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Zhang J, Wang Q, Yuan W, Li J, Yuan Q, Zhang J, Xia N, Wang Y, Li J, Tong S. Both middle and large envelope proteins can mediate neutralization of hepatitis B virus infectivity by anti-preS2 antibodies: escape by naturally occurring preS2 deletions. J Virol 2024; 98:e0192923. [PMID: 39078152 PMCID: PMC11334434 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01929-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) expresses co-terminal large (L), middle (M), and small (S) envelope proteins containing preS1/preS2/S, preS2/S, and S domain alone, respectively. S and preS1 domains mediate sequential virion attachment to heparan sulfate proteoglycans and sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), respectively, which can be blocked by anti-S and anti-preS1 antibodies. How anti-preS2 antibodies neutralize HBV infectivity remains enigmatic. The late stage of chronic HBV infection often selects for mutated preS2 translation initiation codon to prevent M protein expression, or in-frame preS2 deletions to shorten both L and M proteins. When introduced to infectious clone of genotype C or D, both M-minus mutations and most 5' preS2 deletions sustained virion production. Such mutant progeny viral particles were infectious in NTCP-reconstituted HepG2 cells. Neutralization experiments were performed on the genotype D clone. Although remaining susceptible to anti-preS1 and anti-S neutralizing antibodies, M-minus mutants were only partially neutralized by two anti-preS2 antibodies tested while preS2 deletion mutants were resistant. By infection experiments using viral particles with lost versus increased M protein expression, or a neutralization escaping preS2 deletion only present on L or M protein, we found that both full-length L and M proteins contributed to virus neutralization by the two anti-preS2 antibodies. Thus, immune escape could be a driving force for the selection of M-minus mutations, and especially preS2 deletions. The fact that both L and M proteins could mediate neutralization by anti-preS2 antibodies may shed light on the underlying molecular mechanism.IMPORTANCEThe large (L), middle (M), and small (S) envelope proteins of hepatitis B virus (HBV) contain preS1/preS2/S, preS2/S, and S domain alone, respectively. The discovery of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as the low- and high-affinity HBV receptors could explain neutralizing potential of anti-S and anti-preS1 antibodies, respectively, but how anti-preS2 neutralizing antibodies work remains enigmatic. In this study, we found two M-minus mutants in the context of genotype D partially escaped two anti-preS2 neutralizing antibodies in NTCP-reconstituted HepG2 cells, while several naturally occurring preS2 deletion mutants escaped both antibodies. By point mutations to eliminate or enhance M protein expression, and by introducing preS2 deletion selectively to L or M protein, we found binding of anti-preS2 antibodies to both L and M proteins contributed to neutralization of wild-type HBV infectivity. Our finding may shed light on the possible mechanism(s) whereby anti-preS2 antibodies neutralize HBV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianru Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Yuan
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jisu Li
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shuping Tong
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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A human monoclonal antibody against HBsAg for the prevention and treatment of chronic HBV and HDV infection. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2023; 5:100646. [PMID: 36748051 PMCID: PMC9898450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims Elimination of chronic HBV/HDV infection remains a major global health challenge. Targeting excessive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) release may provide an interesting window of opportunity to break immune tolerance and to achieve a functional cure using additional antivirals. Methods We evaluated a HBsAg-specific human monoclonal antibody, as part of either a prophylactic or therapeutic strategy, against HBV/HDV infection in cell culture models and in human-liver chimeric mice. To assess prophylactic efficacy, mice were passively immunized prior to infection with HBV or HBV/HDV (coinfection and superinfection setting). Therapeutic efficacy was assessed in HBV and HBV/HDV-coinfected mice receiving 4 weeks of treatment. Viral parameters (HBV DNA, HDV RNA and HBsAg) were assessed in mouse plasma. Results The antibody could effectively prevent HBV/HDV infection in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of ∼3.5 ng/ml. Passive immunization showed complete protection of mice from both HBV and HBV/HDV coinfection. Moreover, HDV superinfection was either completely prevented or at least attenuated in HBV-infected mice. Finally, antibody treatment in mice with established HBV/HDV infection resulted in a significant decline in viremia and a concomitant drop in on-treatment HBsAg, with a moderate viral rebound following treatment cessation. Conclusion We present data on a valuable antibody candidate that could complement other antivirals in strategies aimed at achieving functional cure of chronic HBV and HDV infection. Impact and implications Patients chronically infected with HBV may eventually develop liver cancer and are at great risk of being superinfected with HDV, which worsens and accelerates disease progression. Unfortunately, current treatments can rarely eliminate both viruses from chronically infected patients. In this study, we present data on a novel antibody that is able to prevent chronic HBV/HDV infection in a mouse model with a humanized liver. Moreover, antibody treatment of HBV/HDV-infected mice strongly diminishes viral loads during therapy. This antibody is a valuable candidate for further clinical development.
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Distinct Cytokine Profiles Correlate with Disease Severity and Outcome in Longitudinal Studies of Acute Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Chimpanzees. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02580-20. [PMID: 33203756 PMCID: PMC7683399 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02580-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical studies conducted in chimpanzees gave us the opportunity to investigate the basis for the different severities of liver damage and disease outcome associated with infection with wild-type hepatitis B virus (HBV) versus a precore HBV mutant, HBV/hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection, and HDV superinfection. Weekly samples from 9 chimpanzees were studied for immune responses by measuring plasma levels of 29 cytokines in parallel with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and viral kinetics. Comparison of classic acute hepatitis B (AHB) with severe or progressive AHB and HBV/HDV coinfection or superinfection identified distinct cytokine profiles. Classic AHB (mean ALT peak, 362 IU/liter) correlated with an early and significant induction of interferon alpha-2 (IFN-α2), IFN-γ, interleukin-12 p70 (IL-12 p70), and IL-17A. In contrast, these cytokines were virtually undetectable in severe AHB (mean ALT peak, 1,335 IU/liter), characterized by significant elevations of IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and MIP-1β. In progressive AHB (mean ALT peak, 166 IU/liter), there was a delayed and lower-magnitude induction of cytokines. The ALT peak was also delayed (mean, 23.5 weeks) compared to those of classic (13.5 weeks) and severe AHB (7.5 weeks). HBV/HDV coinfection correlated with significantly lower levels of IFN-α2, IFN-γ, and IL-17A, associated with the presence of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-15. Conversely, HDV superinfection induced the highest ALT peak (1,910 IU/liter) and was associated with a general suppression of cytokines. Our data demonstrate that the most severe liver damage, caused by an HBV precore mutant and HDV, correlated with restricted cytokine expression and lack of Th1 response, raising the question of whether these viruses are directly cytopathic.IMPORTANCE Studies performed in chimpanzees at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) demonstrated a significant difference in ALT levels during acute hepatitis of different viral etiologies, with a hierarchy in the extent of liver damage according to the infecting virus: the highest level was in HDV superinfection, followed by infection with a precore HBV mutant, HBV/HDV coinfection, and, lastly, wild-type HBV infection. Our study demonstrates that both the virus and host are important in disease pathogenesis and offers new insights into their roles. We found that distinct cytokine profiles were associated with disease severity and clinical outcome. In particular, resolution of classic acute hepatitis B (AHB) correlated with a predominant Th1 response, whereas HBV/HDV coinfection showed a predominant proinflammatory response. Severe AHB and HDV superinfection showed a restricted cytokine profile and no evidence of Th1 response. The lack of cytokines associated with adaptive T-cell responses toward the precore HBV mutant and HDV superinfection argues in favor of a direct cytopathic effect of these viruses.
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Hong B, Wen Y, Ying T. Recent Progress on Neutralizing Antibodies against Hepatitis B Virus and its Implications. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:213-223. [PMID: 29952267 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180628122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health problem. As "cure" for chronic hepatitis B is of current priority, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) has been utilized for several decades to provide post-exposure prophylaxis. In recent years, a number of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting HBV have been developed and demonstrated with high affinity, specificity, and neutralizing potency. OBJECTIVE HBV neutralizing antibodies may play a potentially significant role in the search for an HBV cure. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in developing HBV-neutralizing antibodies, describing their characteristics and potential clinical applications. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION HBV neutralizing antibodies could be a promising alternative in the prevention and treatment of HBV infection. More importantly, global collaboration and coordinated approaches are thus needed to facilitate the development of novel therapies for HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Central Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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The Antigenic Topology of Norovirus as Defined by B and T Cell Epitope Mapping: Implications for Universal Vaccines and Therapeutics. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050432. [PMID: 31083353 PMCID: PMC6563215 DOI: 10.3390/v11050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Vaccine design has been confounded by the antigenic diversity of these viruses and a limited understanding of protective immunity. We reviewed 77 articles published since 1988 describing the isolation, function, and mapping of 307 unique monoclonal antibodies directed against B cell epitopes of human and murine noroviruses representing diverse Genogroups (G). Of these antibodies, 91, 153, 21, and 42 were reported as GI-specific, GII-specific, MNV GV-specific, and G cross-reactive, respectively. Our goal was to reconstruct the antigenic topology of noroviruses in relationship to mapped epitopes with potential for therapeutic use or inclusion in universal vaccines. Furthermore, we reviewed seven published studies of norovirus T cell epitopes that identified 18 unique peptide sequences with CD4- or CD8-stimulating activity. Both the protruding (P) and shell (S) domains of the major capsid protein VP1 contained B and T cell epitopes, with the majority of neutralizing and HBGA-blocking B cell epitopes mapping in or proximal to the surface-exposed P2 region of the P domain. The majority of broadly reactive B and T cell epitopes mapped to the S and P1 arm of the P domain. Taken together, this atlas of mapped B and T cell epitopes offers insight into the promises and challenges of designing universal vaccines and immunotherapy for the noroviruses.
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Ubah O, Palliyil S. Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Like Fragments Derived from Immunised Phage Display Libraries. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:99-117. [PMID: 29549637 PMCID: PMC7120432 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases are always on the rise, especially in poorer countries and in the aging population. The inevitable, but unpredictable emergence of new infectious diseases has become a global threat. HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the more recent H1N1 influenza are only a few of the numerous examples of emerging infectious diseases in the modern era. However despite advances in diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, there is need for more specific, efficacious, cost-effective and less toxic treatment and preventive drugs. In this chapter, we discuss a powerful combinatorial technology in association with animal immunisation that is capable of generating biologic drugs with high affinity, efficacy and limited off-site toxicity, and diagnostic tools with great precision. Although time consuming, immunisation still remains the preferred route for the isolation of high-affinity antibodies and antibody-like fragments. Phage display is a molecular diversity technology that allows the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of filamentous phage. The selection of binding fragments from phage display libraries has proven significant for routine isolation of invaluable peptides, antibodies, and antibody-like domains for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here we highlight the many benefits of combining immunisation with phage display in combating infectious diseases, and how our knowledge of antibody engineering has played a crucial role in fully exploiting these platforms in generating therapeutic and diagnostic biologics towards antigenic targets of infectious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Ubah
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Elasmogen Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Soumya Palliyil
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Antiviral effects of anti-HBs immunoglobulin and vaccine on HBs antigen seroclearance for chronic hepatitis B infection. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:1073-1080. [PMID: 26943168 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interferon and nucleotide/nucleoside analogues are the main treatments for chronic hepatitis B. These drugs effectively reduce serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA titers but fail to sufficiently reduce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels. Following the recent identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide as a receptor for HBV entry, inhibition of HBV entry has become an attractive therapeutic target for chronic hepatitis B treatment. We therefore evaluated the antiviral effects of antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) immunoglobulin (HBIG), which can inhibit HBV entry, by in an vivo study and a clinical trial. METHODS In the in vivo study, HBV-infected mice were generated from human hepatocyte chimeric mice and treated with HBIG. A clinical trial evaluating HBIG therapy in patients was also performed. RESULTS In the mouse study, HBV DNA titers were reduced and serum HBsAg titers decreased to undetectable levels following high-dose HBIG injection. On the basis of this result, eight chronic hepatitis B patients, who had received long-term nucleotide analogue treatment, were treated with monthly HBIG injections as an additional treatment. After 1 year of treatment, an HBsAg level reduction of more than 1 log IU/mL was observed in four patients, and three patients became anti-HBs positive. No adverse events occurred during HBIG therapy. CONCLUSION These results suggest that monthly HBIG injection might benefit patients with chronic hepatitis B whose HBsAg titer becomes lower following long-term nucleotide/nucleoside analogue treatment.
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Wang W, Sun L, Li T, Ma Y, Li J, Liu Y, Li M, Wang L, Li C, Xie Y, Wen Y, Liang M, Chen L, Tong S. A human monoclonal antibody against small envelope protein of hepatitis B virus with potent neutralization effect. MAbs 2015; 8:468-77. [PMID: 26713590 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1134409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) produces large (L), middle (M), and small (S) envelope proteins, alternatively referred to as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Currently, yeast-derived S protein serves as the preventive vaccine, while hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) concentrated from pooled plasma of vaccine recipients is employed for post-exposure prophylaxis. However, only a small proportion of the antibodies in HBIG are HBV specific. In the present study, a human monoclonal anti-S antibody (G12) was developed, produced under GLP conditions, and subjected to a panel of functional assays. In vitro results demonstrated high affinity of G12 for the S protein (KD = 7.56 nM). It reacted with envelope proteins of all 7 HBV genotypes tested (A-F, H) by immunofluorescent staining, and more than 97% of HBsAg-positive patient serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. G12 recognized a conformational epitope, although the exact sequence remains unknown. Strikingly, G12 was at least 1,000-fold more potent than HBIG in neutralizing HBV infectivity in both HepaRG cell line and HepG2 cells reconstituted with the HBV receptor. In a transgenic mouse model of HBV persistence, a single peritoneal injection of G12 markedly diminished serum HBsAg titers in all 7 mice, which was sustained for the observation period of 144 d in mice with low pre-treatment levels. While the therapeutic potential of G12 warrants further investigation using a large number of animals, G12 is a potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibody and a promising candidate to replace or supplement HBIG in the prevention of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lina Sun
- b Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention , China
| | - Tiansheng Li
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yanchun Ma
- c Putuo District Center Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Jisu Li
- d Liver Research Center, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Yang Liu
- b Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention , China
| | - Meng Li
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lei Wang
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chuan Li
- b Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention , China
| | - Youhua Xie
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yumei Wen
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Mifang Liang
- b Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention , China
| | - Li Chen
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shuping Tong
- a Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Lee G, Liu S. Monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis B viral surface antigens and epitope grouping. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 34:90-5. [PMID: 25897606 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated against subtypes (ad/ad/rw) of the human hepatitis B viral surface antigen (HBsAg). Among dozens of antibodies that were generated, the majority was shown to commonly react with various ad/ay subtypes of the S protein. Epitope(s) of these antibodies were grouped by various immunoassay methods, and at least four distinct epitope regions were identified. Some of these antibodies were selected to formulate sandwich enzyme immunoassays for quantitative determinations of HBsAg in reconstituted specimens. Epitope-defined monoclonal antibodies with high affinity and specificity might be suitable for formulations as vaccines (containing a mixture of humanized monoclonal antibodies) for passive immunization in humans for immunoprophylaxis of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lee
- UBC Center for Reproductive Health , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Souza BFDCD, Drexler JF, Lima RSD, Rosário MDOHVD, Netto EM. Theories about evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus in primates and humans. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:535-43. [PMID: 24726560 PMCID: PMC9428206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human hepatitis B virus causes acute and chronic hepatitis and is considered one of the most serious human health issues by the World Health Organization, causing thousands of deaths per year. There are similar viruses belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family that infect non-human primates and other mammals as well as some birds. The majority of non-human primate virus isolates were phylogenetically close to the human hepatitis B virus, but like the human genotypes, the origins of these viruses remain controversial. However, there is a possibility that human hepatitis B virus originated in primates. Knowing whether these viruses might be common to humans and primates is crucial in order to reduce the risk to humans. Objective To review the existing knowledge about the evolutionary origins of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates. Methods This review was done by reading several articles that provide information about the Hepadnaviridae virus family in non-human primates and humans and the possible origins and evolution of these viruses. Results The evolutionary origin of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates has been dated back to several thousand years; however, recent analyses of genomic fossils of avihepadnaviruses integrated into the genomes of several avian species have suggested a much older origin of this genus. Conclusion Some hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus have been debated since the ‘90s. One theory suggested a New World origin because of the phylogenetic co-segregation between some New World human hepatitis B virus genotypes F and H and woolly monkey human hepatitis B virus in basal sister-relationship to the Old World non-human primates and human hepatitis B virus variants. Another theory suggests an Old World origin of human hepatitis B virus, and that it would have been spread following prehistoric human migrations over 100,000 years ago. A third theory suggests a co-speciation of human hepatitis B virus in non-human primate hosts because of the proximity between the phylogeny of Old and New World non-human primate and their human hepatitis B virus variants. The importance of further research, related to the subject in South American wild fauna, is paramount and highly relevant for understanding the origin of human hepatitis B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Eduardo Martins Netto
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Development of Norwalk virus-specific monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential for the treatment of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis. J Virol 2013; 87:9547-57. [PMID: 23785216 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01376-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunoprophylaxis or immunotherapy with norovirus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) could be a useful treatment for high-risk populations, including infants and young children, the elderly, and certain patients who are debilitated or immunocompromised. In order to obtain antinorovirus MAbs with therapeutic potential, we stimulated a strong adaptive immune response in chimpanzees to the prototype norovirus strain Norwalk virus (NV) (genogroup I.1). A combinatorial phage Fab display library derived from mRNA of the chimpanzees' bone marrow was prepared, and four distinct Fabs reactive with Norwalk recombinant virus-like particles (rVLPs) were recovered, with estimated binding affinities in the subnanomolar range. Mapping studies showed that the four Fabs recognized three different conformational epitopes in the protruding (P) domain of NV VP1, the major capsid protein. The epitope of one of the Fabs, G4, was further mapped to a specific site involving a key amino acid residue, Gly365. One additional specific Fab (F11) was recovered months later from immortalized memory B cells and partially characterized. The anti-NV Fabs were converted into full-length IgG (MAbs) with human γ1 heavy chain constant regions. The anti-NV MAbs were tested in the two available surrogate assays for Norwalk virus neutralization, which showed that the MAbs could block carbohydrate binding and inhibit hemagglutination by NV rVLP. By mixing a single MAb with live Norwalk virus prior to challenge, MAbs D8 and B7 neutralized the virus and prevented infection in a chimpanzee. Because chimpanzee immunoglobulins are virtually identical to human immunoglobulins, these chimpanzee anticapsid MAbs may have a clinical application.
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Rauschhuber C, Xu H, Salazar FH, Marion PL, Ehrhardt A. Exploring gene-deleted adenoviral vectors for delivery of short hairpin RNAs and reduction of hepatitis B virus infection in mice. J Gene Med 2008; 10:878-89. [PMID: 18470951 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference based therapeutic approaches hold promise for the treatment of patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). To conquer HBV infection, long-term suppression of target transcripts in all hepatocytes without toxic effects may be required. The present study explored gene-deleted adenoviral vectors (GD-AdV) lacking all viral coding sequences for delivery of the previously described short hairpin RNA (shRNA) HBVU6no.2, which was demonstrated to result in post-transcriptional knock-down of HBV transcripts. METHODS We established conditions for shRNA delivery expressed from GD-AdV in vitro and in vivo and observed up to 96% shRNA-mediated knockdown of luciferase expressed in mouse liver. To investigate in vivo efficacy of HBVU6no.2 expressed from a GD-AdV, we explored a transient and a transgenic mouse model for HBV infection. RESULTS We observed an up to 68% drop in serum HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the transient and the transgenic mouse model for HBV infection, respectively. Interestingly, we detected an up to 86% drop in HBsAg levels in both animal models after administration of a control GD-AdV encoding beta-galactosidase. In concordance with reduced serum HBsAg levels, we observed reduced HBV replication as demonstrated by Southern blot analysis of HBV genomes. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that GD-AdV can be used against HBV infection but the design of DNA sequences including shRNAs contained in the vector and virus-host interactions during superinfection needs to be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rauschhuber
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Kim SH, Kim SH, Oh HK, Ryu CJ, Park SY, Hong HJ. In vivo hepatitis B virus-neutralizing activity of an anti-HBsAg humanized antibody in chimpanzees. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:145-9. [PMID: 18305407 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we constructed a humanized antibody (HuS10) that binds to the common a antigenic determinant on the S protein of HBV. In this study, we evaluated its HBV-neutralizing activity in chimpanzees. A study chimpanzee was intravenously administered with a single dose of HuS10, followed by intravenous challenge with the adr subtype of HBV, while a control chimpanzee was only challenged with the virus. The result showed that the control chimpanzee was infected by the virus, and thus serum HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) became positive from the 14(th) to 20(th) week and actively acquired serum anti-HBc and anti-HBs antibodies appeared from the 19(th) and 23(rd) week, respectively. However, in the case of the study chimpanzee, serum HBsAg became positive from the 34(th) to 37(th) week, while actively acquired serum anti-HBc and anti-HBs antibodies appeared from the 37(th) and 40(th) week, respectively, indicating that HuS10 neutralized the virus in vivo and thus delayed the HBV infection. This novel humanized antibody will be useful in the immunoprophylaxis of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Ho Kim
- Green Cross Corp., Yongin 446-799, Korea
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14
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Kim SH, Shin YW, Hong KW, Chang KH, Ryoo KH, Paik SH, Kim JM, Brotman B, Pfahler W, Prince AM. Neutralization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by human monoclonal antibody against HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in chimpanzees. Antiviral Res 2008; 79:188-91. [PMID: 18479762 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The virus neutralizing efficacy of HB-C7A, a human monoclonal antibody raised against the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg), was proved using hepatitis B virus (HBV)-naïve chimpanzees. One control chimpanzee which received 100CID(50) of HBV, subtype adw, without HB-C7A antibody became infected by HBV as evidenced by the appearance of HBV DNA on week 10 and subsequent appearance of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs in the serum. Two experimental chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with same dose of HBV as the control chimpanzee, which was previously incubated with 0.1mg and 10mg of HB-C7A antibody prior to inoculation. HBV infection was not observed in the antibody-treated chimpanzees during 12 months of follow-up, exhibiting neither detectable HBsAg nor anti-HBc antibody. This work demonstrates the neutralization of HBV by HB-C7A monoclonal antibody and shows the possibility of prevention of HBV infection using this antibody in liver transplantation and exposure to HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, Research Center, Green Cross Corp., 341, Bojeong-Dong, Giheung-Gu, Yongin City, Gyunggi-Do, 446-799, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Tsatsralt-Od B, Takahashi M, Endo K, Agiimaa D, Buyankhuu O, Ninomiya M, Lorenzo FR, Okamoto H. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and delta virus infections among children in Mongolia: progress in childhood immunization. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1064-74. [PMID: 17596839 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mongolia is highly endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infections among apparently healthy adults. However, the age-specific prevalence of ongoing HBV, HCV, and HDV infections among children in Mongolia remains unknown. Therefore, samples obtained from a total of 655 apparently healthy children of 0.3-15 years of age (307 boys and 348 girls; age, mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 8.4 +/- 4.2 years) living in Mongolia, between October 2005 and January 2006, were tested for serological and molecular markers of HBV, HCV, and HDV infections. Although 88.7% of the 655 children studied were immunized against hepatitis B, 64 (9.8%) tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or HBV DNA and 13 (2.0%) for HDV RNA. Twenty-seven children (4.1%) had detectable HCV RNA. Collectively, 82 (12.5%) were viremic for one or more of these viruses, including eight children with dual viremia of HBV/HCV and one child with triple HBV/HCV/HDV viremia. When children without anti-HBc, anti-HCV and anti-HDV IgG (n = 510) served as a control, a history of hospitalization was significantly associated with HBV viremia (P < 0.0001), anti-HBc positivity (P < 0.0001), and HCV viremia (P = 0.0001). HBsAg mutation was found in 18 (31.6%) of the 57 children with viremia, including those at amino acid position 126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 143 or 144. There were no significant differences in the frequency of HBsAg mutation in relation to age, sex, and hepatitis B vaccination status of the children, suggesting that HBsAg mutation plays a limited role in failure of vaccination in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bira Tsatsralt-Od
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken, Japan
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16
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Yamazaki K, Ohkoshi S, Maruyama M, Aoki YH, Yano M, Kurita S, Suzuki K, Matsuda Y, Sugimura K, Aoyagi Y. Early upsurge in anti-HBs titer possibly caused by the immunomodulative, not by the mutagenetic effect of interferon and ribavirin. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:477-81. [PMID: 17539819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A patient with chronic hepatitis B and C undergoing treatment with interferon and ribavirin showed an upsurge in hepatitis B virus surface antibody (anti-HBs) titer, accompanied by a decrease in hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) during the early treatment phase. Simultaneously, elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was observed. Subsequently, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA titer decreased and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) to anti-HBe seroconversion occurred. The anti-HBs titer gradually returned to the pretreatment level after cessation of ribavirin treatment and HBV-DNA became undetectable. We found no nucleotide mutations in HBV-DNA that could explain the sudden elevation in anti-HBs titer. The appearance of anti-HBs was considered to be a break in immune tolerance against some epitopes in HBsAg, possibly the r epitope, stimulated by interferon/ribavirin treatment. The immunomodulatory effect of ribavirin might have caused this unexpected early immune response to HBsAg that preceded seroconversion to anti-HBe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences of Niigata University, Niigata-city, Japan
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17
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Youm JW, Won YS, Jeon JH, Ryu CJ, Choi YK, Kim HC, Kim BD, Joung H, Kim HS. Oral immunogenicity of potato-derived HBsAg middle protein in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2006; 25:577-84. [PMID: 16945456 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antibodies to preS2 synthetic peptides have been probed to neutralize hepatitis B virus (HBV), and also the addition of preS2 sequence could enhance the antibody response compared with a conventional vaccine in the non- and low responders. Previously, we generated transgenic potatoes expressing middle protein, which contains additional 55 amino acid preS2 region at the N-terminus of the S protein, of HBV to determine the feasibility of developing a plant-delivered HBV vaccine. In this study, we monitored the immune response after induction of immunoglobulin by boosting and assessed the efficacy of the mucosal immune response with regard to generate IgA antibodies. The HBsAg middle protein expressed in our transgenic potatoes was well immunized at low antigenic quantities in mice and the induced anti-S or anti-preS2 antibodies were sustained for the whole period without decrease. Orally delivery of plant-derived HBsAg middle protein to mice resulted in fecal anti-S or anti-preS2 as well as serum IgG. In addition, we used antibodies induced from the immunized mice with the potato-derived rHBsAg in competition assay as competitors to confirm the binding ability of preS2 antibodies to surface antigen of hepatitis virus. Anti-preS2 antibodies induced from immunized mice with transgenic potatoes effectively competed with anti-preS2 murine antibody H8 as expected. From these results, the inclusion of preS2 antigen to HBV plant vaccine may provide additional protective immunity in the HBV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Youm
- Plant Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, 52 Oun-Dong, Yusung-Gu, Daejon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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18
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Zhang P, Yu MYW, Venable R, Alter HJ, Shih JWK. Neutralization epitope responsible for the hepatitis B virus subtype-specific protection in chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9214-9. [PMID: 16757558 PMCID: PMC1474144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603316103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibody (BX-182) directed against the d determinant of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen protected chimpanzees from infection by HBV subtype adw but not by subtype ayw, as demonstrated by intravenously inoculating a mixture of the antibody with the respective subtype of the virus. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the subtype-specific protection, a combinatorial approach of screening random peptide phage libraries, bioinformatics, and structure analysis was used in this study to identify the neutralization epitope responsible for the observed protection. The epitope was mapped at the N terminus of the pre-S1 region of the hepatitis B surface antigen between residues 17 and 21, of which the residues Val-18/Pro-19 were critical for antibody binding. Alignment of amino acid sequences derived from diverse genetic variants of HBV revealed that the epitope was present in ad subtypes and in their corresponding genotypes A, B, C, F, and H. By contrast, this epitope was not found in a majority of ay subtypes or in genotypes D, E, and G, where the antigenic residues Val-18/Pro-19 within the epitope were replaced by Thr/Ser, Thr/Thr, or Ala/Ser, respectively, resulting in a drastic conformational change of the epitope. These data indicate that, by binding discriminately to the subtype "d" epitope in the pre-S1 region, neutralizing antibody BX-182 protects chimpanzees from HBV infection in a subtype-specific manner, suggesting a potential escape mechanism for HBV genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Venable
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Harvey J. Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J. Wai-Kou Shih
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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19
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Goncalvez AP, Men R, Wernly C, Purcell RH, Lai CJ. Chimpanzee Fab fragments and a derived humanized immunoglobulin G1 antibody that efficiently cross-neutralize dengue type 1 and type 2 viruses. J Virol 2004; 78:12910-8. [PMID: 15542643 PMCID: PMC525007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.12910-12918.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies from humans or nonhuman primates represents an attractive alternative to vaccines for prevention of illness caused by dengue viruses (DENV) and other flaviviruses, including the West Nile virus. In a previous study, repertoire cloning to recover Fab fragments from bone marrow mRNA of chimpanzees infected with all four DENV serotypes (dengue virus serotype 1 [DENV-1] to DENV-4) was described. In that study, a humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody that efficiently neutralized DENV-4 was recovered and characterized. In this study, the phage library constructed from the chimpanzees was used to recover Fab antibodies against the other three DENV serotypes. Serotype-specific neutralizing Fabs were not identified. Instead, we recovered DENV-neutralizing Fabs that specifically precipitated the envelope protein and were cross-reactive with all four DENV serotypes. Three of the Fabs competed with each other for binding to DENV-1 and DENV-2, although each of these Fabs contained a distinct complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3)-H sequence. Fabs that shared an identical or nearly identical CDR3-H sequences cross-neutralized DENV-1 and DENV-2 at a similar high 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT(50)) titer, ranging from 0.26 to 1.33 microg/ml, and neutralized DENV-3 and DENV-4 but at a titer 10- to 20-fold lower. One of these Fabs, 1A5, also neutralized the West Nile virus most efficiently among other flaviviruses tested. Fab 1A5 was converted to a full-length antibody in combination with human sequences for production in mammalian CHO cells. Humanized IgG1 1A5 proved to be as efficient as Fab 1A5 for cross-neutralization of DENV-1 and DENV-2 at a titer of 0.48 and 0.95 microg/ml, respectively. IgG1 1A5 also neutralized DENV-3, DENV-4, and the West Nile virus at a PRNT(50) titer of approximately 3.2 to 4.2 microg/ml. This humanized antibody represents an attractive candidate for further development of immunoprophylaxis against DENV and perhaps other flavivirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Goncalvez
- Molecular Viral Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Building 50, Room 6349, 50 South Dr., MSC 8009, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Men R, Yamashiro T, Goncalvez AP, Wernly C, Schofield DJ, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Lai CJ. Identification of chimpanzee Fab fragments by repertoire cloning and production of a full-length humanized immunoglobulin G1 antibody that is highly efficient for neutralization of dengue type 4 virus. J Virol 2004; 78:4665-74. [PMID: 15078949 PMCID: PMC387713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4665-4674.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective dengue vaccine is still not available. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies from humans or nonhuman primates represents an attractive alternative for the prevention of dengue virus infection. Fab monoclonal antibodies to dengue type 4 virus (DENV-4) were recovered by repertoire cloning of bone marrow mRNAs from an immune chimpanzee and analyzed for antigen binding specificity, V(H) and V(L) sequences, and neutralizing activity against DENV-4 in vitro. Fabs 5A7, 3C1, 3E4, and 7G4 were isolated from a library constructed from a chimpanzee following intrahepatic transfection with infectious DENV-4 RNA. Fabs 5H2 and 5D9, which had nearly identical V(H) sequences but varied in their V(L) sequences, were recovered from a library constructed from the same chimpanzee after superinfection with a mixture of DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3. In radioimmunoprecipitation, Fab 5A7 precipitated only DENV-4 prM, and Fabs 3E4, 7G4, 5D9, and 5H2 precipitated DENV-4 E but little or no prM. Fab 3E4 and Fab 7G4 competed with each other for binding to DENV-4 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, as did Fab 3C1 and Fab 5A7. Fab 5H2 recognized an epitope on DENV-4 that was separate from the epitope(s) recognized by other Fabs. Both Fab 5H2 and Fab 5D9 neutralized DENV-4 efficiently with a titer of 0.24 to 0.58 micro g/ml by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), whereas DENV-4-neutralizing activity of other Fabs was low or not detected. Fab 5H2 was converted to full-length immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) by combining it with human sequences. The humanized chimpanzee antibody IgG1 5H2 produced in CHO cells neutralized DENV-4 strains from different geographical origins at a similar 50% plaque reduction (PRNT(50)) titer of 0.03 to 0.05 micro g/ml. The DENV-4 binding affinities were 0.42 nM for Fab 5H2 and 0.24 nM for full-length IgG1 5H2. Monoclonal antibody IgG1 5H2 may prove valuable for passive immunoprophylaxis against dengue virus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhe Men
- Molecular Viral Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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21
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Hong HJ, Ryu CJ, Hur H, Kim S, Oh HK, Oh MS, Park SY. In vivo neutralization of hepatitis B virus infection by an anti-preS1 humanized antibody in chimpanzees. Virology 2004; 318:134-41. [PMID: 14972542 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 09/11/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we generated a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb), KR127, that recognizes amino acids (aa) 37-45 of the preS1 of hepatitis B virus (HBV). In this study, we have constructed a humanized version of KR127 and evaluated its HBV-neutralizing activity in chimpanzees. A study chimpanzee was given a single intravenous dose of the humanized antibody, followed by intravenous challenge with adr subtype of wild type HBV, while a control chimpanzee was only challenged with the virus. The result showed that the study chimpanzee did not develop HBV infection during 1 year, while the control chimpanzee was infected, indicating that the humanized antibody exhibited in vivo virus-neutralizing activity and thus protected the chimpanzee from HBV infection. In addition, the humanized antibody bound to the preS1 of all subtypes of HBV. We first demonstrate that an anti-preS1 mAb can neutralize HBV infection in vivo. This humanized antibody will be useful for the immunoprophylaxis of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Hong
- Antibody Engineering Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon 305-600, South Korea.
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22
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Köck J, Baumert TF, Delaney WE, Blum HE, von Weizsäcker F. Inhibitory effect of adefovir and lamivudine on the initiation of hepatitis B virus infection in primary tupaia hepatocytes. Hepatology 2003; 38:1410-8. [PMID: 14647052 DOI: 10.1016/j.hep.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adefovir dipivoxil and lamivudine are two safe and efficacious drugs licensed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Both drugs inhibit the viral polymerase, resulting in a profound suppression of virus production. Blocking the viral polymerase may also affect the initiation of HBV infection, because HBV virions harbor a partially double-stranded genome and productive infection requires completion of viral plus-strand DNA synthesis with subsequent formation of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). To address this issue, we used primary hepatocytes from the tree shrew Tupaia belangeri that were recently shown to be susceptible to HBV infection. Treatment of cells with either drug partially inhibited initial HBV cccDNA formation. Adefovir was more effective than lamivudine, resulting in a 3-fold reduction of RNA synthesis and viral surface antigen production. However, prevention of initial cccDNA formation was incomplete even after combined treatment, whereas de novo synthesis of viral replicative intermediates was completely suppressed. A possible explanation for this observation is the genomic plus-strand gap of less than 200 bases in some virions, limiting the window for antiviral action. In conclusion, nucleos(t)ide analogues can target initial plus-strand DNA repair and reduce but not completely block HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köck
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Starkman SE, MacDonald DM, Lewis JCM, Holmes EC, Simmonds P. Geographic and species association of hepatitis B virus genotypes in non-human primates. Virology 2003; 314:381-93. [PMID: 14517090 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been detected in human populations throughout the world, as well as in a number of ape species (Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, gibbons [Nomascus and Hylobates species] and Pongo pygmaeus). To investigate the distribution of naturally occurring HBV infection in these species and other African Old World monkey species (Cercopithecidae), we screened 137 plasma samples from mainly wild caught animals by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using several of highly conserved primers from the HB surface (HBs) gene, and for HBs antigen (HBsAg) by ELISA. None of the 93 Cercopithecidae screened (6 species) showed PCR or serology evidence for HBV infection; in contrast 2 from 8 chimpanzees and 5 from 22 gibbons were PCR-positive with each set of primers. Complete genome sequences from each of the positive apes were obtained and compared with all previously published complete and surface gene sequences. This extended phylogenetic analysis indicated that HBV variants from orangutans were interspersed by with HBV variants from southerly distributed gibbon species (H. agilis and H. moloch) occupying overlapping or adjacent habitat ranges with orangutans; in contrast, HBV variants from gibbon species in mainland Asia were phylogenetically distinct. A geographical rather than (sub)species association of HBV would account for the distribution of HBV variants in different subspecies of chimpanzees in Africa, and explain the inlier position of the previously described lowland gorilla sequence in the chimpanzee clade. These new findings have a number of implication for understanding the origins and epidemiology of HBV infection in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Starkman
- Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK
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24
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Abstract
The reconstitution of blood and its components is hampered by factors of compatibility, availability, and the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. Protozoal agents such as plasmodium malariae and trypanosoma cruzi are only regionally relevant. Bacterial transmissions are easy to prevent and treat. Antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid screening have been implemented to prevent transmission of blood-borne viruses. Transfusion-relevant viruses include hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T leukemia virus (HTLV-I), and in certain circumstances, parvovirus B19, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Of great concern is the possible transmission of prion protein causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Of future interest will be whether other viruses such as Nipah and Hendra virus are blood-borne and whether viruses such as TT, SEN, and GBV-C are involved in diseases or their progression, while not causing hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Guertler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Martin Luther Strasse 6, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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25
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Kim SH, Park SY. Selection and characterization of human antibodies against hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) by phage-display. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2002; 21:385-92. [PMID: 12470482 DOI: 10.1089/153685902761022742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main pathogens of hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma. Human plasma-derived antibody to HBV is being used as a prophylactic for postexposure to HBV and liver transplantation currently. However, it is required to replace the plasma-derived anti-HBs antibody (Ab) to a recombinant antibody because of limited availability of human plasma with high anti-HBs Ab titer and possible contamination of human pathogens. We constructed an anti-HBs Ab-enriched phage-display library from peripheral blood B cells of vaccinated volunteers and the size of library was approximately 1.0 x 10(7). The library was panned against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and five different clones were isolated. All five clones exhibited the same heavy chain sequence; in contrast, light-chain exhibited one lambda and four different kappa sequences. The Fabs were expressed soluble in E. coli and exhibited affinities of 2.1 x 10(8) approximately 7.7 x 10(8) M(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Central Research Center of the Korea Green Cross Corp, Kyunggi-Do, 449-903, Korea.
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26
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Burda MR, Günther S, Dandri M, Will H, Petersen J. Structural and functional heterogeneity of naturally occurring hepatitis B virus variants. Antiviral Res 2001; 52:125-38. [PMID: 11672822 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most organisms have developed sophisticated machineries to preserve their genomic integrity. On the contrary hepatitis B virus (HBV), like a lot of other viruses can undergo rapid and drastic sequence changes, especially if the virus has to cope with natural or therapy induced antiviral mechanisms in the host. Here, we try to summarize possible implications for the molecular pathogenesis of HBV based on the extensive research on the genetic variants of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Burda
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Animal models of hepatitis B virus infection have been valuable for determining the mechanisms of hepadnavirus replication, for studies of pathogenesis, and for investigations of viral hepatocarcinogenesis. The woodchuck model also seems to be useful in the discovery and development of antiviral drugs to treat HBV infection and for testing new forms of immunotherapy. In particular, the woodchuck seems to be ideal for studying the effect of antiviral treatment and immunotherapy on the outcome of hepadnavirus infection and on survival. The median life expectancy of experimentally infected, chronic WHV carriers is approximately 29 months, and almost all develop HCC. New types of prophylaxis or therapy can be evaluated under controlled experimental conditions, in a relevant animal model, and within a reasonable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Tennant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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28
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Park SS, Ryu CJ, Kang YJ, Kashmiri SV, Hong HJ. Generation and characterization of a novel tetravalent bispecific antibody that binds to hepatitis B virus surface antigens. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:1123-30. [PMID: 11451417 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide public health problem affecting about 350 million people. HBV envelope contains three surface antigens, called pre-S1, pre-S2 and S. For the prophylaxis of HBV infection, only an anti-S monoclonal antibody was tested for the protective efficacy against HBV infection, but it was shown to be incomplete. In addition, some immune escape mutants carrying mutations on the S antigen were reported. Therefore, a multivalent bispecific antibody rather than a single monoclonal antibody would be more beneficial for the prophylaxis of HBV infection. We have generated a novel tetravalent bispecific antibody with two binding sites for each of the S and pre-S2 antigens. Each of the antigen-binding sites was composed of a single-chain Fv (ScFv). The tetravalent antibody was generated by constructing a single gene encoding a single-chain protein. This protein consisted of an anti-S ScFv whose carboxyl end was tethered, through a 45 amino acid linker, to the amino terminus of anti-preS2 ScFv that in turn was joined to the hinge region of human gamma1 constant region. The single-chain protein was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and secreted in culture supernatant as a homodimeric molecule. The tetravalent bispecific antibody showed both anti-S and anti-pre-S2 binding activities. In addition, the binding affinity of the bispecific antiboy for HBV particles was greater than that of either parental antibody. The tetravalent bispecific antibody is a potentially useful reagent for the prevention and treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Park
- The Antibody Engineering Research Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, PO Box 115, Yuseong, Taejon 305-600, South Korea
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29
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Eren R, Ilan E, Nussbaum O, Lubin I, Terkieltaub D, Arazi Y, Ben-Moshe O, Kitchinzky A, Berr S, Gopher J, Zauberman A, Galun E, Shouval D, Daudi N, Eid A, Jurim O, Magnius LO, Hammas B, Reisner Y, Dagan S. Preclinical evaluation of two human anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoclonal antibodies in the HBV-trimera mouse model and in HBV chronic carrier chimpanzees. Hepatology 2000; 32:588-96. [PMID: 10960454 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.9632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) generated in the Trimera mouse system are described. Both mAbs 17.1.41 and 19.79.5 are of the IgG1 isotype and have high affinity constants for HBsAg binding in the range of 10(-10) mol/L. Monoclonal antibody 17.1.41 recognizes a conformational epitope on the a determinant of HBsAg whereas mAb 19.79.5 recognizes a linear one. The 2 mAbs bind to a panel of hepatitis B virus (HBV) subtypes with distinct patterns. The neutralizing activity of these antibodies was tested in 2 different animal model systems. Administration of each mAb to HBV-Trimera mice, a system that provides a mouse model for human hepatitis B infection, reduced the viral load and the percentage of HBV-DNA-positive mice in a dose-dependent manner. These 2 mAbs were more effective than a polyclonal antibody preparation (Hepatect; Biotest Pharma, Dreieich, Germany) in both inhibition of HBV liver infection and reduction of viral load. A single administration of a mixture of these mAbs into HBV chronic carrier chimpanzees resulted in immediate reduction in HBsAg levels followed by recurrence to initial levels within few days. Thus, these mAbs may be potential candidates for preventive therapy or in combination with other antiviral agents against HBV. Further studies in humans are needed to assess these mAbs in various clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eren
- XTL Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann, Rehovot, Israel
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30
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Schofield DJ, Glamann J, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Identification by phage display and characterization of two neutralizing chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies to the hepatitis E virus capsid protein. J Virol 2000; 74:5548-55. [PMID: 10823861 PMCID: PMC112041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.12.5548-5555.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the ORF2 protein of the SAR-55 strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV) were isolated by phage display from a cDNA library of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) gamma1/kappa antibody genes. Both MAbs, HEV#4 and HEV#31, bound to reduced, denatured open reading frame 2 (ORF2) protein in a Western blot, suggesting that they recognize linear epitopes. The affinities (equilibrium dissociation constants, K(d)) for the SAR-55 ORF2 protein were 1.7 nM for HEV#4 and 5.4 nM for HEV#31. The two MAbs also reacted in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant ORF2 protein from a heterologous HEV, the Meng strain. Each MAb blocked the subsequent binding of the other MAb to homologous ORF2 protein in indirect competition assays, suggesting that they recognize the same or overlapping epitopes. Radioimmunoprecipitation assays suggested that at least part of the linear epitope(s) recognized by the two MAbs is located between amino acids 578 and 607. MAbs were mixed with homologous HEV in vitro and then inoculated into rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to determine their neutralizing ability. Whereas all control animals developed hepatitis (elevated liver enzyme levels in serum) and seroconverted to HEV, those receiving an inoculum incubated with either HEV#4 or HEV#31 were not infected. Therefore, each MAb neutralized the SAR-55 strain of HEV in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding, Competitive
- Blotting, Western
- Capsid/chemistry
- Capsid/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism
- Epitope Mapping
- Hepatitis E/immunology
- Hepatitis E/prevention & control
- Hepatitis E/virology
- Hepatitis E virus/genetics
- Hepatitis E virus/immunology
- Hepatitis E virus/physiology
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Open Reading Frames
- Pan troglodytes/immunology
- Peptide Library
- Protein Denaturation
- Sequence Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Schofield
- Hepatitis Viruses, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA.
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31
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Maeng CY, Ryu CJ, Gripon P, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Hong HJ. Fine mapping of virus-neutralizing epitopes on hepatitis B virus PreS1. Virology 2000; 270:9-16. [PMID: 10772975 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We identified the epitopes on the preS1 which induce antibodies that neutralize both ad and ay subtypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Previously we generated murine monoclonal antibodies KR359 and KR127 that bind specifically to the preS1 of HBV. In this study we have performed fine mappings of the epitopes of the antibodies by examining their reactivity with GST fusion proteins, which contain a series of deletion mutants of the preS1. KR359 and KR127 specifically recognize aa 19-26 and 37-45 of the preS1, respectively. The antibodies neutralized both adr and ayw subtypes of the virus in an in vitro neutralization assay using in vitro infection of adult human hepatocyte primary culture by HBV. The epitopes showed little sequence divergence and the antibodies bound to the preS1 of all the HBV subtypes and variants tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Maeng
- Antibody Engineering Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon, Yuseong, 305-600, Korea
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32
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Abstract
Hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B viruses) cause transient and chronic infections of the liver. Transient infections run a course of several months, and chronic infections are often lifelong. Chronic infections can lead to liver failure with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The replication strategy of these viruses has been described in great detail, but virus-host interactions leading to acute and chronic disease are still poorly understood. Studies on how the virus evades the immune response to cause prolonged transient infections with high-titer viremia and lifelong infections with an ongoing inflammation of the liver are still at an early stage, and the role of the virus in liver cancer is still elusive. The state of knowledge in this very active field is therefore reviewed with an emphasis on past accomplishments as well as goals for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Seeger
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
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33
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Ogata N, Cote PJ, Zanetti AR, Miller RH, Shapiro M, Gerin J, Purcell RH. Licensed recombinant hepatitis B vaccines protect chimpanzees against infection with the prototype surface gene mutant of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 1999; 30:779-86. [PMID: 10462386 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence in vaccinated individuals of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants with amino acid substitutions within the a determinant of the surface protein has raised the possibility that such variants represent neutralization escape mutants. We previously demonstrated that one such mutant HBV, strain AS, with an arginine substituted for glycine at surface gene codon 145, was infectious and pathogenic in seronegative chimpanzees. In the present study, the protective efficacy of licensed hepatitis B vaccines was evaluated against challenge with this mutant virus. Four chimpanzees were immunized with 1 of 2 licensed recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Shortly after the chimpanzees developed antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), they were challenged intravenously with mutant HBV strain AS. Two unvaccinated chimpanzees served as positive controls. The 4 vaccinated chimpanzees did not develop evidence of HBV infection or hepatitis during 2 years following virus challenge. In contrast, the 2 unvaccinated chimpanzees developed HBV infection and hepatitis. Serum anti-HBs in the vaccinated chimpanzees reacted not only with wild-type surface antigen, but also with mutant surface antigen by competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, immunization of chimpanzees with licensed recombinant hepatitis B vaccines stimulates anti-HBs that is broadly reactive and affords protection against infection with a surface gene mutant of HBV, suggesting that properly immunized individuals are not at significant risk of infection with this prototype variant strain of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ogata
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0740, USA
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34
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Günther S, Fischer L, Pult I, Sterneck M, Will H. Naturally occurring variants of hepatitis B virus. Adv Virus Res 1999; 52:25-137. [PMID: 10384235 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
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35
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Schinazi RF, Ilan E, Black PL, Yao X, Dagan S. Cell-based and animal models for hepatitis B and C viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:99-114. [PMID: 10431609 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable cell-based assays and animal models have been developed for evaluating agents against hepatitis B virus. Although much progress has been made, in vitro and in vivo assays for hepatitis C virus are still on the horizon. Advances towards establishing inexpensive and reliable experimental models have accelerated the development of therapeutic modalities for these life-threatening viral infections. The characterization of well-defined viral targets coupled with improved molecular diagnostic technologies have illuminated this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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36
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Adler R, Safadi R, Caraco Y, Rowe M, Etzioni A, Ashur Y, Shouval D. Comparison of immune reactivity and pharmacokinetics of two hepatitis B immune globulins in patients after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1999; 29:1299-305. [PMID: 10094978 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) immune globulin (HBIg) administration will prevent HBV graft reinfection in HBV patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). However, the expenditure for such prophylaxis is extremely high ranging between $2,000 to $10,000 per month in various countries for an undefined period and presumably for life. As a consequence, there is a need for introduction of additional and less expensive modes of treatment. In a preliminary clinical trial a new HBIg preparation has been shown to induce longer lasting levels of circulating antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in patients after OLT compared with previous experience with conventional HBIg preparations. In the present study the pharmacokinetics of this new HBIg, OMRI-Hep-B, were studied and compared with a conventional, licensed preparation, Hepatect. Fifteen post-OLT patients (2-8 years post-OLT, 18-62 years of age, 6 men, 9 women) were treated intravenously with 49 doses of OMRI-Hep-B or Hepatect given at least once, alternately, at 10,000 to 14,000 units per injection ( approximately 130 IU/kg body weight). The new HBIg was well tolerated and no adverse effects were observed. Administration of OMRI-Hep-B was shown to induce high and long-lasting levels of circulating anti-HBs antibodies and greater areas under the curve (AUC) compared with the conventional preparation. Thus, anti-HBs half-life was 22 +/- 1.3 days for OMRI-Hep-B recipients and 13 +/- 1.3 days for Hepatect recipients (P <.001). Time to reach trough anti-HBs levels of 150 mIU/mL was significantly longer after administration of OMRI-Hep-B than after Hepatect (79 +/- 4.5 and 52 +/- 3.8 days, respectively; P <.001). In summary, the pharmacokinetic profile of the new HBIg, and in particular its prolonged elimination half-life, may reduce the cost of administration by approximately 30% and improve the quality of life of patients by extending the interval between repeated immune globulin injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adler
- Liver Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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37
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Vitral CL, Yoshida CF, Gaspar AM. The use of non-human primates as animal models for the study of hepatitis viruses. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:1035-48. [PMID: 9777010 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses belong to different families and have in common a striking hepatotropism and restrictions for propagation in cell culture. The transmissibility of hepatitis is in great part limited to non-human primates. Enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus) can induce hepatitis in a number of Old World and New World monkey species, while the host range of non-human primates susceptible to hepatitis viruses transmitted by the parenteral route (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis delta virus) is restricted to few species of Old World monkeys, especially the chimpanzee. Experimental studies on non-human primates have provided an invaluable source of information regarding the biology and pathogenesis of these viruses, and represent a still indispensable tool for vaccine and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Vitral
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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38
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Ryu CJ, Gripon P, Park HR, Park SS, Kim YK, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Yoo OJ, Hong HJ. In vitro neutralization of hepatitis B virus by monoclonal antibodies against the viral surface antigen. J Med Virol 1997; 52:226-33. [PMID: 9179773 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199706)52:2<226::aid-jmv18>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro HBV infection and neutralization were assayed using an anti-preS1 murine monoclonal antibody (1B3) and anti-preS2 (H69K) and anti-S (CS131A) murine-human chimeric antibodies. The 1B3 (IgG1) and H69K (IgG1) was constructed previously and the CS131A was constructed for this study by expressing stably the chimeric heavy and light chains in Chinese hamster ovary cells and purifying from the culture supernatant. Previous study showed that the H69K and CS131A recognize known virus-neutralizing epitopes, while the 1B3 does not. For the assays, adult human hepatocyte primary culture was infected with the adr or ayw subtype of HBV, and the infectivity and subsequent replication was confirmed both by measuring the kinetics of HB-sAg secretion by the infected cells and detecting the intermediate replicative form of HBV DNA in the cells. Next, the hepatocytes were infected with the adr or ayw subtype of the virus that had been preincubated with various concentrations of each of the antibodies and the neutralization of HBV was analyzed. The results showed that the anti-preS2 and anti-S chimeric antibodies exhibited neutralizing activity against both the adr and ayw subtypes of the virus, with approximately 1,000 and 2,000 times higher specific activity than polyclonal hepatitis B immune globulin, respectively, but the anti-preS1 antibody scarcely neutralized the infection. The neutralizing activities of the antibodies were consistent with their epitope specificity and antigenbinding affinity, suggesting that this neutralization assay is specific. The in vitro neutralization assay will be useful for evaluating the neutralizing activity of anti-HBV antibodies before in vivo testing in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Ryu
- Antibody Engineering Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong, Taejon, Korea
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39
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Abstract
Liver transplantation remains problematic in patients with end-stage liver disease secondary to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Recurrent hepatitis is almost universal in those patients who are HBV DNA-positive prior to transplantation. Prophylactic hepatitis B immune globulin can be given to reduce the rate of hepatitis B recurrence in patients who are HBV DNA-negative prior to transplantation. More recently novel antiviral drugs such as lamivudine or famciclovir have been used specifically to inhibit hepatitis B viral replication. However, the development of drug-resistant viral mutants have been observed. Further studies are needed to investigate these drugs more extensively, particularly to assess whether combination therapy may be a more effective means of controlling viral recurrence in patients transplanted for chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grellier
- Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
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40
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Park SS, Ryu CJ, Gripon P, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Hong HJ. Generation and characterization of a humanized antibody with specificity for preS2 surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1996; 15:435-41. [PMID: 8985755 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1996.15.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
For the prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the surface antigens of HBV would offer several advantages over the current human polyclonal antibody. We have developed a humanized antibody with specificity for the preS2 surface antigen of HBV and evaluated the neutralizing activity of the humanized antibody. The complementarity-determining regions of the heavy and light chains of a murine monoclonal antibody (H8) were grafted onto the variable regions of a highly homologous human anti-Sm antibody, which were then combined with the constant regions of human gamma 1 and kappa, respectively. The affinity of the resulting humanized antibody (Z6B) was about one tenth that of the chimeric antibody. The new version (ZP39) of the humanized antibody, which was constructed by substituting the heavy-chain framework residue at position 94 of the Z6B with original mouse residue, showed almost the same affinity as that of the chimeric antibody. The evaluation of the HBV neutralizing activity of ZP39 using in vitro infection of adult human hepatocyte primary culture by HBV showed that it had a specific activity that was approximately 1000 times higher than commercially available polyclonal hepatitis B immune globulin. We expect that the present humanized antibody will be useful in the prevention of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Park
- Antibody Engineering Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon, Korea
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41
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Grellier L, Mutimer D, Ahmed M, Brown D, Burroughs AK, Rolles K, McMaster P, Beranek P, Kennedy F, Kibbler H, McPhillips P, Elias E, Dusheiko G. Lamivudine prophylaxis against reinfection in liver transplantation for hepatitis B cirrhosis. Lancet 1996; 348:1212-5. [PMID: 8898039 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)04444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation in patients positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA is associated with a high reinfection rate, even with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) prophylaxis. Nucleoside analogues that inhibit hepatitis B replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B could prevent reinfection after transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyse the efficacy and safety of prophylaxis both before and after transplantation with the nucleoside analogue lamivudine, without HBIG, in patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS 17 HBsAg-positive patients with decompensated cirrhosis and previous evidence of viral replication were enrolled. 12 were HBV-DNA-positive by a signal amplification assay. Patients were treated with oral lamivudine (100 mg daily) for at least 4 weeks before transplantation and followed up for 18-90 weeks after transplantation. FINDINGS HBV DNA became undetectable in serum before transplantation in all HBV-DNA-positive patients. Four died before transplantation from complications of cirrhosis; one patient was withdrawn from the study because of a cerebrovascular accident. The remaining 12 patients underwent transplantation. Two patients died after transplantation (one at 3 days and one [suicide] at 20 weeks). HBV DNA reappeared in one patient with histological evidence of recurrent hepatitis (72 weeks). By week 24 the nine remaining patients had lost HBsAg and remained negative for HBV DNA. INTERPRETATION Lamivudine treatment may prove useful in preventing recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. The effect on survival of patients after transplantation remains to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grellier
- University Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
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42
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Miyake Y, Oda T, Li R, Sugiyama K. A comparison of amino acid sequences of hepatitis B virus S gene in 46 children presenting various clinical features for immunoprophylaxis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1996; 180:233-47. [PMID: 9058508 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.180.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We compared amino acid sequences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) S protein deduced from analyzed DNA sequence in 46 children who received immunoprophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV. They were classified into 6 groups by their clinical features. The antibody escape mutants were found in 8 cases among 46 cases. We studied the difference in clinical features in these cases and speculated that 126 Ser or 140 Ser-strain may have a different behavior in relation to antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen from 126 Asn or 145 Arg-strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyake
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Medical School, Japan
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43
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Sawada H, Iwasa S, Nishimura O, Kitano K. Efficient production of anti-(hepatitis B virus) antibodies and their neutralizing activity in chimpanzees. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 43:445-51. [PMID: 7632396 DOI: 10.1007/bf00218447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
For industrial production of human monoclonal antibodies (hmAb) against hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), we scaled-up a short-term perfusion culture in serum-free medium, which was chosen as the most suitable culture method, to a 50-1 fermentor equipped with a rotating shear filter. Using hydrophobic chromatography as the initial step of hmAb purification, the mAb HBW4, HBW6 and W471 were isolated in good quality from the respective culture broths in yields of approximately 75%. Each of the three purified hmAb alone, and a cocktail of the three, protected chimpanzees against HB virus, when injected intravenously 3 h after viral challenge, as long as the serum antibody levels were significant. A pharmacokinetic study using cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated that the hmAb have a long plasma half-life and bioavailability of approximately 76% upon intramuscular injection in primates. Thus, anti-HBsAg hmAb produced by an industrial process are expected to be successfully used in clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sawada
- Fermentation Center, Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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44
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Characterization of a recombinant antibody produced in the course of a high yield fed-batch process. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:727-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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