maher T, Mechoso B, Martínez S, Pagano S, Bellini S, Costabel M, Quadrelli R. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of a girl with some clinical features of Down syndrome resulting from a pure partial trisomy 21q22.11-qter due to a de novo intrachromosomal duplication. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:57-65. [PMID: 20143912 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a girl with a de novo pure partial trisomy 21 with some clinical features of Down syndrome. The girl patient presented a flat broad face, brachycephaly, and a flat nasal bridge. She also had upwardly slanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, blepharitis, brushfield spots, and strabismus. Her mouth was wide with downturned corners, prominent lower lip, narrow and furrowed tongue, and short palate. G-banded chromosomal analysis of metaphases in cells from both skin and blood showed a 46,XX karyotype with additional chromosomal material on the distal short arm of one chromosome 21. Parental chromosomes were normal. Molecular analyses with the short-tandem-repeat (STR) marker D21S2039 (interferon-alpha/beta receptor [IFNAR]) (21q22.1) showed a triallelic pattern. Subtelomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, LSI 13 (retinoblastoma 1 [RB1])/LSI 21(21q22.13-q22.2), and whole chromosome painting probes specific for chromosome 21 showed trisomy for the segment 21q22.13-21q22.2 due to a de novo intrachromosomal duplication. A 500K SNP microarray analysis was then performed and revealed a 13-Mb duplication of 21q22.11-qter. This duplicated material had been translocated onto the end of the "p" arm of one of the chromosome 21s. The karyotype was provisionally defined as 46,XX,add(21)(p12).ish der (21)t(21;21)(p12;q22.11)(WCP21q+,PCP21q++,D215259/D21S341/D21S342++)dn. At the age of 4 years and 10 months, a comprehensive psychological examination was performed and the diagnostic criteria for mental retardation were not fulfilled. In comparison with previously published cases of pure partial trisomy 21, this is a rare finding. Additional studies of such rare patients should aid in the study of the pathogenesis of Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Vaglio
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Hospital Italiano, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Rachidi M, Lopes C. Molecular and cellular mechanisms elucidating neurocognitive basis of functional impairments associated with intellectual disability in Down syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2010; 115:83-112. [PMID: 20441388 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-115.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome, the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, is associated with brain disorders due to chromosome 21 gene overdosage. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the neuromorphological alterations and cognitive impairments are reported herein in a global model. Recent advances in Down syndrome research have lead to the identification of altered molecular pathways involved in intellectual disability, such as Calcineurin/NFATs pathways, that are of crucial importance in understanding the molecular basis of intellectual disability pathogenesis in this syndrome. Potential treatments in mouse models of Down syndrome, including antagonists of NMDA or GABA(A) receptors, and microRNAs provide new avenues to develop treatments of intellectual disability. Nevertheless, understanding the links between molecular pathways and treatment strategies in human beings requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rachidi
- University of Paris, Denis Diderot Laboratory of Genetic Dysregulation Models: Trisomy 21 and Hyperhomocysteinemia. Tour 54, Paris, France.
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Communication breaks-Down: from neurodevelopment defects to cognitive disabilities in Down syndrome. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 91:1-22. [PMID: 20097253 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the leading cause of genetically-defined intellectual disability and congenital birth defects. Despite being one of the first genetic diseases identified, only recently, thanks to the phenotypic analysis of DS mouse genetic models, we have begun to understand how trisomy may impact cognitive function. Cognitive disabilities in DS appear to result mainly from two pathological processes: neurogenesis impairment and Alzheimer-like degeneration. In DS brain, suboptimal network architecture and altered synaptic communication arising from neurodevelopmental impairment are key determinants of cognitive defects. Hypocellularity and hypoplasia start at early developmental stages and likely depend upon impaired proliferation of neuronal precursors, resulting in reduction of numbers of neurons and synaptic contacts. The impairment of neuronal precursor proliferation extends to adult neurogenesis and may affect learning and memory. Neurodegenerative mechanisms also contribute to DS cognitive impairment. Early onset Alzheimer disease occurs with extremely high incidence in DS patients and is causally-related to overexpression of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP), which is one of the triplicated genes in DS. In this review, we will survey the available findings on neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative changes occurring in DS throughout life. Moreover, we will discuss the potential mechanisms by which defects in neurogenesis and neurodegenerative processes lead to altered formation of neural circuits and impair cognitive function, in connection with findings on pharmacological treatments of potential benefit for DS.
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The 50th anniversary of the discovery of trisomy 21: the past, present, and future of research and treatment of Down syndrome. Genet Med 2009; 11:611-6. [PMID: 19636252 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181b2e34c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder resulting from the presence of all or part of an extra Chromosome 21. It is a common birth defect, the most frequent and most recognizable form of mental retardation, appearing in about 1 of every 700 newborns. Although the syndrome had been described thousands of years before, it was named after John Langdon Down who reported its clinical description in 1866. The suspected association of Down syndrome with a chromosomal abnormality was confirmed by Lejeune et al. in 1959. Fifty years after the discovery of the origin of Down syndrome, the term "mongolism" is still inappropriately used; persons with Down syndrome are still institutionalized. Health problems associated with that syndrome often receive no or little medical care, and many patients still die prematurely in infancy or early adulthood. Nevertheless, working against this negative reality, community-based associations have lobbied for medical care and research to support persons with Down syndrome. Different Trisomy 21 research groups have already identified candidate genes that are potentially involved in the formation of specific Down syndrome features. These advances in turn may help to develop targeted medical treatments for persons with Trisomy 21. A review on those achievements is discussed.
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Arqué G, de Lagrán MM, Arbonés ML, Dierssen M. Age-associated motor and visuo-spatial learning phenotype in Dyrk1A heterozygous mutant mice. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:312-9. [PMID: 19660545 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a candidate gene for the Down syndrome neurological defects and may be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Heterozygous mice for Dyrk1A (Dyrk1A+/-) exhibit decreased brain size, motor abnormalities and cognitive deficits in the adult. However, there is no information about the mutant phenotype in old ages. Here we analyze the impact of Dyrk1A dosage reduction on motor performance and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in aged Dyrk1A+/- mice. Whereas motor tests showed marked alterations in traction ability, prehensile reflex and balance, heterozygous mice only present a slight impairment of visuo-spatial memory even though they show a robust decrease of CA1-CA3 and dentate gyrus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Arqué
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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Park J, Song WJ, Chung KC. Function and regulation of Dyrk1A: towards understanding Down syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3235-40. [PMID: 19685005 PMCID: PMC11115655 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is associated with a variety of symptoms, such as incapacitating mental retardation and neurodegeneration (i.e., Alzheimer's disease), that prevent patients from leading fully independent lives. These phenotypes are a direct consequence of the overexpression of chromosome 21 genes, which are present in duplicate due to non-disjunction of chromosome 21. Accumulating data suggest that the chromosome 21 gene product, dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A), participates in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the mental and other physical symptoms of DS. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting a role for Dyrk1A in DS, especially DS pathogenesis. Recently, several natural and synthetic compounds have been identified as Dyrk1A inhibitors. Understanding the function and regulation of Dyrk1A may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents aimed at treating DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongkyu Park
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seongsan-no 262, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Joo Song
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute for Brain Science and Technology (IBST), Inje University, Gaegeum 2-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seongsan-no 262, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
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