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Han D, Jiang C, Xu H, Chu R, Zhang R, Fang R, Ge H, Lu M, Wang M, Tai Y, Yan S, Wei W, Wang Q. Inhibition of GRK2 ameliorates the pristane-induced mouse SLE model by suppressing plasma cells differentiation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112557. [PMID: 38936060 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder characterized by diverse clinical manifestations and organ damage. Despite its elusive etiology, dysregulated subsets and functions of B cells are pivotal in SLE pathogenesis. Peoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25), an esterification modification of Paeoniflorin, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties in autoimmune diseases (AID). However, the involvement of CP-25 and its target, GRK2, in SLE development has not been explored. In this study, we demonstrate that both genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of GRK2 attenuate autoantibodies production, reduce systemic inflammation, and mitigate histopathological alterations in the spleen and kidney in the pristane-induced mouse SLE model. Importantly, our findings highlight that both genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of GRK2 suppress plasma cells generation and restore dysregulated B-cell subsets by modulating two crucial transcription factors, Blimp1 and IRF4. Collectively, targeting GRK2 with CP-25 emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chunru Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Chu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Renhao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ruhong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Meiyue Lu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shangxue Yan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
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2
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Zhang Q, Singh P, Peng DW, Peng EY, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH, Suo WZ. Proactive M2 blockade prevents cognitive decline in GRK5-deficient APP transgenic mice via enhancing cholinergic neuronal resilience. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107619. [PMID: 39098530 PMCID: PMC11400976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses an immense challenge in healthcare, lacking effective therapies. This study investigates the potential of anthranilamide derivative (AAD23), a selective M2 receptor antagonist, in proactively preventing cognitive impairments and cholinergic neuronal degeneration in G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5-deficient Swedish APP (GAP) mice. GAP mice manifest cognitive deficits by 7 months and develop senile plaques by 9 months. A 6-month AAD23 treatment was initiated at 5 months and stopped at 11 months before behavioral assessments without the treatment. AAD23-treated mice exhibited preserved cognitive abilities and improved cholinergic axonal health in the nucleus basalis of Meynert akin to wildtype mice. Conversely, vehicle-treated GAP mice displayed memory deficits and pronounced cholinergic axonal swellings in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Notably, AAD23 treatment did not alter senile plaques and microgliosis. These findings highlight AAD23's efficacy in forestalling AD-related cognitive decline in G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5-deficient subjects, attributing its success to restoring cholinergic neuronal integrity and resilience, enhancing resistance against diverse degenerative insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - David W Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Evelyn Y Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffery M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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3
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Underwood O, Fritzwanker S, Glenn J, Blum NK, Batista-Gondin A, Drube J, Hoffmann C, Briddon SJ, Schulz S, Canals M. Key phosphorylation sites for robust β-arrestin2 binding at the MOR revisited. Commun Biol 2024; 7:933. [PMID: 39095612 PMCID: PMC11297201 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Desensitisation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is proposed to underlie the initiation of opioid analgesic tolerance and previous work has shown that agonist-induced phosphorylation of the MOR C-tail contributes to this desensitisation. Moreover, phosphorylation is important for β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor, and ligands of different efficacies induce distinct phosphorylation barcodes. The C-tail 370TREHPSTANT379 motif harbours Ser/Thr residues important for these regulatory functions. 375Ser is the primary phosphorylation site of a ligand-dependent, hierarchical, and sequential process, whereby flanking 370Thr, 376Thr and 379Thr get subsequently and rapidly phosphorylated. Here we used GRK KO cells, phosphosite specific antibodies and site-directed mutagenesis to evaluate the contribution of the different GRK subfamilies to ligand-induced phosphorylation barcodes and β-arrestin2 recruitment. We show that both GRK2/3 and GRK5/6 subfamilies promote phosphorylation of 370Thr and 375Ser. Importantly, only GRK2/3 induce phosphorylation of 376Thr and 379Thr, and we identify these residues as key sites to promote robust β-arrestin recruitment to the MOR. These data provide insight into the mechanisms of MOR regulation and suggest that the cellular complement of GRK subfamilies plays an important role in determining the tissue responses of opioid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Underwood
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Sebastian Fritzwanker
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Nina Kathleen Blum
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Arisbel Batista-Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Drube
- Institut fur Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut fur Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- 7TM Antibodies GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Straße 6, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK.
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Ferrero KM, Koch WJ. GRK2 in cardiovascular disease and its potential as a therapeutic target. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 172:14-23. [PMID: 35878706 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the leading cause of death globally. Despite major advances in the field of pharmacological CVD treatments, particularly in the field of heart failure (HF) research, case numbers and overall mortality remain high and have trended upwards over the last few years. Thus, identifying novel molecular targets for developing HF therapeutics remains a key research focus. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical myocardial signal transducers which regulate cardiac contractility, growth, adaptation and metabolism. Additionally, GPCR dysregulation underlies multiple models of cardiac pathology, and most pharmacological therapeutics currently used in HF target these receptors. Currently-approved treatments have improved patient outcomes, but therapies to stop or reverse HF are lacking. A recent focus on GPCR intracellular-regulating proteins such as GPCR kinases (GRKs) has uncovered GRK2 as a promising target for combating HF. Current literature strongly establishes increased levels and activity of GRK2 in multiple models of CVD. Additionally, the GRK2 interactome includes numerous proteins which interact with differential domains of GRK2 to modulate both beneficial and deleterious signaling pathways in the heart, indicating that these domains can be targeted with a high level of specificity unique to various cardiac pathologies. These data support the premise that GRK2 should be at the forefront of a novel investigative drug search. This perspective reviews cardiac GPCRs, describes the structure and functions of GRK2 in cardiac function and maladaptive pathology, and summarizes the ongoing and future research for targeting this critical kinase across cellular, animal and human models of cardiac dysfunction and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Ferrero
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Jiang H, Galtes D, Wang J, Rockman HA. G protein-coupled receptor signaling: transducers and effectors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C731-C748. [PMID: 35816644 PMCID: PMC9448338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of considerable interest due to their importance in a wide range of physiological functions and in a large number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as therapeutic entities. With continued study of their function and mechanism of action, there is a greater understanding of how effector molecules interact with a receptor to initiate downstream effector signaling. This review aims to explore the signaling pathways, dynamic structures, and physiological relevance in the cardiovascular system of the three most important GPCR signaling effectors: heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestins. We will first summarize their prominent roles in GPCR pharmacology before transitioning into less well-explored areas. As new technologies are developed and applied to studying GPCR structure and their downstream effectors, there is increasing appreciation for the elegance of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate intracellular signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniella Galtes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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6
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Zhao X, Cooper M, Michael JV, Yarman Y, Baltz A, Chuprun JK, Koch WJ, McKenzie SE, Tomaiuolo M, Stalker TJ, Zhu L, Ma P. GRK2 regulates ADP signaling in platelets via P2Y1 and P2Y12. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4524-4536. [PMID: 35793439 PMCID: PMC9636328 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in regulating cardiac function has been well documented for >3 decades. Targeting GRK2 has therefore been extensively studied as a novel approach to treating cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about its role in hemostasis and thrombosis. We provide here the first evidence that GRK2 limits platelet activation and regulates the hemostatic response to injury. Deletion of GRK2 in mouse platelets causes increased platelet accumulation after laser-induced injury in the cremaster muscle arterioles, shortens tail bleeding time, and enhances thrombosis in adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced pulmonary thromboembolism and in FeCl3-induced carotid injury. GRK2-/- platelets have increased integrin activation, P-selectin exposure, and platelet aggregation in response to ADP stimulation. Furthermore, GRK2-/- platelets retain the ability to aggregate in response to ADP restimulation, indicating that GRK2 contributes to ADP receptor desensitization. Underlying these changes in GRK2-/- platelets is an increase in Ca2+ mobilization, RAS-related protein 1 activation, and Akt phosphorylation stimulated by ADP, as well as an attenuated rise of cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in response to ADP in the presence of prostaglandin I2. P2Y12 antagonist treatment eliminates the phenotypic difference in platelet accumulation between wild-type and GRK2-/- mice at the site of injury. Pharmacologic inhibition of GRK2 activity in human platelets increases platelet activation in response to ADP. Finally, we show that GRK2 binds to endogenous Gβγ subunits during platelet activation. Collectively, these results show that GRK2 regulates ADP signaling via P2Y1 and P2Y12, interacts with Gβγ, and functions as a signaling hub in platelets for modulating the hemostatic response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhao
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James V. Michael
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yanki Yarman
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aiden Baltz
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J. Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven E. McKenzie
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maurizio Tomaiuolo
- Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy J. Stalker
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peisong Ma
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Han C, Wang D, Ma Y, Wei W. Paeoniflorin‑6'O‑benzene sulfonate suppresses fibroblast‑like synoviocytes proliferation and migration in rheumatoid arthritis through regulating GRK2‑Gβγ interaction. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:523. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Chenchen Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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8
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Zhai R, Snyder J, Montgomery S, Sato PY. Double life: How GRK2 and β-arrestin signaling participate in diseases. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110333. [PMID: 35430346 PMCID: PMC9929935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins play key roles in GPCR and non-GPCR cellular responses. In fact, GRKs and arrestins are involved in a plethora of pathways vital for physiological maintenance of inter- and intracellular communication. Here we review decades of research literature spanning from the discovery, identification of key structural elements, and findings supporting the diverse roles of these proteins in GPCR-mediated pathways. We then describe how GRK2 and β-arrestins partake in non-GPCR signaling and briefly summarize their involvement in various pathologies. We conclude by presenting gaps in knowledge and our prospective on the promising pharmacological potential in targeting these proteins and/or downstream signaling. Future research is warranted and paramount for untangling these novel and promising roles for GRK2 and arrestins in metabolism and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Priscila Y. Sato
- Corresponding author at: Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 245 N 15th Street, NCB 8152, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. (P.Y. Sato)
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Cheng H, Guo P, Su T, Jiang C, Zhu Z, Wei W, Zhang L, Wang Q. G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 2 and β-arrestin2: Key players in immune cell functions and inflammation. Cell Signal 2022; 95:110337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Abd Alla J, Quitterer U. The RAF Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP): Good as Tumour Suppressor, Bad for the Heart. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040654. [PMID: 35203304 PMCID: PMC8869954 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAF kinase inhibitor protein, RKIP, is a dual inhibitor of the RAF1 kinase and the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, GRK2. By inhibition of the RAF1-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, RKIP acts as a beneficial tumour suppressor. By inhibition of GRK2, RKIP counteracts GRK2-mediated desensitisation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling. GRK2 inhibition is considered to be cardioprotective under conditions of exaggerated GRK2 activity such as heart failure. However, cardioprotective GRK2 inhibition and pro-survival RAF1-MAPK pathway inhibition counteract each other, because inhibition of the pro-survival RAF1-MAPK cascade is detrimental for the heart. Therefore, the question arises, what is the net effect of these apparently divergent functions of RKIP in vivo? The available data show that, on one hand, GRK2 inhibition promotes cardioprotective signalling in isolated cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, inhibition of the pro-survival RAF1-MAPK pathway by RKIP deteriorates cardiomyocyte viability. In agreement with cardiotoxic effects, endogenous RKIP promotes cardiac fibrosis under conditions of cardiac stress, and transgenic RKIP induces heart dysfunction. Supported by next-generation sequencing (NGS) data of the RKIP-induced cardiac transcriptome, this review provides an overview of different RKIP functions and explains how beneficial GRK2 inhibition can go awry by RAF1-MAPK pathway inhibition. Based on RKIP studies, requirements for the development of a cardioprotective GRK2 inhibitor are deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Abd Alla
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Ursula Quitterer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-632-9801
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Xu H, Meng L, Long H, Shi Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu D. Paroxetine and Mortality in Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:794584. [PMID: 35155607 PMCID: PMC8825765 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.794584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionParoxetine is a GRK2 inhibitor that has been widely used to treat depression and anxiety over the last few decades. The inhibition of GRK2 has been studied extensively in vivo; however, evidence of its impact on heart failure remains scarce.MethodsTo assess the association between paroxetine use and mortality in patients with heart failure. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study from 2008 to 2019, with a follow-up time of 28 days for all groups. This is a single-center study using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database with 11,657 heart failure patients identified. We performed genetic matching to adjust for the covariates. Heart failure patients prescribed paroxetine for >24 h after hospital admission were categorized into the paroxetine group (77 patients), with remaining heart failure patients making up the matched control group (231 patients). The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality from the date of hospital admission. Secondary outcomes included length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality. The Kaplan–Meier survival estimator, logistic regression, Cox regression, and restricted mean survival time were used to detect the association between paroxetine therapy and outcomes.ResultsPatients who received paroxetine during one hospital admission lived, on average, 0.7 lesser days (95% CI −2.53 to 1.1, p = 0.46) than patients who did not use it in a 28-day truncation time point. Multivariable logistic regression, including all matched covariates, demonstrated that the adjusted odds ratio of 28-day mortality of the paroxetine administration group was 1.1 (95% CI 0.37–2.9, p = 0.90). Multivariable Cox regression of 28-day mortality presented an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.00 (95% CI 0.42–2.62, p = 0.92). Paroxetine was associated with an increased survival time at a 3,000-day truncation time point (203 days, 95% CI −305.69 to 817.8, p = 0.37).ConclusionsIn patients with heart failure, treatment with paroxetine did not significantly reduce 28-day all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingbing Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Long
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueping Shi
- Songjiang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Departments of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Deping Liu
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12
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Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Causes Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1399-1410. [PMID: 34958040 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a high priority mission while searching for a disease modifying therapy for AD, a devastating major public health crisis. Clinical observations have identified a prodromal stage of AD for which the patients have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) though do not yet meet AD diagnostic criteria. As an identifiable transitional stage before the onset of AD, MCI should become the high priority target for AD prevention, assuming successful prevention of MCI and/or its conversion to AD also prevents the subsequent AD. By pulling this string, one demonstrated cause of amnestic MCI appears to be the deficiency of G protein-coupled receptor-5 (GRK5). The most compelling evidence is that GRK5 knockout (GRK5KO) mice naturally develop into aMCI during aging. Moreover, GRK5 deficiency was reported to occur during prodromal stage of AD in CRND8 transgenic mice. When a GRK5KO mouse was crossbred with Tg2576 Swedish amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse, the resulted double transgenic GAP mice displayed exaggerated behavioral and pathological changes across the spectrum of AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GRK5 deficiency possesses unique features and advantage to serve as a prophylactic therapeutic target for MCI due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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13
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Uehling DE, Joseph B, Chung KC, Zhang AX, Ler S, Prakesch MA, Poda G, Grouleff J, Aman A, Kiyota T, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Konda JD, Marcellus R, Griffin C, Subramaniam R, Abibi A, Strathdee CA, Isaac MB, Al-Awar R, Tiedemann RE. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of 4-Aminoquinazolines as Potent Inhibitors of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 (GRK6) for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11129-11147. [PMID: 34291633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both previous and additional genetic knockdown studies reported herein implicate G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) as a critical kinase required for the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Therefore, we sought to develop a small molecule GRK6 inhibitor as an MM therapeutic. From a focused library of known kinase inhibitors, we identified two hits with moderate biochemical potencies against GRK6. From these hits, we developed potent (IC50 < 10 nM) analogues with selectivity against off-target kinases. Further optimization led to the discovery of an analogue (18) with an IC50 value of 6 nM against GRK6 and selectivity against a panel of 85 kinases. Compound 18 has potent cellular target engagement and antiproliferative activity against MM cells and is synergistic with bortezomib. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting GRK6 with small molecule inhibitors represents a promising approach for MM and identify 18 as a novel, potent, and selective GRK6 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Babu Joseph
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Kim Chan Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Spencer Ler
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Michael A Prakesch
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Julie Grouleff
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Taira Kiyota
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Chungyee Leung-Hagesteijn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John David Konda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Carly Griffin
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ratheesh Subramaniam
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ayome Abibi
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Craig A Strathdee
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Methvin B Isaac
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rodger E Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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15
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Zhou Y, Liang Y. Involvement of GRK2 in modulating nalfurafine-induced reduction of excessive alcohol drinking in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136092. [PMID: 34197905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Though it is well known that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 [GRK2] is involved in regulation of mu opioid receptor [MOR] desensitization and morphine-related behaviors, the potential role of GRK2 in regulation of kappa opioid receptor [KOR] functions in vivo has not been established yet. A couple of recent studies have found that GRK2 activity desensitizes KOR functions via decreasing G protein-coupled signaling with sensitizing arrestin-coupled signaling. Nalfurafine, a G protein-biased KOR full agonist, produces an inhibitory effect on alcohol intake in mice, with fewer side effects (sedation, aversion, or anxiety/depression-like behaviors). Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we first identified that nuclear transcript level of grk2 [adrbk1] (but not other grks) was significantly up-regulated in mouse nucleus accumbens shell (NAcs) after chronic excessive alcohol drinking, suggesting alcohol specifically increased NAcs grk2 expression. We then tested whether selective GRK2/3 inhibitor CMPD101 could alter alcohol intake and found that CMPD101 alone had no effect on alcohol drinking. Therefore, we hypothesized that the grk2 increase in the NAcs could modulate the nalfurafine effect on alcohol intake via interacting with the G protein-mediated KOR signaling. Nalfurafine decreased alcohol drinking in a dose-related manner, and pretreatment with CMPD101 enhanced the reduction in alcohol intake induced by nalfurafine, indicating an involvement of GRK2/3 blockade in modulating G protein-biased KOR agonism of nalfurafine. Together, our study provides initial evidence relevant to the transcriptional change of grk2 gene in the NAc shell after excessive alcohol drinking. Pharmacological GRK2/3 blockade enhanced nalfurafine's efficacy, suggesting a GRK2/3-mediated mechanism, probably through the G protein-mediated KOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, USA.
| | - Yupu Liang
- Research Bioinformatics, CCTS, The Rockefeller University, NY, USA
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16
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GRK2 contributes to glucose mediated calcium responses and insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11129. [PMID: 34045505 PMCID: PMC8159944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome rooted in impaired insulin and/or glucagon secretory responses within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans (islets). Insulin secretion is primarily regulated by two key factors: glucose-mediated ATP production and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling. GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2), a key regulator of GPCRs, is reported to be downregulated in the pancreas of spontaneously obesogenic and diabetogenic mice (ob/ob). Moreover, recent studies have shown that GRK2 non-canonically localizes to the cardiac mitochondrion, where it can contribute to glucose metabolism. Thus, islet GRK2 may impact insulin secretion through either mechanism. Utilizing Min6 cells, a pancreatic ß-cell model, we knocked down GRK2 and measured glucose-mediated intracellular calcium responses and insulin secretion. Silencing of GRK2 attenuated calcium responses, which were rescued by pertussis toxin pre-treatment, suggesting a Gαi/o-dependent mechanism. Pancreatic deletion of GRK2 in mice resulted in glucose intolerance with diminished insulin secretion. These differences were due to diminished insulin release rather than decreased insulin content or gross differences in islet architecture. Furthermore, a high fat diet feeding regimen exacerbated the metabolic phenotype in this model. These results suggest a new role for pancreatic islet GRK2 in glucose-mediated insulin responses that is relevant to type 2 diabetes disease progression.
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17
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Matthees ESF, Haider RS, Hoffmann C, Drube J. Differential Regulation of GPCRs-Are GRK Expression Levels the Key? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687489. [PMID: 34109182 PMCID: PMC8182058 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors and their signal transduction is tightly regulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins. In this review, we discuss novel aspects of the regulatory GRK/β-arrestin system. Therefore, we briefly revise the origin of the "barcode" hypothesis for GPCR/β-arrestin interactions, which states that β-arrestins recognize different receptor phosphorylation states to induce specific functions. We emphasize two important parameters which may influence resulting GPCR phosphorylation patterns: (A) direct GPCR-GRK interactions and (B) tissue-specific expression and availability of GRKs and β-arrestins. In most studies that focus on the molecular mechanisms of GPCR regulation, these expression profiles are underappreciated. Hence we analyzed expression data for GRKs and β-arrestins in 61 tissues annotated in the Human Protein Atlas. We present our analysis in the context of pathophysiological dysregulation of the GPCR/GRK/β-arrestin system. This tissue-specific point of view might be the key to unraveling the individual impact of different GRK isoforms on GPCR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB – Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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18
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Arcones AC, Vila-Bedmar R, Mirasierra M, Cruces-Sande M, Vallejo M, Jones B, Tomas A, Mayor F, Murga C. GRK2 regulates GLP-1R-mediated early phase insulin secretion in vivo. BMC Biol 2021; 19:40. [PMID: 33658023 PMCID: PMC7931601 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell is finely modulated by different signals to allow an adequate control of glucose homeostasis. Incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) act as key physiological potentiators of insulin release through binding to the G protein-coupled receptor GLP-1R. Another key regulator of insulin signaling is the Ser/Thr kinase G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). However, whether GRK2 affects insulin secretion or if GRK2 can control incretin actions in vivo remains to be analyzed. RESULTS Using GRK2 hemizygous mice, isolated pancreatic islets, and model β-cell lines, we have uncovered a relevant physiological role for GRK2 as a regulator of incretin-mediated insulin secretion in vivo. Feeding, oral glucose gavage, or administration of GLP-1R agonists in animals with reduced GRK2 levels (GRK2+/- mice) resulted in enhanced early phase insulin release without affecting late phase secretion. In contrast, intraperitoneal glucose-induced insulin release was not affected. This effect was recapitulated in isolated islets and correlated with the increased size or priming efficacy of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of insulin granules that was observed in GRK2+/- mice. Using nanoBRET in β-cell lines, we found that stimulation of GLP-1R promoted GRK2 association to this receptor and that GRK2 protein and kinase activity were required for subsequent β-arrestin recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that GRK2 is an important negative modulator of GLP-1R-mediated insulin secretion and that GRK2-interfering strategies may favor β-cell insulin secretion specifically during the early phase, an effect that may carry interesting therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Vila-Bedmar
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mirasierra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases (GRKs) in Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Immune Cell Migration: From Molecular Cues to Physiopathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010075. [PMID: 33466410 PMCID: PMC7824814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) have long been known to regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, their more recently characterized functions as scaffolds and signalling adapters underscore that this small family of proteins governs a larger array of physiological functions than originally suspected. This review explores how GRKs contribute to the complex signalling networks involved in the migration of immune cells along chemokine gradients sensed by cell surface GPCRs. We outline emerging evidence indicating that the coordinated docking of several GRKs on an active chemokine receptor determines a specific receptor phosphorylation barcode that will translate into distinct signalling and migration outcomes. The guidance cues for neutrophil migration are emphasized based on several alterations affecting GRKs or GPCRs reported to be involved in pathological conditions.
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20
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Bosakova M, Abraham SP, Nita A, Hruba E, Buchtova M, Taylor SP, Duran I, Martin J, Svozilova K, Barta T, Varecha M, Balek L, Kohoutek J, Radaszkiewicz T, Pusapati GV, Bryja V, Rush ET, Thiffault I, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Rohatgi R, Cohn DH, Krakow D, Krejci P. Mutations in GRK2 cause Jeune syndrome by impairing Hedgehog and canonical Wnt signaling. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11739. [PMID: 33200460 PMCID: PMC7645380 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes affecting primary cilia cause ciliopathies, a diverse group of disorders often affecting skeletal development. This includes Jeune syndrome or asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), an autosomal recessive skeletal disorder. Unraveling the responsible molecular pathology helps illuminate mechanisms responsible for functional primary cilia. We identified two families with ATD caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (ADRBK1 or GRK2). GRK2 cells from an affected individual homozygous for the p.R158* mutation resulted in loss of GRK2, and disrupted chondrocyte growth and differentiation in the cartilage growth plate. GRK2 null cells displayed normal cilia morphology, yet loss of GRK2 compromised cilia-based signaling of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Canonical Wnt signaling was also impaired, manifested as a failure to respond to Wnt ligand due to impaired phosphorylation of the Wnt co-receptor LRP6. We have identified GRK2 as an essential regulator of skeletogenesis and demonstrate how both Hh and Wnt signaling mechanistically contribute to skeletal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Bosakova
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Sara P Abraham
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eva Hruba
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - S Paige Taylor
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jorge Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Katerina Svozilova
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Miroslav Varecha
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Lukas Balek
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Institute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Department of BiochemistryStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eric T Rush
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Center for Pediatric Genomic MedicineKansas CityMOUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MissouriKansas CityMOUSA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Center for Pediatric Genomic MedicineKansas CityMOUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MissouriKansas CityMOUSA
| | | | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Division of Genetic MedicineSeattle Children's HospitalSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of BiochemistryStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Human GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
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21
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Møller TC, Pedersen MF, van Senten JR, Seiersen SD, Mathiesen JM, Bouvier M, Bräuner-Osborne H. Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17395. [PMID: 33060647 PMCID: PMC7567791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Gambardella J, Sorriento D, Bova M, Rusciano M, Loffredo S, Wang X, Petraroli A, Carucci L, Mormile I, Oliveti M, Bruno Morelli M, Fiordelisi A, Spadaro G, Campiglia P, Sala M, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Santulli G, Ciccarelli M. Role of Endothelial G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 in Angioedema. Hypertension 2020; 76:1625-1636. [PMID: 32895019 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excessive BK (bradykinin) stimulation is responsible for the exaggerated permeabilization of the endothelium in angioedema. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses have not been investigated. BK receptors are Gq-protein-coupled receptors phosphorylated by GRK2 (G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2) with a hitherto unknown biological and pathophysiological significance. In the present study, we sought to identify the functional role of GRK2 in angioedema through the regulation of BK signaling. We found that the accumulation of cytosolic Ca2+ in endothelial cells induced by BK was sensitive to GRK2 activity, as it was significantly augmented by inhibiting the kinase. Accordingly, permeabilization and NO production induced by BK were enhanced, as well. In vivo, mice with reduced GRK2 levels in the endothelium (Tie2-CRE/GRK2fl+/fl-) exhibited an increased response to BK in terms of vascular permeability and extravasation. Finally, patients with reduced GRK2 levels displayed a severe phenotype of angioedema. Taken together, these findings establish GRK2 as a novel pivotal regulator of BK signaling with an essential role in the pathophysiology of vascular permeability and angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gambardella
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), NA, Italy (J.G., B.T., G. Santulli)
| | - Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Maria Bova
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Rusciano
- Montevergine Hospital, Mercogliano, Italy (M.R.).,Department of Medicine and Surgery (M.R., M.O., M.C.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Xujun Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY
| | - Angelica Petraroli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mormile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Marco Oliveti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (M.R., M.O., M.C.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Morelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY
| | - Antonella Fiordelisi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Division of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Science (P.C., M.S.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Division of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Science (P.C., M.S.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), NA, Italy (J.G., B.T., G. Santulli)
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), NA, Italy (J.G., B.T., G. Santulli)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (M.R., M.O., M.C.), University of Salerno, Italy
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23
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Livingston K, Schlaak RA, Puckett LL, Bergom C. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Radiation-Induced Heart Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:20. [PMID: 32154269 PMCID: PMC7047199 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a key modality in the treatment of many cancers; however, it can also affect normal tissues adjacent to the tumor, leading to toxic effects. Radiation to the thoracic region, such as that received as part of treatment for breast and lung cancer, can result in incidental dose to the heart, leading to cardiac dysfunction, such as pericarditis, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, conduction defects, and valvular dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms for these morbidities are currently being studied but are not entirely understood. There has been increasing focus on the role of radiation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and the ensuing impact on various cardiac functions in both preclinical models and in humans. Cardiomyocyte mitochondria are critical to cardiac function, and mitochondria make up a substantial part of a cardiomyocyte's volume. Mitochondrial dysfunction can also alter other cell types in the heart. This review summarizes several factors related to radiation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. These factors include mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, alterations in various mitochondrial function-related transcription factors, and apoptosis. Through improved understanding of mitochondria-dependent mechanisms of radiation-induced heart dysfunction, potential therapeutic targets can be developed to assist in prevention and treatment of radiation-induced heart damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Livingston
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Rachel A Schlaak
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lindsay L Puckett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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24
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Sasai N, Toriyama M, Kondo T. Hedgehog Signal and Genetic Disorders. Front Genet 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31781166 PMCID: PMC6856222 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) family comprises sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and desert hedgehog (Dhh), which are versatile signaling molecules involved in a wide spectrum of biological events including cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival; establishment of the vertebrate body plan; and aging. These molecules play critical roles from embryogenesis to adult stages; therefore, alterations such as abnormal expression or mutations of the genes involved and their downstream factors cause a variety of genetic disorders at different stages. The Hh family involves many signaling mediators and functions through complex mechanisms, and achieving a comprehensive understanding of the entire signaling system is challenging. This review discusses the signaling mediators of the Hh pathway and their functions at the cellular and organismal levels. We first focus on the roles of Hh signaling mediators in signal transduction at the cellular level and the networks formed by these factors. Then, we analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of expression of Hh pathway molecules in tissues and organs, and describe the phenotypes of mutant mice. Finally, we discuss the genetic disorders caused by malfunction of Hh signaling-related molecules in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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25
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Lee D, Hong JH. Physiological application of nanoparticles in calcium-related proteins and channels. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2479-2486. [PMID: 31456482 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied as therapeutic drug-delivery agents for promising clinical trial outcomes. Nanomaterial-based drugs can transfer conventional drugs to target lesions, such as tumors, with increasing efficiency by enhancing drug-cell interaction or drug absorption. Although they are favorable as efficient drug transfer systems, NPs also exhibit cytotoxicity that affects nonpathological regions. Here, we review the basic information behind NP-induced Ca2+ signaling and its participation in channel physiology and pathology. NPs are observed to demonstrate inhibitory or active effects on Ca2+ signaling. Thus, understanding Ca2+ signaling by NPs as a key mechanism in signal transduction will progress the application of nano-drugs in various diseases without deleterious effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer & Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer & Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, South Korea
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26
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Wolf S, Abd Alla J, Quitterer U. Sensitization of the Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Contributes to RKIP-Induced Symptoms of Heart Failure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 5:359. [PMID: 30687708 PMCID: PMC6333672 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an emerging treatment approach for heart failure. Therefore, cardio-protective mechanisms induced by GRK2 inhibition are under investigation. We compared two different GRK2 inhibitors, i.e., (i) the dual-specific GRK2 and raf kinase inhibitor protein, RKIP, and (ii) the dominant-negative GRK2-K220R mutant. We found that RKIP induced a strong sensitization of Gq/11-dependent, heart failure-promoting angiotensin II AT1 receptor signaling. The AT1-sensitizing function of RKIP was mediated by the RKIP-GRK2 interaction because the RKIP-S153V mutant, which does not interact with GRK2, had no effect on AT1-stimulated signaling. In contrast, GRK2-K220R significantly inhibited the AT1-stimulated signal. The in vivo relevance of these major differences between two different approaches of GRK2 inhibition was analyzed by generation of transgenic mice with myocardium-specific expression of RKIP and GRK2-K220R. Our results showed that a moderately increased cardiac protein level of RKIP was sufficient to induce major symptoms of heart failure in aged, 8-months-old RKIP-transgenic mice in two different genetic backgrounds. In contrast, GRK2-K220R protected against chronic pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. The AT1 receptor contributed to RKIP-induced heart failure because treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan, retarded symptoms of heart failure in RKIP-transgenic mice. Thus, sensitization of the heart failure-promoting AT1 receptor by the RKIP-GRK2 interaction contributes to heart failure whereas dominant-negative GRK2-K220R is cardioprotective. Because RKIP is up-regulated on cardiac biopsy specimens of heart failure patients, the deduced heart failure-promoting mechanism of RKIP could also be relevant for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wolf
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Abd Alla
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Quitterer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Pfleger J, Gross P, Johnson J, Carter RL, Gao E, Tilley DG, Houser SR, Koch WJ. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 contributes to impaired fatty acid metabolism in the failing heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 123:108-117. [PMID: 30171848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2 is central to heart failure (HF) pathogenesis, via desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors and loss of contractile reserve. Since GRK2 has been shown to compromise fatty acid (FA) oxidation, this kinase may link metabolic and contractile defects in HF. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanistic role of GRK2 in FA metabolism and bioenergetics in the heart. For that purpose, we measured FA uptake and cluster of differentiation (CD)36 expression, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination in mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of GRK2 (TgGRK2) or expression of its c-terminus (GRK2 inhibitor- TgβARKct) or in global heterozygous GRK2 knockout (GRK2+/-) mice. Cellular bioenergetics were also measured in isolated cardiomyocytes following adenoviral delivery of exogenous GRK2, βARKct, or short hairpin GRK2 (shGRK2). Additionally, CD36 expression and phosphorylation were evaluated following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in wild type (WT) and GRK2+/- mice. Our results show a 33% ± 0.81 reduction in FA uptake rate, accompanied by 51% ± 0.17 lower CD36 protein, and 70% ± 0.23 and 69% ± 0.18 increases in CD36 phosphorylation and ubiquitination, respectively, in the TgGRK2 mice. Moreover, an in vitro kinase assay suggests that GRK2 directly phosphorylates CD36. In isolated cardiomyocytes, GRK2 overexpression induced a 26% ± 2.21 decrease in maximal respiration, which was enhanced (20% ± 4.02-5.14) with inhibition of the kinase. Importantly, in hearts with systolic dysfunction, notable reductions in CD36 mRNA and protein, as well as a significant increase in CD36 phosphorylation were normalized in the GRK2+/- mice post-TAC. Thus, we propose that GRK2 up-regulation in HF is, at least partly, responsible for reduced FA uptake and oxidation and may be a nodal link between metabolic and contractile defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pfleger
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Polina Gross
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jaslyn Johnson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rhonda L Carter
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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28
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Estrogen Regulation of GRK2 Inactivates Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling Mediating Analgesia, But Not Aversion. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8031-8043. [PMID: 30076211 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0653-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of κ opioid receptors (KORs) produces analgesia and aversion via distinct intracellular signaling pathways, but whether G protein-biased KOR agonists can be designed to have clinical utility will depend on a better understanding of the signaling mechanisms involved. We found that KOR activation produced conditioned place aversion and potentiated CPP for cocaine in male and female C57BL/6N mice. Consistent with this, males and females both showed arrestin-mediated increases in phospho-p38 MAPK following KOR activation. Unlike in males, however, KOR activation had inconsistent analgesic effects in females and KOR increased Gβγ-mediated ERK phosphorylation in males, but not females. KOR desensitization was not responsible for the lack of response in females because neither Grk3 nor Pdyn gene knock-out enhanced analgesia. Instead, responsiveness was estrous cycle dependent because KOR analgesia was evident during low estrogen phases of the cycle and in ovariectomized (OVX) females. Estradiol treatment of OVX females suppressed KOR-mediated analgesia, demonstrating that estradiol was sufficient to blunt Gβγ-mediated KOR signals. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is known to regulate ERK activation, and we found that the inhibitory, phosphorylated form of GRK2 was significantly higher in intact females. GRK2/3 inhibition by CMPD101 increased KOR stimulation of phospho-ERK in females, decreased sex differences in KOR-mediated inhibition of dopamine release, and enhanced mu opioid receptor and KOR-mediated analgesia in females. In OVX females, estradiol increased the association between GRK2 and Gβγ. These studies suggest that estradiol, through increased phosphorylation of GRK2 and possible sequestration of Gβγ by GRK2, blunts G protein-mediated signals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chronic pain disorders are more prevalent in females than males, but opioid receptor agonists show inconsistent analgesic efficacy in females. κ opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have been tested in clinical trials for treating pain disorders based on their analgesic properties and low addictive potential. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in KOR actions were previously unknown. Our studies identify an intracellular mechanism involving estradiol regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 that is responsible for sexually dimorphic analgesic responses following opioid receptor activation. Understanding this mechanism will be critical for developing effective nonaddictive opioid analgesics for use in women and characterizing sexually dimorphic effects in other inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor signaling responses.
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29
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Franco A, Zhang L, Matkovich SJ, Kovacs A, Dorn GW. G-protein receptor kinases 2, 5 and 6 redundantly modulate Smoothened-GATA transcriptional crosstalk in fetal mouse hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 121:60-68. [PMID: 29969579 PMCID: PMC6178805 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs) regulate adult hearts by modulating inotropic, chronotropic and hypertrophic signaling of 7-transmembrane spanning neurohormone receptors. GRK-mediated desensitization and downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors has been implicated in adult heart failure; GRKs are therefore a promising therapeutic target. However, germ-line (but not cardiomyocyte-specific) GRK2 deletion provoked lethal fetal heart defects, suggesting an unexplained role for GRKs in heart development. Here we undertook to better understand the consequences of GRK deficiency on fetal heart development by creating mice and cultured murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) having floxed GRK2 and GRK5 alleles on the GRK6 null background; simultaneous conditional deletion of these 3 GRK genes was achieved using Nkx2-5 Cre or adenoviral Cre, respectively. Phenotypes were related to GRK-modulated gene expression using whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, and luciferase reporter assays. In cultured MEFs the atypical 7-transmembrane spanning protein and GRK2 substrate Smoothened (Smo) stimulated Gli-mediated transcriptional activity, which was interrupted by deleting GRK2/5/6. Mice with Nkx2-5 Cre mediated GRK2/5/6 ablation died between E15.5 and E16.5, whereas mice expressing any one of these 3 GRKs (i.e. GRK2/5, GRK2/6 or GRK5/6 deleted) were developmentally normal. GRK2/5/6 triple null mice at E14.5 exhibited left and right heart blood intermixing through single atrioventricular valves or large membranous ventricular septal defects. Hedgehog and GATA pathway gene expression promoted by Smo/Gli was suppressed in GRK2/5/6 deficient fetal hearts and MEFs. These data indicate that GRK2, GRK5 and GRK6 redundantly modulate Smo-GATA crosstalk in fetal mouse hearts, orchestrating transcriptional pathways previously linked to clinical and experimental atrioventricular canal defects. GRK modulation of Smo reflects convergence of conventional neurohormonal signaling and transcriptional regulation pathways, comprising an unanticipated mechanism for spatiotemporal orchestration of developmental gene expression in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Franco
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Scot J Matkovich
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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30
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GRK2 knockdown in mice exacerbates kidney injury and alters renal mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11415. [PMID: 30061705 PMCID: PMC6065385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body primarily via angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1R). Renal AT1R was found to be primarily responsible for Ang II-mediated hypertension. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) modulates AT1R desensitization and increased GRK2 protein expression is reported in hypertensive patients. However, the consequences of GRK2 inhibition on kidney functions remain unknown. We employed shGRK2 knockdown mice (shGRK2 mice) to test the role of GRK2 in kidney development and function that can be ultimately linked to the hypertensive phenotype detected in shGRK2 mice. GRK2 knockdown reduced kidney size, nephrogenesis and glomerular count, and impaired glomerular filtration. Glomerular damage in adult shGRK2 mice was associated with increased renin- and AT1R-mediated production of reactive oxygen species. The AT1R blocker, Losartan, normalized elevated blood pressure and markedly improved glomerular filtration in the shGRK2 knockdown mice. Our findings provide evidence for the crucial role of GRK2 in renal regulation of blood pressure. It also suggests that the detrimental outcomes of GRK2 inhibitors on the kidney should be carefully examined when used as antihypertensive.
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31
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Rainbow RD, Brennan S, Jackson R, Beech AJ, Bengreed A, Waldschmidt HV, Tesmer JJG, Challiss RAJ, Willets JM. Small-Molecule G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase Inhibitors Attenuate G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2-Mediated Desensitization of Vasoconstrictor-Induced Arterial Contractions. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1079-1091. [PMID: 29980659 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoconstrictor-driven G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)/phospholipase C (PLC) signaling increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration to mediate arterial contraction. To counteract vasoconstrictor-induced contraction, GPCR/PLC signaling can be desensitized by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), with GRK2 playing a predominant role in isolated arterial smooth muscle cells. In this study, we use an array of GRK2 inhibitors to assess their effects on the desensitization of UTP and angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated arterial contractions. The effects of GRK2 inhibitors on the desensitization of UTP- or AngII-stimulated mesenteric third-order arterial contractions, and PLC activity in isolated mesenteric smooth muscle cells (MSMC), were determined using wire myography and Ca2+ imaging, respectively. Applying a stimulation protocol to cause receptor desensitization resulted in reductions in UTP- and AngII-stimulated arterial contractions. Preincubation with the GRK2 inhibitor paroxetine almost completely prevented desensitization of UTP- and attenuated desensitization of AngII-stimulated arterial contractions. In contrast, fluoxetine was ineffective. Preincubation with alternative GRK2 inhibitors (Takeda compound 101 or CCG224063) also attenuated the desensitization of UTP-mediated arterial contractile responses. In isolated MSMC, paroxetine, Takeda compound 101, and CCG224063 also attenuated the desensitization of UTP- and AngII-stimulated increases in Ca2+, whereas fluoxetine did not. In human uterine smooth muscle cells, paroxetine reversed GRK2-mediated histamine H1 receptor desensitization, but not GRK6-mediated oxytocin receptor desensitization. Utilizing various small-molecule GRK2 inhibitors, we confirm that GRK2 plays a central role in regulating vasoconstrictor-mediated arterial tone, highlighting a potentially novel strategy for blood pressure regulation through targeting GRK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Rainbow
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Sean Brennan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Robert Jackson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Alison J Beech
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Amal Bengreed
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Helen V Waldschmidt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Jonathon M Willets
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
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Inactivation of MAPK in epididymal fat and amelioration of triglyceride secretion by injection of GRK2 siRNA in ob/ob mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1075-1083. [PMID: 29946903 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) accumulation has a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Although GRK2 siRNA transfection in the liver improves insulin resistance-related vascular complications, the effects of GRK2 siRNA in lipid metabolism and obesity remain unknown. To investigate how GRK2 siRNA affects obesity, ob/ob mice were transfected with GRK2 siRNA, mainly in the liver, by using a hydrodynamic-based procedure. Epididymal fat, glucose, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and alanine transaminase activity were higher in the control siRNA-transfected ob/ob mice than in the control siRNA-transfected Lean mice, but these parameters were reduced by GRK2 siRNA transfection into the ob/ob mice. GRK2 expression in epididymal fat was not altered among the 3 groups, although hepatic GRK2 expression was higher in the control siRNA-transfected ob/ob mice than in the control siRNA-transfected Lean mice. Additionally, we found that Akt interacted with GRK2 in the liver. Furthermore, phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and JNK were higher in the epididymal fats from the control siRNA-transfected ob/ob mice than in those from the control siRNA-transfected Lean mice, but they were lowered by transfection with GRK2 siRNA. The study results showed that GRK2 siRNA improved blood triglyceride levels and abnormal or excessive activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases in epididymal fat. This effect may be promoted by inhibition of the NEFA production pathway in the liver. Therefore, the interaction of organs (hepatic GRK2-epididymal fat) may help improve insulin resistance and diabetes-associated pathophysiology.
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Steury MD, Kang HJ, Lee T, Lucas PC, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2-deficient mice are protected from dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:407-415. [PMID: 29570431 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00006.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a serine/threonine kinase and plays a key role in different disease processes. Previously, we showed that GRK2 knockdown enhances wound healing in colonic epithelial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that ablation of GRK2 would protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis. To test this, we administered DSS to wild-type (GRK2+/+) and GRK2 heterozygous (GRK+/-) mice in their drinking water for 7 days. As predicted, GRK2+/- mice were protected from colitis as demonstrated by decreased weight loss (20% loss in GRK2+/+ vs. 11% loss in GRK2+/-). lower disease activity index (GRK2+/+ 9.1 vs GRK2+/- 4.1), and increased colon lengths (GRK2+/+ 4.7 cm vs GRK2+/- 5.3 cm). To examine the mechanisms by which GRK2+/- mice are protected from colitis, we investigated expression of inflammatory genes in the colon as well as immune cell profiles in colonic lamina propria, mesenteric lymph node, and in bone marrow. Our results did not reveal differences in immune cell profiles between the two genotypes. However, expression of inflammatory genes was significantly decreased in DSS-treated GRK2+/- mice compared with GRK2+/+. To understand the mechanisms, we generated myeloid-specific GRK2 knockout mice and subjected them to DSS-induced colitis. Similar to whole body GRK2 heterozygous knockout mice, myeloid-specific knockout of GRK2 was sufficient for the protection from DSS-induced colitis. Together our results indicate that deficiency of GRK2 protects mice from DSS-induced colitis and further suggests that the mechanism of this effect is likely via GRK2 regulation of inflammatory genes in the myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Steury
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ho Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Taehyung Lee
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Peter C Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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Franco A, Sorriento D, Gambardella J, Pacelli R, Prevete N, Procaccini C, Matarese G, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Ciccarelli M. GRK2 moderates the acute mitochondrial damage to ionizing radiation exposure by promoting mitochondrial fission/fusion. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531822 PMCID: PMC5841414 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern understanding of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 has grown towards the definition of a stress protein, for its ability to rapidly compartmentalize within the cell in response to acute stimulation. Also, mitochondria can be regulated by GRK2 localization. We show that Ionizing Radiation (IR) exposure acutely damages mitochondria regarding mass, morphology, and respiration, with recovery in a framework of hours. This phenomenon is actively regulated by GRK2, whose overexpression results to be protective, and reciprocally, deletion accelerates degenerative processes. The regulatory effects of the kinase involve a new interactome that includes binding HSP90 and binding and phosphorylation of the key molecules involved in the process of mitochondrial fusion and recovery: MFN-1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Franco
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy.,2Center for Pharmacogenomics, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, USA
| | - Daniela Sorriento
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- 3Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- 4Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- 5Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies "Federico II" University, Naples and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- 5Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies "Federico II" University, Naples and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- 3Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- 3Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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Cannavo A, Komici K, Bencivenga L, D'amico ML, Gambino G, Liccardo D, Ferrara N, Rengo G. GRK2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 22:75-83. [PMID: 29166798 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1406925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase-2 (GRK2) is a regulator of GPCRs, in particular β-adrenergic receptors (ARs), and as demonstrated by decades of investigation, it has a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, like heart failure (HF). Indeed elevated levels and activity of this kinase are able to promote the dysfunction of both cardiac and adrenal α- and β-ARs and to dysregulate other protective signaling pathway, such as sphingosine 1-phospate and insulin. Moreover, recent discoveries suggest that GRK2 can signal independently from GPCRs, in a 'non-canonical' manner, via interaction with non-GPCR molecule or via its mitochondrial localization. Areas covered: Based on this premise, GRK2 inhibition or its genetic deletion has been tested in several disparate animal models of cardiovascular disease, showing to protect the heart from adverse remodeling and dysfunction. Expert opinion: HF is one of the leading cause of death worldwide with enormous health care costs. For this reason, the identification of new therapeutic targets like GRK2 and strategies such as its inhibition represents a new hope in the fight against HF development and progression. Herein, we will update the readers about the 'state-of-art' of GRK2 inhibition as a potent therapeutic strategy in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- a Center for Translational Medicine , Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Klara Komici
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Loreta D'amico
- c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Gambino
- c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy.,c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy.,c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
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Topalidou I, Cooper K, Pereira L, Ailion M. Dopamine negatively modulates the NCA ion channels in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007032. [PMID: 28968387 PMCID: PMC5638609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NALCN/NCA ion channel is a cation channel related to voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. NALCN has been reported to be a sodium leak channel with a conserved role in establishing neuronal resting membrane potential, but its precise cellular role and regulation are unclear. The Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of NALCN, NCA-1 and NCA-2, act in premotor interneurons to regulate motor circuit activity that sustains locomotion. Recently we found that NCA-1 and NCA-2 are activated by a signal transduction pathway acting downstream of the heterotrimeric G protein Gq and the small GTPase Rho. Through a forward genetic screen, here we identify the GPCR kinase GRK-2 as a new player affecting signaling through the Gq-Rho-NCA pathway. Using structure-function analysis, we find that the GPCR phosphorylation and membrane association domains of GRK-2 are required for its function. Genetic epistasis experiments suggest that GRK-2 acts on the D2-like dopamine receptor DOP-3 to inhibit Go signaling and positively modulate NCA-1 and NCA-2 activity. Through cell-specific rescuing experiments, we find that GRK-2 and DOP-3 act in premotor interneurons to modulate NCA channel function. Finally, we demonstrate that dopamine, through DOP-3, negatively regulates NCA activity. Thus, this study identifies a pathway by which dopamine modulates the activity of the NCA channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Topalidou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IT); (MA)
| | - Kirsten Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Ailion
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IT); (MA)
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Dal-Secco D, DalBó S, Lautherbach NES, Gava FN, Celes MRN, Benedet PO, Souza AH, Akinaga J, Lima V, Silva KP, Kiguti LRA, Rossi MA, Kettelhut IC, Pupo AS, Cunha FQ, Assreuy J. Cardiac hyporesponsiveness in severe sepsis is associated with nitric oxide-dependent activation of G protein receptor kinase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H149-H163. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00052.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase isoform 2 (GRK2) has a critical role in physiological and pharmacological responses to endogenous and exogenous substances. Sepsis causes an important cardiovascular dysfunction in which nitric oxide (NO) has a relevant role. The present study aimed to assess the putative effect of inducible NO synthase (NOS2)-derived NO on the activity of GRK2 in the context of septic cardiac dysfunction. C57BL/6 mice were submitted to severe septic injury by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Heart function was assessed by isolated and perfused heart, echocardiography, and β-adrenergic receptor binding. GRK2 was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis in the heart and isolated cardiac myocytes. Sepsis increased NOS2 expression in the heart, increased plasma nitrite + nitrate levels, and reduced isoproterenol-induced isolated ventricle contraction, whole heart tension development, and β-adrenergic receptor density. Treatment with 1400W or with GRK2 inhibitor prevented CLP-induced cardiac hyporesponsiveness 12 and 24 h after CLP. Increased labeling of total and phosphorylated GRK2 was detected in hearts after CLP. With treatment of 1400W or in hearts taken from septic NOS2 knockout mice, the activation of GRK2 was reduced. 1400W or GRK2 inhibitor reduced mortality, improved echocardiographic cardiac parameters, and prevented organ damage. Therefore, during sepsis, NOS2-derived NO increases GRK2, which leads to a reduction in β-adrenergic receptor density, contributing to the heart dysfunction. Isolated cardiac myocyte data indicate that NO acts through the soluble guanylyl cyclase/cGMP/PKG pathway. GRK2 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic target in sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The main novelty presented here is to show that septic shock induces cardiac hyporesponsiveness to isoproterenol by a mechanism dependent on nitric oxide and mediated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase isoform 2. Therefore, G protein-coupled receptor kinase isoform 2 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic target in sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dal-Secco
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Silvia DalBó
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Natalia E. S. Lautherbach
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio N. Gava
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara R. N. Celes
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia O. Benedet
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriana H. Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Akinaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Vanessa Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Katiussia P. Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Luiz Ricardo A. Kiguti
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Marcos A. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis C. Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S. Pupo
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 is a critical regulator of TNFα signaling in colon epithelial cells. Biochem J 2017; 474:2301-2313. [PMID: 28572156 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) belongs to the GRK family of serine/threonine protein kinases critical in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Apart from this canonical role, GRK2 is also involved in several signaling pathways via distinct intracellular interactomes. In the present study, we examined the role of GRK2 in TNFα signaling in colon epithelial cell-biological processes including wound healing, proliferation, apoptosis, and gene expression. Knockdown of GRK2 in the SW480 human colonic cells significantly enhanced TNFα-induced epithelial cell wound healing without any effect on apoptosis/proliferation. Consistent with wound-healing effects, GRK2 knockdown augmented TNFα-induced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 7 and 9, as well as urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA; factors involved in cell migration and wound healing). To assess the mechanism by which GRK2 affects these physiological processes, we examined the role of GRK2 in TNFα-induced MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Our results demonstrate that while GRK2 knockdown inhibited TNFα-induced IκBα phosphorylation, activation of ERK was significantly enhanced in GRK2 knockdown cells. Our results further demonstrate that GRK2 inhibits TNFα-induced ERK activation by inhibiting generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Together, these data suggest that GRK2 plays a critical role in TNFα-induced wound healing by modulating MMP7 and 9 and uPA levels via the ROS-ERK pathway. Consistent with in vitro findings, GRK2 heterozygous mice exhibited enhanced intestinal wound healing. Together, our results identify a novel role for GRK2 in TNFα signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Steury MD, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in the Inflammatory Response and Signaling. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:227-277. [PMID: 28950947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are serine/threonine kinases that regulate a large and diverse class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Through GRK phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment, GPCRs are desensitized and their signal terminated. Recent work on these kinases has expanded their role from canonical GPCR regulation to include noncanonical regulation of non-GPCR and nonreceptor substrates through phosphorylation as well as via scaffolding functions. Owing to these and other regulatory roles, GRKs have been shown to play a critical role in the outcome of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including chemotaxis, signaling, migration, inflammatory gene expression, etc. This diverse set of functions for these proteins makes them popular targets for therapeutics. Role for these kinases in inflammation and inflammatory disease is an evolving area of research currently pursued in many laboratories. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on various GRKs pertaining to their role in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Lee S, Wottrich S, Bonavida B. Crosstalks between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, Nanog). Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692253. [PMID: 28378634 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-kinase inhibitor protein has been reported to inhibit both the Raf/mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain of activated B cells pathways. It has also been reported in cancers that Raf-kinase inhibitor protein behaves as a metastatic suppressor as well as a chemo-immunosensitizing factor to drug/immune-mediated apoptosis. The majority of cancers exhibit low or no levels of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Hence, the activities of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein contrast, in part, to those mediated by several cancer stem cell transcription factors for their roles in resistance and metastasis. In this review, the existence of crosstalks in the signaling pathways between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and several cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2 and Nanog) was assembled. Oct4 is induced by Lin28, and Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits the microRNA binding protein Lin28. The expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inversely correlates with the expression of Oct4. KLF4 does not interact directly with Raf-kinase inhibitor protein, but rather interacts indirectly via Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's regulation of the Oct4/Sox2/KLF4 complex through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The mechanism by which Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits Sox2 is via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Thus, Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's relationship with Sox2 is via its regulation of Oct4. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the upregulation of Nanog. The inhibition of Oct4 by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the failure of the heterodimer formation of Oct4 and Sox2 that is necessary to bind to the Nanog promoter for the transcription of Nanog. The findings revealed that there exists a direct correlation between the expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and the expression of each of the above transcription factors. Based on these analyses, we suggest that the expression level of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein may be involved in the regulation of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Targeting GPCR-Gβγ-GRK2 signaling as a novel strategy for treating cardiorenal pathologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1883-1892. [PMID: 28130200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathologic crosstalk between the heart and kidney is known as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). While the specific mechanisms underlying this crosstalk remain poorly understood, CRS is associated with exacerbated dysfunction of either or both organs and reduced survival. Maladaptive fibrotic remodeling is a key component of both heart and kidney failure pathogenesis and progression. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is a crucial regulator of cardiovascular and renal function. Chronic/pathologic GPCR signaling elicits the interaction of the G-protein Gβγ subunit with GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2), targeting the receptor for internalization, scaffolding to pathologic signals, and receptor degradation. Targeting this pathologic Gβγ-GRK2 interaction has been suggested as a possible strategy for the treatment of HF. In the current review, we discuss recent updates in understanding the role of GPCR-Gβγ-GRK2 signaling as a crucial mediator of maladaptive organ remodeling detected in HF and kidney dysfunction, with specific attention to small molecule-mediated inhibition of pathologic Gβγ-GRK2 interactions. Further, we explore the potential of GPCR-Gβγ-GRK2 signaling as a possible therapeutic target for cardiorenal pathologies.
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Sorriento D, Ciccarelli M, Cipolletta E, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G. "Freeze, Don't Move": How to Arrest a Suspect in Heart Failure - A Review on Available GRK2 Inhibitors. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3:48. [PMID: 27999776 PMCID: PMC5138235 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF) still collect the largest toll of death in western societies and all over the world. A growing number of molecular mechanisms represent possible targets for new therapeutic strategies, which can counteract the metabolic and structural changes observed in the failing heart. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is one of such targets for which experimental and clinical evidence are established. Indeed, several strategies have been carried out in place to interface with the known GRK2 mechanisms of action in the failing heart. This review deals with results from basic and preclinical studies. It shows different strategies to inhibit GRK2 in HF in vivo (βARK-ct gene therapy, treatment with gallein, and treatment with paroxetine) and in vitro (RNA aptamer, RKIP, and peptide-based inhibitors). These strategies are based either on the inhibition of the catalytic activity of the kinase (“Freeze!”) or the prevention of its shuttling within the cell (“Don’t Move!”). Here, we review the peculiarity of each strategy with regard to the ability to interact with the multiple tasks of GRK2 and the perspective development of eventual clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno , Baronissi, SA , Italy
| | - Ersilia Cipolletta
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno , Baronissi, SA , Italy
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43
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Le Q, Yao W, Chen Y, Yan B, Liu C, Yuan M, Zhou Y, Ma L. GRK6 regulates ROS response and maintains hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2478. [PMID: 27882944 PMCID: PMC5260904 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are critically involved in immune response through regulation of cytokine receptors in mature leukocytes, but their role in hematopoiesis is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that GRK6 knockout (GRK6-/-) mice exhibit lymphocytopenia, loss of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and multiple progenitor populations. GRK6 deficiency leads to compromised lymphoid differentiation, largely owing to the impairment of HSC self-renewal. Transcriptome and proteomic analysis suggest that GRK6 is involved in reactive oxygen species signaling. GRK6 could interact with DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit) and regulate its phosphorylation. Moreover, reactive oxygen species scavenger α-lipoic acid administration could partially rescue the loss of HSC in GRK6-/- mice. Our work demonstrates the importance of GRK6 in regulation of HSC self-renewal and reveals its potential role in participation of stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumin Le
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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44
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Végh AMD, Duim SN, Smits AM, Poelmann RE, Ten Harkel ADJ, DeRuiter MC, Goumans MJ, Jongbloed MRM. Part and Parcel of the Cardiac Autonomic Nerve System: Unravelling Its Cellular Building Blocks during Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3030028. [PMID: 29367572 PMCID: PMC5715672 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (cANS) is essential for proper heart function, and complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death are associated with an altered cANS function. A changed innervation state may underlie (part of) the atrial and ventricular arrhythmias observed after myocardial infarction. In other cardiac diseases, such as congenital heart disease, autonomic dysfunction may be related to disease outcome. This is also the case after heart transplantation, when the heart is denervated. Interest in the origin of the autonomic nerve system has renewed since the role of autonomic function in disease progression was recognized, and some plasticity in autonomic regeneration is evident. As with many pathological processes, autonomic dysfunction based on pathological innervation may be a partial recapitulation of the early development of innervation. As such, insight into the development of cardiac innervation and an understanding of the cellular background contributing to cardiac innervation during different phases of development is required. This review describes the development of the cANS and focuses on the cellular contributions, either directly by delivering cells or indirectly by secretion of necessary factors or cell-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M D Végh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd N Duim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke M Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 20, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arend D J Ten Harkel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marie José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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45
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Guccione M, Ettari R, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Zappalà M, Grasso S. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9277-9294. [PMID: 27362616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor kinase that is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and regulates various intracellular mechanisms. The up- or down-regulation of GRK2 correlates with several pathological disorders. GRK2 plays an important role in the maintenance of heart structure and function; thus, this kinase is involved in many cardiovascular diseases. GRK2 up-regulation can worsen cardiac ischemia; furthermore, increased kinase levels occur during the early stages of heart failure and in hypertensive subjects. GRK2 up-regulation can lead to changes in the insulin signaling cascade, which can translate to insulin resistance. Increased GRK2 levels also correlate with the degree of cognitive impairment that is typically observed in Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the most potent and selective GRK2 inhibitors that have been developed. We focus on their mechanism of action, inhibition profile, and structure-activity relationships to provide insight into the further development of GRK2 inhibitors as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Guccione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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46
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Powell JM, Ebin E, Borzak S, Lymperopoulos A, Hennekens CH. Hypothesis: Paroxetine, a G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitor Reduces Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 22:51-53. [PMID: 27222484 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416644350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that paroxetine decreases morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) is plausible but unproven. Basic research demonstrates that inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) both in vitro and in vivo in the myocardium may be beneficial. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 antagonism is purported to exert cardioprotective effects immediately following myocardial injury by blunting toxic overstimulation on a recently injured heart. In addition, chronic overexpression of GRK2 inhibits catecholamine induction of vital positive chronotropic and ionotropic effects required to preserve cardiac output leading to worsening of congestive HF. In cardiac-specific GRK2 conditional knockout mice, there is significant improvement in left ventricular wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and ejection fraction (EF) compared to controls. Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor which was recently shown to have the ability to directly inhibit GRK2 both in vitro and in vivo. At physiologic temperatures, paroxetine inhibits GRK2-dependent phosphorylation of an activated G-protein-coupled receptor with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 35 micromoles, a substantially greater affinity than for other G protein-coupled receptor kinases. In a randomized trial in mice with systolic HF and depressed EF postmyocardial infarction, those treated with paroxetine had a 30% increase in EF, improved contractility, and LVEDD and wall thickness compared to those treated with medical therapy alone. While further basic research may continue to elucidate plausible mechanisms of benefit and observational studies will contribute important relevant information, large scale randomized trials designed a priori to do so are necessary to test the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Powell
- 1 Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Graduate Medical Education Consortium (Bethesda Hospital, Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Delray Medical Center, St. Mary's Medical Center, West Boca Raton Hospital), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Emanuel Ebin
- 1 Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Graduate Medical Education Consortium (Bethesda Hospital, Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Delray Medical Center, St. Mary's Medical Center, West Boca Raton Hospital), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Steven Borzak
- 1 Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Graduate Medical Education Consortium (Bethesda Hospital, Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Delray Medical Center, St. Mary's Medical Center, West Boca Raton Hospital), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Charles H Hennekens
- 1 Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Graduate Medical Education Consortium (Bethesda Hospital, Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Delray Medical Center, St. Mary's Medical Center, West Boca Raton Hospital), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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47
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Yang J, Villar VAM, Armando I, Jose PA, Zeng C. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases: Crucial Regulators of Blood Pressure. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003519. [PMID: 27390269 PMCID: PMC5015388 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Ines Armando
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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48
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He M, Singh P, Cheng S, Zhang Q, Peng W, Ding X, Li L, Liu J, Premont RT, Morgan D, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH, Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Leads to Selective Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neuronal Vulnerability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26116. [PMID: 27193825 PMCID: PMC4872166 DOI: 10.1038/srep26116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Why certain diseases primarily affect one specific neuronal subtype rather than another is a puzzle whose solution underlies the development of specific therapies. Selective basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) neurodegeneration participates in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report the first recapitulation of the selective BFC neuronal loss that is typical of human AD in a mouse model termed GAP. We created GAP mice by crossing Tg2576 mice that over-express the Swedish mutant human β-amyloid precursor protein gene with G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) knockout mice. This doubly defective mouse displayed significant BFC neuronal loss at 18 months of age, which was not observed in either of the singly defective parent strains or in the wild type. Along with other supporting evidence, we propose that GRK5 deficiency selectively renders BFC neurons more vulnerable to degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao He
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - XueFeng Ding
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Longxuan Li
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke Univ. Med. Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- The Johnnie B. Byrd Alzheimer's Center &Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Deptment of Molecular Pharmacology &Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jeffery M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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49
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Hullmann J, Traynham CJ, Coleman RC, Koch WJ. The expanding GRK interactome: Implications in cardiovascular disease and potential for therapeutic development. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:52-64. [PMID: 27180008 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a global epidemic with the highest degree of mortality and morbidity of any disease presently studied. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are prominent regulators of cardiovascular function. Activated GPCRs are "turned off" by GPCR kinases (GRKs) in a process known as "desensitization". GRKs 2 and 5 are highly expressed in the heart, and known to be upregulated in HF. Over the last 20 years, both GRK2 and GRK5 have been demonstrated to be critical mediators of the molecular alterations that occur in the failing heart. In the present review, we will highlight recent findings that further characterize "non-canonical" GRK signaling observed in HF. Further, we will also present potential therapeutic strategies (i.e. small molecule inhibition, microRNAs, gene therapy) that may have potential in combating the deleterious effects of GRKs in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J Traynham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ryan C Coleman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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50
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Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases as regulators of dopamine receptor functions. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:1-16. [PMID: 27178731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain are mediated by dopamine receptors that belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mammals have five dopamine receptor subtypes, D1 through D5. D1 and D5 couple to Gs/olf and activate adenylyl cyclase, whereas D2, D3, and D4 couple to Gi/o and inhibit it. Most GPCRs upon activation by an agonist are phosphorylated by GPCR kinases (GRKs). The GRK phosphorylation makes receptors high-affinity binding partners for arrestin proteins. Arrestin binding to active phosphorylated receptors stops further G protein activation and promotes receptor internalization, recycling or degradation, thereby regulating their signaling and trafficking. Four non- visual GRKs are expressed in striatal neurons. Here we describe known effects of individual GRKs on dopamine receptors in cell culture and in the two in vivo models of dopamine-mediated signaling: behavioral response to psychostimulants and L-DOPA- induced dyskinesia. Dyskinesia, associated with dopamine super-sensitivity of striatal neurons, is a debilitating side effect of L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease. In vivo, GRK subtypes show greater receptor specificity than in vitro or in cultured cells. Overexpression, knockdown, and knockout of individual GRKs, particularly GRK2 and GRK6, have differential effects on signaling of dopamine receptor subtypes in the brain. Furthermore, deletion of GRK isoforms in select striatal neuronal types differentially affects psychostimulant-induced behaviors. In addition, anti-dyskinetic effect of GRK3 does not require its kinase activity: it is mediated by the binding of its RGS-like domain to Gαq/11, which suppresses Gq/11 signaling. The data demonstrate that the dopamine signaling in defined neuronal types in vivo is regulated by specific and finely orchestrated actions of GRK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37221, USA.
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Moscow, Russia
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