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Opi DH, Kurtovic L, Chan JA, Horton JL, Feng G, Beeson JG. Multi-functional antibody profiling for malaria vaccine development and evaluation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1257-1272. [PMID: 34530671 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1981864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A vaccine would greatly accelerate current global efforts toward malaria elimination. While a partially efficacious vaccine has been achieved for Plasmodium falciparum, a major bottleneck in developing highly efficacious vaccines is a lack of reliable correlates of protection, and the limited application of assays that quantify functional immune responses to evaluate and down-select vaccine candidates in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the important role of antibodies in immunity against malaria and detail the nature and functional activities of antibodies against the malaria-causing parasite. We highlight the growing understanding of antibody effector functions against malaria and in vitro assays to measure these functional antibody responses. We discuss the application of these assays to quantify antibody functions in vaccine development and evaluation. EXPERT OPINION It is becoming increasingly clear that multiple antibody effector functions are involved in immunity to malaria. Therefore, we propose that evaluating vaccine candidates needs to move beyond individual assays or measuring IgG magnitude alone. Instead, vaccine evaluation should incorporate the full breadth of antibody response types and harness a wider range of assays measuring functional antibody responses. We propose a 3-tier approach to implementing assays to inform vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Herbert Opi
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica L Horton
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaoqian Feng
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Lee WC, Russell B, Rénia L. Sticking for a Cause: The Falciparum Malaria Parasites Cytoadherence Paradigm. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1444. [PMID: 31316507 PMCID: PMC6610498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After a successful invasion, malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels the infected erythrocyte cellular architecture, conferring cytoadhesive properties to the infected erythrocytes. Cytoadherence plays a central role in the parasite's immune-escape mechanism, at the same time contributing to the pathogenesis of severe falciparum malaria. In this review, we discuss the cytoadhesive interactions between P. falciparum infected erythrocytes and various host cell types, and how these events are linked to malaria pathogenesis. We also highlight the limitations faced by studies attempting to correlate diversity in parasite ligands and host receptors with the development of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Wahlgren M, Goel S, Akhouri RR. Variant surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and their roles in severe malaria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:479-491. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Niang M, Bei AK, Madnani KG, Pelly S, Dankwa S, Kanjee U, Gunalan K, Amaladoss A, Yeo KP, Bob NS, Malleret B, Duraisingh MT, Preiser PR. STEVOR is a Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding protein that mediates merozoite invasion and rosetting. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:81-93. [PMID: 25011110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Variant surface antigens play an important role in Plasmodium falciparum malaria pathogenesis and in immune evasion by the parasite. Although most work to date has focused on P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1), two other multigene families encoding STEVOR and RIFIN are expressed in invasive merozoites and on the infected erythrocyte surface. However, their role during parasite infection remains to be clarified. Here we report that STEVOR functions as an erythrocyte-binding protein that recognizes Glycophorin C (GPC) on the red blood cell (RBC) surface and that its binding correlates with the level of GPC on the RBC surface. STEVOR expression on the RBC leads to PfEMP1-independent binding of infected RBCs to uninfected RBCs (rosette formation), while antibodies targeting STEVOR in the merozoite can effectively inhibit invasion. Our results suggest a PfEMP1-independent role for STEVOR in enabling infected erythrocytes at the schizont stage to form rosettes and in promoting merozoite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhtar Niang
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Amy Kristine Bei
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kripa Gopal Madnani
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Shaaretha Pelly
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Selasi Dankwa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karthigayan Gunalan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Anburaj Amaladoss
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART)-Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Kim Pin Yeo
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Ndeye Sakha Bob
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Manoj Theodore Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Rainer Preiser
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Zerihun T, Degarege A, Erko B. Association of ABO blood group and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Dore Bafeno Area, Southern Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 1:289-94. [PMID: 23569777 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the distribution of ABO blood group and their relationship with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria among febrile outpatients who sought medical attention at Dore Bafeno Health Center, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS A total of 269 febrile outpatients who visited Dore Bafeno Health Center, Southern Ethiopia, were examined for malaria and also tested for ABO blood groups in January 2010. The blood specimens were collected by finger pricking, stained with Geimsa, and examined microscopically. Positive cases of the parasitemia were counted. CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo was also used to test the blood specimens for malaria. ABO blood groups were determined by agglutination test using ERYCLONE(®) antisera. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and treatment status of the participants were also collected. Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to assess the difference between frequencies and means, respectively. RESULTS Out of a total of 269 participants, 178 (66.2%) febrile patients were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites, among which 146 (54.3%), 28 (10.4%), and 4 (1.5%) belonged to P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections, respectively. All febrile patients were also tested for ABO blood groups and 51.3%, 23.5%, 21.9% and 3.3% were found to be blood types of O, A, B and AB, respectively. Both total malaria infection and P. falciparum infection showed significant association with blood types (P<0.05). The proportion of A or B but not O phenotypes was higher (P<0.05) in individuals with P. falciparum as compared with non-infected individuals. The chance of having P. falciparum infection in patients with blood groups A, B and AB was 2.5, 2.5 and 3.3 times more than individuals showing blood O phenotypes, respectively. The mean P. falciparum malaria parasitaemia for blood groups A, B, AB, and O were 3 744/µL, 1 805/µL, 5 331/µL, and 1 515/µL, respectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that individuals of blood groups A, B and AB are more susceptible to P. falciparum infection as compared with individuals of blood group O. Nevertheless, further in depth studies are required to clearly establish the role that ABO blood group plays in P. falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Zerihun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Pathology, Jimma University, P. O. Box 455, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Lee WC, Malleret B, Lau YL, Mauduit M, Fong MY, Cho JS, Suwanarusk R, Zhang R, Albrecht L, Costa FTM, Preiser P, McGready R, Renia L, Nosten F, Russell B. Glycophorin C (CD236R) mediates vivax malaria parasite rosetting to normocytes. Blood 2014; 123:e100-9. [PMID: 24652986 PMCID: PMC4007619 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-541698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosetting phenomenon has been linked to malaria pathogenesis. Although rosetting occurs in all causes of human malaria, most data on this subject has been derived from Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we investigate the function and factors affecting rosette formation in Plasmodium vivax. To achieve this, we used a range of novel ex vivo protocols to study fresh and cryopreserved P vivax (n = 135) and P falciparum (n = 77) isolates from Thailand. Rosetting is more common in vivax than falciparum malaria, both in terms of incidence in patient samples and percentage of infected erythrocytes forming rosettes. Rosetting to P vivax asexual and sexual stages was evident 20 hours postreticulocyte invasion, reaching a plateau after 30 hours. Host ABO blood group, reticulocyte count, and parasitemia were not correlated with P vivax rosetting. Importantly, mature erythrocytes (normocytes), rather than reticulocytes, preferentially form rosetting complexes, indicating that this process is unlikely to directly facilitate merozoite invasion. Although antibodies against host erythrocyte receptors CD235a and CD35 had no effect, Ag-binding fragment against the BRIC 4 region of CD236R significantly inhibited rosette formation. Rosetting assays using CD236R knockdown normocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells further supports the role of glycophorin C as a receptor in P vivax rosette formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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A method for positive and negative selection of Plasmodium falciparum platelet-mediated clumping parasites and investigation of the role of CD36. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55453. [PMID: 23405153 PMCID: PMC3566186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IEs) is a frequently observed parasite adhesion phenotype. The importance of clumping in severe malaria and the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon are incompletely understood. Three platelet surface molecules have previously been identified as clumping receptors: CD36, globular C1q receptor (gC1qR/HABP1/p32), and P-selectin (CD62P), but the parasite ligands mediating this phenotype are unknown. The aim of this work was to develop a selection method to facilitate investigations of the molecular mechanisms of clumping in selected P. falciparum lines. Magnetic beads coated with anti-platelet antibodies were used to positively and negatively select clumping IEs from P. falciparum strains IT, HB3, 3D7 and Dd2. Clumping in all four positively selected parasite lines was abolished by antibodies to CD36, but was not affected by antibodies to gC1qR or P-selectin. Clumping positive lines showed significantly higher binding to CD36 than clumping negative lines in flow adhesion assays (strains IT, HB3 and 3D7, p<0.05 for all strains, paired t test) and static assays (strain Dd2, p<0.0001 paired t test). However, clumping negative lines IT, HB3 and 3D7 did show some binding to CD36 under flow conditions, indicating that CD36-binding is not sufficient for clumping. These data show that CD36-dependent clumping positive and negative lines can easily be selected from P. falciparum laboratory strains. CD36-binding is necessary but not sufficient for clumping, and the molecular differences between clumping positive and negative parasite lines responsible for the phenotype require further investigation.
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Garcia J, Curtidor H, Obando-Martinez AZ, Vizcaíno C, Pinto M, Martinez NL, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Synthetic peptides from conserved regions of the Plasmodium falciparum early transcribed membrane and ring exported proteins bind specifically to red blood cell proteins. Vaccine 2009; 27:6877-86. [PMID: 19755146 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria pathology is directly associated with cytoadherence of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) to healthy RBCs and/or endothelial cells occurring during the intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum. We synthesized, as 20-mer long peptides, the members of the ring exported (REX) protein family encoded in chromosome 9, as well as the early transcribed membrane proteins (E-TRAMP) 10.2 and 4, to identify specific RBC binding regions in these proteins. Twelve binding peptides were identified (designated as HABPs): three were identified in REX1, two in REX2, one in REX3, two in REX4 and four in E-TRAMP 10.2. The majority of these HABPs was conserved among different P. falciparum strains, according to sequence analysis. No HABPs were found in E-TRAMP 4. Bindings of HABPs were saturable and sensitive to the enzymatic treatment of RBCs and HABPs had different structural features, according to circular dichroism studies. Our results suggest that the REX and E-TRAMP families participate in relevant interactions with RBC membrane proteins, which highlight these proteins as potential targets for the development of fully effective immunoprophylactic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeison Garcia
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia FIDIC, Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
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A Maurer’s cleft-associated Plasmodium falciparum membrane-associated histidine-rich protein peptide specifically interacts with the erythrocyte membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:122-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Rodriguez LE, Curtidor H, Urquiza M, Cifuentes G, Reyes C, Patarroyo ME. Intimate Molecular Interactions of P. falciparum Merozoite Proteins Involved in Invasion of Red Blood Cells and Their Implications for Vaccine Design. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3656-705. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Urquiza
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gladys Cifuentes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
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11
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Rosetting in Plasmodium falciparum: a cytoadherence phenotype with multiple actors. Transfus Clin Biol 2008; 15:62-71. [PMID: 18514562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells to bind uninfected red blood cells ("rosetting") has been associated with high parasite density in numerous geographic areas and with severe malaria in African children. We summarize here the associations that have emerged from field studies and describe the various experimental models of rosetting that have been developed. A variety of erythrocyte receptors, several serum factors and a number of rosette-mediating PfEMP1 adhesins have been identified. Several var genes code for rosette-forming PfEMP1 adhesins in each P. falciparum genome, so that each clonal line has the capacity to generate distinct types of rosettes. To clarify their respective role in malaria pathogenesis, each of the multiple ligand/receptor interactions should be further studied for fine specificity, binding affinity and the impact of the large population polymorphism of the parasite variant repertoires should be assessed. Interestingly, some major human erythrocyte surface polymorphisms have been identified as affecting rosette formation, consistent with a role for rosetting in life-threatening falciparum malaria.
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Biswas S, Seth R, Sharma G, Dash A. A longitudinal investigation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in northern India. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2007; 40:159-66. [PMID: 17852923 DOI: 10.1080/00365540701558748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A group comprising 27 young children (1-4 y of age) suffering from uncomplicated falciparum malaria were studied to characterize the isolates and to measure humoral immune responses during acute infection and after recovery. Finger prick blood from each individual was collected on d 1. After treatment with chloroquine, a further blood sample was collected from each child on d 7, 30, 90 and 180 for assay of antibody responses to P. falciparum antigens. Isolates from individual patients were incubated in vitro for demonstration of rosette formation, assay of plasmodial growth rate and analysis of Pfcrt gene polymorphism. Out of 27 isolates of P. falciparum, 20 showed formation of rosettes in vitro. The growth rate at 96 h varied widely among the isolates. In Pfcrt gene analysis at 76-codon site, 14 showed wild-type Lys 76, 7 showed mutant type Thr 76 and 6 had mixed type. 14 children, all with anaemia on d 7, showed a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT). Sera positive by ELISA IgG on d 90 also showed parasite growth inhibitory activity in vitro. Significant levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 subclass antibodies against MSP1 were detected in 14 sera collected on d 90. On d 180, there was a decline in IgG and its subtypes. These findings suggest that a variability in isolates may occur in one and the same seasonal area, making children prone to infection. As a consequence, they develop antibodies during recovery phase from an acute attack, which remain in circulation for a period of 4-5 months. After that, a decline in antibody level may again make them susceptible to the disease. Prevalence of different serotypes in a small area may suggest the complexity of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Biswas
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Indian Council of Medical Research), Delhi, India.
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13
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Abstract
In the century since the discovery of the ABO blood groups, numerous associations between ABO groups and disease have been noted. However, the selection pressures defining the ABO distributions remain uncertain. We review published information on Plasmodium falciparum infection and ABO blood groups. DNA sequence information dates the emergence and development of the group O allele to a period of evolution before human migration out of Africa, concomitant with P falciparum's activity. The current geographic distribution of group O is also consistent with a selection pressure by P falciparum in favor of group O individuals in malaria-endemic regions. We critically review clinical reports of ABO and P falciparum infection, documenting a correlation between disease severity and ABO group. Finally, we review published data on the pathogenesis of P falciparum infection, and propose a biologic model to summarize the role of ABO blood groups in cytoadherence biology. Such ABO-related mechanisms also point to a new hypothesis to account for selection of the Le(a-b-) phenotype. Taken together, a broad range of available evidence suggests that the origin, distribution, and relative proportion of ABO blood groups in humans may have been directly influenced by selective genetic pressure from P falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Cserti
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital (Blood Transfusion Laboratory), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Cowman AF, Coppel RL. Cellular adhesive phenomena in apicomplexan parasites of red blood cells. Vet Parasitol 2005; 132:273-95. [PMID: 16087297 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasites Babesia and Plasmodium are related, yet phylogenetically distinct haemoprotozoa that infect red blood cells and cause severe diseases of major human and veterinary importance. A variety of cellular and molecular interactions are pivotal in many aspects of the pathogenicity of these two parasites. Comparison of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that culminate in accumulation of parasitised red blood cells in the microvasculature of cattle infected with Babesia bovis (babesiosis) and humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum (falciparum malaria) is particularly instructive given the striking similarities in the pathophysiology of these two important medical and veterinary diseases. While such adhesive phenomena have been studied extensively in malaria, they have received relatively little attention in babesiosis. In this review, we summarise the findings of more than 25 years of research into cellular adhesive phenomena in malaria and speculate on how this body of work can now be applied to Babesia parasites. Such information is fundamental if we are to learn more about the biology of Babesia parasites, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which they cause infection and disease and how to develop novel therapeutic strategies or vaccines for both Babesia and malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia.
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15
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Abstract
The development of a malaria vaccine seems to be a definite possibility despite the fact that even individuals with a life time of endemic exposure do not develop sterile immunity. An effective malaria vaccine would be invaluable in preventing malaria-associated deaths in endemic areas, especially amongst children less than 5 years of age and pregnant women. This review discusses our current understanding of immunity against the asexual blood stage of malaria - the stage that is responsible for the symptoms of the disease - and approaches to the design of an asexual blood stage vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraprapa Wipasa
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australia
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16
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Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Coppel RL. The malaria-infected red blood cell: structural and functional changes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2001; 50:1-86. [PMID: 11757330 PMCID: PMC7130133 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(01)50029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The asexual stage of malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium invade red blood cells of various species including humans. After parasite invasion, red blood cells progressively acquire a new set of properties and are converted into more typical, although still simpler, eukaryotic cells by the appearance of new structures in the red blood cell cytoplasm, and new proteins at the red blood cell membrane skeleton. The red blood cell undergoes striking morphological alterations and its rheological properties are considerably altered, manifesting as red blood cells with increased membrane rigidity, reduced deformability and increased adhesiveness for a number of other cells including the vascular endothelium. Elucidation of the structural changes in the red blood cell induced by parasite invasion and maturation and an understanding of the accompanying functional alterations have the ability to considerably extend our knowledge of structure-function relationships in the normal red blood cell. Furthermore, interference with these interactions may lead to previously unsuspected means of reducing parasite virulence and may lead to the development of novel antimalarial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box 53, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Human infections with Plasmodium falciparum may result in severe forms of malaria. The widespread and rapid development of drug resistance in P. falciparum and the resistance of the disease-transmitting mosquitoes to insecticides make it urgent to understand the molecular background of the pathogenesis of malaria to enable the development of novel approaches to combat the disease. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of severe malaria caused by the P. falciparum parasite. The nature of severe malaria and the deleterious effects of parasite-derived toxins and host-induced cytokines are introduced. Sequestration, brought about by cytoadherence and rosetting, is linked to severe malaria and is mediated by multiple receptors on the endothelium and red blood cells. P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is the ligand responsible for a majority of binding interactions, and the multiply adhesive features of this sticky molecule are presented. Antigenic variation is also a major feature of PfEMP1 and of the surface of the P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte. Possible mechanisms of P. falciparum antigenic variation in asexual stages are further discussed. We conclude this review with a perspective and suggestions of important aspects for future investigations.
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18
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Abstract
Human infections with Plasmodium falciparum may result in severe forms of malaria. The widespread and rapid development of drug resistance in P. falciparum and the resistance of the disease-transmitting mosquitoes to insecticides make it urgent to understand the molecular background of the pathogenesis of malaria to enable the development of novel approaches to combat the disease. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of severe malaria caused by the P. falciparum parasite. The nature of severe malaria and the deleterious effects of parasite-derived toxins and host-induced cytokines are introduced. Sequestration, brought about by cytoadherence and rosetting, is linked to severe malaria and is mediated by multiple receptors on the endothelium and red blood cells. P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is the ligand responsible for a majority of binding interactions, and the multiply adhesive features of this sticky molecule are presented. Antigenic variation is also a major feature of PfEMP1 and of the surface of the P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte. Possible mechanisms of P. falciparum antigenic variation in asexual stages are further discussed. We conclude this review with a perspective and suggestions of important aspects for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institutet, and Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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López R, Urquiza M, Curtidor H, Eduardo Caminos J, Mora H, Puentes A, Patarroyo ME. Plasmodium falciparum: red blood cell binding studies of peptides derived from histidine-rich KAHRP-I, HRP-II and HRP-III proteins. Acta Trop 2000; 75:349-59. [PMID: 10838219 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histidine-rich proteins have been associated with Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells (RBC) cytoadherence, and RBC rosetting; these phenomena may cause clogging of the post-capillary venules, this being one of the main causes of severe cerebral malaria. They may also participate in parasite mature stages' evasion of the immune system and their subsequent destruction in the spleen. Non-overlapping synthetic peptides, corresponding to entire amino acid sequences reported for the KAHRP-I, HRP-II and HRP-III proteins, were used in RBC binding assays. Peptides with high and low binding activity were recognized. The KAHRP-I protein shows 3 peptides with high binding affinity to RBCs, two of them variable (peptide 6783, sequence 321QNYVHPWSGYSAPYGVPHGA(340) and peptide 6789, sequence 441KKREKSIMEKNHAAKKLTKK(460)) and the other conserved (peptide 6786, sequence 381KSKKHKDHDGEKKKSKKHKD(400)) having affinity constant of around 190 nM and 1000 binding sites per cell. Interestingly, this peptide shares aminoacid sequences with one reported as being recognized by malaria exposed human antibodies. The HRP-I protein also presents one conserved peptide (peptide 6800, sequence 24NNSAFNNNLCSKNAKGLNLN(43)) with high affinity, located in the amino terminal region of the native protein, having 210 nM affinity constant and 6000 receptor sites. The HRP-III protein only contains peptides with low binding activity. Treatment of red blood cells with neuraminidase reduces the binding of the conserved high binding 6786 and 6800 peptides. Anti-glycophorins A, B and C antibodies inhibit the binding of the conserved high binding 6786 and 6800 peptides. Furthermore, the specific determination of glycoproteins by chemioluminescenoe, in SDS/PAGE western blot, suggests that these glycophorins could be the receptor for these high binding peptides. High binding peptides' critical amino acids, involved in RBC binding were determined by means of competition binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López
- Instituto de Inmunologia, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Avda 1 No 10-01 Santafe de Bogotá, Colombia.
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20
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Multiple human serum components act as bridging molecules in rosette formation by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.2.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosetting, the binding of parasitized erythrocytes to 2 or more uninfected erythrocytes, is an in vitro correlate of disease severity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Although cell ligands and receptors have been identified and a role for immunoglobulin M has been suggested, the molecular mechanisms of rosette formation are unknown. The authors demonstrate unequivocally that rosette formation by P falciparum-infected erythrocytes is specifically dependent on human serum, and they propose that serum components act as bridging molecules between the cell populations. Using heparin treatment and Percoll density gradient centrifugation, they have developed an assay in which parasitized erythrocytes grown in serum-containing medium and optimally forming rosettes are stripped of serum components. These infected cells were no longer able to form rosettes when mixed with erythrocytes and incubated in serum-free medium. Rosette formation was restored by the addition of serum or certain serum fractions obtained by concanavalin A (conA) affinity, anti-IgM affinity, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The authors clearly demonstrate that multiple serum components—IgM and at least 2 others—are involved in rosette formation. Those others consist of 1 or more acidic components of high-molecular mass that binds to conA (but that is not thrombospondin, fibronectin, or von Willebrand's factor) and of at least 1 more basic, smaller component that does not bind to conA. Data on the size and number of rosettes formed support the authors' hypothesis that multiple bridges are involved in this complex cellular interaction. These findings have important implications for the understanding of pathogenic adhesive interactions of P falciparum and host susceptibility to severe malaria.
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21
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Fernandez V, Hommel M, Chen Q, Hagblom P, Wahlgren M. Small, clonally variant antigens expressed on the surface of the Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte are encoded by the rif gene family and are the target of human immune responses. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1393-404. [PMID: 10562315 PMCID: PMC2195703 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.10.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease severity in Plasmodium falciparum infections is a direct consequence of the parasite's efficient evasion of the defense mechanisms of the human host. To date, one parasite-derived molecule, the antigenically variant adhesin P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), is known to be transported to the infected erythrocyte (pRBC) surface, where it mediates binding to different host receptors. Here we report that multiple additional proteins are expressed by the parasite at the pRBC surface, including a large cluster of clonally variant antigens of 30-45 kD. We have found these antigens to be identical to the rifins, predicted polypeptides encoded by the rif multigene family. These parasite products, formerly called rosettins after their identification in rosetting parasites, are prominently expressed by fresh isolates of P. falciparum. Rifins are immunogenic in natural infections and strain-specifically recognized by human immune sera in immunoprecipitation of surface-labeled pRBC extracts. Furthermore, human immune sera agglutinate pRBCs digested with trypsin at conditions such that radioiodinated PfEMP1 polypeptides are not detected but rifins are detected, suggesting the presence of epitopes in rifins targeted by agglutinating antibodies. When analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, the rifins resolved into several isoforms in the pI range of 5.5-6.5, indicating molecular microheterogeneity, an additional potential novel source of antigenic diversity in P. falciparum. Prominent polypeptides of 20, 22, 76-80, 140, and 170 kD were also detected on the surfaces of pRBCs bearing in vitro-propagated or field-isolated parasites. In this report, we describe the rifins, the second family of clonally variant antigens known to be displayed by P. falciparum on the surface of the infected erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Fernandez
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Hommel
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3QA, United Kingdom
| | - Qijun Chen
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hagblom
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Goldring JD, Padayachee T, Ismail I. Plasmodium falciparum malaria: rosettes are disrupted by quinine, artemisinin, mefloquine, primaquine, pyrimethamine, chloroquine and proguanil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94:667-74. [PMID: 10464415 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An assay was developed measuring the disruption of rosettes between Plasmodium falciparuminfected (trophozoites) and uninfected erythrocytes by the antimalarial drugs quinine, artemisinin mefloquine, primaquine, pyrimethamine, chloroquine and proguanil. At 4 hr incubation rosettes were disrupted by all the drugs in a dose dependent manner. Artemisinin and quinine were the most effective anti-malarials at disrupting rosettes at their therapeutic concentrations with South African RSA 14, 15, 17 and The Gambian FCR-3 P. falciparum strains. The least effective drugs were proguanil and chloroquine. A combination of artemisinin and mefloquine was more effective than each drug alone. The combinations of pyrimethamine or primaquine, with quinine disrupted more rosettes than quinine alone. Quinine may be an effective drug in the treatment of severe malaria because the drug efficiently reduces the number of rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Goldring
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Natal, South Africa.
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23
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Barragan A, Kremsner PG, Weiss W, Wahlgren M, Carlson J. Age-related buildup of humoral immunity against epitopes for rosette formation and agglutination in African areas of malaria endemicity. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4783-7. [PMID: 9746579 PMCID: PMC108590 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.10.4783-4787.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we show an age-related buildup of agglutinating activity as well as serum activity against rosette formation in children living in areas of Kenya and Gabon where malaria is endemic. Sera from Kenyans in general exhibited a stronger and wider immune response toward the epitopes, probably reflecting a difference in transmission patterns between the two areas. Thus, our results indicate that repeated malaria attacks in areas of endemicity, and consequently exposure to different isolate-specific antigens, will elicit an antibody-mediated response eventually enabling recognition of the majority of rosetting and agglutinating antigens. The correlation between antirosetting and agglutinating capacity was poor in individual cases, indicating that the rosetting epitopes are only a minor part of the highly diverse surface-exposed antigens (mainly PfEMP1) on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes toward which antibodies may react. These data together with our previous findings that the protection against cerebral malaria correlates with presence of antirosetting antibodies shed new light on our understanding of the gradual acquisition of immunity toward severe complications of malarial infection which children reared in areas of endemicity attain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barragan
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm Sweden; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Fernandez V, Treutiger CJ, Nash GB, Wahlgren M. Multiple adhesive phenotypes linked to rosetting binding of erythrocytes in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun 1998; 66:2969-75. [PMID: 9596774 PMCID: PMC108296 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.6.2969-2975.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral form of severe malaria is associated with excessive intravascular sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (PRBC). Retention and accumulation of PRBC may lead to occlusion of brain microvessels and direct the triggering of acute pathologic changes. Here we report that by selection, cloning, and subcloning, we have identified rare P. falciparum parasites expressing a pan-adhesive phenotype linked to erythrocyte rosetting, a previously identified correlate of cerebral malaria. Rosetting PRBC not only bound uninfected erythrocytes but also formed autoagglutinates, adhered to endothelial cells, and bound to CD36, immunoglobulins, and the blood group A antigen. The linkage of rosetting, autoagglutination, and cytoadherence involved the coexpression on a single PRBC of ligands with multiple specificities and the binding to two or more receptors on erythrocytes and to at least two other cell adhesion molecules, including a new endothelial cell receptor for P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Limited proteolysis that differentially cleaved the rosetting ligand PfEMP1 from the PRBC surface abrogated all the binding phenotypes of these parasites, implicating the variant antigen PfEMP1 as a carrier of multiple ligand specificities. The results encourage the further study of pan-adhesion as a potentially important parasite phenotype in the pathogenesis of severe P. falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fernandez
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, and Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Chen Q, Barragan A, Fernandez V, Sundström A, Schlichtherle M, Sahlén A, Carlson J, Datta S, Wahlgren M. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) as the rosetting ligand of the malaria parasite P. falciparum. J Exp Med 1998; 187:15-23. [PMID: 9419207 PMCID: PMC2199182 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria is characterized by excessive sequestration of infected and uninfected erythrocytes in the microvasculature of the affected organ. Rosetting, the adhesion of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes is a virulent parasite phenotype associated with the occurrence of severe malaria. Here we report on the identification by single-cell reverse transcriptase PCR and cDNA cloning of the adhesive ligand P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). Rosetting PfEMP1 contains clusters of glycosaminoglycan-binding motifs. A recombinant fusion protein (Duffy binding-like 1-glutathione S transferase; Duffy binding-like-1-GST) was found to adhere directly to normal erythrocytes, disrupt naturally formed rosettes, block rosette reformation, and bind to a heparin-Sepharose matrix. The adhesive interactions could be inhibited with heparan sulfate or enzymes that remove heparan sulfate from the cell surface whereas other enzymes or similar glycosaminoglycans of a like negative charge did not affect the binding. PfEMP1 is suggested to be the rosetting ligand and heparan sulfate, or a heparan sulfate-like molecule, the receptor both for PfEMP1 binding and naturally formed erythrocyte rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Roggwiller E, Fricaud AC, Blisnick T, Braun-Breton C. Host urokinase-type plasminogen activator participates in the release of malaria merozoites from infected erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 86:49-59. [PMID: 9178267 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)02848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria infection of red blood cells is associated with plasminogen activation. Surface immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation experiments, using specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against human urokinase, demonstrate that this activity is due to the binding of host urokinase-type plasminogen activator to the surface of erythrocytes infected by mature forms of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Depletion of urokinase from the culture medium leads to the inhibition of merozoite release and the accumulation of segmenter-infected erythrocytes; this inhibition is reversed by the addition of human single-chain or two-chain urokinase. These findings are consistent with host urokinase being involved in the process of merozoite release from the red blood cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roggwiller
- Experimental Parasitology, URA CNRS 146, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Maubert B, Guilbert LJ, Deloron P. Cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and chondroitin-4-sulfate expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast in the human placenta. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1251-7. [PMID: 9119459 PMCID: PMC175125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.4.1251-1257.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Late stages of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IRBCs) frequently sequester in the placentas of pregnant women, a phenomenon associated with low birth weight of the offspring. To investigate the physiological mechanism of this sequestration, we developed an in vitro assay for studying the cytoadherence of IRBCs to cultured term human trophoblasts. The capacity for binding to the syncytiotrophoblast varied greatly among P. falciparum isolates and was mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), as binding was totally inhibited by 84H10, a monoclonal antibody specific for ICAM-1. Binding of the P. falciparum line RP5 to the syncytiotrophoblast involves chondroitin-4-sulfate (CSA), as this binding was dramatically impaired by addition of free CSA to the binding medium or by preincubation of the syncytiotrophoblast with chondroitinase ABC. ICAM-1 and CSA were visualized on the syncytiotrophoblast by immunofluorescence, while CD36, E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were not expressed even on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated syncytiotrophoblast tissue, and monoclonal antibodies against these cell adhesion molecules did not inhibit cytoadherence. ICAM-1 expression and cytoadherence of wild isolates was upregulated by TNF-alpha, a cytokine that can be secreted by the numerous mononuclear phagocytes present in malaria-infected placentas. These results suggest that cytoadherence may be involved in the placental sequestration and broaden the understanding of the physiopathology of the malaria-infected placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U13, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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28
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Le Scanf C, Fandeur T, Morales-Betoulle ME, Mercereau-Puijalon O. Plasmodium falciparum: altered expressions of erythrocyte membrane-associated antigens during antigenic variation. Exp Parasitol 1997; 85:135-48. [PMID: 9030664 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1996.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The O and R antigenic variants of the Plasmodium falciparum Palo Alto strain present differences in the morphology of the infected red blood cell membrane, in their adhesion properties, surface immunofluorescence, and agglutination specificities and importantly, induce a variant-specific protection after a primary infection in Saimiri sciureus monkeys. To identify potential targets of variant-specific immunity, we have compared the antigenic makeup of both variants by immunoblot. O-specific monkey sera generated similar profiles on both parasite types, while R-specific sera showed a consistent difference on a high-molecular-mass undefined antigen. Distinct antibody specificities were eluted from the surface of O- or R-infected erythrocytes, generating variant-specific agglutination, surface immunofluorescence, and immunoblot profiles. An antiserum raised to Pf60.1, predicted to cross-react with the cytoplasmic domain of PfEMP1, reacted with specific, SDS-soluble antigens in both variants. Antigens associated with the membrane of the infected red blood cells were further investigated using several specific antisera. The 85-kDa HRP1 gene product was more abundant in O than in R parasites, while the reverse was observed for the PfEMP3 protein. These data indicate that O and R parasites differ in the expression of several antigens associated with the membrane of the infected red blood cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Le Scanf
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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29
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Allred DR. Immune Evasion by Babesia bovis and Plasmodium falciparum: Cliff-dwellers of the Parasite World. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995; 11:100-5. [PMID: 15275361 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(95)80166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte-dwelling parasites, such as Babesia bovis and Plasmodium falciparum, are not accessible to the host immune system during most of their asexual reproductive cycle because they are intracellular. While intracellular, the host immune response must be directed toward the surface of the infected erythrocyte. Immune individuals mount protective antibody and cell-mediated responses which eliminate most of the parasites, yet some survive to establish chronic infections. In this review, David Allred discusses some of the mechanisms used by these parasites to evade individual immune mechanisms targeting the infected erythrocyte to survive in the hostile environment of an effective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Allred
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0880, USA.
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30
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Crandall I, Guthrie N, Demers D, Sherman IW. Plasmodium falciparum: CD36 dependent cytoadherence or rosetting of infected erythrocytes is modulated by knobs. CELL ADHESION AND COMMUNICATION 1994; 2:503-10. [PMID: 7538019 DOI: 10.3109/15419069409014214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A knobless (K-) line of the FCR-3 isolate of Plasmodium falciparum was obtained by gelatin flotation. Immunofluorescent staining and immunoblots indicated that both the K- line and the K+ (knobby) line from which it was derived contained similar forms of potentially adhesive modified band 3 protein. When the K+ and K- lines were assayed for their cytoadherent and rosetting abilities the K+ line showed a high level of CD36 dependent cytoadherence, whereas the K- line demonstrated a marked pH dependent increase in rosetting. Rosetting was inhibited by the addition of peptides based on band 3 motifs, suggesting that cytoadherence and rosetting involve the same adhesin but that the presence of knobs affects whether the adherent preference of the infected erythrocyte is uninfected red cells or endothelial/C32 amelanotic melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Crandall
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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31
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Helmby H, Cavelier L, Pettersson U, Wahlgren M. Rosetting Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes express unique strain-specific antigens on their surface. Infect Immun 1993; 61:284-8. [PMID: 7678099 PMCID: PMC302716 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.1.284-288.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous binding of uninfected erythrocytes to Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (rosetting) has been suggested to have a critical role in the induction of cerebral malaria. We report here that rosetting can be mediated by several molecular mechanisms involving parasite polypeptides with M(r)s of 22,000 or 28,000, termed rosettins. Antibodies to either polypeptide disrupt rosettes in a strain-specific fashion. Rosettes of five of the seven isolates examined thus far are more easily disrpted by anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies than by anti-28,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies. Polyclonal anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies raised in mice or rabbits strongly and strain specifically stain the surface of nonfixed erythrocytes infected with late asexual stages of rosetting P. falciparum. Simultaneous antibody staining and rosetting are seen when the anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antiserum is diluted so that only partial disruption of rosettes is obtained, confirming that the fluorescence-labelled infected erythrocytes are involved in rosetting. The 22,000-M(r) rosettin is accessible for surface iodination on erythrocytes infected with strains of rosetting parasites sensitive to anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies, whereas no labelling occurred on either normal erythrocytes or nonrosetting-P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Purified anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin serum immunoglobulin G immunoprecipitated three parasite-derived polypeptides with M(r)s of 22,000, 45,000 (doublet), and 50,000 from lysates of [35S]methionine-labelled, parasite-infected erythrocytes. Our results suggest that rosetting is mediated by strain-specific, antigenically distinct, P. falciparum-derived polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Helmby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
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32
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Tegoshi T, Udomsangpetch R, Brown A, Nakazawa S, Webster HK, Aikawa M. Ultrastructure of rosette formation by Plasmodium coatneyi-infected erythrocytes of rhesus. Parasitol Res 1993; 79:611-3. [PMID: 8278346 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tegoshi
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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33
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Nash GB, Cooke BM, Carlson J, Wahlgren M. Rheological properties of rosettes formed by red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum. Br J Haematol 1992; 82:757-63. [PMID: 1482664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum form rosettes with non-parasitized red cells. Although these rosettes are thought to impair microcirculatory flow, their rheological characteristics have not been fully described. Using dual-micropipette manipulation to pull apart individual rosettes, we found that the forces binding rosettes together were strong (average force for removal of a cell was 4.4 x 10(-10) N, approximately 5 times that required to detach a parasitized cell adhered to cultured endothelium). If disrupted rosettes were re-formed, cells rosetted immediately on contact, but the strength of attachment increased over minutes, and did not apparently reach its maximal level for hours. All non-parasitized cells tested could adhere to rosette-forming parasitized cells. Rosettes could withstand arterial flow stresses (1.4-1.6 Pa) for minutes without disintegration. To test the effects of rosetting on flow resistance, the time required for entry into a 4.3 microns pipette was measured. Entry times depended strongly on the number of cells in the rosette, and averaged 35 times longer than for non-parasitized cells. Our studies show that the cell-cell attachments within rosettes are strong, and suggest that rosettes might survive both the arterial circulation and passage through microvessels and could contribute to the ischaemic complications of falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Nash
- Department of Haematology, Medical School, University of Birmingham, U.K
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34
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Carlson J, Wahlgren M. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte rosetting is mediated by promiscuous lectin-like interactions. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1311-7. [PMID: 1402677 PMCID: PMC2119436 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.5.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe an assay that was developed to quantitate the binding of normal red blood cells (RBC), labeled with carboxy fluorescein diacetate (C-FDA), to rosetting Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBC. The binding of RBC obtained from various animal species or humans to different strains or clones of rosetting P. falciparum-infected RBC was studied. A strain-specific preference of rosetting was observed for either blood group A/AB or B/AB RBC for all parasites tested. The higher affinity of rosette binding of blood group A, B, or AB vs. O RBC was reflected in larger rosettes when a given parasite was grown in RBC of the preferred blood group. The small size of the rosettes formed when P. falciparum was grown in blood group O RBC may be the in vitro correlate of the relative protection against cerebral malaria afforded by belonging to blood group O rather than to blood group A or B. Rosettes of a blood group A-preferring parasite could be completely disrupted by heparin only when grown in blood group O or B RBC, but not when grown in blood group A RBC. Similarly, the rosettes of a blood group B-preferring parasite could be more easily disrupted by heparin when grown in blood group O or A RBC than when grown in blood group B RBC. Several different saccharides inhibited rosetting of group O RBC, including two monosaccharides that are basic components of heparin. The rosetting of the same parasites grown in blood group A or B RBC was less sensitive to heparin and was specifically inhibited only by the terminal mono- and trisaccharides of the A and the B blood group antigens, the H disaccharide, and fucose. Our results suggest that rosetting is mediated by multiple lectin-like interactions, the usage of which rely on the parasite phenotype and whether the receptors are present on the host cell or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlson
- Department of Immunology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- N J White
- Wellcome-Mahidol University, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ho M, Davis TM, Silamut K, Bunnag D, White NJ. Rosette formation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from patients with acute malaria. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2135-9. [PMID: 2037374 PMCID: PMC257977 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.6.2135-2139.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninfected erythrocytes form rosettes around those infected with trophozoites and schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. These rosettes are thought to contribute to the microvascular obstruction which underlies the pathophysiology of severe falciparum malaria. To determine whether the percentage of infected erythrocytes forming rosettes for a parasite isolates in vitro correlates with the in vivo severity of disease, we studied the rosette formation behavior of 35 isolates of P. falciparum from patients with uncomplicated, severe, and cerebral malaria. There was a wide variation in the degree of rosette formation (0 to 53%). Four parasite isolates formed rosettes well (30 to 53%), and seven isolates formed rosettes poorly or not at all (0 to 5%), while the majority of the isolates formed rosettes to various degrees between these two extremes. In this relatively small sample of patients, we were unable to demonstrate a significant association between in vitro rosette formation and patients with cerebral malaria or conscious patients with significant renal (serum creatinine greater than 200 mumol/liter) or hepatic dysfunction (serum bilirubin greater than 50 mumol/liter and aspartate aminotransferase greater than 50 Reitman-Frankel units). However, there was an inverse relationship between rosette formation and cytoadherence (r = -0.575, P less than 0.01) which could not be explained on the basis of steric hindrance. This finding suggests that cytoadherence and rosette formation properties are intrinsic to the parasites, with isolates having a greater propensity for one or the other but not both. Further studies are required to establish the occurrence and pathophysiological role of rosette formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ho
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Knapp B, Hundt E, Lingelbach KR. Structure and possible function of Plasmodium falciparum proteins exported to the erythrocyte membrane. Parasitol Res 1991; 77:277-82. [PMID: 1866416 DOI: 10.1007/bf00930901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
On infecting the red blood cell, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum induces alterations in the erythrocyte membrane. The parasite appears to synthesize proteins that are exported across the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and through a system of membraneous structures within the cytoplasm of the host cell to the surface membrane of the erythrocyte. There, these proteins are either released or remain associated with the membrane. In this review we describe the structure and discuss the possible functions of some of the exported proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Knapp
- Department of Microbiology, Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Carlson J, Helmby H, Hill AV, Brewster D, Greenwood BM, Wahlgren M. Human cerebral malaria: association with erythrocyte rosetting and lack of anti-rosetting antibodies. Lancet 1990; 336:1457-60. [PMID: 1979090 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93174-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum isolates from 24 Gambian children with cerebral malaria and 57 children with mild forms of the disease were assessed for their ability to form erythrocyte rosettes. All isolates from the children with cerebral malaria were able to form rosettes, whereas those from children with mild forms of the disease did not form rosettes, or had a significantly lower rosetting rate. Plasma of children with cerebral malaria lacked anti-rosetting activity, whereas plasma of children with mild disease could often disrupt rosettes in vitro. A monoclonal antibody to P falciparum histidine rich protein (PfHRP1/KP/KAHRP) disrupted rosettes of many of the isolates in vitro indicating that the rosetting ligand is relatively conserved compared with ligands associated with endothelial cytoadherence. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that erythrocyte rosetting contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and suggest that anti-rosetting antibodies protect against cerebral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlson
- Department of Immunology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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