1
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Leal AS, Moerland JA, Zhang D, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Krieger-Burke T, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth E, Liby KT. The RXR Agonist MSU42011 Is Effective for the Treatment of Preclinical HER2+ Breast Cancer and Kras-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5004. [PMID: 34638488 PMCID: PMC8508021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Notwithstanding numerous therapeutic advances, 176,000 deaths from breast and lung cancers will occur in the United States in 2021 alone. The tumor microenvironment and its modulation by drugs have gained increasing attention and relevance, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy as a standard of care in clinical practice. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and upon ligand binding, function as transcription factors to modulate multiple cell functions. Bexarotene, the only FDA-approved RXR agonist, is still used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (2) Methods: To test the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects of MSU42011, a new RXR agonist, we used two different immunocompetent murine models (MMTV-Neu mice, a HER2 positive model of breast cancer and the A/J mouse model, in which vinyl carbamate is used to initiate lung tumorigenesis) and an immunodeficient xenograft lung cancer model. (3) Results: Treatment of established tumors in immunocompetent models of HER2-positive breast cancer and Kras-driven lung cancer with MSU42011 significantly decreased the tumor burden and increased the ratio of CD8/CD4, CD25 T cells, which correlates with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Moreover, the combination of MSU42011 and immunotherapy (anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1 antibodies) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tumor size vs. individual treatments. However, MSU42011 was ineffective in an athymic human A549 lung cancer xenograft model, supporting an immunomodulatory mechanism of action. (4) Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that the RXR agonist MSU42011 can be used to modulate the tumor microenvironment in breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Jessica A. Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- In Vivo Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
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2
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Ghaddar N, Wang S, Woodvine B, Krishnamoorthy J, van Hoef V, Darini C, Kazimierczak U, Ah-Son N, Popper H, Johnson M, Officer L, Teodósio A, Broggini M, Mann KK, Hatzoglou M, Topisirovic I, Larsson O, Le Quesne J, Koromilas AE. The integrated stress response is tumorigenic and constitutes a therapeutic liability in KRAS-driven lung cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4651. [PMID: 34330898 PMCID: PMC8324901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is an essential stress-support pathway increasingly recognized as a determinant of tumorigenesis. Here we demonstrate that ISR is pivotal in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) development, the most common histological type of lung cancer and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Increased phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2 (p-eIF2α), the focal point of ISR, is related to invasiveness, increased growth, and poor outcome in 928 LUAD patients. Dissection of ISR mechanisms in KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis in mice demonstrated that p-eIF2α causes the translational repression of dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), resulting in increased phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK). Treatments with ISR inhibitors, including a memory-enhancing drug with limited toxicity, provides a suitable therapeutic option for KRAS-driven lung cancer insofar as they substantially reduce tumor growth and prolong mouse survival. Our data provide a rationale for the implementation of ISR-based regimens in LUAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ghaddar
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shuo Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bethany Woodvine
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Jothilatha Krishnamoorthy
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent van Hoef
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Cedric Darini
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Urszula Kazimierczak
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nicolas Ah-Son
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Helmuth Popper
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Myriam Johnson
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leah Officer
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Ana Teodósio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Koren K Mann
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - John Le Quesne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK.
- Beatson Cancer Research Institute, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Antonis E Koromilas
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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3
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Saggese P, Martinez CA, Tran LM, Lim R, Dumitras C, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Ramin SR, Dubinett SM, Liu B, Scafoglio C. Genotoxic Treatment Enhances Immune Response in a Genetic Model of Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143595. [PMID: 34298808 PMCID: PMC8307650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy have reshaped the clinical management of lung cancer, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now first-line treatment for advanced lung cancer. However, the majority of patients do not respond to ICIs as single agents, and many develop resistance after initial responses. Therefore, there is urgent need to improve the current ICI strategies. Murine models currently available for pre-clinical studies have serious limitations for evaluating novel immunotherapies. GEMMs are reliable and predictable models driven by oncogenic mutations mirroring those found in cancer patients. However, they lack the mutational burden of human cancers and thus do not elicit proper immune surveillance. Carcinogen-induced models are characterized by mutational burden that more closely resembles human cancer, but they often require extremely long experimental times with inconsistent results. Here, we present a hybrid model in which genetically engineered mice are exposed to the carcinogen N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) to increase tumor mutational burden (TMB), induce early-stage immune responses, and enhance susceptibility to ICIs. We anticipate that this model will be useful for pre-clinical evaluation of novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Saggese
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Cesar A. Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Linh M. Tran
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Raymond Lim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Camelia Dumitras
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Tristan Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.G.); (D.E.)
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.G.); (D.E.)
| | - Salehi-Rad Ramin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Steven M. Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Claudio Scafoglio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.S.); (C.A.M.); (L.M.T.); (R.L.); (C.D.); (S.-R.R.); (S.M.D.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-825-9577
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4
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Ito T, Saeki H, Guo X, Sysa-Shah P, Coulter J, Tamashiro KLK, Lee RS, Orita H, Sato K, Ishiyama S, Hulbert A, Smith WE, Peterson LA, Brock MV, Gabrielson KL. Prenatal stress enhances NNK-induced lung tumors in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1713-1723. [PMID: 32249286 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children born to women who experience stress during pregnancy have an increased risk of cancer in later life, but no previous animal studies have tested such a link. We questioned whether prenatal stress (PS) in A/J mice affected the development of lung tumors after postnatal response to tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Timed-bred A/J mice were randomly assigned on gestation day 12.5 to PS by restraint for 5 consecutive days or control (no restraint). Adult offspring of control and stressed pregnancies were all treated with three NNK injections (50 mg/kg every other day) and euthanized 16 weeks later to examine their lungs. Compared with controls, PS dams exhibited significantly increased levels of plasma corticosterone, increased adrenal weights and decreased fetus weights without fetal loss. Prenatally stressed litters had a significantly higher neonatal death rate within first week of life, and surviving male and female offspring developed lung epithelial proliferations with increase multiplicity, increased area and aggressive morphology. PS also induced more advanced atypical adenomatous hyperplasia lesions. We found no difference in lung NNK-derived methyl DNA adducts, but PS did significantly enhance CD3+ T cell and Foxp3+ T cell tumor infiltration. PS significantly increases multiplicity, area of NNK-induced lung tumors and advanced morphology. PS did not affect production of NNK-derived methyl DNA adducts but did increase lymphocytic infiltration of lung tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first animal model of PS with evaluation of cancer development in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ito
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Harumi Saeki
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Polina Sysa-Shah
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Coulter
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hajime Orita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Juntendo University school of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Department of Surgery, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shun Ishiyama
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alicia Hulbert
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William E Smith
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gabrielson
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Li S, Counter CM. Signaling levels mold the RAS mutation tropism of urethane. eLife 2021; 10:67172. [PMID: 33998997 PMCID: PMC8128437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are commonly mutated in human cancer. Despite many possible mutations, individual cancer types often have a 'tropism' towards a specific subset of RAS mutations. As driver mutations, these patterns ostensibly originate from normal cells. High oncogenic RAS activity causes oncogenic stress and different oncogenic mutations can impart different levels of activity, suggesting a relationship between oncoprotein activity and RAS mutation tropism. Here, we show that changing rare codons to common in the murine Kras gene to increase protein expression shifts tumors induced by the carcinogen urethane from arising from canonical Q61 to biochemically less active G12 Kras driver mutations, despite the carcinogen still being biased towards generating Q61 mutations. Conversely, inactivating the tumor suppressor p53 to blunt oncogenic stress partially reversed this effect, restoring Q61 mutations. One interpretation of these findings is that the RAS mutation tropism of urethane arises from selection in normal cells for specific mutations that impart a narrow window of signaling that promotes proliferation without causing oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
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6
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Neuroendocrine Lung Cancer Mouse Models: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010014. [PMID: 33375066 PMCID: PMC7792789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroendocrine lung tumors are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that share a common neuroendocrine nature. They range from low- and intermediate-grade typical and atypical carcinoma, to the highly malignant large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma and small cell carcinoma, with marked differences in incidences and prognosis. This review delineates the current knowledge of the genetic landscape of the human tumors, its influence in the development of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and the molecular imaging tools available to detect and monitor these diseases. While small cell lung carcinoma is one of the diseases best represented by GEMMs, there is a worrying lack of animal models for the other members of the group, these being understudied diseases. Regardless of the incidence and material available, they all are in urgent need of effective therapies. Abstract Neuroendocrine lung tumors comprise a range of malignancies that extend from benign tumorlets to the most prevalent and aggressive Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC). They also include low-grade Typical Carcinoids (TC), intermediate-grade Atypical Carcinoids (AC) and high-grade Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC). Optimal treatment options have not been adequately established: surgical resection when possible is the choice for AC and TC, and for SCLC chemotherapy and very recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors. Some mouse models have been generated based on the molecular alterations identified in genomic analyses of human tumors. With the exception of SCLC, there is a limited availability of (preclinical) models making their development an unmet need for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases. For SCLC, these models are crucial for translational research and novel drug testing, given the paucity of human material from surgery. The lack of early detection systems for lung cancer point them out as suitable frameworks for the identification of biomarkers at the initial stages of tumor development and for testing molecular imaging methods based on somatostatin receptors. Here, we review the relevant models reported to date, their impact on the understanding of the biology of the tumor subtypes and their relationships, as well as the effect of the analyses of the genetic landscape of the human tumors and molecular imaging tools in their development.
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7
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Garg R, Cooke M, Benavides F, Abba MC, Cicchini M, Feldser DM, Kazanietz MG. PKC ε Is Required for KRAS-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5166-5173. [PMID: 32994205 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most frequent subtype of lung cancer and remains a highly lethal malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mutant KRAS is the prevailing oncogenic driver of lung adenocarcinoma, the most common histologic form of NSCLC. In this study, we examined the role of PKCϵ, an oncogenic kinase highly expressed in NSCLC and other cancers, in KRAS-driven tumorigenesis. Database analysis revealed an association between PKCϵ expression and poor outcome in patients with lung adenocarcinoma specifically harboring KRAS mutations. A PKCϵ-deficient, conditionally activatable allele of oncogenic Kras (LSL-KrasG12D ;PKCϵ-/- mice) demonstrated the requirement of PKCϵ for Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis in vivo, which was consistent with impaired transformed growth reported in PKCϵ-deficient KRAS-dependent NSCLC cells. Moreover, PKCϵ-knockout mice were found to be less susceptible to lung tumorigenesis induced by benzo[a]pyrene, a carcinogen that induces mutations in Kras. Mechanistic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed little overlap for PKCϵ and KRAS in the control of genes and biological pathways relevant in NSCLC, suggesting that a permissive role of PKCϵ in KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis may involve nonredundant mechanisms. Our results thus, highlight the relevance and potential of targeting PKCϵ for lung cancer therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that KRAS-mediated tumorigenesis requires PKCϵ expression and highlight the potential for developing PKCϵ-targeted therapies for oncogenic RAS-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Garg
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Martín C Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Michelle Cicchini
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Feldser
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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8
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Li S, MacAlpine DM, Counter CM. Capturing the primordial Kras mutation initiating urethane carcinogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1800. [PMID: 32286309 PMCID: PMC7156420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental carcinogen urethane exhibits a profound specificity for pulmonary tumors driven by an oncogenic Q61L/R mutation in the gene Kras. Similarly, the frequency, isoform, position, and substitution of oncogenic RAS mutations are often unique to human cancers. To elucidate the principles underlying this RAS mutation tropism of urethane, we adapted an error-corrected, high-throughput sequencing approach to detect mutations in murine Ras genes at great sensitivity. This analysis not only captured the initiating Kras mutation days after urethane exposure, but revealed that the sequence specificity of urethane mutagenesis, coupled with transcription and isoform locus, to be major influences on the extreme tropism of this carcinogen. Why the carcinogen urethane causes only lung tumours driven by a specific oncogenic mutation in just one Ras gene in mice is unclear. Here, the authors capture mutations immediately after urethane exposure and show that the sequence specificity of mutagenesis, transcriptional status, and Ras genetic loci may all contribute to this specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David M MacAlpine
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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9
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Gabelova A. 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole: Metabolic pathways and toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109077. [PMID: 32246921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a local and systemic carcinogen in animal studies, is a common environmental pollutant. It generally co-occurs in a variety of organic complex mixtures derived from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Despite high lipophilicity, DBC is more water-soluble and faster metabolized than the homocyclic aromatics. Moreover, greater polarity, high bioaccumulation potential, and persistence in the environment may imply DBC's higher biological significance and impact on human health, even at lower concentrations. The biotransformation pathways of DBC are incompletely known and the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite(s) are not clearly identified as yet. Structure-biological studies suggest two ways of activation: at the ring carbon atoms and at the pyrrole nitrogen. It is supposed that the particular pathway of biotransformation might be connected with the tissue/organ specificity of DBC. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of DBC; though, the one-electron activation and the aldo-keto reductase-catalyzed oxidation are also involved in metabolic activation. Additionally, DBC can be photoactivated even at physiologically relevant doses of UVA light due to the extended aromatic ring system resulting in strong genotoxicity and oxidative stress. The goal of this review is to summarize current knowledge on mechanisms of DBC activation and possible implications for toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Gabelova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science Park for Biomedicine, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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10
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Lange S, Engleitner T, Mueller S, Maresch R, Zwiebel M, González-Silva L, Schneider G, Banerjee R, Yang F, Vassiliou GS, Friedrich MJ, Saur D, Varela I, Rad R. Analysis pipelines for cancer genome sequencing in mice. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:266-315. [PMID: 31907453 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of human cancer have transformed our ability to link genetics, molecular mechanisms and phenotypes. Both reverse and forward genetics in mice are currently gaining momentum through advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methodologies to analyze sequencing data were, however, developed for humans and hence do not account for species-specific differences in genome structures and experimental setups. Here, we describe standardized computational pipelines specifically tailored to the analysis of mouse genomic data. We present novel tools and workflows for the detection of different alteration types, including single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), small insertions and deletions (indels), copy-number variations (CNVs), loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and complex rearrangements, such as in chromothripsis. Workflows have been extensively validated and cross-compared using multiple methodologies. We also give step-by-step guidance on the execution of individual analysis types, provide advice on data interpretation and make the complete code available online. The protocol takes 2-7 d, depending on the desired analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lange
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Maresch
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Zwiebel
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura González-Silva
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - George S Vassiliou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cam bridge, UK
| | - Mathias J Friedrich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Kanellakis NI, Giannou AD, Pepe MAA, Agalioti T, Zazara DE, Giopanou I, Psallidas I, Spella M, Marazioti A, Arendt KAM, Lamort AS, Champeris Tsaniras S, Taraviras S, Papadaki H, Lilis I, Stathopoulos GT. Tobacco chemical-induced mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell lines pin the prolactin orthologue proliferin as a lung tumour promoter. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1352-1362. [PMID: 30828726 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Nevertheless, syngeneic mouse models of the disease are sparse, and cell lines suitable for transplantable and immunocompetent mouse models of LADC remain unmet needs. We established multiple mouse LADC cell lines by repeatedly exposing two mouse strains (FVB, Balb/c) to the tobacco carcinogens urethane or diethylnitrosamine and by culturing out the resulting lung tumours for prolonged periods of time. Characterization of the resulting cell lines (n = 7) showed that they were immortal and phenotypically stable in vitro, and oncogenic, metastatic and lethal in vivo. The primary tumours that gave rise to the cell lines, as well as secondary tumours generated by transplantation of the cell lines, displayed typical LADC features, such as glandular architecture and mucin and thyroid transcription factor 1 expression. Moreover, these cells exhibited marked molecular similarity with human smokers' LADC, including carcinogen-specific Kras point mutations (KrasQ61R in urethane- and KrasQ61H in diethylnitrosamine-triggered cell lines) and Trp53 deletions and displayed stemness features. Interestingly, all cell lines overexpressed proliferin, a murine prolactin orthologue, which functioned as a lung tumour promoter. Furthermore, prolactin was overexpressed and portended poor prognosis in human LADC. In conclusion, we report the first LADC cell lines derived from mice exposed to tobacco carcinogens. These cells closely resemble human LADC and provide a valuable tool for the functional investigation of the pathobiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Kanellakis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Mario A A Pepe
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Theodora Agalioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Dimitra E Zazara
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giopanou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Psallidas
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Magda Spella
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Kristina A M Arendt
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anne Sophie Lamort
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Stavros Taraviras
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Greece
| | - Helen Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lilis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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12
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Duan W, Gao L, Kalvala A, Aguila B, Brooks C, Mo X, Ding H, Shilo K, Otterson GA, Villalona-Calero MA. Type of TP53 mutation influences oncogenic potential and spectrum of associated K-ras mutations in lung-specific transgenic mice. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2418-2426. [PMID: 30873587 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
TP53 and K-ras mutations are two of the major genetic alterations in human nonsmall cell lung cancers. The association between these two genes during lung tumorigenesis is unknown. We evaluated the potential of two common Type I (273H, contact) and Type II (175H, conformational) TP53 mutations to induce lung tumors in transgenic mice, as well as K-ras status, and other driver mutations in these tumors. Among 516 (138 nontransgenic, 207 SPC-TP53-273H, 171 SPC-TP53-175H) mice analyzed, 91 tumors, all adenocarcinomas, were observed. Type II mutants developed tumors more frequently (as compared to nontransgenics, p = 0.0003; and Type I, p = 0.010), and had an earlier tumor onset compared to Type I (p = 0.012). K-ras mutations occurred in 21 of 50 (42%) of murine lung tumors sequenced. For both the nontransgenic and the SPC-TP53-273H transgenics, tumor K-ras codon 12-13 mutations occurred after 13 months with a peak incidence at 16-18 months. However, for the SPC-TP53-175H transgenics, K-ras codon 12-13 mutations were observed as early as 6 months, with a peak incidence between the ages of 10-12 months. Codons 12-13 transversion mutations were the predominant changes in the SPC-TP53-175H transgenics, whereas codon 61 transition mutations were more common in the SPC-TP53-273H transgenics. The observation of accelerated tumor onset, early appearance and high frequency of K-ras codon 12-13 mutations in the Type II TP53-175H mice suggests an enhanced oncogenic function of conformational TP53 mutations, and gains in early genetic instability for tumors containing these mutations compared to contact mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Duan
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, The Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, the Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, The Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arjun Kalvala
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brittany Aguila
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Brooks
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haiming Ding
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory A Otterson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Miguel A Villalona-Calero
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, The Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
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13
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Zhang D, Leal AS, Carapellucci S, Shahani PH, Bhogal JS, Ibrahim S, Raban S, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA, Sporn MB, Wagner CE, Liby KT. Testing Novel Pyrimidinyl Rexinoids: A New Paradigm for Evaluating Rexinoids for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:211-224. [PMID: 30760500 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rexinoids, selective ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXR), have shown promise in preventing many types of cancer. However, the limited efficacy and undesirable lipidemic side-effects of the only clinically approved rexinoid, bexarotene, drive the search for new and better rexinoids. Here we report the evaluation of novel pyrimidinyl (Py) analogues of two known chemopreventive rexinoids, bexarotene (Bex) and LG100268 (LG268) in a new paradigm. We show that these novel derivatives were more effective agents than bexarotene for preventing lung carcinogenesis induced by a carcinogen. In addition, these new analogues have an improved safety profile. PyBex caused less elevation of plasma triglyceride levels than bexarotene, while PyLG268 reduced plasma cholesterol levels and hepatomegaly compared with LG100268. Notably, this new paradigm mechanistically emphasizes the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of rexinoids. We reveal new immunomodulatory actions of the above rexinoids, especially their ability to diminish the percentage of macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the lung and to redirect activation of M2 macrophages. The rexinoids also potently inhibit critical inflammatory mediators including IL6, IL1β, CCL9, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, in vitro iNOS and SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) induction assays correlate with in vivo efficacy and toxicity, respectively. Our results not only report novel pyrimidine derivatives of existing rexinoids, but also describe a series of biological screening assays that will guide the synthesis of additional rexinoids. Further progress in rexinoid synthesis, potency, and safety should eventually lead to a clinically acceptable and useful new drug for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Pritika H Shahani
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Jaskaran S Bhogal
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Samir Ibrahim
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - San Raban
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Michael B Sporn
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Pharmacology, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Carl E Wagner
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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14
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Zhang D, Rennhack J, Andrechek ER, Rockwell CE, Liby KT. Identification of an Unfavorable Immune Signature in Advanced Lung Tumors from Nrf2-Deficient Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1535-1552. [PMID: 29634345 PMCID: PMC6421995 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway in normal cells inhibits carcinogenesis, whereas constitutive activation of Nrf2 in cancer cells promotes tumor growth and chemoresistance. However, the effects of Nrf2 activation in immune cells during lung carcinogenesis are poorly defined and could either promote or inhibit cancer growth. Our studies were designed to evaluate tumor burden and identify immune cell populations in the lungs of Nrf2 knockout (KO) versus wild-type (WT) mice challenged with vinyl carbamate. RESULTS Nrf2 KO mice developed lung tumors earlier than the WT mice and exhibited more and larger tumors over time, even at late stages. T cell populations were lower in the lungs of Nrf2 KO mice, whereas tumor-promoting macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were elevated in the lungs and spleen, respectively, of Nrf2 KO mice relative to WT mice. Moreover, 34 immune response genes were significantly upregulated in tumors from Nrf2 KO mice, especially a series of cytokines (Cxcl1, Csf1, Ccl9, Cxcl12, etc.) and major histocompatibility complex antigens that promote tumor growth. INNOVATION Our studies discovered a novel immune signature, characterized by the infiltration of tumor-promoting immune cells, elevated cytokines, and increased expression of immune response genes in the lungs and tumors of Nrf2 KO mice. A complementary profile was also found in lung cancer patients, supporting the clinical significance of our findings. CONCLUSION Overall, our results confirmed a protective role for Nrf2 in late-stage carcinogenesis and, unexpectedly, suggest that activation of Nrf2 in immune cells may be advantageous for preventing or treating lung cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jonathan Rennhack
- 2 Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- 2 Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Karen T Liby
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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15
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Calabrese EJ. The additive to background assumption in cancer risk assessment: A reappraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:175-204. [PMID: 29890424 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The assumption that chemical and radiation induced cancers act in a manner that is additive to background was proposed in the mid-1970s. It was adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1986 and then subsequently by other regulatory agencies worldwide for cancer risk assessment. It ensured that cancer risks at low doses act in a linear fashion. The additive to background process assumes that the mechanism(s) resulting in induced (i.e., treatment related) and spontaneous (i.e., control group) cancers are identical. This assumption could not be properly evaluated due to inadequate mechanistic data when it was proposed in the 1970s. Using the findings of modern molecular toxicology, including oncogene activation/mutation, gene regulation, and molecular pathway analyses, the additive to background assumption was evaluated in the present paper. Based on published studies with 45 carcinogens over 13 diverse mammalian models and for a broad range of tumor types compelling evidence indicates that carcinogen-induced tumors are mediated in general via mechanisms that are not identical to those affecting the occurrence of the same type of spontaneous tumors in appropriate control groups. These findings, which challenge a fundamental assumption of the additive to background concept, have significant implications for cancer risk assessment policy, regulatory agency practices, as well as fundamental concepts of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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16
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Akbay EA, Kim J. Autochthonous murine models for the study of smoker and never-smoker associated lung cancers. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018; 7:464-486. [PMID: 30225211 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the greatest number of cancer deaths in the world. Tobacco smoke-associated cancers constitute the majority of lung cancer cases but never-smoker cancers comprise a significant and increasing fraction of cases. Recent genomic and transcriptomic sequencing efforts of lung cancers have revealed distinct sets of genetic aberrations of smoker and never-smoker lung cancers that implicate disparate biology and therapeutic strategies. Autochthonous mouse models have contributed greatly to our understanding of lung cancer biology and identified novel therapeutic targets and strategies in the era of targeted therapy. With the emergence of immuno-oncology, mouse models may continue to serve as valuable platforms for novel biological insights and therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review the variety of available autochthonous mouse models of lung cancer, their relation to human smoker and never-smoker lung cancers, and their application to immuno-oncology and immune checkpoint blockade that is revolutionizing lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra A Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA
| | - James Kim
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA
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17
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Explaining cancer type specific mutations with transcriptomic and epigenomic features in normal tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11456. [PMID: 30061703 PMCID: PMC6065413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer driver genes are involved in generic cellular processes such as DNA repair, cell proliferation and cell adhesion, yet their mutations are often confined to specific cancer types. To resolve this paradox, we explained mutation frequencies of selected genes across tumor types with four features in the corresponding normal tissues from cancer-free subjects: mRNA expression and chromatin accessibility of mutated genes, mRNA expressions of their neighbors in curated pathways and the protein-protein interaction network. Encouragingly, these transcriptomic/epigenomic features in normal tissues were closely associated with mutational/functional characteristics in tumors. First, chromatin accessibility was a necessary but not sufficient condition for frequent mutations. Second, variations of mutation frequencies in selected genes across tissue types were significantly associated with all four features. Third, the genes possessing significant associations between mutation frequency variations and pathway gene expression were enriched with documented cancer genes. We further proposed a novel bivariate gene set enrichment analysis and confirmed that the pathway gene expression was the dominant factor in cancer gene enrichment. These findings shed lights on the functional roles of genes in normal tissues in shaping the mutational landscape during tumor genome evolution.
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18
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Janker F, Weder W, Jang JH, Jungraithmayr W. Preclinical, non-genetic models of lung adenocarcinoma: a comparative survey. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30527-30538. [PMID: 30093966 PMCID: PMC6078138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Animal models are key in analyzing cancer biology and therapy evaluation. We here compared relevant non-genetic lung cancer models with regard to tumor induction period, incidence, morbidity and mortality rate and the immunological composition of primary tumors and the occurrence of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO): (I) intraperitoneal Urethane injection (1g/kg), (II) Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell line model (intravenous or subcutaneous), and (III) ex vivo three-dimensional (3D) primary cell culture model established from subcutaneously developed LLC-induced tumors. The incidence of Urethane induced lung tumors was 100% in both, C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains without morbidity or mortality at twenty weeks after injection. The mean size of tumor nodules after Urethane injection was significantly larger in BALB/c mice vs. C57BL/6 (p<0.01). Three times of Urethane injection produced significantly more tumor nodules in both mouse strains compared to one injection (BALB/c: p<0.01; C57BL/6: p<0.05). TLOs were only found in the Urethane-induced model. Although the cell line models also showed 100% induction rate, morbidity was high due to skin ulceration on the inoculation site and the development of pleural effusions in the subcutaneous model and the intravenous model, respectively. Tendencies, but no significant differences (p>0.05) could be found in the count of CD4+, CD8+, F4/80+ and NKp46+ cells in a tumor nodule among investigated models. All discussed models provided a high tumor incidence rate. TLOs were exclusively found in the Urethane-induced model. No significant difference could be found regarding immune cells across models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Janker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Weder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jae-Hwi Jang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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19
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Abstract
While many studies have demonstrated that canonical NF-κB signaling is a central pathway in lung tumorigenesis, the role of non-canonical NF-κB signaling in lung cancer remains undefined. We observed frequent nuclear accumulation of the non-canonical NF-κB component p100/p52 in human lung adenocarcinoma. To investigate the impact of non-canonical NF-κB signaling on lung carcinogenesis, we employed transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of p52 in airway epithelial cells. p52 over-expression led to increased tumor number and progression after injection of the carcinogen urethane. Gene expression analysis of lungs from transgenic mice combined with in vitro studies suggested that p52 promotes proliferation of lung epithelial cells through regulation of cell cycle-associated genes. Using gene expression and patient information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found that expression of p52-associated genes was increased in lung adenocarcinomas and correlated with reduced survival, even in early stage disease. Analysis of p52-associated gene expression in additional human lung adenocarcinoma datasets corroborated these findings. Together, these studies implicate the non-canonical NF-κB component p52 in lung carcinogenesis and suggest modulation of p52 activity and/or downstream mediators as new therapeutic targets.
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20
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Borrego A, Cabrera WHK, Jensen JR, Correa M, Ribeiro OG, Starobinas N, De Franco M, Pettinicchio A, Dragani TA, Ibañez OCM, Manenti G. Germline control of somatic Kras mutations in mouse lung tumors. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:745-751. [PMID: 29500885 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Somatic KRAS mutations are common in human lung adenocarcinomas and are associated with worse prognosis. In mice, Kras is frequently mutated in both spontaneous and experimentally induced lung tumors, although the pattern of mutation varies among strains, suggesting that such mutations are not random events. We tested if the occurrence of Kras mutations is under genetic control in two mouse intercrosses. Codon 61 mutations were prevalent, but the patterns of nucleotide changes differed between the intercrosses. Whole genome analysis with SNPs in (A/J x C57BL/6)F4 mice revealed a significant linkage between a locus on chromosome 19 and 2 particular codon 61 variants (CTA and CGA). In (AIRmax × AIRmin) F2 mice, there was a significant linkage between SNPs located on distal chromosome 6 (around 135 Mbp) and the frequency of codon 61 mutation. These results reveal the presence of two loci, on chromosomes 6 and 19, that modulate Kras mutation frequency in different mouse intercrosses. These findings indicate that somatic mutation frequency and type are not simple random events, but are under genetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Borrego
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wafa H K Cabrera
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Jensen
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Correa
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nancy Starobinas
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Angela Pettinicchio
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso A Dragani
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga C M Ibañez
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giacomo Manenti
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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21
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Ablating all three retinoblastoma family members in mouse lung leads to neuroendocrine tumor formation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4373-4386. [PMID: 27966456 PMCID: PMC5354839 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a deadly disease with increasing cases diagnosed worldwide and still a very poor prognosis. While mutations in the retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor have been reported in lung cancer, mainly in small cell lung carcinoma, the tumor suppressive role of its relatives p107 and p130 is still a matter of debate. To begin to investigate the role of these two Rb family proteins in lung tumorigenesis, we have generated a conditional triple knockout mouse model (TKO) in which the three Rb family members can be inactivated in adult mice. We found that ablation of all three family members in the lung of mice induces tumorlets, benign neuroendocrine tumors that are remarkably similar to their human counterparts. Upon chemical carcinogenesis, DHPN and urethane accelerate tumor development; the TKO model displays increased sensitivity to DHPN, and urethane increases malignancy of tumors. All the tumors developing in TKO mice (spontaneous and chemically induced) have neuroendocrine features but do not progress to fully malignant tumors. Thus, loss of Rb and its family members confers partial tumor susceptibility in neuroendocrine lineages in the lungs of mice. Our data also imply the requirement of other oncogenic signaling pathways to achieve full transformation in neuroendocrine lung lesions mutant for the Rb family.
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22
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Zhang D, Leal AS, Carapellucci S, Zydeck K, Sporn MB, Liby KT. Chemoprevention of Preclinical Breast and Lung Cancer with the Bromodomain Inhibitor I-BET 762. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 11:143-156. [PMID: 29246957 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer and lung cancer remain the top two leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women. Because of limited success in reducing the high mortality of these diseases, new drugs and approaches are desperately needed. Cancer prevention is one such promising strategy that is effective in both preclinical and clinical studies. I-BET 762 is a new bromodomain inhibitor that reversibly targets BET (bromodomain and extraterminal) proteins and impairs their ability to bind to acetylated lysines on histones, thus interrupting downstream transcription. This inhibitor has anti-inflammatory effects and induces growth arrest in many cancers and is currently under clinical trials for treatment of cancer. However, few studies have investigated the chemopreventive effects of bromodomain inhibitors. Here, we found that I-BET 762 significantly delayed tumor development in preclinical breast and lung cancer mouse models. This drug not only induced growth arrest and downregulated c-Myc, pSTAT3, and pERK protein expression in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo but also altered immune populations in different organs. These results demonstrate the promising potential of using I-BET 762 for cancer prevention and suggest the striking effects of I-BET 762 are the result of targeting both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Prev Res; 11(3); 143-56. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kayla Zydeck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Michael B Sporn
- Department of Pharmacology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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23
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Nakayama T, Sawai T, Masuda I, Kaneko S, Yamauchi K, Blyth BJ, Shimada Y, Tachibana A, Kakinuma S. Tissue-specific and time-dependent clonal expansion of ENU-induced mutant cells in gpt delta mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:592-606. [PMID: 28921690 DOI: 10.1002/em.22132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA mutations play a crucial role in the origins of cancer, and the clonal expansion of mutant cells is one of the fundamental steps in multistage carcinogenesis. In this study, we correlated tumor incidence in B6C3F1 mice during the period after exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) with the persistence of ENU-induced mutant clones in transgenic gpt delta B6C3F1 mice. The induced gpt mutations afforded no selective advantage in the mouse cells and could be distinguished by a mutational spectrum that is characteristic of ENU treatment. The gpt mutations were passengers of the mutant cell of origin and its daughter cells and thus could be used as neutral markers of clones that arose and persisted in the tissues. Female B6C3F1 mice exposed for 1 month to 200 ppm ENU in the drinking water developed early thymic lymphomas and late liver and lung tumors. To assay gpt mutations, we sampled the thymus, liver, lung, and small intestine of female gpt delta mice at 3 days, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after the end of ENU exposure. Our results reveal that, in all four tissues, the ENU-induced gpt mutations persisted for weeks after the end of mutagen exposure. Clonal expansion of mutant cells was observed in the thymus and small intestine, with the thymus showing larger clone sizes. These results indicate that the clearance of mutant cells and the potential for clonal expansion during normal tissue growth depends on tissue type and that these factors may affect the sensitivity of different tissues to carcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:592-606, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Nakayama
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sawai
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuko Masuda
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Shinya Kaneko
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamauchi
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, 039-3213, Japan
| | - Benjamin J Blyth
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Tachibana
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
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24
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Dassano A, Pintarelli G, Cotroneo CE, Pettinicchio A, Forcati E, De Cecco L, Borrego A, Colombo F, Dragani TA, Manenti G. Complex genetic control of lung tumorigenesis in resistant mice strains. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:2281-2286. [PMID: 28796413 PMCID: PMC5666032 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The SM/J mouse strain is resistant to chemically‐induced lung tumorigenesis despite having a haplotype, in the pulmonary adenoma susceptibility locus (Pas1) locus, that confers tumor susceptibility in other strains. To clarify this inconsistent genotype‐phenotype correlation, we crossed SM/J mice with another resistant strain and conducted genome‐wide linkage analysis in the (C57BL/6J × SM/J)F2 progeny exposed to urethane to induce lung tumors. Overall, >80% of F2 mice of both sexes developed from 1 to 20 lung tumors. Genotyping of 372 F2 mice for 744 informative non‐redundant SNPs dispersed over all autosomal chromosomes revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting lung tumor multiplicity, on chromosomes 3 (near rs13477379), 15 (rs6285067), 17 (rs33373629) and 18 (rs3706601), all with logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores >5. Four QTLs modulated total lung tumor volume, on chromosome 3 (rs13477379), 10 (rs13480702), 15 (rs6285067) and 17 (rs3682923), all with LOD scores >4. No QTL modulating lung tumor multiplicity or total volume was detected in Pas1 on chromosome 6. The present study demonstrates that the SM/J strain carries, at the Pas1 locus, the resistance allele: a finding that will facilitate identification of the Pas1 causal element. More generally, it demonstrates that lung tumorigenesis is under complex polygenic control even in a pedigree with low susceptibility to this neoplasia, suggesting that the genetics of lung tumorigenesis is much more complex than evidenced by the pulmonary adenoma susceptibility and resistance loci that have, so far, been mapped in a small number of crosses between a few inbred strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dassano
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Pintarelli
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara E Cotroneo
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Pettinicchio
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Forcati
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Borrego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesca Colombo
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso A Dragani
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Manenti
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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25
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Onami S, Okubo C, Iwanaga A, Suzuki H, Iida H, Motohashi Y, Tomonari Y, Otake S, Tsuji H, Yoshimura H. Dosimetry for lung tumorigenesis induced by urethane, 4-( N-methyl- N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in A/JJmsSlc mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 30:209-216. [PMID: 28798528 PMCID: PMC5545673 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some chemicals are known to be lung carcinogens in rodents. While many studies using two-stage models have administered medium or high doses to mice, few have tested lower doses. The dose dependence of urethane, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), three well-known lung carcinogens at high doses, has not been sufficiently reported in lower dose ranges. Our study evaluated the tumorigenicity of urethane, NNK, and B[a]P at 26 weeks after a single intraperitoneal administration of each compound within medium to low dose in male and/or female A/JJmsSlc (A/J) mice. Dose-dependent tumorigenesis was demonstrated histopathologically for the three compounds. These results suggested that the tumorigenicity of these chemicals is dose dependent in A/J mice, even at lower doses than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Onami
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Chigusa Okubo
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Asuka Iwanaga
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Hajime Iida
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Yurie Motohashi
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Yuki Tomonari
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Seiji Otake
- Safety Assessment Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshimura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
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26
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McCreery MQ, Balmain A. Chemical Carcinogenesis Models of Cancer: Back to the Future. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over a century has elapsed since the first demonstration that exposure to chemicals in coal tar can cause cancer in animals. These observations provided an essential causal mechanistic link between environmental chemicals and increased risk of cancer in human populations. Mouse models of chemical carcinogenesis have since led to the concept of multistage tumor development through distinct stages of initiation, promotion, and progression and identified many of the genetic and biological events involved in these processes. Recent breakthroughs in DNA sequencing have now given us tools to dissect complete tumor genome architectures and revealed that chemically induced cancers in the mouse carry a high point mutation load and mutation signatures that reflect the causative agent used for tumor induction. Chemical carcinogenesis models may therefore provide a route to identify the causes of mutation signatures found in human cancers and further inform studies of therapeutic drug resistance and responses to immunotherapy, which are dependent on mutation load and genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Q. McCreery
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94115;,
| | - Allan Balmain
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94115;,
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27
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Weyandt JD, Carney JM, Pavlisko EN, Xu M, Counter CM. Isoform-Specific Effects of Wild-Type Ras Genes on Carcinogen-Induced Lung Tumorigenesis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167205. [PMID: 27911940 PMCID: PMC5135096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene KRAS is commonly mutated in lung cancer to encode a constitutively active and oncogenic protein that is well established to initiate and maintain lung tumorigenesis. However, the remaining wild-type KRAS protein, or the other family members HRAS and NRAS, can still be activated in the presence of oncogenic KRAS. Moreover, loss of any one of these three genes has been shown to increase the sensitivity of mice to the carcinogen urethane, which induces Kras mutation-positive early lung lesions. To determine the contribution of progressively disrupting Hras and Nras genes on urethane lung tumorigenesis, mice with different combinations of wild-type and null alleles of Hras and Nras were exposed with urethane and tumor burden was assessed. As previously reported, loss of one allele of Hras increased the sensitivity of mice to this carcinogen, and this effect was further exacerbated by the loss of the second Hras allele. However, loss of one or both alleles of Nras failed to alter tumor burden, either in the absence or presence of Hras, after exposure to urethane. Additionally, no obvious difference between lung lesions in mice with wild-type versus null alleles was detected, suggesting that wild-type Ras proteins may exert a tumor suppressive effects at the time of initiation, although other interpretations are certainly possible. In summary, these data suggest that in some genetic backgrounds inactivation of different wild-type Ras genes can have different effects on urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D. Weyandt
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Carney
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth N. Pavlisko
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - MengMeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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McLoed AG, Sherrill TP, Cheng DS, Han W, Saxon JA, Gleaves LA, Wu P, Polosukhin VV, Karin M, Yull FE, Stathopoulos GT, Georgoulias V, Zaynagetdinov R, Blackwell TS. Neutrophil-Derived IL-1β Impairs the Efficacy of NF-κB Inhibitors against Lung Cancer. Cell Rep 2016; 16:120-132. [PMID: 27320908 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although epithelial NF-κB signaling is important for lung carcinogenesis, NF-κB inhibitors are ineffective for cancer treatment. To explain this paradox, we studied mice with genetic deletion of IKKβ in myeloid cells and found enhanced tumorigenesis in Kras(G12D) and urethane models of lung cancer. Myeloid-specific inhibition of NF-κB augmented pro-IL-1β processing by cathepsin G in neutrophils, leading to increased IL-1β and enhanced epithelial cell proliferation. Combined treatment with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that blocks NF-κB activation, and IL-1 receptor antagonist reduced tumor formation and growth in vivo. In lung cancer patients, plasma IL-1β levels correlated with poor prognosis, and IL-1β increased following bortezomib treatment. Together, our studies elucidate an important role for neutrophils and IL-1β in lung carcinogenesis and resistance to NF-κB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson G McLoed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Taylor P Sherrill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jamie A Saxon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Linda A Gleaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pingsheng Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 691 Preston Building, 2220 Pierce Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
| | - Rinat Zaynagetdinov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 691 Preston Building, 2220 Pierce Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC 20420, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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29
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Cotroneo CE, Dassano A, Colombo F, Pettinicchio A, Lecis D, Dugo M, De Cecco L, Dragani TA, Manenti G. Expression quantitative trait analysis reveals fine germline transcript regulation in mouse lung tumors. Cancer Lett 2016; 375:221-230. [PMID: 26966001 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression modulates cellular functions in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Herein, we carried out a genetic linkage study on the transcriptome of lung tumors induced by urethane in an (A/J x C57BL/6)F4 intercross population, whose individual lung tumor multiplicity (Nlung) is linked to the genotype at the Pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) locus. We found that expression levels of 1179 and 1579 genes are modulated by an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) in cis and in trans, respectively (LOD score > 5). Of note, the genomic area surrounding and including the Pas1 locus regulated 14 genes in cis and 857 genes in trans. In lung tumors of the same (A/J x C57BL/6)F4 mice, we found 1124 genes whose transcript levels associated with Nlung (FDR < 0.001). The expression levels of about a third of these genes (n = 401) were regulated by the genotype at the Pas1 locus. Pathway analysis of the sets of genes associated with Nlung and regulated by Pas1 revealed a set of 14 recurrently represented genes that are components or targets of the Ras-Erk and Pi3k-Akt signaling pathways. Altogether our results illustrate the architecture of germline control of gene expression in mouse lung cancer: they highlight the importance of Pas1 as a tumor-modifier locus, attribute to it a novel role as a major regulator of transcription in lung tumor nodules and strengthen the candidacy of the Kras gene as the effector of this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara E Cotroneo
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Dassano
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Colombo
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Pettinicchio
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso A Dragani
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Manenti
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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30
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Paisie CA, Schrock MS, Karras JR, Zhang J, Miuma S, Ouda IM, Waters CE, Saldivar JC, Druck T, Huebner K. Exome-wide single-base substitutions in tissues and derived cell lines of the constitutive Fhit knockout mouse. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:528-35. [PMID: 26782170 PMCID: PMC4832848 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of Fhit, a tumor suppressor and genome caretaker, occurs in preneoplastic lesions during development of many human cancers. Furthermore, Fhit-deficient mouse models are exquisitely susceptible to carcinogen induction of cancers of the lung and forestomach. Due to absence of Fhit genome caretaker function, cultured cells and tissues of the constitutive Fhit knockout strain develop chromosome aneuploidy and allele copy number gains and losses and we hypothesized that Fhit-deficient cells would also develop point mutations. On analysis of whole exome sequences of Fhit-deficient tissues and cultured cells, we found 300 to >1000 single-base substitutions associated with Fhit loss in the 2% of the genome included in exomes, relative to the C57Bl6 reference genome. The mutation signature is characterized by increased C>T and T>C mutations, similar to the "age at diagnosis" signature identified in human cancers. The Fhit-deficiency mutation signature also resembles a C>T and T>C mutation signature reported for human papillary kidney cancers and a similar signature recently reported for esophageal and bladder cancers, cancers that are frequently Fhit deficient. The increase in T>C mutations in -/- exomes may be due to dNTP imbalance, particularly in thymidine triphosphate, resulting from decreased expression of thymidine kinase 1 in Fhit-deficient cells. Fhit-deficient kidney cells that survived in vitro dimethylbenz(a)anthracene treatment additionally showed increased T>A mutations, a signature generated by treatment with this carcinogen, suggesting that these T>A transversions may be evidence of carcinogen-induced preneoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Paisie
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
- Present address: The Center for Infectious Disease ResearchSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Morgan S. Schrock
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jenna R. Karras
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Satoshi Miuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Iman M. Ouda
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Catherine E. Waters
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
- Present address: Department of BiochemistryMolecular Biology and Biophysics Institute for Molecular VirologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Joshua C. Saldivar
- Department of Chemical and Systems BiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Teresa Druck
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kay Huebner
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
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31
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Malanga D, Belmonte S, Colelli F, Scarfò M, De Marco C, Oliveira DM, Mirante T, Camastra C, Gagliardi M, Rizzuto A, Mignogna C, Paciello O, Papparella S, Fagman H, Viglietto G. AKT1E¹⁷K Is Oncogenic in Mouse Lung and Cooperates with Chemical Carcinogens in Inducing Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147334. [PMID: 26859676 PMCID: PMC4747507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hotspot AKT1E17K mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 occurs in approximately 0.6-2% of human lung cancers. Recently, we have demonstrated that AKT1E17K transforms immortalized human bronchial cells. Here by use of a transgenic Cre-inducible murine strain in the wild type Rosa26 (R26) locus (R26-AKT1E17K mice) we demonstrate that AKT1E17K is a bona-fide oncogene and plays a role in the development of lung cancer in vivo. In fact, we report that mutant AKT1E17K induces bronchial and/or bronchiolar hyperplastic lesions in murine lung epithelium, which progress to frank carcinoma at very low frequency, and accelerates tumor formation induced by chemical carcinogens. In conclusion, AKT1E17K induces hyperplasia of mouse lung epithelium in vivo and cooperates with urethane to induce the fully malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Malanga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- * E-mail: (GV); (DM)
| | | | - Fabiana Colelli
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Marzia Scarfò
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Duarte Mendes Oliveira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Mirante
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Camastra
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- * E-mail: (GV); (DM)
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32
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Gurley KE, Moser RD, Kemp CJ. Induction of Lung Tumors in Mice with Urethane. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:pdb.prot077446. [PMID: 26330618 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot077446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this protocol, urethane (ethyl carbamate) is used to induce lung tumors in mice. The use of urethane as an experimental carcinogen is especially attractive as it is inexpensive, relatively safe to handle, stable, and water soluble, and the protocol involves simple intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections in young mice. Urethane typically induces bronchioalveolar adenomas and, to a lesser extent, adenocarcinomas that resemble the adenocarcinoma subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma. On a sensitive genetic background such as A/J, mice develop multiple adenomas visible on the lung surface by 25 wk, followed by the appearance of adenocarcinomas by 40 wk. Less-sensitive strains such as B6/129 develop tumors with a longer latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay E Gurley
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Russell D Moser
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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33
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Huang L, Carney J, Cardona DM, Counter CM. Decreased tumorigenesis in mice with a Kras point mutation at C118. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5410. [PMID: 25394415 PMCID: PMC4234187 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS, NRAS, or HRAS genes are mutated to encode an active oncogenic protein in a quarter of human cancers. Redox-dependent reactions can also lead to Ras activation in a manner dependent upon the thiol residue of cysteine 118 (C118). Here, to investigate the effect of mutating this residue on tumorigenesis, we introduce a C118S mutation into the endogenous murine Kras allele and expose the resultant mice to the carcinogen urethane, which induces Kras mutation-positive lung tumors. We report that Kras+/C118S and KrasC118S/C118S mice develop fewer lung tumors. Although the KrasC118S allele does not appear to affect tumorigenesis when the remaining Kras allele is conditionally oncogenic, there is a moderate imbalance of oncogenic mutations favoring the native Kras allele in tumors from Kras+/C118S mice treated with urethane. We conclude that the KrasC118S allele impedes urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - John Carney
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Diana M Cardona
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- 1] Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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34
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Westcott PMK, Halliwill KD, To MD, Rashid M, Rust AG, Keane TM, Delrosario R, Jen KY, Gurley KE, Kemp CJ, Fredlund E, Quigley DA, Adams DJ, Balmain A. The mutational landscapes of genetic and chemical models of Kras-driven lung cancer. Nature 2014; 517:489-92. [PMID: 25363767 PMCID: PMC4304785 DOI: 10.1038/nature13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of human tumours has refined our understanding of the mutational processes operative in cancer initiation and progression, yet major questions remain regarding factors that induce driver mutations, and the processes that shape their selection during tumourigenesis. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on adenomas from three mouse models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), induced by exposure to carcinogens (Methylnitrosourea (MNU) and Urethane), or by genetic activation of Kras (KrasLA2). Although the MNU-induced tumours carried exactly the same initiating mutation in Kras as seen in the KrasLA2 model (G12D), MNU tumours had an average of 192 non-synonymous, somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs), compared to only 6 in tumours from the KrasLA2 model. In contrast, the KrasLA2 tumours exhibited a significantly higher level of aneuploidy and copy number alterations (CNAs) compared to the carcinogen-induced tumours, suggesting that carcinogen and genetically-engineered models adopt different routes to tumour development. The wild type (WT) allele of Kras has been shown to act as a tumour suppressor in mouse models of NSCLC. We demonstrate that urethane-induced tumours from WT mice carry mostly (94%) Q61R Kras mutations, while those from Kras heterozygous animals carry mostly (92%) Q61L mutations, indicating a major role of germline Kras status in mutation selection during initiation. The exome-wide mutation spectra in carcinogen-induced tumours overwhelmingly display signatures of the initiating carcinogen, while adenocarcinomas acquire additional C>T mutations at CpG sites. These data provide a basis for understanding the conclusions from human tumour genome sequencing that identified two broad categories based on relative frequency of SNVs and CNAs1, and underline the importance of carcinogen models for understanding the complex mutation spectra seen in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M K Westcott
- 1] Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Kyle D Halliwill
- 1] Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Minh D To
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Thomas M Keane
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Reyno Delrosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kay E Gurley
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Erik Fredlund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 21, Sweden
| | - David A Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Allan Balmain
- 1] Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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35
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Foley CJ, Kuliopulos A. Mouse matrix metalloprotease-1a (Mmp1a) gives new insight into MMP function. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1875-80. [PMID: 24737602 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) has been implicated in many human disease processes, however the lack of a well characterized murine homologue has significantly limited the study of MMP1 and the development of MMP-targeted therapeutics. The discovery of murine Mmp1a in 2001, the functional mouse homologue of MMP1, offers a valuable tool for modeling MMP1-mediated processes in mice. Variation in physiologic expression levels of Mmp1a in mice as compared to MMP1 in humans highlights the importance of understanding the similarities and differences between the homologues. Recent studies have demonstrated tumor growth-, invasion-, and angiogenesis-promoting functions of Mmp1a in lung cancer models, consistent with the analogous functions observed for human MMP1. Biochemical investigations have shown that point mutations in the pro-domain of mouse Mmp1a weaken docking between the pro- and catalytic domains, generating an unstable zymogen primed for activation. The difficulty to effectively maintain Mmp1a in the zymogen form may account for the tight control of Mmp1a expression and reduced expression in normal tissue as compared to inflammatory states or cancer. This discovery raises important questions about the activation mechanisms and regulation of the MMP family in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Foley
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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36
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Caicedo-Granados E, Galbraith AR, Schachern MG, Hartle DE, Wattenberg LW, Wuertz BR, Keel S, Yueh B, Ondrey FG. N-methylnitrosourea-induced carcinoma as a model for laryngeal carcinogenesis. Head Neck 2014; 36:1802-6. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emiro Caicedo-Granados
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | | | - Monika G. Schachern
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Donna E. Hartle
- Masonic Cancer Center; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Lee W. Wattenberg
- Masonic Cancer Center; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Beverly R. Wuertz
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Suzanne Keel
- Department of Pathology; Regions Hospital; Saint Paul Minnesota
| | - Bevan Yueh
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Frank G. Ondrey
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
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37
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Mouse pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 locus is an expression QTL modulating Kras-4A. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004307. [PMID: 24743582 PMCID: PMC3990522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) is the major locus responsible for lung tumor susceptibility in mice; among the six genes mapping in this locus, Kras is considered the best candidate for Pas1 function although how it determines tumor susceptibility remains unknown. In an (A/J×C57BL/6)F4 intercross population treated with urethane to induce lung tumors, Pas1 not only modulated tumor susceptibility (LOD score = 48, 69% of phenotypic variance explained) but also acted, in lung tumor tissue, as an expression quantitative trait locus (QTL) for Kras-4A, one of two alternatively spliced Kras transcripts, but not Kras-4B. Additionally, Kras-4A showed differential allelic expression in lung tumor tissue of (A/J×C57BL/6)F4 heterozygous mice, with significantly higher expression from the A/J-derived allele; these results suggest that cis-acting elements control Kras-4A expression. In normal lung tissue from untreated mice of the same cross, Kras-4A levels were also highly linked to the Pas1 locus (LOD score = 23.2, 62% of phenotypic variance explained) and preferentially generated from the A/J-derived allele, indicating that Pas1 is an expression QTL in normal lung tissue as well. Overall, the present findings shed new light on the genetic mechanism by which Pas1 modulates the susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis, through the fine control of Kras isoform levels. A person's risk of developing cancer depends on both genetic and environmental factors. To study the genetic predisposition to cancer without the influence of environmental variables, scientists study mice treated with urethane, a chemical carcinogen that induces lung tumors. By crossing inbred (genetically identical) strains of mice that are either resistant or susceptible to urethane-induced cancer, researchers can search for genes associated with tumor formation in the offspring. From previous work of this type using second-generation mice, it was already known that a region on chromosome 6 was associated with tumor formation. Now, a new study, carried out in a fourth-generation mouse population, focused to a single gene of chromosome 6 called Kras. This gene forms two different messenger RNA transcripts, called Kras-4A and Kras-4B, that produce two proteins with slightly different structure and, perhaps, function. The study found that mice susceptible to lung tumors have relatively more Kras-4A messenger RNA than resistant mice and that this difference may be due to small variations in the DNA near or within this gene.
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38
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Silica-induced chronic inflammation promotes lung carcinogenesis in the context of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Neoplasia 2014; 15:913-24. [PMID: 23908592 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammation and lung tumor development has been clearly demonstrated. However, little is known concerning the molecular events preceding the development of lung cancer. In this study, we characterize a chemically induced lung cancer mouse model in which lung cancer developed in the presence of silicotic chronic inflammation. Silica-induced lung inflammation increased the incidence and multiplicity of lung cancer in mice treated with N-nitrosodimethylamine, a carcinogen found in tobacco smoke. Histologic and molecular analysis revealed that concomitant chronic inflammation contributed to lung tumorigenesis through induction of preneoplastic changes in lung epithelial cells. In addition, silica-mediated inflammation generated an immunosuppressive microenvironment in which we observed increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), transforming growth factor-β1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), as well as the presence of regulatory T cells. Finally, the K-RAS mutational profile of the tumors changed from Q61R to G12D mutations in the inflammatory milieu. In summary, we describe some of the early molecular changes associated to lung carcinogenesis in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment and provide novel information concerning the mechanisms underlying the formation and the fate of preneoplastic lesions in the silicotic lung.
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39
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Liby KT. Synthetic triterpenoids can protect against toxicity without reducing the efficacy of treatment with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel in experimental lung cancer. Dose Response 2013; 12:136-51. [PMID: 24659938 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-018.liby] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids are multifunctional drugs being developed for the prevention and treatment of a variety of chronic diseases driven by inflammation and oxidative stress. Low nanomolar concentrations of triterpenoids inhibit the induction of inflammatory cytokines, and these drugs are potent activators of the Nrf2 cytoprotective pathway. In contrast, low micromolar concentrations of triterpenoids increased the production of ROS and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in malignant MCF10 CA1a breast cancer cells. Because cancer cells respond differently to ROS than normal cells, it should be possible to exploit these differences therapeutically. In an experimental model of lung cancer, the triterpenoids activated the Nrf2 pathway, as seen by induction of the cytoprotective enzyme NQO1, and reduced the toxicity of carboplatin and paclitaxel. The induction of the Nrf2 pathway in the lung did not suppress the efficacy of treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel, as the average tumor burden in the group treated with the combination of CDDO-Me and carboplatin/paclitaxel decreased by 90% (P < 0.05 vs. the controls and both single treatment groups). Understanding the dose response of triterpenoids and related drugs will help provide the proper context for optimizing their potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Liby
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
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40
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Busch SE, Moser RD, Gurley KE, Kelly-Spratt KS, Liggitt HD, Kemp CJ. ARF inhibits the growth and malignant progression of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:2665-73. [PMID: 23752194 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is among the deadliest of human cancers. The CDKN2A locus, which houses the INK4a and ARF tumor suppressor genes, is frequently altered in NSCLC. However, the specific role of ARF in pulmonary tumorigenesis remains unclear. KRAS and other oncogenes induce the expression of ARF, thus stabilizing p53 activity and arresting cell proliferation. To address the role of ARF in Kras-driven NSCLC, we compared the susceptibility of NIH/Ola strain wild-type and Arf-knockout mice to urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis. Lung tumor size, malignancy and associated morbidity were significantly increased in Arf(-/-) compared with Arf(+/+) animals at 25 weeks after induction. Pulmonary tumors from Arf-knockout mice exhibited increased cell proliferation and DNA damage compared with wild-type mice. A subgroup of tumors in Arf(-/-) animals presented as dedifferentiated and metastatic, with many characteristics of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma, a neoplasm previously undocumented in mouse models. Our finding of a role for ARF in NSCLC is consistent with the observation that benign adenomas from Arf(+/+) mice robustly expressed ARF, while ARF expression was markedly reduced in malignant adenocarcinomas. ARF expression also frequently colocalized with the expression of p21(CIP1), a transcriptional target of p53, arguing that ARF induces the p53 checkpoint to arrest cell proliferation in vivo. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that induction of ARF is an early response in lung tumorigenesis that mounts a strong barrier against tumor growth and malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Busch
- 1] Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R D Moser
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K E Gurley
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K S Kelly-Spratt
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H D Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C J Kemp
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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41
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Interactions between wild-type and mutant Ras genes in lung and skin carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2012; 32:4028-33. [PMID: 22945650 PMCID: PMC3515692 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ras oncogenes (Hras, Kras, and Nras) are important drivers of carcinogenesis. However, tumors with Ras mutations often show loss of the corresponding wildtype (WT) allele, suggesting that proto-oncogenic forms of Ras can function as a suppressor of carcinogenesis. In vitro studies also suggest that WT Ras proteins can suppress the tumorigenic properties of alternate mutant Ras family members, but in vivo evidence for these heterologous interactions is lacking. We have investigated the genetic interactions between different combinations of mutant and WT Ras alleles in vivo using carcinogen-induced lung and skin carcinogenesis in mice with targeted deletion of different Ras family members. The major suppressor effect of WT Kras is observed only in mutant Kras-driven lung carcinogenesis, where loss of one Kras allele led to increased tumor number and size. Deletion of one Hras allele dramatically reduced the number of skin papillomas with Hras mutations, consistent with Hras as the major target of mutation in these tumors. However, skin carcinoma numbers were very similar, suggesting that WT Hras functions as a suppressor of progression from papillomas to invasive squamous carcinomas. In the skin, the Kras proto-oncogene functions cooperatively with mutant Hras to promote papilloma development, although the effect is relatively small. In contrast, the Hras proto-oncogene attenuated the activity of mutant Kras in lung carcinogenesis. Interestingly, loss of Nras increased the number of mutant Kras-induced lung tumors but decreased the number of mutant Hras-induced skin papillomas. These results show that the strongest suppressor effects of WT Ras are only seen in the context of mutation of the cognate Ras protein, and only relatively weak effects are detected on tumor development induced by mutations in alternative family members. The data also underscore the complex and context-dependent nature of interactions between proto-oncogenic and oncogenic forms of different Ras family members during tumor development.
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Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS is a common oncogenic event in lung cancer and other epithelial cancer types. Efforts to develop therapies that counteract the oncogenic effects of mutant KRAS have been largely unsuccessful, and cancers driven by mutant KRAS remain among the most refractory to available treatments. Studies undertaken over the past decades have produced a wealth of information regarding the clinical relevance of KRAS mutations in lung cancer. Mutant Kras-driven mouse models of cancer, together with cellular and molecular studies, have provided a deeper appreciation for the complex functions of KRAS in tumorigenesis. However, a much more thorough understanding of these complexities is needed before clinically effective therapies targeting mutant KRAS-driven cancers can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M K Westcott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Program, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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Wang Y, Rouggly L, You M, Lubet R. Animal models of lung cancer characterization and use for chemoprevention research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:211-26. [PMID: 22137433 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of the potential sites of cancer development, cancer of the lung accounts for the highest number of cancer deaths each year in the United States (Jemal et al., 2010(1)). Based on its histopathological features, lung cancer is grouped into small cell lung cancer (SCLC; ∼20%) and non-SCLC (NSCLC; ∼80%), which is further divided into three subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma (∼30%), adenocarcinoma (∼50%), and large cell lung carcinoma. Every subtype of lung cancer has a relatively low 5-year survival rate that is attributed, in part, to the fact that they are routinely diagnosed at later histologic stages. Due to this alarming statistic, it is necessary to develop not only new and effective means of treatment but also of prevention. One of the promising approaches is chemoprevention which is the use of synthetic or natural agents to inhibit the initial development of or further progression of early lung lesions (Hong and Sporn, 1997). Many compounds have been identified as potentially effective chemopreventive agents using animal models. Most chemopreventive studies have been performed using mouse models which were developed to study lung adenomas or adenocarcinomas. More recently, models of squamous cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer have also been developed. This review seeks to highlight mouse models which we helped to develop and presents the results of recent chemopreventive studies that we have performed in models of lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Thunnissen FB, Prinsen C, Hol B, Van der Drift M, Vesin A, Brambilla C, Montuenga L, Field JK. Smoking history and lung carcinoma: KRAS mutation is an early hit in lung adenocarcinoma development. Lung Cancer 2011; 75:156-60. [PMID: 21839537 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a European multicenter prospective study patients with lung cancer were interviewed for smoking history and biological samples centrally collected. The aim of this study was to compare KRAS mutation analysis with smoking status at the time of diagnosis. METHODS A nested case-study was performed on 233 non-small cell lung carcinomas. Cases were selected on the basis of progressive disease or disease-free post surgery based on specific criteria. KRAS mutation analysis was performed with the point-EXACCT method. RESULTS KRAS mutations were found in 39 adenocarcinomas and 1 squamous cell carcinoma in the 233 NSCLC. The median quitting smoking time (QST) for patients with and without KRAS mutations was 9 years, interquartile range [IQR 16-38] and 3 years, IQR [13-50], respectively (p=0.039). No difference was found for age at initiation of smoking, duration of smoking, average tobacco consumption, and smoking status at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION The QST was longer for patients with KRAS mutations, supporting the notion that the presence of a KRAS mutation is a dominant early effect, supporting its role as a driver oncogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Allen TD, Zhu CQ, Jones KD, Yanagawa N, Tsao MS, Bishop JM. Interaction between MYC and MCL1 in the genesis and outcome of non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2212-21. [PMID: 21406400 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MYC exerts both positive and negative functions in cancer cells, such that its procancerous effects are unmasked only after its anticancer effects are blocked. Here we used multiple mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma to identify genetic events that can cooperate with MYC activation to promote the genesis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common form of lung cancer in humans. MYC overexpression targeted to pulmonary alveolar cells was sufficient to induce lung adenomas and carcinomas. Tumorigenesis was assisted by either spontaneous mutations in Kras or experimental introduction of activated RAS, but investigations revealed that additional events were required to circumvent apoptosis, one of the most significant negative functions exerted by MYC. We determined that overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein MCL1 was sufficient to circumvent apoptosis in this setting. Previous clinical studies have indicated that prognosis of human NSCLC is not associated with MCL1, despite its overexpression in many NSCLCs. In reexamining the prognostic value in this setting, we found that MCL1 overexpression does correlate with poor patient survival, but only when accompanied by MYC overexpression. Our findings therefore produce a convergence of mouse and human results that explain how MCL1 can block an important negative consequence of MYC overexpression in both experimental models and clinical cases of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus D Allen
- G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Okuda K, Sasaki H, Hikosaka Y, Kawano O, Moriyama S, Yano M, Fujii Y. LKB1 gene alterations in surgically resectable adenocarcinoma of the lung. Surg Today 2010; 41:107-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-009-4243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cullen JM, Williams C, Zadrozny L, Otstot JT, Solomon GG, Sills RC, Hong HHL. H-ras consensus sequence and mutations in primary hepatocellular carcinomas of lemurs and lorises. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:868-74. [PMID: 21123858 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810388526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors have determined a consensus sequence for exons 1 and 2 of H-ras from captive lemurs and lorises and evaluated samples of nonneoplastic liver and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) from affected animals for mutations in these exons. Frozen liver samples were collected from 20 animals representing 9 different species with a sex distribution of 10 males and 10 females. A total of 26 liver samples, including 11 normal livers, 9 HCC, and 6 samples from nonneoplastic regions of liver from animals with HCC, were evaluated. This is the first report of the consensus sequence for exons 1 and 2 of H-ras in prosimians, and the authors have determined that it is identical to that of human H-ras and differs only slightly from the chimpanzee sequence. Point mutations were identified in 6 of the 9 HCC samples examined with codons 7, 22, 32, 56, 61, 84, and 96 affected. Two carcinomas had double mutations, and one tumor had triple mutations. One HCC had a mutation in codon 61, which is identical to a recognized affected codon for an H-ras "hot spot" in rodent neoplasia that has also been reported in human tumors. Although not statistically different, metastasis occurred in 5 of 6 HCC with H-ras mutation and only 1 of 3 HCC without mutations. There were 4 silent mutations that did not contain changes in the encoded amino acids, 2 of which were found in nonneoplastic regions of tumor-bearing liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Ryu SH, Kim KH, Kim HB, Kim MH, Kim NH, Kang Y, Hyun JW, Seo HJ, Jun JY, You HJ. Oncogenic Ras-mediated downregulation of Clast1/LR8 is involved in Ras-mediated neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis in NIH3T3 cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1990-6. [PMID: 20550525 PMCID: PMC11158549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras proteins transform cells by way of multiple downstream signaling pathways that promote the genesis of human cancers. However, the exact cellular mechanisms by which downstream targets are regulated are not fully understood. Here, we show that oncogenic Ras reduced Clast1/LR8 transcript levels in mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human WI38 fibroblasts. Clast1/LR8 transcript was undetectable in H460, A549, and H1299 cells showing high Ras activity, but was relatively abundant in DMS53 cells displaying low Ras activity. We also showed that K-Ras siRNA restored Clast1/LR8 expression in H460 and A549 cells, and that inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation reversed oncogenic H-Ras-mediated suppression of Clast1/LR8 transcription. Additionally, ectopic expression of Clast1/LR8 inhibited serum-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt in H-RasV12-transformed NIH3T3 cells. We further showed that the expression of Clast1/LR8 interfered with oncogenic Ras-induced NIH3T3 cell transformation and invasion. Finally, our results showed that Clast1/LR8 inhibited Ras-induced proliferation of, and tumor formation by, oncogenic H-RasV12-transformed NIH3T3 cells in vivo. This study identifies the downregulation of Clast1/LR8 as a potentially important mechanism by which oncogenic Ras-mediated neoplastic transformation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyo Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, DNA Repair Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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Fujimoto J, Kadara H, Men T, van Pelt C, Lotan D, Lotan R. Comparative functional genomics analysis of NNK tobacco-carcinogen induced lung adenocarcinoma development in Gprc5a-knockout mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11847. [PMID: 20686609 PMCID: PMC2912294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding of lung cancer development and progression, including insights from studies of animal models, are needed to combat this fatal disease. Previously, we found that mice with a knockout (KO) of G-protein coupled receptor 5A (Gprc5a) develop lung tumors after a long latent period (12 to 24 months). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine whether a tobacco carcinogen will enhance tumorigenesis in this model, we administered 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) i.p. to 2-months old Gprc5a-KO mice and sacrificed groups (n=5) of mice at 6, 9, 12, and 18 months later. Compared to control Gprc5a-KO mice, NNK-treated mice developed lung tumors at least 6 months earlier, exhibited 2- to 4-fold increased tumor incidence and multiplicity, and showed a dramatic increase in lesion size. A gene expression signature, NNK-ADC, of differentially expressed genes derived by transcriptome analysis of epithelial cell lines from normal lungs of Gprc5a-KO mice and from NNK-induced adenocarcinoma was highly similar to differential expression patterns observed between normal and tumorigenic human lung cells. The NNK-ADC expression signature also separated both mouse and human adenocarcinomas from adjacent normal lung tissues based on publicly available microarray datasets. A key feature of the signature, up-regulation of Ube2c, Mcm2, and Fen1, was validated in mouse normal lung and adenocarcinoma tissues and cells by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that lung tumorigenesis in the Gprc5a-KO mouse model is augmented by NNK and that gene expression changes induced by tobacco carcinogen(s) may be conserved between mouse and human lung epithelial cells. Further experimentation to prove the reliability of the Gprc5a knockout mouse model for the study of tobacco-induced lung carcinogenesis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Taoyan Men
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carolyn van Pelt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dafna Lotan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reuben Lotan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Kim IY, Shin JH, Seong JK. Mouse phenogenomics, toolbox for functional annotation of human genome. BMB Rep 2010; 43:79-90. [PMID: 20193125 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.2.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are crucial for the functional annotation of human genome. Gene modification techniques including gene targeting and gene trap in mouse have provided powerful tools in the form of genetically engineered mice (GEM) for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of human diseases. Several international consortium and programs are under way to deliver mutations in every gene in mouse genome. The information from studying these GEM can be shared through international collaboration. However, there are many limitations in utility because not all human genes are knocked out in mouse and they are not yet phenotypically characterized by standardized ways which is required for sharing and evaluating data from GEM. The recent improvement in mouse genetics has now moved the bottleneck in mouse functional genomics from the production of GEM to the systematic mouse phenotype analysis of GEM. Enhanced, reproducible and comprehensive mouse phenotype analysis has thus emerged as a prerequisite for effectively engaging the phenotyping bottleneck. In this review, current information on systematic mouse phenotype analysis and an issue-oriented perspective will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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