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Mechesso AF, Su Y, Xie J, Wang G. Enhanced Antimicrobial Screening Sensitivity Enabled the Identification of an Ultrashort Peptide KR-8 for Engineering of LL-37mini to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2215-2225. [PMID: 37812567 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of novel antibiotics is of top importance because of the threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Antimicrobial screening in Mueller-Hinton broth is frequently the first step in antimicrobial discovery. Although widely utilized, this medium is not ideal as it could mask activity of candidates such as human cathelicidin LL-37 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study identified a sensitive medium where LL-37 displayed excellent activity against numerous pathogens, including MRSA. Our screen of ultrashort overlapping LL-37 peptides in this medium led to the identification of KR-8, four residues shorter than KR-12. Hence, our screen condition may increase positive compound hits during antimicrobial screening. KR-8 provided an appealing template for us to design LL-37mini, which was potent against MRSA, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not toxic to mammalian cells. LL-37mini also inhibited bacterial attachment and biofilm formation and disrupted preformed biofilms in vitro and killed MRSA in murine wound biofilms in vivo. Consistent with membrane targeting, MRSA failed to develop resistance to LL-37mini in a multiple-passage experiment. Because LL-37mini can be made cost effectively, it can be developed into new antibiofilm and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Yajuan Su
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
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Sultan M, Wilson K, Abdulla OA, Busbee PB, Hall A, Carter T, Singh N, Chatterjee S, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. Endocannabinoid Anandamide Attenuates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Modulation of Microbiome in the Gut-Lung Axis. Cells 2021; 10:3305. [PMID: 34943813 PMCID: PMC8699344 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious lung condition characterized by severe hypoxemia leading to limitations of oxygen needed for lung function. In this study, we investigated the effect of anandamide (AEA), an endogenous cannabinoid, on Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-mediated ARDS in female mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing data showed that the lung epithelial cells from AEA-treated mice showed increased levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and tight junction proteins. MiSeq sequencing data on 16S RNA and LEfSe analysis demonstrated that SEB caused significant alterations in the microbiota, with increases in pathogenic bacteria in both the lungs and the gut, while treatment with AEA reversed this effect and induced beneficial bacteria. AEA treatment suppressed inflammation both in the lungs as well as gut-associated mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). AEA triggered several bacterial species that produced increased levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyrate. Furthermore, administration of butyrate alone could attenuate SEB-mediated ARDS. Taken together, our data indicate that AEA treatment attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS by suppressing inflammation and preventing dysbiosis, both in the lungs and the gut, through the induction of AMPs, tight junction proteins, and SCFAs that stabilize the gut-lung microbial axis driving immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthanna Sultan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Kiesha Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Osama A. Abdulla
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Philip Brandon Busbee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Alina Hall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Taylor Carter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Narendra Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (M.S.); (K.W.); (O.A.A.); (P.B.B.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (N.S.); (P.N.)
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Valdez-Miramontes CE, De Haro-Acosta J, Aréchiga-Flores CF, Verdiguel-Fernández L, Rivas-Santiago B. Antimicrobial peptides in domestic animals and their applications in veterinary medicine. Peptides 2021; 142:170576. [PMID: 34033877 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are molecules with a broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. These peptides are widely distributed in insects, amphibians and mammals. Indeed, they are key molecules of the innate immune system with remarkable antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity. Besides, these peptides have also shown regulatory activity for gut microbiota and have been considered inductors of growth performance. The current review describes the updated findings of antimicrobial peptides in domestic animals, such as bovines, goats, sheep, pigs, horses, canines and felines, analyzing the most relevant aspects of their use as potential therapeutics and their applications in Veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Valdez-Miramontes
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.
| | - Jeny De Haro-Acosta
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security- IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - C F Aréchiga-Flores
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - L Verdiguel-Fernández
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Veterinary, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - B Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security- IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
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Zeng F, Zhao C, Wu X, Dong R, Li G, Zhu Q, Zheng E, Liu D, Yang J, Moisyadi S, Urschitz J, Li Z, Wu Z. Bacteria-induced expression of the pig-derived protegrin-1 transgene specifically in the respiratory tract of mice enhances resistance to airway bacterial infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16020. [PMID: 32994542 PMCID: PMC7524760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About 70% of all antibiotics produced in the world are used in the farm animal industry. The massive usage of antibiotics during farm animal production has caused rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which poses a serious risk to human and livestock health when treating bacterial infections. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP). It was initially identified in pig leukocytes with a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral activity, and a low rate of inducing bacterial resistance. To develop a genetic approach for reducing the use of antibiotics in farm animal production, we produced transgenic mice carrying a bovine tracheal AMP gene promoter-controlled PG-1 transgene. The PG-1 transgene was specifically expressed in the respiratory tract of transgenic mice upon induction by bacterial infection. These PG-1 transgenic mice exhibited enhanced resistance to nasal bacterial infection as the transgenic mice showed a higher survival rate (79.17% VS. 34.78%), lower bacterial load and milder histological severity than their wild-type control littermates. The improved resistance to bacterial infection in the PG-1 transgenic mice could be resulted from the direct bacteria-killing activities of PG-1, and the immunomodulatory effects of PG-1 via stimulating interleukin 1 beta secretion. The present study provides a promising genetic strategy to prevent airway bacterial infections in farm animals by bacteria-inducible tissue-specific expression of PG-1 transgene. This approach may also be helpful for decreasing the possibility of inducing bacterial resistance during farm animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zeng
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rui Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoling Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingchun Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Zarrinkalam KH, Leavesley DI, Stanley JM, Atkins GJ, Faull RJ. Expression of Defensin Antimicrobial Peptides in the Peritoneal Cavity of Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080102100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the expression and regulation of defensins in the peritoneal cavity of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Design The presence of defensins in the peritoneal cavity was assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In vivo defensin expression was analyzed in human peritoneal membrane biopsies and in peritoneal cavity leukocytes isolated from spent dialysate. Defensin expression in vitro was assessed in cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) and confirmed with PCR Southern blot and DNA sequencing. The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on b2 defensin expression in HPMC was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR respectively. Results Both a and b classes of defensins are expressed in the peritoneal cavity of PD patients. Messenger RNA for the a-defensin human neutrophil peptide 3 and for b-defensin-1 (hbD-1) were found in preparations containing predominantly peritoneal leukocytes, whereas b-defensin-2 (hbD-2) is expressed by HPMC. HPMC isolated from different individuals displayed variability in both basal hbD-2 expression and in response to stimulation by TNFa. Conversely, EGF consistently downregulated the level of hbD-2 message in HPMC. Conclusion a- and b-defensins are expressed in the peritoneal cavity, and hbD-2 is the main defensin present in the peritoneal membrane. Variable levels of expression of hbD-2 by mesothelial cells were seen, with evidence of regulation by cytokines and growth factors. This provides evidence for a previously unknown mechanism of innate immunity at that site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna H. Zarrinkalam
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David I. Leavesley
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jodie M. Stanley
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald J. Atkins
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Randall J. Faull
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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β-Defensins Coordinate In Vivo to Inhibit Bacterial Infections of the Trachea. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030057. [PMID: 30154362 PMCID: PMC6161282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-defensins are predicted to play an important role in innate immunity against bacterial infections in the airway. We previously observed that a type III-secretion product of Bordetella bronchiseptica inhibits the NF-κB-mediated induction of a β-defensin in airway epithelial cells in vitro. To confirm this in vivo and to examine the relative roles of other β-defensins in the airway, we infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice and mice with a deletion of the mBD-1 gene with B. bronchiseptica wild-type strain, RB50 and its mutant strain lacking the type III-secretion system, WD3. The bacteria were quantified in the trachea and the nasal tissue and mRNA levels of mouse β-defensin-3 (mBD-3) were assessed after 24 h. Infection with the wild-type bacterial strain resulted in lower mBD-3 mRNA levels in the trachea than in mice infected with the type III-deficient strain. Furthermore, we observed an increase in bacterial numbers of RB50 only in the tracheas of mBD-1-deficient mice. Neutrophils were also more abundant on the trachea in RB50 infected WT mice but not in the bronchiolar lavage fluid (BAL), compared with WD3 infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating that the coordination of β-defensin chemotactic effects may be confined to tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). RB50 decreased the ability of mice to mount an early specific antibody response, seven days after infection in both WT and mBD-1−/− mice but there were no differences in titers between RB50-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice or between WD3-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating mBD-1 was not involved in induction of the humoral immune response to the B. bronchiseptica. Challenge of primary mouse TEC in vitro with RB50 and WD3, along with IL-1β, further corroborated the in vivo studies. The results demonstrate that at least two β-defensins can coordinate early in an infection to limit the growth of bacteria in the trachea.
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Abstract
While initially identified as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide, constitutively expressed in epithelia, human β-defensin (hBD)-1 is now recognized to have a more complex pattern of expression of its gene, DEFB1, as well as activities that extend beyond direct antimicrobial. These observations suggest a complex role for hBD-1 in the host defense against viral infections, as evidenced by its expression in cells involved in viral defense, and its gene regulation in response to viral challenge. This regulation is observed both in vitro and in vivo in humans, as well as with the murine homolog, mBD-1. While numerous reviews have summarized the existing literature on β-defensin gene expression and activity, here we provide a focused review of relevant studies on the virus-mediated regulation of hBD-1 and how this regulation can provide a crucial aspect of the innate immune defense against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kathleen Ryan
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and Global Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100277, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Gill Diamond
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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PreImplantation factor promotes neuroprotection by targeting microRNA let-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13882-7. [PMID: 25205808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411674111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of neurons are the major characteristics of CNS disorders that include stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Activation of the Toll-like receptor 7 by extracellular microRNA let-7, a highly expressed microRNA in the CNS, induces neuronal cell death. Let-7 released from injured neurons and immune cells acts on neighboring cells, exacerbating CNS damage. Here we show that a synthetic peptide analogous to the mammalian PreImplantation factor (PIF) secreted by developing embryos and which is present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy inhibits the biogenesis of let-7 in both neuronal and immune cells of the mouse. The synthetic peptide, sPIF, destabilizes KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), a key microRNA-processing protein, in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, leading to decreased production of let-7. Furthermore, s.c. administration of sPIF into neonatal rats following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury robustly rescued cortical volume and number of neurons and decreased the detrimental glial response, as is consistent with diminished levels of KSRP and let-7 in sPIF-treated brains. Our results reveal a previously unexpected mechanism of action of PIF and underscore the potential clinical utility of sPIF in treating hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. The newly identified PIF/TLR4/KSRP/let-7 regulatory axis also may operate during embryo implantation and development.
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Meade KG, Cormican P, Narciandi F, Lloyd A, O'Farrelly C. Bovine β-defensin gene family: opportunities to improve animal health? Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:17-28. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00085.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent analysis of the bovine genome revealed an expanded suite of β-defensin genes that encode what are referred to as antimicrobial or host defense peptides (HDPs). Whereas primate genomes also encode α- and θ-defensins, the bovine genome contains only the β-defensin subfamily of HDPs. β-Defensins perform diverse functions that are critical to protection against pathogens but also in regulation of the immune response and reproduction. As the most comprehensively studied subclass of HDPs, β-defensins possess the widest taxonomic distribution, found in invertebrates as well as plants, indicating an ancient point of origin. Cross-species comparison of the genomic arrangement of β-defensin gene repertoire revealed them to vary in number among species presumably due to differences in pathogenic selective pressures but also genetic drift. β-Defensin genes exist in a single cluster in birds, but four gene clusters exist in dog, rat, mouse, and cow. In humans and chimpanzees, one of these clusters is split in two as a result of a primate-specific pericentric inversion producing five gene clusters. A cluster of β-defensin genes on bovine chromosome 13 has been recently characterized, and full genome sequencing has identified extensive gene copy number variation on chromosome 27. As a result, cattle have the most diverse repertoire of β-defensin genes so far identified, where four clusters contain at least 57 genes. This expansion of β-defensin HDPs may hold significant potential for combating infectious diseases and provides opportunities to harness their immunological and reproductive functions in commercial cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Meade
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - P. Cormican
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - F. Narciandi
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - A. Lloyd
- Department of Science & Health, Carlow Institute of Technology, Co. Carlow, Ireland
| | - C. O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; and
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Farrerol regulates antimicrobial peptide expression and reduces Staphylococcus aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2013; 65:1-6. [PMID: 24036182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, defined as inflammation of the mammary gland, is an infectious disease with a major economic influence on dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is a common gram-positive pathogen that frequently causes subclinical, chronic infection of the mammary gland in dairy cows. Farrerol, a traditional Chinese medicine isolated from rhododendron, has been shown to have anti-bacterial activity. However, the effect of farrerol on S. aureus infection in mammary epithelium has not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of farrerol on the invasion of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) by S. aureus. The expression of antimicrobial peptide genes by bMEC were assessed in the presence or absence of S. aureus infection. Our results demonstrated that farrerol (4-16 μg/ml) reduced > 55% the internalization of S. aureus into bMEC. We also found that farrerol was able to down-regulate the mRNA expression of tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) and bovine neutrophil β-defensin 5 (BNBD5) in bMEC infected with S. aureus. The Nitric oxide (NO) production of bMEC after S. aureus stimulation was decreased by farrerol treatment. Furthermore, farrerol treatment suppressed S. aureus-induced NF-κB activation in bMEC. These results demonstrated that farrerol modulated TAP and BNBD5 gene expression in mammary gland, enhances bMEC defense against S. aureus infection and could be useful in protection against bovine mastitis.
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Defensins: natural component of human innate immunity. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1069-79. [PMID: 23756165 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to a huge increase in the number of resistant bacteria. New classes of drugs are therefore being developed of which defensins are a potential source. Defensins are a group of antimicrobial peptides found in different living organisms, involved in the first line of defense in their innate immune response against pathogens. This review summarizes the results of studies of this family of human antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). There is a special emphasis on describing the entire group and individual peptides, history of their discovery, their functions and expression sites. The results of the recent studies on the use of the biologically active peptides in human medicine are also presented. The pharmaceutical potential of human defensins cannot be ignored, especially considering their strong antimicrobial activity and properties such as low molecular weight, reduced immunogenicity, broad activity spectrum and resistance to proteolysis, but there are still many challenges and questions regarding the possibilities of their practical application.
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Téllez-Pérez AD, Alva-Murillo N, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) differentially regulates antimicrobial peptide expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells: implications during Staphylococcus aureus internalization. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:91-8. [PMID: 22655972 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has immunomodulatory functions regulating the expression of host defense genes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on S. aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) and antimicrobial peptide (AP) mRNA expression. Cholecalciferol (1-200 nM) did not affect S. aureus growth and bMEC viability; but it reduced bacterial internalization into bMEC (15-74%). Also, bMEC showed a basal expression of all AP genes evaluated, which were induced by S. aureus. Cholecalciferol alone or together with bacteria diminished tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) and bovine neutrophil β-defensin (BNBD) 5 mRNA expression; while alone induced the expression of lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), bovine β-defensin 1 (DEFB1) and bovine psoriasin (S100A7), which was inhibited in the presence of S. aureus. This compound (50 nM) increased BNBD10 mRNA expression coinciding with the greatest reduction in S. aureus internalization. Genes of vitamin D pathway (25-hydroxylase and 1 α-hydroxylase) show basal expression, which was induced by cholecalciferol or bacteria. S. aureus induced vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA expression, but not in the presence of cholecalciferol. In conclusion, cholecalciferol can reduce S. aureus internalization and differentially regulates AP expression in bMEC. Thus, vitamin D could be an effective innate immunity modulator in mammary gland, which leads to a better defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolores Téllez-Pérez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Posta Veterinaria. CP 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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The role of oct-1 in the regulation of tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:715-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Polymorphisms of β-defensin genes in Valle del Belice dairy sheep. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:5405-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Kawaguchi A, Suzuki T, Kimura T, Sakai N, Ayabe T, Sawa H, Hasegawa H. Functional analysis of an α-helical antimicrobial peptide derived from a novel mouse defensin-like gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:778-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Jacob L, Zasloff M. Potential therapeutic applications of magainins and other antimicrobial agents of animal origin. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 186:197-216; discussion 216-23. [PMID: 7768152 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514658.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magainins are a family of linear, amphipathic, cationic antimicrobial peptides, 21 to 27 residues in length, found in the skin of Xenopus laevis. They kill microbial targets through disruption of membrane permeability. They exhibit selectivity, on the basis of their affinity for membranes which contain accessible acidic phospholipids, a property characterizing the cytoplasmic membranes of many species of bacteria. Magainins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents exhibiting cidal activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and protozoa. In addition these peptides lyse many types of murine and human cancer cells at concentrations 5-10-fold lower than normal human cells. Because of their selectivity, broad spectrum, low degree of bacterial resistance and ease of chemical synthesis, magainins are being developed as human therapeutic agents. The most advanced candidate is MSI-78, a 22-residue magainin analogue. This peptide is currently in human Phase IIb/III clinical trials in studies intended to evaluate its efficacy as a topical agent for the treatment of impetigo. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that analogues of magainin exhibit activity in vivo against malignant melanoma and ovarian cancer cells in mouse models. Intravenous administration of several magainin analogues has been shown to treat effectively systemic Escherichia coli infections in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jacob
- Magainin Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
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18
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Bevins CL. Antimicrobial peptides as agents of mucosal immunity. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 186:250-60; discussion 261-9. [PMID: 7768155 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514658.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are continually exposed to a wide range of potentially pathogenic organisms, yet the incidence of infectious disease resulting from these encounters is relatively low. This suggests the presence of highly effective defence mechanisms in these tissues. Antimicrobial peptides have recently been discovered in mucosal tissues and may play a significant role in host defence. Several mucosal peptides (andropin, magainin, tracheal antimicrobial peptide, enteric defensins and PR-39) all fulfil minimal criteria for a role in mucosal host defence, including potent in vitro antimicrobial activity and accumulation at the mucosal surface. Most of these mucosal peptides are encoded by members of large gene families that contain members found in other biological contexts more classically associated with antimicrobial defence. The abundance, activity and evolutionary history of several epithelial peptides suggest that antimicrobial peptides play a key role in host defence at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bevins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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19
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Wojdak-Maksymiec K, Kmieć M, Zukiewicz A. Associations between defensin polymorphism and somatic cell count in milk and milk utility traits in Jersey dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:495-500. [PMID: 17105569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate associations between combined defensin genotypes (CDGs) and somatic cell count (SCC) in Jersey cows. The study included a herd of 184 dairy Jersey cows from Wielkopolska region in Poland. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with TaqI restrictase established the existence of 12 CDGs with a frequency of over 1%. The most frequent were A1A2B1B2C1C2 and A1A2B1B2C1- genotypes with a frequency of 56.9783% and 12.5% respectively. The study also confirmed the existence of a statistically significant association between SCC and the year of study, season, lactation stage and cow. The highest SCC (transformed into a logarithmic scale) was found in the milk of cows with A1-B1-C1C2 genotype, whereas the lowest one in cows with A2-B1B2C1C2 genotype. Another aim of the project was to study the association between CDG and milk production traits, such as daily milk yield and fat and protein content. CDG was found to be a significant factor affecting daily milk yield and non-significant for fat and protein content. The highest daily milk yield was observed in cows with CDGs A1A2B1B2C2- and -A2-B1B2C1-, whereas the lowest one was characteristic of -A2-B1-C1C2 and A1A2B1-C1- animals. Fat content was found to be related to CDG genotype in the opposite way; the highest values were recorded in animals with -A2-B1B2C1- genotype, the lowest - in animals with -A2-B1-C1C2 genotype. Similar results were observed in protein content in milk -A2-B1B2C1-, the highest content and -A2-B1-C1C2, the lowest content. The results confirm the hypothesis of using CDG as an SCC marker. However, further studies should be conducted to confirm these results before CDG can be used as a marker in a mass selection of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wojdak-Maksymiec
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Agricultural University of Szczecin, ul. Dr Judyma 6, 72-466 Szczecin, Poland.
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20
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Mitchell GB, Al-Haddawi MH, Clark ME, Beveridge JD, Caswell JL. Effect of corticosteroids and neuropeptides on the expression of defensins in bovine tracheal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1325-34. [PMID: 17158892 PMCID: PMC1828580 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00686-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia in cattle is enhanced by stressors such as transportation, weaning, and commingling, which trigger a physiologic stress response resulting in elevated levels of endogenous corticosteroids and catecholamines. To determine the effect of neuroendocrine mediators on the expression of innate defense peptides in the lung, bovine tracheal epithelial cells were exposed to dexamethasone, catecholamines, acetylcholine, or substance P, and then beta-defensin expression was quantified using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Basal expression of tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) mRNA was not affected by any of the mediators tested. However, induction of TAP expression by lipopolysaccharide was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with dexamethasone. Bronchial biopsy specimens from dexamethasone-treated calves had significantly lower expression of TAP and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) mRNA than saline-treated controls following 48 h of treatment. Lipopolysaccharide-elicited neutrophil recruitment was enhanced in the lungs of dexamethasone-treated calves compared to saline-treated controls. These findings indicate that modulation of epithelial antimicrobial peptide expression is one mechanism through which corticosteroids and stress may impair innate pulmonary defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon B Mitchell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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21
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Laube DM, Yim S, Ryan LK, Kisich KO, Diamond G. Antimicrobial peptides in the airway. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 306:153-82. [PMID: 16909921 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29916-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The airway provides numerous defense mechanisms to prevent microbial colonization by the large numbers of bacteria and viruses present in ambient air. An important component of this defense is the antimicrobial peptides and proteins present in the airway surface fluid (ASF), the mucin-rich fluid covering the respiratory epithelium. These include larger proteins such as lysozyme and lactoferrin, as well as the cationic defensin and cathelicidin peptides. While some of these peptides, such as human beta-defensin (hBD)-1, are present constitutively, others, including hBD2 and -3 are inducible in response to bacterial recognition by Toll-like receptor-mediated pathways. These peptides can act as microbicides in the ASF, but also exhibit other activities, including potent chemotactic activity for cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, suggesting they play a complex role in the host defense of the airway. Inhibition of antimicrobial peptide activity or gene expression can result in increased susceptibility to infections. This has been observed with cystic fibrosis (CF), where the CF phenotype leads to reduced antimicrobial capacity of peptides in the airway. Pathogenic virulence factors can inhibit defensin gene expression, as can environmental factors such as air pollution. Such an interference can result in infections by airway-specific pathogens including Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and influenza virus. Research into the modulation of peptide gene expression in animal models, as well as the optimization of peptide-based therapeutics shows promise for the treatment and prevention of airway infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Laube
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark 07101, USA
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22
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Klüver E, Adermann K, Schulz A. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of beta-defensins, multi-functional peptides of the immune system. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:243-57. [PMID: 16491514 DOI: 10.1002/psc.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
beta-defensins are a large family of multiple disulfide-bonded peptides occurring in mammals and birds. They play an important role in the innate immune system, directly killing microbial organisms. Recent research has demonstrated that beta-defensins are important for other biological functions beyond antimicrobial effects, including inhibition of viral infection, interaction with Toll-like receptors, chemotactic effects, and sperm function. The corresponding broad spectrum of activities makes this peptide class an important subject and tool in immunologic research. In this review, we summarize the current status of the routes to obtain synthetic beta-defensins, their major structural properties and structure-activity relationship.
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23
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Klein-Patel ME, Diamond G, Boniotto M, Saad S, Ryan LK. Inhibition of beta-defensin gene expression in airway epithelial cells by low doses of residual oil fly ash is mediated by vanadium. Toxicol Sci 2006; 92:115-25. [PMID: 16641320 PMCID: PMC2147678 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor ambient air quality is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, including respiratory infections. However, its effects on various host-defense mechanisms are poorly understood. This study utilized an in vitro model to study the effect of particulate matter (PM(2.5)) on one antimicrobial mechanism of host defense in the airway, beta-defensin-2 and its bovine homologue, tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) induction in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1beta. Our model utilized cultured primary bovine tracheal epithelial (BTE) cells and the human alveolar type II epithelial cell line, A549, treated with 0-20 microg/cm(2) residual oil fly ash (ROFA) for 6 h. The cells were then washed and stimulated for 18 h with 100 ng/ml LPS or for 6 h with 100 ng/ml IL-1beta. ROFA inhibited the LPS-induced increase in TAP mRNA and protein without inducing significant cytotoxicity. As little as 2.5 microg/cm(2) of ROFA inhibited LPS-induced TAP gene expression by 30%. The inhibitory activity was associated with the soluble fraction and not the washed particle. The activity in the leachate was attributed to vanadium, but not nickel or iron. SiO(2) and TiO(2) were utilized as controls and did not inhibit LPS induction of TAP gene expression in BTE. ROFA also inhibited the increase of IL-1beta-induced human beta-defensin-2, a homologue of TAP, in A549 cells. The results show that ROFA, V(2)O(5), and VOSO(4) inhibit the ability of airway epithelial cells to respond to inflammatory stimuli at low, physiologically relevant doses and suggest that exposure to these agents could result in an impairment of defense against airborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia E. Klein-Patel
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMDNJ, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Michele Boniotto
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Sherif Saad
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Lisa K. Ryan
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103. Fax: (973) 972-0045. E-mail:
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24
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Meyerholz DK, Ackermann MR. Antimicrobial peptides and surfactant proteins in ruminant respiratory tract disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:91-6. [PMID: 16140392 PMCID: PMC2786068 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In ruminants, respiratory disease is multifactorial and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary innate immunity is the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. Alteration of regulation, expression, and function of these factors may be important to disease development and resolution. Many antimicrobial peptides and surfactant proteins are constitutively expressed in the respiratory tract and expression levels are regulated. Beta-defensins are cationic peptides with broad antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. Beta-defensins are primarily expressed in mucosal epithelia (and in some species leukocytes); where they may also participate in chemotaxis, wound repair and adaptive immune responses. Surfactant proteins A and D are secreted pulmonary surfactant proteins that have antimicrobial and immune regulatory activity. Anionic peptide is a constitutively expressed, aspartate-rich peptide that has antimicrobial activity and is most prominent during reparative epithelial hyperplasia. Regulation of these immune defense components by stress, pathogens, and inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the susceptibility to, severity and resolution of respiratory infection. The expression patterns of these molecules can be specific for host-species, class of pathogen and stage of infection. Understanding the regulation of antimicrobial peptide/protein expression will further enhance the potential for novel prophylactic and therapeutic modalities to minimize the impact of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2740 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
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25
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Legarda D, Klein-Patel ME, Yim S, Yuk MH, Diamond G. Suppression of NF-kappaB-mediated beta-defensin gene expression in the mammalian airway by the Bordetella type III secretion system. Cell Microbiol 2005; 7:489-97. [PMID: 15760449 PMCID: PMC2111170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of innate immune genes such as beta-defensins is induced in airway epithelium by bacterial components via activation of NF-kappaB. We show here that live Gram-negative bacteria can similarly stimulate this pathway, resulting in upregulation of the beta-defensin tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) in primary cultures of bovine tracheal epithelial cells (TECs), by a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated pathway. The Gram-negative airway pathogen Bordetella bronchiseptica possesses a type III secretion system previously suggested to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in a cell line by immunohistochemistry. We therefore hypothesized that this pathogen might interfere in the innate immune response of the epithelium. Exposure of TECs to wild-type B. bronchiseptica suppressed the activation of NF-kappaB and the subsequent induction of TAP mRNA levels, whereas a type III secretion-defective strain did not. These results suggest a mechanism for bacterial evasion of the innate immune response in the airway, which could allow for the observed persistent colonization of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Legarda
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ – New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ, USA
- UMDNJ – Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Marcia E. Klein-Patel
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ – New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ, USA
- UMDNJ – Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sunghan Yim
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ – New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ming H. Yuk
- Department Of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ – New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+1) 973 972 3324; Fax (+1) 973 972 0045
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26
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Chang CI, Pleguezuelos O, Zhang YA, Zou J, Secombes CJ. Identification of a novel cathelicidin gene in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5053-64. [PMID: 16041021 PMCID: PMC1201231 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.5053-5064.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning of a novel antimicrobial peptide gene, termed rtCATH_1, found in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The predicted 216-residue rtCATH_1 prepropeptide consists of three domains: a 22-residue signal peptide, a 128-residue cathelin-like region containing two identifiable cathelicidin family signatures, and a predicted 66-residue C-terminal cationic antimicrobial peptide. This predicted mature peptide was unique in possessing features of different known (mammalian) cathelicidin subgroups, such as the cysteine-bridged family and the specific amino-acid-rich family. The rtCATH_1 gene comprises four exons, as seen in all known mammalian cathelicidin genes, and several transcription factor binding sites known to be of relevance to host defenses were identified in the 5' flanking region. By Northern blot analysis, the expression of rtCATH_1 was detected in gill, head kidney, and spleen of bacterially challenged fish. Primary cultures of head kidney leukocytes from rainbow trout stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or poly(I x C) also expressed rtCATH_1. A 36-residue peptide corresponding to the core part of the fish cathelicidin was chemically synthesized and shown to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity and a low hemolytic effect. Thus, rtCATH_1 represents a novel antimicrobial peptide gene belonging to the cathelicidin family and may play an important role in the innate immunity of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-I Chang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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27
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Starner TD, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH, McCray PB. Expression and Activity of β-Defensins and LL-37 in the Developing Human Lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1608-15. [PMID: 15661923 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immaturity of innate immunity contributes to the increased susceptibility of human neonates to infection. The lung is a major portal of entry for potential pathogens in the neonate, and human beta-defensins (HBDs) and LL-37 participate in pulmonary innate immunity. We hypothesized that these antimicrobial factors would be developmentally regulated, expressed by neonatal pulmonary tissues, and participate in neonatal innate immunity. We found HBD-2 to be the predominant beta-defensin in human neonatal lung. HBD-2 mRNA expression was developmentally regulated, induced by the proinflammatory factor IL-1beta, and decreased by dexamethasone. Additionally, HBD-2 abundance in neonatal tracheal aspirates increased as a function of gestational age. HBD-1 had a lower level of expression compared with HBD-2 and was induced by dexamethasone. HBD-3 and LL-37 messages were not detected in airway epithelial cultures. Additionally, each antimicrobial peptide exhibited a unique spectrum of antimicrobial activity and salt sensitivity against bacteria commonly causing sepsis in the neonate. Lower levels of HBD-2 may be one factor contributing to the increased susceptibility of premature infants to pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Starner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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28
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Shelest E, Wingender E. Construction of predictive promoter models on the example of antibacterial response of human epithelial cells. Theor Biol Med Model 2005; 2:2. [PMID: 15647113 PMCID: PMC546226 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding of a bacteria to a eukaryotic cell triggers a complex network of interactions in and between both cells. P. aeruginosa is a pathogen that causes acute and chronic lung infections by interacting with the pulmonary epithelial cells. We use this example for examining the ways of triggering the response of the eukaryotic cell(s), leading us to a better understanding of the details of the inflammatory process in general. RESULTS Considering a set of genes co-expressed during the antibacterial response of human lung epithelial cells, we constructed a promoter model for the search of additional target genes potentially involved in the same cell response. The model construction is based on the consideration of pair-wise combinations of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). It has been shown that the antibacterial response of human epithelial cells is triggered by at least two distinct pathways. We therefore supposed that there are two subsets of promoters activated by each of them. Optimally, they should be "complementary" in the sense of appearing in complementary subsets of the (+)-training set. We developed the concept of complementary pairs, i.e., two mutually exclusive pairs of TFBS, each of which should be found in one of the two complementary subsets. CONCLUSIONS We suggest a simple, but exhaustive method for searching for TFBS pairs which characterize the whole (+)-training set, as well as for complementary pairs. Applying this method, we came up with a promoter model of antibacterial response genes that consists of one TFBS pair which should be found in the whole training set and four complementary pairs. We applied this model to screening of 13,000 upstream regions of human genes and identified 430 new target genes which are potentially involved in antibacterial defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shelest
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, UKG, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edgar Wingender
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, UKG, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- BIOBASE GmbH, Halchtersche Str. 33, D-38304 Wolfenbüttel, Germany
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29
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Roosen S, Exner K, Paul S, Schröder JM, Kalm E, Looft C. Bovine ?-defensins: Identification and characterization of novel bovine ?-defensin genes and their expression in mammarygland tissue. Mamm Genome 2004; 15:834-42. [PMID: 15520886 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-004-2387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
beta-Defensin genes code for multifunctional peptides with a broad-range antimicrobial activity. In this project we hypothesized that beta-defensin genes may be candidate genes for resistance to mastitis. In this article we describe the identification and genomic characterization of eight bovine beta-defensin genes, including six novel defensin genes and two pseudogenes. Expression in the bovine mammary gland of one of the novel genes, DEFB401, has been demonstrated, as well as the expression of LAP, TAP, DEFB1, BNBD3, BNBD9, and BNBD12. For genomic characterization, 20 BACs from two different bovine BAC libraries (RZPD numbers 750 and 754) were isolated by PCR screening with beta-defensin consensus primers derived from published sequences. PCR products from BACs generated with consensus primers have been subcloned and sequenced, revealing a total of 16 genes and two pseudogenes. Six novel beta-defensin genes share the typical exon-intron structure and are highly homologous to published bovine beta-defensin genes. They are named DEFB401- DEFB405 and LAP-like, and two novel pseudogenes are named EBD-P and EBD-P2. Analysis of mammary gland tissue-derived cDNA from nine cows with different clinical findings demonstrated the expression of several beta-defensin genes mentioned above. First results indicate that the lactational status of the cow presumably has no influence on gene expression. Competent knowledge of antimicrobial activity of beta-defensins from literature, the abundance of beta-defensin mRNA in the bovine mammary gland, and the inducibility of some genes give first evidence that beta-defensins may play a role in local host defense during udder infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Roosen
- Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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30
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Brogden KA, Ackermann M, McCray PB, Tack BF. Antimicrobial peptides in animals and their role in host defences. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 22:465-78. [PMID: 14602364 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated animals have a large variety of antimicrobial peptides that serve as natural innate barriers limiting microbial infection or, in some instances, act as an integral component in response to inflammation or microbial infection. These peptides differ in size, composition, mechanisms of activity and range of antimicrobial specificities. They are expressed in many tissues, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages and mucosal epithelial cells. There is a small group of anionic antimicrobial peptides found in ruminants and a much larger group of cationic antimicrobial peptides found in all domesticated animals. The cationic peptides include linear, helical peptides, linear peptides rich in proline and cysteine-stabilized peptides with a beta-sheet and are commonly referred to as cathelicidins and defensins. These peptides are generally broad-spectrum for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (e.g. myeloid antimicrobial peptides, alpha-, beta-defensins, and protegrins) or are specific to one of these groups (e.g. porcine cecropin P1, Bac5, Bac7, PR-39 and prophenin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Brogden
- Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, PO Box 70, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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31
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Dyce PW, DeVries RJ, Walton J, Hacker RR, Li J. Inducible expression of green fluorescent protein in porcine tracheal epithelial cells by the bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide promoter. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 84:374-81. [PMID: 12968291 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tracheal antimicrobial peptides (TAP) are expressed primarily in respiratory epithelial cells of cattle. The TAP expression is inducible upon challenge with bacteria and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In pigs, a promoter that can be activated by bacterial infection has yet to be identified. The objective of this study was to use green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene to determine the function and inducibility of the bovine TAP promoter in porcine primary tracheal epithelial cells. Thus, evaluating the feasibility of using this promoter to direct transgene expression in porcine cells. The percentage of GFP expressing cells increased in response to LPS challenge in both a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Moreover, when the intensity of the GFP fluorescence was measured, it was observed that the percentage of cells that have a high intensity of GFP fluorescence, also increased gradually as LPS dose increased, the difference between the unchallenged (control) and challenged group become statistically significant at the concentration of 100 ng/mL after 36 h LPS challenge (p < 0.05). The level of induced-expression driven by the TAP promoter was 67.8 +/-12.2% that of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The intensity of GFP fluorescence by the TAP promoter was 39.8 +/- 7.6% when compared to the expression driven by the CMV promoter. These data suggest the TAP promoter functions at a lower, but comparable, level to the strong CMV promoter. Our data demonstrated that the bovine TAP promoter was functional in porcine primary tracheal epithelial cells. The ability of the TAP promoter to control gene expression in an inducible manner in the porcine respiratory tract presents an important application potential in transgenic animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Caverly JM, Diamond G, Gallup JM, Brogden KA, Dixon RA, Ackermann MR. Coordinated expression of tracheal antimicrobial peptide and inflammatory-response elements in the lungs of neonatal calves with acute bacterial pneumonia. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2950-5. [PMID: 12704177 PMCID: PMC153274 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2950-2955.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung tissue removed from neonatal calves with acute Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia showed that rapid up-regulation of the basal mRNA expression of tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP), NF-kappa B, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 occurred after infection; TAP and interleukin 8 expression were highly correlated. This work suggests that the coordinated expression of beta-defensin and inflammatory elements occurs during bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Caverly
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1250, USA
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33
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Evans EW, Harmon BG. A review of antimicrobial peptides: defensins and related cationic peptides. Vet Clin Pathol 2003; 24:109-116. [PMID: 12664423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.1995.tb00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides are present throughout the plant and animal kingdoms and bear striking structural and functional similarities across species lines. They provide primitive, nonspecific means of combating a variety of bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses, and protozoa. Some are also cytotoxic against host cells, including neoplastic cells. Cationic antimicrobial peptides may play various roles in inflammation and tissue repair. Antimicrobial peptides are found in epithelial tissues regularly exposed to microbial attack as well as in cells whose primary function is defense against potential pathogens. They constitute an important part of the nonoxidative antimicrobial arsenal of leukocytes. They are preformed and/or readily synthesized when the cells are stimulated by exposure to pathogens. They exert their effects directly by inserting into membranes of target cells and forming ion channels which increase membrane permeability; however, antimicrobial peptides can also act as opsonins to facilitate phagocytosis. Resistance to defensins is a virulence factor for organisms such as Salmonella sp. The study of cationic antimicrobial peptides is increasing our understanding of innate immunity, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of genetic diseases such as specific granule disease in humans. Therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W. Evans
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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Dinulos JGH, Mentele L, Fredericks LP, Dale BA, Darmstadt GL. Keratinocyte expression of human beta defensin 2 following bacterial infection: role in cutaneous host defense. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:161-6. [PMID: 12522054 PMCID: PMC145269 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.161-166.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human beta defensin 2 (hbetaD-2) is thought to play an important role in cutaneous immune defense. We hypothesized that (i) keratinocyte expression of hbetaD-2, measured by reverse transcription-PCR, would be upregulated in response to challenge with pathogenic bacteria, particularly highly adherent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and (ii) hbetaD-2 would have potent antimicrobial activity against pathogenic but not commensal organisms. Expression of hbetaD-2 was induced consistently by S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas strains of S. pyogenes were poor and variable inducers of hbetaD-2. No correlation was found between levels of bacterial adherence and keratinocyte expression of hbetaD-2. S. pyogenes was significantly more sensitive to killing by hbetaD-2 than S. epidermidis. We conclude that the ability to induce hbetaD-2 expression in combination with sensitivity to its antimicrobial effects may contribute to the rarity of skin infections with the gram-negative bacterial organisms, whereas lack of stimulation of hbetaD-2 expression by S. pyogenes may be important in its ability to evade innate defenses and cause skin disease. Induction of expression of hbetaD-2 but relative tolerance to it may enable S. epidermidis to survive on the skin surface and modulate hbetaD-2 expression when the stratum corneum barrier is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G H Dinulos
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington , USA
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35
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Kurosawa S, Ohta M, Hayakawa M, Kamino Y, Abiko Y, Sasahara H. Characterization of rat monoclonal antibodies against human beta-defensin-2. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2002; 21:359-63. [PMID: 12470478 DOI: 10.1089/153685902761022706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are a family of cationic antimicrobial peptides that participate in host defense. Human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 has a potent bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of microorganisms. Because human gingival epithelium is constantly exposed to a variety of microbial challenges, it is considered that hBD-2 has an important role in the protective mechanisms against oral bacterial infection. However, little is known about the production of hBD-2 in tissues of the oral cavity. Six rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against chemically synthesized hBD-2 have been characterized. Rat MAbs were specific for the conformational epitopes on hBD-2, but not to hBD-1. To identify the epitope on hBD-2, a series of six overlapping peptides covering the hBD-2 whole sequence were synthesized and the immunoreactivities of six MAbs were examined. The FCPRRYK domain in hBD-2 was recognized by all six MAbs and suggested to be an epitope region. By immunocytochemistry, hBD-2 was localized focally in the epidermis of the human gingival tissue using the MAbs. The MAbs specifically recognized against hBD-2 will be a useful tool to study the functional role of antimicrobial agents and an important asset in the imaging of oral infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Kurosawa
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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36
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Ghosh D, Porter E, Shen B, Lee SK, Wilk D, Drazba J, Yadav SP, Crabb JW, Ganz T, Bevins CL. Paneth cell trypsin is the processing enzyme for human defensin-5. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:583-90. [PMID: 12021776 DOI: 10.1038/ni797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide human alpha-defensin 5 (HD5) is expressed in Paneth cells, secretory epithelial cells in the small intestine. Unlike other characterized defensins, HD5 is stored in secretory vesicles as a propeptide. The storage quantities of HD5 are approximately 90 450 microg per cm2 of mucosal surface area, which is sufficient to generate microbicidal concentrations in the intestinal lumen. HD5 peptides isolated from the intestinal lumen are proteolytically processed forms--HD5(56-94) and HD5(63-94)--that are cleaved at the Arg55-Ala56 and Arg62-Thr63 sites, respectively. We show here that a specific pattern of trypsin isozymes is expressed in Paneth cells, that trypsin colocalizes with HD5 and that this protease can efficiently cleave HD5 propeptide to forms identical to those isolated in vivo. By acting as a prodefensin convertase in human Paneth cells, trypsin is involved in the regulation of innate immunity in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ghosh
- Department of Immunology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
Host defenses at the mucosal surface of the airways evolved to present many layers of protection against inhaled microbes. Normally, the intrapulmonary airways are sterile. Airway secretions contain numerous factors with antimicrobial activity that contribute to innate defenses. Many protein and peptide components exert bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal effects against a wide variety of organisms and may act in synergistic or additive combinations. The beta-defensins are a relatively recently described family of peptide antimicrobials that are widely expressed at mucosal surfaces, including airway and submucosal gland epithelia. These small cationic peptides are products of individual genes that exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and some enveloped viruses. Their expression in airway epithelia may be constitutive or inducible by bacterial products or pro-inflammatory cytokines. beta-defensins also act as chemokines for adaptive immune cells, including immature dendritic cells and T cells via the CCR6 receptor, and provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Alterations in the function of the beta-defensins may contribute to disease states. Here we review much of the biology of the beta-defensins, including gene discovery, genomic organization, molecular structure, regulation of expression, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Schutte
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Ph.D. Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Belaid A, Aouni M, Khelifa R, Trabelsi A, Jemmali M, Hani K. In vitro antiviral activity of dermaseptins against herpes simplex virus type 1. J Med Virol 2002; 66:229-34. [PMID: 11782932 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro antiviral activity of dermaseptins (S1-S5) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was investigated. These peptides were incubated with the virus and its target cells under various conditions, and their effects were examined by the cytopathic effect inhibition assay or by reduction in virus yield in Hep-2 cell cultures as well as by direct immunofluorescence. Dermaseptin S4 displayed the strongest antiviral effect against HSV1, at micromolar doses. Experiments including acyclovir as a reference antiviral agent were performed to investigate the mode of action of this dermaseptin. In contrast to acyclovir, dermaseptin S4 showed its inhibitory effect only when applied to the virus before, or during virus adsorption to the target cells. This suggested that the activity of this dermaseptin was exerted at a very early stage of the viral multiplication cycle, most likely at the virus-cell interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaid
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
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Kapas S, Bansal A, Bhargava V, Maher R, Malli D, Hagi-Pavli E, Allaker RP. Adrenomedullin expression in pathogen-challenged oral epithelial cells. Peptides 2001; 22:1485-9. [PMID: 11514033 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin, a multifunctional peptide, is expressed by many surface epithelial cells and, previously, we have demonstrated that adrenomedullin has antimicrobial activity. The oral cavity contains an epithelium that is permanently colonized by microflora, yet infections in a host are rare. We exposed oral keratinocytes to whole, live cells from four microorganisms commonly isolated from the oral cavity, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans and Eikenella corrodens. There was upregulation of protein and gene expression in these cells in response to bacterial suspensions, but not with the yeast, Candida albicans. We propose there is a potential role for microbial products in enhancing mucosal defense mechanisms and that adrenomedullin participates in the prevention of local infection, thus contributing to host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kapas
- Molecular Signalling Group, Clinical Sciences Research Centre, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
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40
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Mangoni ML, Miele R, Renda TG, Barra D, Simmaco M. The synthesis of antimicrobial peptides in the skin of Rana esculenta is stimulated by microorganisms. FASEB J 2001; 15:1431-2. [PMID: 11387247 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0695fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Mangoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, CNR Centro di Biologia Molecolare, and Istituto di Anatomia Umana, Università 'La Sapienza', 00185 Roma, Italy
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41
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Caverly JM, Radi ZA, Andreasen CB, Dixon RA, Brogden KA, Ackermann MR. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from Mannheimia haemolytica-inoculated calves with and without prior treatment with the selectin inhibitor TBC1269. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:665-72. [PMID: 11341382 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine effects of selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on neutrophil infiltration, and neutrophil-associated injury during pneumonia induced by Mannheimia haemolytica and concentration of antimicrobial anionic peptide (AAP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as antimicrobial activity of BALF from healthy (control) neonatal calves, neonatal calves with M haemolytica-induced pneumonia, neonatal calves with prior treatment with TBC1269, and adult cattle. ANIMALS Eighteen 1- to 3-day-old calves and 9 adult cattle. PROCEDURE Calves were inoculated with M haemolytica or pyrogen-free saline (0.14M NaCl) solution into the right cranial lung lobe, and BALF was collected 2 or 6 hours after inoculation. Thirty minutes before and 2 hours after inoculation, 4 calves received TBC1269. The BALF collected from 9 adult cattle was used for comparison of BALF AAP concentration and antimicrobial activity. Protein concentration and neutrophil differential percentage and degeneration in BALF were determined. An ELISA and killing assay were used to determine BALF AAP concentration and antimicrobial activity, respectively. RESULTS Total protein concentration was significantly decreased in BALF from calves receiving TBC1269. Similar concentrations of AAP were detected in BALF from all calves, which were 3-fold higher than those in BALF from adult cattle. However, BALF from neonates had little or no anti-M haemolytica activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that TBC1269 decreases pulmonary tissue injury in neonatal calves infected with M haemolytica. Although AAP is detectable in neonatal BALF at 3 times the concentration detected in adult BALF, neonatal BALF lacks antimicrobial activity for M haemolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Caverly
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-1250, USA
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42
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Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a normal constituent of human sera synthesized by hepatocytes and induced by proinflammatory cytokines. The function of this acute-phase reactant includes activation of complement and enhancement of opsonophagocytosis. CRP binds to phosphorylcholine (ChoP), a constituent of eukaryotic membranes that is also found on the cell surface of major bacterial pathogens of the human respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. The presence of CRP on mucosal surfaces and role in innate immunity in the human respiratory tract where ChoP-containing organisms reside have not been previously studied. We have shown using a monoclonal antibody to CRP that CRP is present in inflamed (0.17 to 42 microg/ml) and uninflamed (<0.05 to 0.88 microg/ml) secretions from the human respiratory tract in sufficient quantities for an antimicrobial effect. In addition, the CRP gene was expressed in epithelial cells of the human respiratory tract using in situ hybridization on nasal polyps and reverse transcriptase PCR of pharyngeal cells in culture. The complement-dependent bactericidal activity of normal nasal airway surface fluid and sputum against ChoP-expressing H. influenzae was abolished when the secretions were pretreated to remove CRP. In summary, the results indicate that CRP is present in secretions of the human respiratory tract, that human respiratory epithelial cells are capable of CRP expression, and that this protein may contribute to bacterial clearance in the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gould
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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43
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Wada A, Ogushi K, Kimura T, Hojo H, Mori N, Suzuki S, Kumatori A, Se M, Nakahara Y, Nakamura M, Moss J, Hirayama T. Helicobacter pylori-mediated transcriptional regulation of the human beta-defensin 2 gene requires NF-kappaB. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:115-23. [PMID: 11207625 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is an antimicrobial peptide involved in host defence against bacterial infection in epithelial tissues. Its levels are dramatically increased after bacterial infection. The involvement of NF-kappaB in Helicobacter pylori-mediated induction of hBD-2 promoter activity was examined. A luciferase reporter plasmid containing the hBD-2 promoter extending from -2110 base pairs to -1 was transiently expressed in MKN45 cells, and promoter activity was determined after incubation with H. pylori for 6 h. Deletion or mutation of the NF-kappaB site at -208 abolished activation of the hBD-2 promoter. Only H. pylori strains carrying a cag pathogenicity island (PAI) induced activation of the NF-kappaB site of the hBD-2 promoter gene. By gel retardation analyses, H. pylori increased NF-kappaB binding to hBD-2 promoter gene sequences. Supershift analysis demonstrated that whereas H. pylori activated NF-kappaB p65-p65 and p50-p50 homodimers, and the p65-p50 heterodimer of NF-kappaB, only the p65-p65 homodimer bound to the NF-kappaB site of the hBD-2 promoter. Thus, specific NF-kappaB proteins are important cis-elements for induction of hBD-2 gene transcription by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wada
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Japan
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Kaiser
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Injury Sciences, UMDNJ‐New Jersey Medical School, Newark
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Injury Sciences, UMDNJ‐New Jersey Medical School, Newark
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45
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Risso A. Leukocyte antimicrobial peptides: multifunctional effector molecules of innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.6.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Risso
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, University of Udine, Italy
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46
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Fehlbaum P, Rao M, Zasloff M, Anderson GM. An essential amino acid induces epithelial beta -defensin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:12723-8. [PMID: 11058160 PMCID: PMC18831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.220424597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides constitute an important component of the mammalian innate immune response. Several types of antimicrobial peptides, including the beta-defensins, are produced at epithelial surfaces in response to infectious threats. Here we show that a class of small molecules, including l-isoleucine and several of its analogs, can specifically induce epithelial beta-defensin expression. This induction is transcriptional in nature and involves activation of the NF-kappaB/rel family of trans-activating factors. We hypothesize that these substances represent unique markers for the presence of pathogens and are recognized by innate immune pattern recognition receptors. Isoleucine or its analogs ultimately may have clinical utility as novel immunostimulants that could bolster the barrier defenses of mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fehlbaum
- Magainin Research Institute and Magainin Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5110 Campus Drive, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
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47
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Jia HP, Wowk SA, Schutte BC, Lee SK, Vivado A, Tack BF, Bevins CL, McCray PB. A novel murine beta -defensin expressed in tongue, esophagus, and trachea. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:33314-20. [PMID: 10922379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006603200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Defensins are broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides expressed at epithelial surfaces. Two human beta-defensins, HBD-1 and HBD-2, have been identified. In the lung, HBD-2 is an inducible product of airway epithelia and may play a role in innate mucosal defenses. We recently characterized rat homologs (RBD-1, RBD-2) of the human genes and used these sequences to identify novel mouse genes. Mouse beta-defensin-4 (MBD-4) was amplified from lung cDNA using polymerase chain reaction primers designed from conserved sequences of RBD-2 and HBD-2. A full-length cDNA was cloned which encodes a putative peptide with the sequence MRIHYLLFTFLLVLLSPLAAFTQIINNPITCMTNGAICWGPCPTAFRQIGNCGHFKVRCCKIR. The peptide shares approximately 40% identity with HBD-2. MBD-4 mRNA was expressed in the esophagus, tongue, and trachea but not in any of 20 other tissues surveyed. Cloning of the genomic sequence of MBD-4 revealed two nearly (>99%) identical sequences encoding MBD-4 and the presence of numerous additional highly similar genomic sequences. Radiation hybrid mapping localized this gene to a region of chromosome 8 near several other defensins, MBD-2, MBD-3, and alpha-defensins (cryptdins)-3 and -17, consistent with a gene cluster. Our genomic cloning and mapping data suggest that there is a large beta-defensin gene family in mice. Identification of murine beta-defensins provides an opportunity to understand further the role of these peptides in host defense through animal model studies and the generation of beta-defensin-deficient animals by gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Jia
- Departments of Pediatrics, Genetics Ph.D. Program, and Microbiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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48
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Becker MN, Diamond G, Verghese MW, Randell SH. CD14-dependent lipopolysaccharide-induced beta-defensin-2 expression in human tracheobronchial epithelium. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:29731-6. [PMID: 10882713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000184200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of host antimicrobial molecules following binding of pathogen components to pattern recognition receptors such as CD14 and the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is a key feature of innate immunity. The human airway epithelium is an important environmental interface, but LPS recognition pathways have not been determined. We hypothesized that LPS would trigger beta-defensin (hBD2) mRNA in human tracheobronchial epithelial (hTBE) cells through a CD14-dependent mechanism, ultimately activating NF-kappa B. An average 3-fold increase in hBD2 mRNA occurs 24 h after LPS challenge of hTBE cells. For the first time, we demonstrate the presence of CD14 mRNA and cell surface protein in hTBE cells and show that CD14 neutralization abolishes LPS induction of hBD2 mRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate TLR mRNA in hTBE cells and NF-kappa B activation following LPS. Thus, LPS induction of hBD2 in hTBE cells requires CD14, which may complex with a TLR to ultimately activate NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Becker
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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49
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Sahasrabudhe KS, Kimball JR, Morton TH, Weinberg A, Dale BA. Expression of the antimicrobial peptide, human beta-defensin 1, in duct cells of minor salivary glands and detection in saliva. J Dent Res 2000; 79:1669-74. [PMID: 11023262 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is exposed to a variety of environmental insults. Salivary secretions play a critical role in maintaining oral health via innate host defense mechanisms and secretion of secretory IgA. Human beta-defensins (hBD) are antimicrobial peptides that are a component of the innate immune response; they are expressed in epithelia and are proposed to have a role in mucosal defense. hBD-1 mRNA is constitutively expressed in numerous mucosal tissues, including human gingiva and submandibular and parotid glands. Our objective was to detect the expression and localization of hBD-1 peptide in human salivary glands and in saliva. Minor salivary gland tissue was obtained from biopsies of patients with mucoceles (n = 20). hBD-1 peptide was detected by immunohistochemistry; expression was localized to the ductal cells and not the acinar cells of these glands. The peptide was located apically, toward the lumen in the duct cells. Further evaluation showed stronger hBD-1 expression in ducts with periductal inflammation, as indicated by the immunostaining of serial sections with anti-CD45 specific for B- and T-lymphocytes. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation of hBD-1 staining and inflammation. Results of immunolocalization suggest that hBD-1 functions to protect salivary glands from retrograde infection, that expression of the peptide is enhanced in inflamed sites, and that post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms may be involved in hBD-1 peptide expression. Western immunoblot analysis also detected hBD-1 peptide in unstimulated, whole, acidified saliva from normal volunteers. However, hBD-1 peptide associated with salivary mucin resulted in loss of the detection in a dot-immunoblot assay. Association of hBD-1 with salivary mucin may facilitate peptide distribution and adherence to oral surfaces and aid its function within the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sahasrabudhe
- Dept. of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7132, USA
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50
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O'Neil DA, Cole SP, Martin-Porter E, Housley MP, Liu L, Ganz T, Kagnoff MF. Regulation of human beta-defensins by gastric epithelial cells in response to infection with Helicobacter pylori or stimulation with interleukin-1. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5412-5. [PMID: 10948173 PMCID: PMC101807 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.9.5412-5415.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo are shown to constitutively express the peptide antibiotic human beta-defensin type 1 (hBD-1). In contrast, hBD-2 expression is regulated in gastric epithelial cells and increases in response to infection with Helicobacter pylori or stimulation with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1. These data suggest that hBD-2 is a component of the regulated host gastric epithelial cell response to H. pylori infection and proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A O'Neil
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0623, USA
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