1
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Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. The human placenta: new perspectives on its formation and function during early pregnancy. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230191. [PMID: 37072047 PMCID: PMC10113033 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta has evolved to support the development of the embryo and fetus during the different intrauterine periods of life. By necessity, its development must precede that of the embryo. There is now evidence that during embryogenesis and organogenesis, the development of the human placenta is supported by histotrophic nutrition secreted from endometrial glands rather than maternal blood. These secretions provide a plentiful supply of glucose, lipids, glycoproteins and growth factors that stimulate rapid proliferation and differentiation of the villous trophoblast. Furthermore, evidence from endometrial gland organoids indicates that expression and secretion of these products are upregulated following sequential exposure to oestrogen, progesterone and trophoblastic and decidual hormones, in particular prolactin. Hence, a feed-forward signalling dialogue is proposed among the trophoblast, decidua and glands that enables the placenta to stimulate its own development, independent of that of the embryo. Many common complications of pregnancy represent a spectrum of disorders associated with deficient trophoblast proliferation. Increasing evidence suggests that this spectrum is mirrored by one of impaired decidualization, potentially compromising histotroph secretion through diminished prolactin secretion and reduced gland function. Optimizing endometrial wellbeing prior to conception may therefore help to prevent common pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage, growth restriction and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Burton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Jauniaux
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Acquasaliente L, De Filippis V. The Role of Proteolysis in Amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010699. [PMID: 36614141 PMCID: PMC9820691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases associated with deposits of amyloid fibrils in different tissues. So far, 36 different types of amyloidosis are known, each due to the misfolding and accumulation of a specific protein. Amyloid deposits can be found in several organs, including the heart, brain, kidneys, and spleen, and can affect single or multiple organs. Generally, amyloid-forming proteins become prone to aggregate due to genetic mutations, acquired environmental factors, excessive concentration, or post-translational modifications. Interestingly, amyloid aggregates are often composed of proteolytic fragments, derived from the degradation of precursor proteins by yet unidentified proteases, which display higher amyloidogenic tendency compared to precursor proteins, thus representing an important mechanism in the onset of amyloid-based diseases. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the proteolytic susceptibility of three of the main human amyloidogenic proteins, i.e., transthyretin, β-amyloid precursor protein, and α-synuclein, in the onset of amyloidosis. We also highlight the role that proteolytic enzymes can play in the crosstalk between intestinal inflammation and amyloid-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Acquasaliente
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (V.D.F.); Tel.: +39-0498275703 (L.A.); +39-0498275698 (V.D.F.)
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (V.D.F.); Tel.: +39-0498275703 (L.A.); +39-0498275698 (V.D.F.)
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3
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Karhadkar TR, Chen W, Pilling D, Gomer RH. Inhibitors of the Sialidase NEU3 as Potential Therapeutics for Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:239. [PMID: 36613682 PMCID: PMC9820515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosing diseases are a major medical problem, and are associated with more deaths per year than cancer in the US. Sialidases are enzymes that remove the sugar sialic acid from glycoconjugates. In this review, we describe efforts to inhibit fibrosis by inhibiting sialidases, and describe the following rationale for considering sialidases to be a potential target to inhibit fibrosis. First, sialidases are upregulated in fibrotic lesions in humans and in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Second, the extracellular sialidase NEU3 appears to be both necessary and sufficient for pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Third, there exist at least three mechanistic ways in which NEU3 potentiates fibrosis, with two of them being positive feedback loops where a profibrotic cytokine upregulates NEU3, and the upregulated NEU3 then upregulates the profibrotic cytokine. Fourth, a variety of NEU3 inhibitors block pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model. Finally, the high sialidase levels in a fibrotic lesion cause an easily observed desialylation of serum proteins, and in a mouse model, sialidase inhibitors that stop fibrosis reverse the serum protein desialylation. This then indicates that serum protein sialylation is a potential surrogate biomarker for the effect of sialidase inhibitors, which would facilitate clinical trials to test the exciting possibility that sialidase inhibitors could be used as therapeutics for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
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4
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Radamaker L, Karimi-Farsijani S, Andreotti G, Baur J, Neumann M, Schreiner S, Berghaus N, Motika R, Haupt C, Walther P, Schmidt V, Huhn S, Hegenbart U, Schönland SO, Wiese S, Read C, Schmidt M, Fändrich M. Role of mutations and post-translational modifications in systemic AL amyloidosis studied by cryo-EM. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6434. [PMID: 34741031 PMCID: PMC8571268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic AL amyloidosis is a rare disease that is caused by the misfolding of immunoglobulin light chains (LCs). Potential drivers of amyloid formation in this disease are post-translational modifications (PTMs) and the mutational changes that are inserted into the LCs by somatic hypermutation. Here we present the cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of an ex vivo λ1-AL amyloid fibril whose deposits disrupt the ordered cardiomyocyte structure in the heart. The fibril protein contains six mutational changes compared to the germ line and three PTMs (disulfide bond, N-glycosylation and pyroglutamylation). Our data imply that the disulfide bond, glycosylation and mutational changes contribute to determining the fibril protein fold and help to generate a fibril morphology that is able to withstand proteolytic degradation inside the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Radamaker
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Giada Andreotti
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Baur
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Schreiner
- Medical Department V, Section of Multiple Myeloma, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Berghaus
- Medical Department V, Section of Multiple Myeloma, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raoul Motika
- Department of Asia-Africa-Studies, Middle Eastern History and Culture, University of Hamburg, 20148, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Haupt
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Huhn
- Medical Department V, Section of Multiple Myeloma, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Hegenbart
- Medical Department V, Amyloidosis Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan O Schönland
- Medical Department V, Amyloidosis Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clarissa Read
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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5
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Abstract
Amyloidosis constitutes a large spectrum of diseases characterized by an extracellular deposition of a fibrillar aggregate, generating insoluble and toxic amasses that may be deposited in tissues in bundles with an abnormal cross-β-sheet conformation, known as amyloid. Amyloid may lead to a cell damage and an impairment of organ function. Several different proteins are recognized as able to produce amyloid fibrils with a different tissue tropism related to the molecular structure. The deposition of amyloid may occur as a consequence of the presence of an abnormal protein, caused by high plasma levels of a normal protein, or as a result of the aging process along with some environmental factors. Although amyloidosis is rare, amyloid deposits play a role in several conditions as degenerative diseases. Thus, the development of antiamyloid curative treatments may be a rational approach to treat neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease in the future. Nowadays, novel treatment options are currently refined through controlled trials, as new drug targets and different therapeutic approaches have been identified and validated through modern advances in basic research. Fibril formation stabilizers, proteasome inhibitors, and immunotherapy revealed promising results in improving the outcomes of patients with systemic amyloidosis, and these novel algorithms will be effectively combined with current treatments based on chemotherapeutic regimens. The aim of this review is to provide an update on diagnosis and treatment for systemic amyloidosis.
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Jamal F, Rosenzweig M. Amyloidosis with Cardiac Involvement: Identification, Characterization, and Management. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2021; 16:357-366. [PMID: 34106429 PMCID: PMC8367912 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-021-00626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Amyloidosis is a protein deposition disease whereby a variety of precursor proteins form insoluble fibrils that deposit in tissues, causing organ dysfunction and, many times, death. Accurate characterization of the disease based on the nature of the precursor protein, organ involvement, and extent of disease is paramount to guide management. Cardiac amyloidosis is critical to understand because of its impact on prognosis and new treatment options available. RECENT FINDINGS New imaging methods have proven to be considerably valuable in the identification of cardiac amyloid infiltration. For treating clinicians, a diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected amyloidosis with or without cardiomyopathy is shown to help classify disease and to direct appropriate genetic testing and management. For patients with light chain disease, recently introduced treatments adopted from multiple myeloma therapies have significantly extended progression-free and overall survival as well as organ response. In addition, new medical interventions are now available for those with transthyretin amyloidosis. Although cardiac amyloidosis contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with systemic disease, new tools are available to assist with diagnosis, prognosis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizi Jamal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Michael Rosenzweig
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd. Duarte, CA, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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7
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Schürmann J, Gottwald J, Rottenaicher G, Tholey A, Röcken C. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging unravels organ and amyloid-type specific peptide signatures in pulmonary and gastrointestinal amyloidosis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e2000079. [PMID: 34061454 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amyloidosis is a disease group caused by pathological aggregation and deposition of peptides in diverse tissue sites. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging coupled with ion mobility separation (MALDI-IMS MSI) was introduced as a novel tool to identify and classify amyloidosis using single sections from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded cardiac biopsies. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MALDI-IMS MSI can be applied to lung and gastrointestinal specimens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty six lung and 65 gastrointestinal biopsy and resection specimens with different types of amyloid were subjected to MALDI-IMS MSI. Ninety three specimens included tissue areas without amyloid as internal negative controls. Nine cases without amyloid served as additional negative controls. RESULTS Utilizing a peptide filter method and 21 known amyloid specific tryptic peptides we confirmed the applicability of a universal peptide signature with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% for the detection of amyloid deposits in the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, the frequencies of individual m/z-values of the 21 tryptic marker peptides showed organ- and tissue-type specific differences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE MALDI-IMS MSI adds a valuable analytical approach to diagnose and classify amyloid and the detection frequency of individual tryptic peptides is organ-/tissue-type specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schürmann
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juliane Gottwald
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Rottenaicher
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Often considered a rare disease, cardiac amyloidosis is increasingly recognized by practicing clinicians. The increased rate of diagnosis is in part due the aging of the population and increasing incidence and prevalence of cardiac amyloidosis with advancing age, as well as the advent of noninvasive methods using nuclear scintigraphy to diagnose transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis due to either variant or wild type transthyretin without a biopsy. Perhaps the most important driver of the increased awareness is the elucidation of the biologic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cardiac amyloidosis which have led to the development of several effective therapies with differing mechanisms of actions. In this review, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cardiac amyloidosis due to light chain (AL) or transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis are delineated as well as the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape that has emerged from a better pathophysiologic understanding of disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Griffin
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory
for the Elderly, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hannah Rosenblum
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory
for the Elderly, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mathew S. Maurer
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory
for the Elderly, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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9
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Quittot N, Fortier M, Babych M, Nguyen PT, Sebastiao M, Bourgault S. Cell surface glycosaminoglycans exacerbate plasma membrane perturbation induced by the islet amyloid polypeptide. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21306. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001845r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noé Quittot
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Mathilde Fortier
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Margaryta Babych
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Phuong Trang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Mathew Sebastiao
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
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10
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Templin AT, Mellati M, Soininen R, Hogan MF, Esser N, Castillo JJ, Zraika S, Kahn SE, Hull RL. Loss of perlecan heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans lowers body weight and decreases islet amyloid deposition in human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic mice. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:95-102. [PMID: 31769491 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet amyloid is a pathologic feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) that is associated with β-cell loss and dysfunction. These amyloid deposits form via aggregation of the β-cell secretory product islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and contain other molecules including the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. Perlecan has been shown to bind amyloidogenic human IAPP (hIAPP) via its heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS GAG) chains and to enhance hIAPP aggregation in vitro. We postulated that reducing the HS GAG content of perlecan would also decrease islet amyloid deposition in vivo. hIAPP transgenic mice were crossed with Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice harboring a perlecan mutation that prevents HS GAG attachment (hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3), and male offspring from this cross were fed a high fat diet for 12 months to induce islet amyloid deposition. At the end of the study body weight, islet amyloid area, β-cell area, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were analyzed. hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice exhibited significantly less islet amyloid deposition and greater β-cell area compared to hIAPP mice expressing wild type perlecan. hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice also gained significantly less weight than other genotypes. When adjusted for differences in body weight using multiple linear regression modeling, we found no differences in islet amyloid deposition or β-cell area between hIAPP transgenic and hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice. We conclude that loss of perlecan exon 3 reduces islet amyloid deposition in vivo through indirect effects on body weight and possibly also through direct effects on hIAPP aggregation. Both of these mechanisms may promote maintenance of glucose homeostasis in the setting of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Templin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Mahnaz Mellati
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Raija Soininen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, Linnanmaa, Oulu, Finland
| | - Meghan F Hogan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - J Josh Castillo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
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11
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Ino H, Doi Y, Liefaard L, Cookson L, Chen C, Itoh H, Igarashi H, Nakano A. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Single Intravenous Dose of Miridesap in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:612-618. [PMID: 30556959 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This phase 1 study characterized the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of miridesap (GSK2315698) following an intravenous (IV) infusion in healthy Japanese men. Subjects in Cohort 1 received 1-hour IV infusions of 10, 20, and 40 mg of miridesap or placebo, and subjects in Cohort 2 received a 15-hour IV infusion of 20 mg/h of miridesap or placebo. No treatment-related adverse events were reported. No new safety signals were identified for either vital signs or clinical laboratory parameters. A dose-dependent increase was observed in miridesap exposure (area under the concentration-time curve and maximum observed drug concentration) in the 10 to 40 mg/h dose range after a 1-hour IV infusion of miridesap. Rapid depletion of circulating serum amyloid P component was observed after the initiation of miridesap infusion. Serum amyloid P component concentrations fell in a dose-dependent manner following administration of miridesap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ino
- Medicines Development (Clinical Pharmacology Office), Japan Development Division, GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Doi
- Medicines Development (Clinical Pharmacology Office), Japan Development Division, GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lia Liefaard
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Chao Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Biomedical Data Sciences Department, Japan Development Division, GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harue Igarashi
- Pre-Clinical Development, Japan Development Division, GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- Medicines Development, Japan Development Division, GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The phylogenetically ancient, pentraxin family of plasma proteins, comprises C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) in humans and the homologous proteins in other species. They are composed of five, identical, non-covalently associated protomers arranged with cyclic pentameric symmetry in a disc-like configuration. Each protomer has a calcium dependent site that mediates the particular specific ligand binding responsible for all the rigorously established functional properties of these proteins. No genetic deficiency of either human CRP or SAP has been reported, nor even any sequence polymorphism in the proteins themselves. Although their actual functions in humans are therefore unknown, gene deletion studies in mice demonstrate that both proteins can contribute to innate immunity. CRP is the classical human acute phase protein, routinely measured in clinical practice worldwide to monitor disease activity. Human SAP, which is not an acute phase protein, is a universal constituent of all human amyloid deposits as a result of its avid specific binding to amyloid fibrils of all types. SAP thereby contributes to amyloid formation and persistence in vivo. Whole body radiolabelled SAP scintigraphy safely and non-invasively localizes and quantifies systemic amyloid deposits, and has transformed understanding of the natural history of amyloidosis and its response to treatment. Human SAP is also a therapeutic target, both in amyloidosis and Alzheimer's disease. Our drug, miridesap, depletes SAP from the blood and the brain and is currently being tested in the DESPIAD clinical trial in Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, the obligate therapeutic partnership of miridesap, to deplete circulating SAP, and dezamizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-SAP antibody that targets residual SAP in amyloid deposits, produces unprecedented removal of amyloid from the tissues and improves organ function. Human CRP binds to dead and damaged cells in vivo and activates complement and this can exacerbate pre-existing tissue damage. The adverse effects of CRP are completely abrogated by compounds that block its binding to autologous ligands and we are developing CRP inhibitor drugs. The present personal and critical perspective on the pentraxins reports, for the first time, the key role of serendipity in our work since 1975. (345 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark. B. Pepys
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Magnadóttir B, Hayes P, Gísladóttir B, Bragason BÞ, Hristova M, Nicholas AP, Guðmundsdóttir S, Lange S. Pentraxins CRP-I and CRP-II are post-translationally deiminated and differ in tissue specificity in cod (Gadus morhua L.) ontogeny. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:1-11. [PMID: 29777721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pentraxins are fluid phase pattern recognition molecules that form an important part of the innate immune defence and are conserved between fish and human. In Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), two pentraxin-like proteins have been described, CRP-I and CRP-II. Here we show for the first time that these two CRP forms are post-translationally deiminated (an irreversible conversion of arginine to citrulline) and differ with respect to tissue specific localisation in cod ontogeny from 3 to 84 days post hatching. While both forms are expressed in liver, albeit at temporally differing levels, CRP-I shows a strong association with nervous tissue while CRP-II is strongly associated to mucosal tissues of gut and skin. This indicates differing roles for the two pentraxin types in immune responses and tissue remodelling, also elucidating novel roles for CRP-I in the nervous system. The presence of deimination positive bands for cod CRPs varied somewhat between mucus and serum, possibly facilitating CRP protein moonlighting, allowing the same protein to exhibit a range of biological functions and thus meeting different functional requirements in different tissues. The presented findings may further current understanding of the diverse roles of pentraxins in teleost immune defences and tissue remodelling, as well as in various human pathologies, including autoimmune diseases, amyloidosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergljót Magnadóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Polly Hayes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Berglind Gísladóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Birkir Þór Bragason
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, WC1E 6HX London, UK.
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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14
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Kim JW, Budzak J, Liu Y, Jégouzo SAF, Drickamer K, Taylor ME. Identification of serum glycoprotein ligands for the immunomodulatory receptor blood dendritic cell antigen 2. Glycobiology 2018; 28:592-600. [PMID: 29796630 PMCID: PMC6054153 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA-2) is a C-type lectin found on the surface of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. It functions as a glycan-binding receptor that downregulates the production of type I interferons and thus plays a role in oligosaccharide-mediated immunomodulation. The carbohydrate recognition domain in BDCA-2 binds selectively to galactose-terminated bi-antennary glycans. Because the plasmacytoid dendritic cells function in a plasma environment rich in glycoproteins, experiments have been undertaken to identify endogenous ligands for blood dendritic cell antigen 2. A combination of blotting, affinity chromatography and proteomic analysis reveals that serum glycoprotein ligands for BDCA-2 include IgG, IgA and IgM. Compared to binding of IgG, which was previously described, IgA and IgM bind with higher affinity. The association constants for the different subclasses of immunoglobulins are below and roughly proportional to the serum concentrations of these glycoprotein ligands. Binding to the other main serum glycoprotein ligand, α2-macroglobulin, is independent of whether this protease inhibitor is activated. Binding to all of these glycoprotein ligands is mediated predominantly by bi-antennary glycans in which each branch bears a terminal galactose residue. The different affinities of the glycoprotein ligands reflect the different numbers of these galactose-terminated glycans and their degree of exposure on the native glycoproteins. The results suggest that normal serum levels of immunoglobulins could downmodulate interferon stimulation of further antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - James Budzak
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sabine A F Jégouzo
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maureen E Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College, London, UK
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15
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Winter M, Tholey A, Kristen A, Röcken C. MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging: A Novel Tool for the Identification and Classification of Amyloidosis. Proteomics 2018; 17. [PMID: 28994248 PMCID: PMC5725723 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases caused by extracellular accumulation of fibrillar polypeptide aggregates. So far, diagnosis is performed by Congo red staining of tissue sections in combination with polarization microscopy. Subsequent identification of the causative protein by immunohistochemistry harbors some difficulties regarding sensitivity and specificity. Mass spectrometry based approaches have been demonstrated to constitute a reliable method to supplement typing of amyloidosis, but still depend on Congo red staining. In the present study, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging coupled with ion mobility separation (MALDI-IMS MSI) to investigate amyloid deposits in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Utilizing a novel peptide filter method, we found a universal peptide signature for amyloidoses. Furthermore, differences in the peptide composition of ALλ and ATTR amyloid were revealed and used to build a reliable classification model. Integrating the peptide filter in MALDI-IMS MSI analysis, we developed a bioinformatics workflow facilitating the identification and classification of amyloidosis in a less time and sample-consuming experimental setup. Our findings demonstrate also the feasibility to investigate the amyloid's protein composition, thus paving the way to establish classification models for the diverse types of amyloidoses and to shed further light on the complex process of amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Winter
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arnt Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Karhadkar TR, Pilling D, Cox N, Gomer RH. Sialidase inhibitors attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15069. [PMID: 29118338 PMCID: PMC5678159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis involves increasing amounts of scar tissue appearing in a tissue, but what drives this is unclear. In fibrotic lesions in human and mouse lungs, we found extensive desialylation of glycoconjugates, and upregulation of sialidases. The fibrosis-associated cytokine TGF-β1 upregulates sialidases in human airway epithelium cells, lung fibroblasts, and immune system cells. Conversely, addition of sialidases to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induces accumulation of extracellular TGF-β1, forming what appears to be a sialidase - TGF-β1 - sialidase positive feedback loop. Monocyte-derived cells called fibrocytes also activate fibroblasts, and we found that sialidases potentiate fibrocyte differentiation. A sialylated glycoprotein called serum amyloid P (SAP) inhibits fibrocyte differentiation, and sialidases attenuate SAP function. Injections of the sialidase inhibitors DANA and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) starting either 1 day or 10 days after bleomycin strongly attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in the mouse bleomycin model, and by breaking the feedback loop, cause a downregulation of sialidase and TGF-β1 accumulation. Together, these results suggest that a positive feedback loop involving sialidases potentiates fibrosis, and suggest that sialidase inhibitors could be useful for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas R Karhadkar
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Nehemiah Cox
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA.
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17
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Pilely K, Fumagalli S, Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Skjoedt MO, Perego C, Ferrante AMR, De Simoni MG, Garred P. C-Reactive Protein Binds to Cholesterol Crystals and Co-Localizes with the Terminal Complement Complex in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1040. [PMID: 28900428 PMCID: PMC5581807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a part of the initial process leading to atherosclerosis and cholesterol crystals (CC), found in atherosclerotic plaques, which are known to induce complement activation. The pentraxins C-reactive protein (CRP), long pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and serum amyloid P component (SAP) are serum proteins associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and these proteins have been shown to interact with the complement system. Whether the pentraxins binds to CC and mediate downstream complement-dependent inflammatory processes remains unknown. Binding of CRP, PTX3, and SAP to CC was investigated in vitro by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. CRP, PTX3, and SAP bound to CC in a concentration-dependent manner. CRP and PTX3 interacted with the complement pattern recognition molecule C1q on CC by increasing the binding of both purified C1q and C1q in plasma. However, CRP was the strongest mediator of C1q binding and also the pentraxin that most potently elevated C1q-mediated complement activation. In a phagocytic assay using whole blood, we confirmed that phagocytosis of CC is complement dependent and initiated by C1q-mediated activation. The pathophysiological relevance of the in vitro observations was examined in vivo in human atherosclerotic plaques. CRP, PTX3, and SAP were all found in atherosclerotic plaques and were located mainly in the cholesterol-rich necrotic core, but co-localization with the terminal C5b-9 complement complex was only found for CRP. In conclusion, this study identifies CRP as a strong C1q recruiter and complement facilitator on CC, which may be highly relevant for the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlo Perego
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela M R Ferrante
- Università Cattolica del S.Cuore, Istituto di Patologia Chirurgica, Fondazione "Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli", Polo Scienze cardiovascolari e toraciche, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
Aggregation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is strongly correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent research has improved our understanding of the kinetics of amyloid fibril assembly and revealed new details regarding different stages in plaque formation. Presently, interest is turning toward studying this process in a holistic context, focusing on cellular components which interact with the Aβ peptide at various junctures during aggregation, from monomer to cross-β amyloid fibrils. However, even in isolation, a multitude of factors including protein purity, pH, salt content, and agitation affect Aβ fibril formation and deposition, often producing complicated and conflicting results. The failure of numerous inhibitors in clinical trials for AD suggests that a detailed examination of the complex interactions that occur during plaque formation, including binding of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and metal ions, is important for understanding the diversity of manifestations of the disease. Unraveling how a variety of key macromolecular modulators interact with the Aβ peptide and change its aggregation properties may provide opportunities for developing therapies. Since no protein acts in isolation, the interplay of these diverse molecules may differentiate disease onset, progression, and severity, and thus are worth careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Stewart
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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19
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Courtade JA, Wang EY, Yen P, Dai DL, Soukhatcheva G, Orban PC, Verchere CB. Loss of prohormone convertase 2 promotes beta cell dysfunction in a rodent transplant model expressing human pro-islet amyloid polypeptide. Diabetologia 2017; 60:453-463. [PMID: 27999871 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A contributor to beta cell failure in type 2 diabetes and islet transplants is amyloid formation by aggregation of the beta cell peptide, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Similar to the proinsulin processing pathway that generates insulin, IAPP is derived from a prohormone precursor, proIAPP, which requires cleavage by prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2 in rodent pancreatic beta cells. We hypothesised that loss of PC2 would promote beta cell death and dysfunction in a rodent model of human beta cell proIAPP overexpression. METHODS We generated an islet transplant model wherein immune-deficient mouse models of diabetes received islets expressing amyloidogenic human proIAPP and lacking PC2, leading to restoration of normoglycaemia accompanied by increased secretion of human proIAPP. Blood glucose levels were analysed for up to 16 weeks in transplant recipients and grafts were assessed for islet amyloid and beta cell number and death. RESULTS Hyperglycaemia (blood glucose >16.9 mmol/l) returned in 94% of recipients of islets expressing human proIAPP and lacking PC2, whereas recipients of islets that express human proIAPP and normal PC2 levels remained normoglycaemic for at least 16 weeks. Islet graft failure was accompanied by a ∼20% reduction in insulin-positive cells, yet the degree of amyloid deposition and beta cell apoptosis was similar to those of controls expressing human proIAPP with functional PC2 levels. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION PC2 deficiency in transplanted mouse islets expressing human proIAPP promotes beta cell loss and graft failure. Our data suggest that impaired NH2-terminal processing and increased secretion of human proIAPP promote beta cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaques A Courtade
- Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evan Y Wang
- Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Yen
- Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Derek L Dai
- Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Galina Soukhatcheva
- Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul C Orban
- Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
Amyloidoses are a spectrum of disorders caused by abnormal folding and extracellular deposition of proteins. The deposits lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction, particularly in the heart, kidneys, and nerves. There are at least 30 different proteins that can cause amyloidosis. The clinical management depends entirely on the type of protein deposited, and thus on the underlying pathogenesis, and often requires high-risk therapeutic intervention. Application of mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies for analysis of amyloid plaques has transformed the way amyloidosis is diagnosed and classified. Proteomic assays have been extensively used for clinical management of patients with amyloidosis, providing unprecedented diagnostic and biological information. They have shed light on the pathogenesis of different amyloid types and have led to identification of numerous new amyloid types, including ALECT2 amyloidosis, which is now recognized as one of the most common causes of systemic amyloidosis in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Dogan
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
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21
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Lavatelli F, Merlini G. Advances in proteomic study of cardiac amyloidosis: progress and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:1017-1027. [PMID: 27678147 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1242417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than ten distinct forms of amyloidoses that can involve the heart have been described, classified according to which protein originates the deposits. Cardiac amyloid infiltration translates into progressive and often life-threatening cardiomyopathy, but disease severity, prognosis and treatment drastically differ according to the amyloidosis type. The notion that protein misfolding and aggregation play a more general role in human cardiomyopathies has further raised attention towards the definition of the proteotoxicity mechanisms. Areas covered: Mass spectrometry-based proteomics plays an important role as a diagnostic tool and for understanding the molecular bases of amyloid cardiomyopathies. The landscape of applications of proteomics to the study of cardiac amyloidoses and amyloid-related cardiotoxicity is summarized, with a critical synthesis of the major achievements. Expert commentary: Current strengths and limitations of proteomics in the clinical setting and in translational research on amyloid cardiomyopathy are discussed, with the foreseen potential future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lavatelli
- a Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- a Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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22
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Ami D, Lavatelli F, Rognoni P, Palladini G, Raimondi S, Giorgetti S, Monti L, Doglia SM, Natalello A, Merlini G. In situ characterization of protein aggregates in human tissues affected by light chain amyloidosis: a FTIR microspectroscopy study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29096. [PMID: 27373200 PMCID: PMC4931462 DOI: 10.1038/srep29096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis, caused by deposition of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains (LCs), is the most common systemic form in industrialized countries. Still open questions, and premises for developing targeted therapies, concern the mechanisms of amyloid formation in vivo and the bases of organ targeting and dysfunction. Investigating amyloid material in its natural environment is crucial to obtain new insights on the molecular features of fibrillar deposits at individual level. To this aim, we used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy for studying in situ unfixed tissues (heart and subcutaneous abdominal fat) from patients affected by AL amyloidosis. We compared the infrared response of affected tissues with that of ex vivo and in vitro fibrils obtained from the pathogenic LC derived from one patient, as well as with that of non amyloid-affected tissues. We demonstrated that the IR marker band of intermolecular β-sheets, typical of protein aggregates, can be detected in situ in LC amyloid-affected tissues, and that FTIR microspectroscopy allows exploring the inter- and intra-sample heterogeneity. We extended the infrared analysis to the characterization of other biomolecules embedded within the amyloid deposits, finding an IR pattern that discloses a possible role of lipids, collagen and glycosaminoglycans in amyloid deposition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Lavatelli
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Rognoni
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sofia Giorgetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Monti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Doglia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Tissue deposition of protein fibrils causes a group of rare diseases called systemic amyloidoses. This Seminar focuses on changes in their epidemiology, the current approach to diagnosis, and advances in treatment. Systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common of these conditions, but wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTRwt) is increasingly being diagnosed. Typing of amyloid fibrils, a critical determinant of therapy, has improved with the wide availability of laser capture and mass spectrometry from fixed histological tissue sections. Specific and accurate evaluation of cardiac amyloidosis is now possible using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac repurposing of bone scintigraphy tracers. Survival in AL amyloidosis has improved markedly as novel chemotherapy agents have become available, but challenges remain in advanced disease. Early diagnosis, a key to better outcomes, still remains elusive. Broadening the amyloid-specific therapeutic landscape to include RNA inhibitors, fibril formation stabilisers and inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic targeting of amyloid deposits holds promise to transform outcomes in systemic amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh D Wechalekar
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK.
| | - Julian D Gillmore
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
| | - Philip N Hawkins
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
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24
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Minjarez B, Calderón-González KG, Rustarazo MLV, Herrera-Aguirre ME, Labra-Barrios ML, Rincon-Limas DE, Del Pino MMS, Mena R, Luna-Arias JP. Identification of proteins that are differentially expressed in brains with Alzheimer's disease using iTRAQ labeling and tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2016; 139:103-21. [PMID: 27012543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer's disease is one of the leading causes of dementia in the elderly. It is considered the result of complex events involving both genetic and environmental factors. To gain further insights into this complexity, we quantitatively analyzed the proteome of cortex region of brains from patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, using a bottom-up proteomics approach. We identified 721 isobaric-tagged polypeptides. From this universe, 61 were found overexpressed and 69 subexpressed in three brains with Alzheimer's disease in comparison to a normal brain. We determined that the most affected processes involving the overexpressed polypeptides corresponded to ROS and stress responses. For the subexpressed polypeptides, the main processes affected were oxidative phosphorylation, organellar acidification and cytoskeleton. We used Drosophila to validate some of the hits, particularly those non-previously described as connected with the disease, such as Sideroflexin and Phosphoglucomutase-1. We manipulated their homolog genes in Drosophila models of Aβ- and Tau-induced pathology. We found proteins that can either modify Aβ toxicity, Tau toxicity or both, suggesting specific interactions with different pathways. This approach illustrates the potential of Drosophila to validate hits after MS studies and suggest that model organisms should be included in the pipeline to identify relevant targets for Alzheimer's disease. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We report a set of differentially expressed proteins in three Alzheimer's disease brains in comparison to a normal brain. Our analyses allowed us to identify that the main affected pathways were ROS and stress responses, oxidative phosphorylation, organellar acidification and cytoskeleton. We validated some identified proteins using genetic models of Amyloid-β and Tau-induced pathology in Drosophila melanogaster. With this approach, Sideroflexin and Phosphoglucomutase-1 were identified as novel proteins connected with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Minjarez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Karla Grisel Calderón-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Ma Luz Valero Rustarazo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Rambla del Saler 16, 46012 Valencia, España.
| | - María Esther Herrera-Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - María Luisa Labra-Barrios
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Diego E Rincon-Limas
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Manuel M Sánchez Del Pino
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Rambla del Saler 16, 46012 Valencia, España.
| | - Raul Mena
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
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25
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Biological actions of pentraxins. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 73:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Velicky P, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Function and control of human invasive trophoblast subtypes: Intrinsic vs. maternal control. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 10:154-62. [PMID: 26418186 PMCID: PMC4853032 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1089376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a functional placenta is pivotal for normal fetal development and the maintenance of pregnancy. In the course of early placentation, trophoblast precursors differentiate into highly invasive trophoblast subtypes. These cells, referred to as extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), penetrate the maternal uterus reaching as far as the inner third of the myometrium. One of the most fundamental functions of EVTs is the transformation of spiral arteries to establish the uteroplacental blood circulation assuring an adequate nutrient and gas supply to the developing fetus. To achieve this, specialized EVT subpopulations interact with maternal immune cells, provoke elastolysis in the arterial wall and replace the endothelial cells lining the spiral arteries to induce intraluminal vascular remodeling. These and other trophoblast-mediated processes are tightly controlled by paracrine signals from the maternal decidua and furthermore underlie an intrinsic cell-type specific program. Various severe pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation are associated with abnormal EVT function, shallow invasion, and decreased blood flow to the placenta. Hence a better understanding of human trophoblast invasion seems mandatory to improve therapeutic intervention. This approach, however, requires a profound knowledge of the human placenta, its various trophoblast subtypes and in particular a better understanding of the regulatory network that controls the invasive phenotype of EVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Velicky
- a Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Martin Knöfler
- a Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- a Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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27
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Garcia-Sherman MC, Lundberg T, Sobonya RE, Lipke PN, Klotz SA. A unique biofilm in human deep mycoses: fungal amyloid is bound by host serum amyloid P component. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2015; 1. [PMID: 26366292 PMCID: PMC4563996 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We have demonstrated the presence of Candida cell surface amyloids that are important in aggregation of fungi and adherence to tissue. Fungal amyloid was present in invasive human candidal infections and host serum amyloid P component (SAP) bound to the fungal amyloid. SAP is a protease-resistant glycoprotein that binds avidly to amyloid and interferes with host defence, especially against bacterial pathogens for which neutrophils are important. In this study, we investigated whether biofilm of fungal amyloid and SAP was a feature of other disseminated fungal infections. METHODS Tissue specimens from 15 autopsies were systematically evaluated with multiple histochemical stains including thioflavin T and Congo red (dyes that stain amyloid), as well as antibody to SAP. We studied specimens with disseminated aspergillosis, mucormycosis and coccidioidomycosis. The structure of the lesions, host inflammatory cells and the presence of fungal amyloid and SAP were determined. RESULTS The structure of the lesions was characteristic in aspergillosis ('starburst') and mucormycosis (closely apposed bundles of hyphae). Host inflammatory cells were absent or few in number within these lesions. In Coccidioides lesions, host inflammation was sparse as well. Fungal amyloid was a prominent feature of all lesions along with abundant SAP bound to hyphae and spherules. Fungal amyloid and SAP perhaps contributed to persistence in caseous necrosis lesions. SAP also bound to Aspergillus and Mucorales amyloid in vitro. CONCLUSIONS A biofilm including amyloid and SAP is present in invasive fungal infections. This biofilm may dampen host defence leading to the characteristic sparse inflammatory reaction found in these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Lundberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Peter N Lipke
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen A Klotz
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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28
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DC-SIGN activation mediates the differential effects of SAP and CRP on the innate immune system and inhibits fibrosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8385-90. [PMID: 26106150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500956112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is caused by scar tissue formation in internal organs and is associated with 45% of deaths in the United States. Two closely related human serum proteins, serum amyloid P (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP), strongly affect fibrosis. In multiple animal models, and in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials, SAP affects several aspects of the innate immune system to reduce fibrosis, whereas CRP appears to potentiate fibrosis. However, SAP and CRP bind the same Fcγ receptors (FcγR) with similar affinities, and why SAP and CRP have opposing effects is unknown. Here, we report that SAP but not CRP binds the receptor DC-SIGN (SIGN-R1) to affect the innate immune system, and that FcγR are not necessary for SAP function. A polycyclic aminothiazole DC-SIGN ligand and anti-DC-SIGN antibodies mimic SAP effects in vitro. In mice, the aminothiazole reduces neutrophil accumulation in a model of acute lung inflammation and, at 0.001 mg/kg, alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by increasing levels of the immunosuppressant IL-10. DC-SIGN (SIGN-R1) is present on mouse lung epithelial cells, and SAP and the aminothiazole potentiate IL-10 production from these cells. Our data suggest that SAP activates DC-SIGN to regulate the innate immune system differently from CRP, and that DC-SIGN is a target for antifibrotics.
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29
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30
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Gao M, Estel K, Seeliger J, Friedrich RP, Dogan S, Wanker EE, Winter R, Ebbinghaus S. Modulation of human IAPP fibrillation: cosolutes, crowders and chaperones. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:8338-48. [PMID: 25406896 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04682j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellular environment determines the structure and function of proteins. Marginal changes of the environment can severely affect the energy landscape of protein folding. However, despite the important role of chaperones on protein folding, less is known about chaperonal modulation of protein aggregation and fibrillation considering different classes of chaperones. We find that the pharmacological chaperone O4, the chemical chaperone proline as well as the protein chaperone serum amyloid P component (SAP) are inhibitors of the type 2 diabetes mellitus-related aggregation process of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). By applying biophysical methods such as thioflavin T fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence anisotropy, total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy we analyse and compare their inhibition mechanism. We demonstrate that the fibrillation reaction of human IAPP is strongly inhibited by formation of globular, amorphous assemblies by both, the pharmacological and the protein chaperones. We studied the inhibition mechanism under cell-like conditions by using the artificial crowding agents Ficoll 70 and sucrose. Under such conditions the suppressive effect of proline was decreased, whereas the pharmacological chaperone remains active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Gao
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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31
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Martin EB, Kennel SJ, Richey T, Wooliver C, Osborne D, Williams A, Stuckey A, Wall JS. Dynamic PET and SPECT imaging with radioiodinated, amyloid-reactive peptide p5 in mice: a positive role for peptide dehalogenation. Peptides 2014; 60:63-70. [PMID: 25102446 PMCID: PMC4169731 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic molecular imaging provides bio-kinetic data that is used to characterize novel radiolabeled tracers for the detection of disease. Amyloidosis is a rare protein misfolding disease that can affect many organs. It is characterized by extracellular deposits composed principally of fibrillar proteins and hypersulfated proteoglycans. We have previously described a peptide, p5, which binds preferentially to amyloid deposits in a murine model of reactive (AA) amyloidosis. We have determined the whole body distribution of amyloid by molecular imaging techniques using radioiodinated p5. The loss of radioiodide from imaging probes due to enzymatic reaction has plagued the use of radioiodinated peptides and antibodies. Therefore, we studied iodine-124-labeled p5 by using dynamic PET imaging of both amyloid-laden and healthy mice to assess the rates of amyloid binding, the relevance of dehalogenation and the fate of the radiolabeled peptide. Rates of blood pool clearance, tissue accumulation and dehalogenation of the peptide were estimated from the images. Comparisons of these properties between the amyloid-laden and healthy mice provided kinetic profiles whose differences may prove to be indicative of the disease state. Additionally, we performed longitudinal SPECT/CT imaging with iodine-125-labeled p5 up to 72h post injection to determine the stability of the radioiodinated peptide when bound to the extracellular amyloid. Our data show that amyloid-associated peptide, in contrast to the unbound peptide, is resistant to dehalogenation resulting in enhanced amyloid-specific imaging. These data further support the utility of this peptide for detecting amyloidosis and monitoring potential therapeutic strategies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
| | - Stephen J Kennel
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
| | - Tina Richey
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
| | - Craig Wooliver
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
| | - Dustin Osborne
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
| | - Angela Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
| | - Alan Stuckey
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
| | - Jonathan S Wall
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
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32
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McCarthy C, Saldova R, Wormald MR, Rudd PM, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. The Role and Importance of Glycosylation of Acute Phase Proteins with Focus on Alpha-1 Antitrypsin in Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Conditions. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3131-43. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500146y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cormac McCarthy
- Respiratory
Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont
Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT
GlycoScience Group, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research
and Training, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark R Wormald
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- NIBRT
GlycoScience Group, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research
and Training, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Noel G. McElvaney
- Respiratory
Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont
Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Emer P. Reeves
- Respiratory
Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont
Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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33
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Sachchithanantham S, Wechalekar AD, Hawkins PN. An evaluation of current treatment options for immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.881285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Job ER, Bottazzi B, Short KR, Deng YM, Mantovani A, Brooks AG, Reading PC. A single amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin of H3N2 subtype influenza A viruses is associated with resistance to the long pentraxin PTX3 and enhanced virulence in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:271-81. [PMID: 24307735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The long pentraxin, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), can play beneficial or detrimental roles during infection and disease by modulating various aspects of the immune system. There is growing evidence to suggest that PTX3 can mediate antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. Previous studies demonstrated that PTX3 and the short pentraxin serum amyloid P express sialic acids that are recognized by the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of certain influenza A viruses (IAV), resulting in virus neutralization and anti-IAV activity. In this study, we demonstrate that specificity of both HA and the viral neuraminidase for particular sialic acid linkages determines the susceptibility of H1N1, H3N2, and H7N9 strains to the antiviral activities of PTX3 and serum amyloid P. Selection of H3N2 virus mutants resistant to PTX3 allowed for identification of amino acid residues in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket of HA that are critical determinants of sensitivity to PTX3; this was supported by sequence analysis of a range of H3N2 strains that were sensitive or resistant to PTX3. In a mouse model of infection, the enhanced virulence of PTX3-resistant mutants was associated with increased virus replication and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the airways, leading to pulmonary inflammation and lung injury. Together, these studies identify determinants in the viral HA that can be associated with sensitivity to the antiviral activities of PTX3 and highlight its importance in the control of IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Garcia M, Lipke P, Klotz S. Pathogenic microbial amyloids: Their function and the host response. OA MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 1:2. [PMID: 25419543 PMCID: PMC4238391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Functional microbial amyloids are ubiquitous in nature and some contribute to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Three pathogenic microbial amyloids are compared and their contribution to the disease process explained. The recent demonstration and visualization of fungal amyloid in human invasive candidiasis is discussed. Moreover, the binding of host serum amyloid P component to Candida functional amyloid in invasive human disease is presented in light of its possible role of masking fungi from the host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mc Garcia
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Pn Lipke
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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36
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Brambilla F, Lavatelli F, Di Silvestre D, Valentini V, Palladini G, Merlini G, Mauri P. Shotgun Protein Profile of Human Adipose Tissue and Its Changes in Relation to Systemic Amyloidoses. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5642-55. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400583h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Lavatelli
- Amyloid
Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Valentini
- Amyloid
Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloid
Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloid
Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola
Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
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37
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Du Clos TW. Pentraxins: structure, function, and role in inflammation. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:379040. [PMID: 24167754 PMCID: PMC3791837 DOI: 10.1155/2013/379040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The pentraxins are an ancient family of proteins with a unique architecture found as far back in evolution as the Horseshoe crab. In humans the two members of this family are C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P. Pentraxins are defined by their sequence homology, their pentameric structure and their calcium-dependent binding to their ligands. Pentraxins function as soluble pattern recognition molecules and one of the earliest and most important roles for these proteins is host defense primarily against pathogenic bacteria. They function as opsonins for pathogens through activation of the complement pathway and through binding to Fc gamma receptors. Pentraxins also recognize membrane phospholipids and nuclear components exposed on or released by damaged cells. CRP has a specific interaction with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins whereas SAP is a major recognition molecule for DNA, two nuclear autoantigens. Studies in autoimmune and inflammatory disease models suggest that pentraxins interact with macrophage Fc receptors to regulate the inflammatory response. Because CRP is a strong acute phase reactant it is widely used as a marker of inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Du Clos
- The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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38
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Murakami T, Inoshima Y, Sakamoto E, Fukushi H, Sakai H, Yanai T, Ishiguro N. AA Amyloidosis in Vaccinated Growing Chickens. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Murakami T, Muhammad N, Inoshima Y, Yanai T, Goryo M, Ishiguro N. Experimental induction and oral transmission of avian AA amyloidosis in vaccinated white hens. Amyloid 2013; 20:80-5. [PMID: 23548152 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2013.783474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Avian AA amyloidosis is commonly observed in adult birds afflicted with bacterial infections or chronic inflammatory disorders. Experimental AA amyloidosis in birds can be induced by repeated inflammatory stimulation, such as injection with casein or vaccination with oil-emulsified bacterins. However, the transmission of amyloidosis among avian species has not been studied well to date. In the present study, we confirm the potential induction of avian AA amyloidosis by inoculation of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) vaccine or Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine. To determine the transmission of chicken AA amyloidosis among white hens, we induced experimental AA amyloidosis in vaccinated chickens by intravenous or oral administration of chicken AA fibrils. Amyloid deposits were observed in chickens injected with SE and inoculated with chicken AA fibrils intravenously (21/26: 81%) and orally (8/12: 67%). These results suggest that chicken AA amyloidosis can be induced by vaccinations, and may be transmitted among like species by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Murakami
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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40
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Job ER, Bottazzi B, Gilbertson B, Edenborough KM, Brown LE, Mantovani A, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Serum amyloid P is a sialylated glycoprotein inhibitor of influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59623. [PMID: 23544079 PMCID: PMC3609861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the pentraxin family, including PTX3 and serum amyloid P component (SAP), have been reported to play a role in innate host defence against a range of microbial pathogens, yet little is known regarding their antiviral activities. In this study, we demonstrate that human SAP binds to human influenza A virus (IAV) strains and mediates a range of antiviral activities, including inhibition of IAV-induced hemagglutination (HA), neutralization of virus infectivity and inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the viral neuraminidase (NA). Characterization of the anti-IAV activity of SAP after periodate or bacterial sialidase treatment demonstrated that α(2,6)-linked sialic acid residues on the glycosidic moiety of SAP are critical for recognition by the HA of susceptible IAV strains. Other proteins of the innate immune system, namely human surfactant protein A and porcine surfactant protein D, have been reported to express sialylated glycans which facilitate inhibition of particular IAV strains, yet the specific viral determinants for recognition of these inhibitors have not been defined. Herein, we have selected virus mutants in the presence of human SAP and identified specific residues in the receptor-binding pocket of the viral HA which are critical for recognition and therefore susceptibility to the antiviral activities of SAP. Given the widespread expression of α(2,6)-linked sialic acid in the human respiratory tract, we propose that SAP may act as an effective receptor mimic to limit IAV infection of airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Laboratory of Research in Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Edenborough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Laboratory of Research in Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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41
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Mantovani A, Valentino S, Gentile S, Inforzato A, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C. The long pentraxin PTX3: a paradigm for humoral pattern recognition molecules. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1285:1-14. [PMID: 23527487 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) are components of the humoral arm of innate immunity; they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and are functional ancestors of antibodies, promoting complement activation, opsonization, and agglutination. In addition, several PRMs have a regulatory function on inflammation. Pentraxins are a family of evolutionarily conserved PRMs characterized by a cyclic multimeric structure. On the basis of structure, pentraxins have been operationally divided into short and long families. C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component are prototypes of the short pentraxin family, while pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a prototype of the long pentraxins. PTX3 is produced by somatic and immune cells in response to proinflammatory stimuli and Toll-like receptor engagement, and it interacts with several ligands and exerts multifunctional properties. Unlike CRP, PTX3 gene organization and regulation have been conserved in evolution, thus allowing its pathophysiological roles to be evaluated in genetically modified animals. Here we will briefly review the general properties of CRP and PTX3 as prototypes of short and long pentraxins, respectively, emphasizing in particular the functional role of PTX3 as a prototypic PRM with antibody-like properties.
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42
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Sponarova J, Nuvolone M, Whicher C, Frei N, Kana V, Schwarz P, Westermark GT, Aguzzi A. Efficient amyloid A clearance in the absence of immunoglobulins and complement factors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1297-307. [PMID: 23454183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid A amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease characterized by deposition of extracellular aggregates derived from the acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A protein. If untreated, amyloid A amyloidosis leads to irreversible damage of various organs, including the kidneys, liver, and heart. Amyloid A deposits regress upon reduction of serum amyloid A concentration, indicating that the amyloid can be efficiently cleared by natural mechanisms. Clearance was proposed to be mediated by humoral immune responses to amyloid. Here, we report that amyloid clearance in mice lacking complement factors 3 and 4 (C3C4(-/-)) was equally efficient as in wild-type mice (C57BL/6), and was only slightly delayed in agammaglobulinemic mice (J(H-/-)). Hence, antibodies or complement factors are not necessary for natural amyloid clearance, implying the existence of alternative physiological pathways for amyloid removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sponarova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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43
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Brambilla F, Lavatelli F, Merlini G, Mauri P. Clinical proteomics for diagnosis and typing of systemic amyloidoses. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Brambilla
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR); Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit; Segrate (MI); Italy
| | - Francesca Lavatelli
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia; Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR); Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit; Segrate (MI); Italy
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44
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Inforzato A, Reading PC, Barbati E, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. The "sweet" side of a long pentraxin: how glycosylation affects PTX3 functions in innate immunity and inflammation. Front Immunol 2013; 3:407. [PMID: 23316195 PMCID: PMC3539679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a non-redundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the crossroad between innate immunity, inflammation, and female fertility. The human PTX3 protein contains a single N-glycosylation site that is fully occupied by complex type oligosaccharides, mainly fucosylated and sialylated biantennary glycans. Glycosylation has been implicated in a number of PTX3 activities, including neutralization of influenza viruses, modulation of the complement system, and attenuation of leukocyte recruitment. Therefore, this post translational modification might act as a fine tuner of PTX3 functions in native immunity and inflammation. Here we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on the glycan-dependent mechanisms underlying pathogen recognition and crosstalk with other components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Inforzato
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center Rozzano, Italy
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Lech M, Rommele C, Anders HJ. Pentraxins in nephrology: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P and pentraxin-3. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:803-11. [PMID: 23243042 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Every clinician uses C-reactive protein (CRP) levels as a biomarker for systemic inflammation in acute disorders. Nephrologists also consider CRP levels as a predictor for overall mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. But what is the biological function of CRP? CRP is a member of the family of pentraxins, which are small pentameric innate immunity effector proteins. Pentraxins are absent or weakly expressed during homeostasis. However, the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor induce CRP and serum amyloid P (SAP) in hepatocytes, whereas the long pentraxins, such as pentraxin (PTX)-3, are produced in peripheral tissues and monocytic phagocytes. Pentraxins opsonize pathogens or other particles such as dead cells, for their phagocytic clearance or induce pathogen killing in extracellular compartments. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory properties of the different members of the pentraxin family. We discuss the evolving evidence demonstrating their roles in acute and chronic forms of kidney disease and the significance of SAP and PTX3 as additional biomarkers of innate immune activation and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Lech
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich-LMU, Ziemssenstr 1 D-80336, Munich, Germany
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Light-chain amyloidosis: SCT, novel agents and beyond. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012; 48:1022-7. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2012.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Figueroa JJ, Bosch EP, Dyck PJB, Singer W, Vrana JA, Theis JD, Dogan A, Klein CJ. Amyloid-like IgM deposition neuropathy: a distinct clinico-pathologic and proteomic profiled disorder. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17:182-90. [PMID: 22734903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some patients with immunoglobulin paraproteinemic neuropathy have intra-nerve deposits that morphologically mimick amyloid, but do no stain with Congo red. Patients with amyloid-like deposits were identified. The nerve amyloid-like aggregates were studied by laser microdissection and dual mass spectrometry. Three male patients, all with IgM gammopathy, and neuropathy were identified. Follow-up, disease duration was 5, 19, and 7 years, respectively. All had progressive asymmetric sensory-onset distal axonal polyneuropathy with late motor involvement. Autonomic symptoms occurred in only one after 13 years of symptoms. None had clinical cardio-renal involvement. One had skin papules with dermal amyloid-like deposits. Endoneurial amyloid-like deposits had granulo-fibrillar ultrastructure. Mass spectrometry of laser-dissected deposits identified IgM pentameric macroglobulin (heavy, light, and joining chains) without amyloid-associated proteins including absent apolipoprotein E and serum amyloid P-component. Amyloid-like neuropathy has distinct clinical, pathologic, and proteomic features which expand the spectrum of IgM neuropathies. Patients have favorable survival, relative absence of autonomic features, and distinct proteomic profiles of the infiltrative protein in nerve.
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Pepys MB, Gallimore JR, Lloyd J, Li Z, Graham D, Taylor GW, Ellmerich S, Mangione PP, Tennent GA, Hutchinson WL, Millar DJ, Bennett G, More J, Evans D, Mistry Y, Poole S, Hawkins PN. Isolation and characterization of pharmaceutical grade human pentraxins, serum amyloid P component and C-reactive protein, for clinical use. J Immunol Methods 2012; 384:92-102. [PMID: 22867744 PMCID: PMC4068106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human pentraxin proteins, serum amyloid P component
(SAP) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are important in routine clinical diagnosis, SAP
for systemic amyloidosis and CRP for monitoring the non‐specific acute phase
response. They are also targets for novel therapies currently in development but
their roles in health and disease are controversial. Thus, both for clinical use and
to rigorously elucidate their functions, structurally and functionally intact,
pharmaceutical grade preparations of the natural, authentic proteins are required. We
report here the production from normal human donor plasma and the characterization of
the first such preparations. Importantly, we demonstrate that, contrary to reports
using recombinant proteins and less well characterized preparations, neither CRP nor
SAP stimulate the release by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in
vitro of any TNFα, IL‐6 or IL‐8, nor does SAP cause release of IL‐1β
or IL‐10. Furthermore neither of our preparations was pro‐inflammatory in mice
in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Pepys
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Gilchrist KB, Garcia MC, Sobonya R, Lipke PN, Klotz SA. New features of invasive candidiasis in humans: amyloid formation by fungi and deposition of serum amyloid P component by the host. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1473-8. [PMID: 22802434 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive candidiasis occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in neutropenic patients. We were interested in determining whether invasive fungi formed amyloid in humans as they are known to do in vitro. We also sought to characterize the consequence(s) of such amyloid formation. METHODS Tissue from 25 autopsy patients with invasive candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract was stained with amyloidophilic dyes and for the presence of serum amyloid P component (SAP). Confirmation of the interaction of SAP and Candida was demonstrated using Candida albicans and mutants for amyloid formation. RESULTS Amyloid was present on the cellular surface of fungi invading gut tissue. Moreover, SAP bound to the fungal cell walls, confirming the presence of amyloid. In vitro observations showed SAP bound avidly to fungi when amyloid formed in fungal cell walls. An unexpected result was the lack of host neutrophils in response to the invading fungi, not only in neutropenic patients but also in patients with normal or increased white blood counts. CONCLUSIONS We report the first demonstration of functional fungal amyloid in human tissue and the binding of SAP to invading fungi. It is postulated that fungal amyloid, SAP, or a complex of the proteins may inhibit the neutrophil response.
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Martínez-Valle F, Gironella-Mesa M, Solans-Laqué R. Avances en el tratamiento de la amiloidosis. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 138:667-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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