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Curlin JZ, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Baczenas JJ, Goff K, O’Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx PA, Akkina R. In vivo infection dynamics and human adaptive changes of SIVsm-derived viral siblings SIVmac239, SIV B670 and SIVhu in humanized mice as a paralog of HIV-2 genesis. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 1:813606. [PMID: 37168442 PMCID: PMC10168645 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.813606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus native to sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) is believed to have given rise to HIV-2 through cross-species transmission and evolution in the human. SIVmac239 and SIVB670, pathogenic to macaques, and SIVhu, isolated from an accidental human infection, also have origins in SIVsm. With their common ancestral lineage as that of HIV-2 from the progenitor SIVsm, but with different passage history in different hosts, they provide a unique opportunity to evaluate cross-species transmission to a new host and their adaptation/evolution both in terms of potential genetic and phenotypic changes. Using humanized mice with a transplanted human system, we evaluated in vivo replication kinetics, CD4+ T cell dynamics and genetic adaptive changes during serial passage with a goal to understand their evolution under human selective immune pressure. All the three viruses readily infected hu-mice causing chronic viremia. While SIVmac and SIVB670 caused CD4+ T cell depletion during sequential passaging, SIVhu with a deletion in nef gene was found to be less pathogenic. Deep sequencing of the genomes of these viruses isolated at different times revealed numerous adaptive mutations of significance that increased in frequency during sequential passages. The ability of these viruses to infect and replicate in humanized mice provides a new small animal model to study SIVs in vivo in addition to more expensive macaques. Since SIVmac and related viruses have been indispensable in many areas of HIV pathogenesis, therapeutics and cure research, availability of this small animal hu-mouse model that is susceptible to both SIV and HIV viruses is likely to open novel avenues of investigation for comparative studies using the same host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Antiviral Discovery, Evaluation and Application Research (ADEAR) Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John J. Baczenas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelby O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Preston A. Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Saito A, Yamashita M. HIV-1 capsid variability: viral exploitation and evasion of capsid-binding molecules. Retrovirology 2021; 18:32. [PMID: 34702294 PMCID: PMC8549334 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid, a conical shell encasing viral nucleoprotein complexes, is involved in multiple post-entry processes during viral replication. Many host factors can directly bind to the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) and either promote or prevent HIV-1 infection. The viral capsid is currently being explored as a novel target for therapeutic interventions. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the capsid–host interactions and mechanisms of action of capsid-targeting antivirals. At the same time, a large number of different viral capsids, which derive from many HIV-1 mutants, naturally occurring variants, or diverse lentiviruses, have been characterized for their interactions with capsid-binding molecules in great detail utilizing various experimental techniques. This review provides an overview of how sequence variation in CA influences phenotypic properties of HIV-1. We will focus on sequence differences that alter capsid–host interactions and give a brief account of drug resistant mutations in CA and their mutational effects on viral phenotypes. Increased knowledge of the sequence-function relationship of CA helps us deepen our understanding of the adaptive potential of the viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Setiawan LC, van Dort KA, Rits MA, Kootstra NA. Mutations in CypA Binding Region of HIV-1 Capsid Affect Capsid Stability and Viral Replication in Primary Macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:390-8. [PMID: 26414211 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cyclophilin A (CypA) binding region in the HIV-1 capsid affect their dependency on the known HIV-1 cofactor CypA and allow escape from the HIV-1 restriction factor Trim5α in human and simian cells. Here we study the effect of these mutations in the CypA binding region of capsid on cofactor binding, capsid destabilization, and viral replication in primary cells. We showed that the viral capsid with mutations in the CypA binding region (CypA-BR) interacted efficiently with CypA, but had an increased stability upon infection as compared to the wild-type capsid. Interestingly, the wild-type virus was able to infect monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) more efficiently as compared to the CypA-BR mutant variant. The lower infectivity of the CypA-BR mutant virus in MDM was associated with lower levels of reverse transcription products. Similar to the wild-type virus, the CypA-BR mutant variant was unable to induce a strong innate response in primary macrophages. These data demonstrate that mutations in the CypA binding site of the capsid resulted in higher capsid stability and hampered infectivity in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentia C. Setiawan
- Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karel A. van Dort
- Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A.N. Rits
- Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hopkins S, Gallay PA. The role of immunophilins in viral infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2103-10. [PMID: 25445708 PMCID: PMC4491039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tremendous progress has been made in the past 20 years in understanding the roles played by immunophilins, and in particular the cyclophilins, in supporting the replication cycles of human viruses. A growing body of genetic and biochemical evidence and data from clinical trials confirm that cyclophilins are essential cofactors that contribute to establishing a permissive environment within the host cell that supports the replication of HIV-1 and HCV. Cyclophilin A regulates HIV-1 replication kinetics and infectivity, modulates sensitivity to host restriction factors, and cooperates in the transit of the pre-integration complex into the nucleus of infected cells. Cyclophilin A is an essential cofactor whose expression supports HCV-specific RNA replication in human hepatocytes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase inhibitors have been used in clinical trials to validate cyclophilins as antiviral targets for the treatment of HIV-1 and Chronic Hepatitis C virus infection and as molecular probes to identify the roles played by immunophilins in supporting the replication cycles of human viruses. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes emerging research that defines the functions of immunophilins in supporting the replication cycles of HIV-1, HCV, HBV, coronaviruses, and other viral pathogens and describes new information that suggests a role for immunophilins in regulating innate immune responses against chronic viral infection. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The dependence on cyclophilins by evolutionarily distinct viruses for accomplishing various steps in replication such as viral entry, initiation of genomic nucleic acid replication, viral genome uncoating, nuclear import and nuclear entry, emphasizes the potential of cyclophilin inhibitors as therapeutic agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Research, Autoimmune Technologies, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
| | - Philippe A Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Gallay PA, Ptak RG, Bobardt MD, Dumont JM, Vuagniaux G, Rosenwirth B. Correlation of naturally occurring HIV-1 resistance to DEB025 with capsid amino acid polymorphisms. Viruses 2013; 5:981-97. [PMID: 23524389 PMCID: PMC3705307 DOI: 10.3390/v5030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DEB025 (alisporivir) is a synthetic cyclosporine with inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). It binds to cyclophilin A (CypA) and blocks essential functions of CypA in the viral replication cycles of both viruses. DEB025 inhibits clinical HIV-1 isolates in vitro and decreases HIV-1 virus load in the majority of patients. HIV-1 isolates being naturally resistant to DEB025 have been detected in vitro and in nonresponder patients. By sequence analysis of their capsid protein (CA) region, two amino acid polymorphisms that correlated with DEB025 resistance were identified: H87Q and I91N, both located in the CypA-binding loop of the CA protein of HIV-1. The H87Q change was by far more abundant than I91N. Additional polymorphisms in the CypA-binding loop (positions 86, 91 and 96), as well as in the N-terminal loop of CA were detected in resistant isolates and are assumed to contribute to the degree of resistance. These amino acid changes may modulate the conformation of the CypA-binding loop of CA in such a way that binding and/or isomerase function of CypA are no longer necessary for virus replication. The resistant HIV-1 isolates thus are CypA-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla 92037, California, USA; E-Mails: (P.A.G.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Michael D. Bobardt
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla 92037, California, USA; E-Mails: (P.A.G.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Jean-Maurice Dumont
- Debiopharm, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Mailing address: Debiopharm SA, Forum “après-demain”, Chemin Messidor 5-7, Case postale 5911, CH-1002 Lausanne, Switzerland; Tel. +41 21 3210111; Fax: +41 21 3210169
| | | | - Brigitte Rosenwirth
- Klinisches Institut fuer Virologie, Medizinische Universitaet Wien, 1095 Vienna, Austria; E-Mail:
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Fassati A. Multiple roles of the capsid protein in the early steps of HIV-1 infection. Virus Res 2012; 170:15-24. [PMID: 23041358 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The early steps of HIV-1 infection starting after virus entry into cells up to integration of its genome into host chromosomes are poorly understood. From seminal work showing that HIV-1 and oncoretroviruses follow different steps in the early stages post-entry, significant advances have been made in recent years and an important role for the HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein, the constituent of the viral core, has emerged. CA appears to orchestrate several events, such as virus uncoating, recognition by restriction factors and the innate immune system. It also plays a role in nuclear import and integration of HIV-1 and has become a novel target for antiretroviral drugs. Here we describe the different functions of CA and how they may be integrated into one or more coherent models that illuminate the early events in HIV-1 infection and their relations with the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariberto Fassati
- The Wohl Virion Centre and MRC Centre for Medical & Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
Current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pandemic is believed to originate from cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) into human population. Such cross-species transmission, however, is not efficient in general, because viral replication is modulated by host cell factors, with the species-specificity of these factors affecting viral tropism. An understanding of those host cell factors that affect viral replication contributes to elucidation of the mechanism for determination of viral tropism. This review will focus an anti-viral effect of ApoB mRNA editing catalytic subunit, tripartite motif protein 5 alpha, and cyclophilins on SIV replication and provide insight into the mechanism of species-specific barriers against viral infection in human cells. It will then present our current understanding of the mechanism that may explain zoonotic transmission of retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Sakuma
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Takeuchi H, Ishii H, Kuwano T, Inagaki N, Akari H, Matano T. Host cell species-specific effect of cyclosporine A on simian immunodeficiency virus replication. Retrovirology 2012; 9:3. [PMID: 22225545 PMCID: PMC3311600 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An understanding of host cell factors that affect viral replication contributes to elucidation of the mechanism for determination of viral tropism. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), is a host factor essential for efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in human cells. However, the role of cyclophilins in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication has not been determined. In the present study, we examined the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA), a PPIase inhibitor, on SIV replication. Results SIV replication in human CEM-SS T cells was not inhibited but rather enhanced by treatment with CsA, which inhibited HIV-1 replication. CsA treatment of target human cells enhanced an early step of SIV replication. CypA overexpression enhanced the early phase of HIV-1 but not SIV replication, while CypA knock-down resulted in suppression of HIV-1 but not SIV replication in CEM-SS cells, partially explaining different sensitivities of HIV-1 and SIV replication to CsA treatment. In contrast, CsA treatment inhibited SIV replication in macaque T cells; CsA treatment of either virus producer or target cells resulted in suppression of SIV replication. SIV infection was enhanced by CypA overexpression in macaque target cells. Conclusions CsA treatment enhanced SIV replication in human T cells but abrogated SIV replication in macaque T cells, implying a host cell species-specific effect of CsA on SIV replication. Further analyses indicated a positive effect of CypA on SIV infection into macaque but not into human T cells. These results suggest possible contribution of CypA to the determination of SIV tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Novel postentry inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication screened by yeast membrane-associated two-hybrid system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4251-60. [PMID: 21746942 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00299-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag protein targets to the plasma membrane and assembles into viral particles. In the next round of infection, the mature Gag capsids disassemble during viral entry. Thus, Gag plays a central role in the HIV life cycle. Using a yeast membrane-associated two-hybrid assay based on the SOS-RAS signaling system, we developed a system to measure the Gag-Gag interaction and isolated 6 candidates for Gag assembly inhibitors from a chemical library composed of 20,000 small molecules. When tested in the human MT-4 cell line and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells, one of the candidates, 2-(benzothiazol-2-ylmethylthio)-4-methylpyrimidine (BMMP), displayed an inhibitory effect on HIV replication, although a considerably high dose was required. Unexpectedly, neither particle production nor maturation was inhibited by BMMP. Confocal microscopy confirmed that BMMP did not block Gag plasma membrane targeting. Single-round infection assays with envelope-pseudotyped and luciferase-expressing viruses revealed that BMMP inhibited HIV replication postentry but not simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or murine leukemia virus infection. Studies with HIV/SIV Gag chimeras indicated that the Gag capsid (CA) domain was responsible for the BMMP-mediated HIV postentry block. In vitro studies indicated that BMMP accelerated disassembly of HIV cores and, conversely, inhibited assembly of purified CA protein in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our data suggest that BMMP primarily targets the HIV CA domain and disrupts viral infection postentry, possibly through inducing premature disassembly of HIV cores. We suggest that BMMP is a potential lead compound to develop antiretroviral drugs bearing novel mechanisms of action.
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Pacheco B, Finzi A, Stremlau M, Sodroski J. Adaptation of HIV-1 to cells expressing rhesus monkey TRIM5α. Virology 2010; 408:204-12. [PMID: 20956011 PMCID: PMC2975777 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cross-species transmission of retroviruses is limited by host restriction factors that exhibit inter-species diversity. For example, the TRIM5α proteins of Old World monkeys block the early, post-entry steps in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. We adapted an HIV-1 isolate to replicate in cells expressing TRIM5α(rh) from rhesus monkeys, an Old World species. A single amino acid change in the cyclophilin-binding loop of the HIV-1 capsid protein allowed virus replication in cells expressing TRIM5α(rh). The capsid of the escape virus exhibited a reduced affinity for TRIM5α(rh), but retained the ability to bind cyclophilin A efficiently. Thus, a preferred HIV-1 escape pathway involves decreased binding to TRIM5α, a capsid-destabilizing factor, and retention of binding to cyclophilin A, a capsid-stabilizing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pacheco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Matthew Stremlau
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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Maillard PV, Zoete V, Michielin O, Trono D. Homology-based identification of capsid determinants that protect HIV1 from human TRIM5α restriction. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:8128-8140. [PMID: 21169362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.187609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropism of retroviruses relies on their ability to exploit cellular factors for their replication as well as to avoid host-encoded inhibitory activities such as TRIM5α. N-tropic murine leukemia virus is sensitive to human TRIM5α (huTRIM5α) restriction, whereas human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) escapes this antiviral factor. We previously revealed that mutation of four critical amino acid residues within the capsid can render murine leukemia virus resistant to huTRIM5α. Here, we exploit the high degree of conservation in the tertiary structure of retroviral capsids to map the corresponding positions on the HIV1 capsid. We then demonstrated that, when changes were introduced at some of these positions, HIV1 becomes sensitive to huTRIM5α restriction, a phenomenon reinforced by additionally mutating the nearby cyclophilin A binding loop of the viral protein. These results indicate that retroviruses have evolved similar mechanisms to escape TRIM5α restriction via the interference of structurally homologous determinants in the viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre V Maillard
- From the Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, and "Frontiers in Genetics" National Center for Competence in Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and
| | - Vincent Zoete
- the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,; the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Ltd., 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland, and; the Pluridisciplinary Centre for Clinical Oncology (CePO), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Trono
- From the Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, and "Frontiers in Genetics" National Center for Competence in Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and.
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12
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Takeuchi H. Contribution of Cyclophilin A to determination of simian immunodeficiency virus tropism: a progress update. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 2:B51-4. [PMID: 20510744 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of cellular factors that affect viral replication contributes to elucidation of the mechanism for the determination of viral tropism. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), is an essential host factor for the efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in human cells. However, its role in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication has not been determined. In the 2008 US-Japan AIDS panel meeting, I have presented the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA), a PPIase inhibitor, on replication of wild-type SIV. Interestingly, CsA treatment enhanced SIV replication in human cells but abrogated SIV replication in macaque cells, implying a species-specific effect of CsA on SIV replication. After this meeting, analysis using CypA knocked-down human cells indicated that CypA was considered inhibitory for SIV replication. These results suggest possible involvement of CypA in the determination of SIV tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeuchi
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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13
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A New World primate deficient in tetherin-mediated restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2009; 83:8771-80. [PMID: 19553332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00112-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not replicate in primary cells of New World primates. To better understand this restriction, we expressed owl monkey (Aotus nancymaae) CD4 and CXCR4 in the owl monkey kidney cell line, OMK. An HIV-1 variant modified to evade the owl monkey restriction factor TRIM-cyp replicated efficiently in these cells but could not replicate in primary A. nancymaae CD4-positive T cells. To understand this difference, we examined APOBEC3G and tetherin orthologs from OMK cells and primary A. nancymaae cells. We observed that OMK cells expressed substantially lower levels of APOBEC3G than did A. nancymaae cells. A. nancymaae, but not marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), APOBEC3G was partially downregulated by HIV-1 vif and reduced but did not abolish HIV-1 replication when stably expressed in OMK cells. The functional difference between A. nancymaae and marmoset APOBEC3Gs mapped to residue 128, previously shown to distinguish African green monkey from human APOBEC3G. We also characterized tetherin orthologs from OMK and A. nancymaae cells. The A. nancymaae tetherin ortholog, but not OMK tetherin, prevented HIV-1 release. Alteration of threonine 181 of OMK tetherin rescued its function and its efficient N glycosylation. All alleles of Aotus lemurinus griseimembra examined, but none of A. nancymaae or Aotus vociferans, encoded this nonfunctional tetherin ortholog. Our data indicate that HIV-1 replication in owl monkeys is not restricted at entry but can be limited by APOBEC3G and tetherin. Further, A. lemurinus griseimembra does not restrict HIV-1 replication via tetherin, a property likely useful for the study of tetherin-restricted viruses.
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14
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Hanoulle X, Badillo A, Wieruszeski JM, Verdegem D, Landrieu I, Bartenschlager R, Penin F, Lippens G. Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein is a substrate for the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity of cyclophilins A and B. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13589-13601. [PMID: 19297321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809244200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here a biochemical and structural characterization of domain 2 of the nonstructural 5A protein (NS5A) from the JFH1 Hepatitis C virus strain and its interactions with cyclophilins A and B (CypA and CypB). Gel filtration chromatography, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and finally NMR spectroscopy all indicate the natively unfolded nature of this NS5A-D2 domain. Because mutations in this domain have been linked to cyclosporin A resistance, we used NMR spectroscopy to investigate potential interactions between NS5A-D2 and cellular CypA and CypB. We observed a direct molecular interaction between NS5A-D2 and both cyclophilins. The interaction surface on the cyclophilins corresponds to their active site, whereas on NS5A-D2, it proved to be distributed over the many proline residues of the domain. NMR heteronuclear exchange spectroscopy yielded direct evidence that many proline residues in NS5A-D2 form a valid substrate for the enzymatic peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity of CypA and CypB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Hanoulle
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086, CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR 128, BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69397 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Wieruszeski
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dries Verdegem
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Penin
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086, CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR 128, BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69397 Lyon, France
| | - Guy Lippens
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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15
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Abstract
TRIM5alpha protein blocks retroviral replication at early postentry stage reducing the accumulation of reverse transcriptase products. TRIM5alpha proteins of Old World primates restrict HIV-1 infection whereas TRIM5alpha proteins of most New World monkeys restrict SIV(mac) infection. TRIM5alpha protein has a RING domain, B-box 2 domain, coiled-coil domain, and PRYSPRY domain. The PRYSPRY domain of TRIM5alpha determines viral specificity and restriction potency by mediating recognition of the retroviral capsid. The coiled-coil domain is essential for TRIM5alpha oligomerization, which contributes to binding avidity for the viral capsid. The RING domain and B-box 2 domain are required for efficient restriction activity of TRIM5alpha protein but the mechanisms remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongwoon Song
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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16
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Kamada K, Yamashita T, Hatcho K, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Evasion from CypA- and APOBEC-mediated restrictions is insufficient for HIV-1 to efficiently grow in simian cells. Microbes Infect 2008; 11:164-71. [PMID: 19056509 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have recently generated a monkey cell-tropic virus termed NL-DT5R from an HIV-1 NL4-3 clone and demonstrated that both cyclophilin A (CypA)-binding loop in Gag-capsid (CA) and Vif are responsible for the species-restriction of HIV-1. In this study, we constructed 16 CypA-binding loop mutants from the HIV-1-derivative NL-DT5R, and analyzed them biologically and biochemically. The mutants displayed various multi-cycle infection potencies in cynomolgus monkey (CyM) HSC-F cells, but none of them grew significantly better than NL-DT5R. Consistently, any of the HIV-1 variants examined here did not effectively counter CyM TRIM5alpha as judged by single-cycle infectivity assays. Assessment of their single-cycle infectivity in simian and CyM TRIM5alpha-expressing feline cells in the presence of cyclosporin A (CsA) showed that intervention of CypA-CA interaction did not restore full NL-DT5R infectivity, while CsA increased infectivity of DT5R/4-3 carrying the sequence of NL4-3 CypA-binding loop up to the NL-DT5R level. Almost similar data were obtained in the experiments utilizing CypA-targeting siRNA. Together with our previous results regarding NL-DT5R, these data suggested that evasion from CypA- and APOBEC-mediated restrictions is still insufficient for HIV-1 to completely overcome the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kamada
- Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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17
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Cyclophilin A-dependent restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid mutants for infection of nondividing cells. J Virol 2008; 82:12001-8. [PMID: 18829762 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01518-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Among retroviruses, lentiviruses are unusual in their ability to efficiently infect both dividing and nondividing cells, such as activated T cells and macrophages, respectively. Recent studies implicate the viral capsid protein (CA) as a key determinant of cell-cycle-independent infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We investigated the effects of the host cell protein cyclophilin A (CypA), which binds to HIV-1 CA, on HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells. The HIV-1 CA mutants A92E, T54A, and R132K were impaired for infection of aphidicolin-arrested HeLa cells, but not HOS cells. The mutants synthesized normal quantities of two-long-terminal-repeat circles in arrested HeLa cells, indicating that the mutant preintegration complexes can enter the nuclei of both dividing and nondividing cells. The impaired infectivity of the CA mutants on both dividing and nondividing HeLa cells was relieved by either pharmacological or genetic disruption of the CypA-CA interaction or by RNA interference-mediated depletion of CypA expression in target cells. A second-site suppressor of the CypA-restricted phenotype also restored the ability of CypA-restricted HIV-1 mutants to infect growth-arrested HeLa cells. These results indicate that CypA-restricted mutants are specifically impaired at a step between nuclear import and integration in nondividing HeLa cells. This study reveals a novel target cell-specific restriction of HIV-1 CA mutants in nondividing cells that is dependent on CypA-CA interactions.
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18
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Abstract
Viral replication requires the help of host cell factors, whose species specificity may affect viral tropism. On the other hand, there exist host factors that restrict viral replication. The anti-viral system mediated by some of these restriction factors, which is termed intrinsic immunity and is distinguished from conventional innate and adaptive immunity, has been described as playing an important role in making species-specific barriers against viral infection. Here, we describe the current progress in understanding of such restriction factors against retroviral replication, focusing on TRIM5alpha and APOBEC, whose anti-retroviral effects have recently been recognized. Additionally, we mention cyclophilin A, which is essential for HIV-1 replication in human cells and may affect viral tropism. Understanding of these host factors would contribute to identification of the determinants for viral tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeuchi
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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19
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Lin TY, Emerman M. Determinants of cyclophilin A-dependent TRIM5 alpha restriction against HIV-1. Virology 2008; 379:335-41. [PMID: 18678385 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TRIM5 alpha is a host protein that can bind to incoming retroviral capsid (CA) and inhibit retroviruses in a species-specific manner. The CA protein of HIV-1 also interacts with high affinity to the host protein cyclophilin A (CypA). This binding has been shown to positively affect some early stage of the viral life cycle in human cells. However, the CypA/CA interaction also renders HIV-1 more susceptible to rhesus TRIM5 alpha (rhTRIM5 alpha) restriction. We find that the ability of old world monkey TRIM5 alpha genes to restrict HIV-1 in a CypA-dependent manner is widespread. On the other hand, we find that simian immunodeficiency viruses from tantalus monkeys (SIVagmTAN), is unlike HIV-1 in that CypA does not enhance the rhTRIM5 alpha restriction against the virus even though the CA of this virus, like HIV-1, does bind CypA. Mapping of the determinants for this phenotype by swapping regions on CA between SIVagmTAN and HIV-1 showed that when SIVagmTAN contains loops between helices 4/5 (4-5 loop) and 6/7 (6-7 loop) from HIV-1 CA, it becomes susceptible to the CypA-enhanced rhTRIM5 alpha restriction. Surprisingly, when SIVagmTAN contains either loop from HIV-1 CA, it gains sensitivity to TRIM5 alpha from species which originally have no effect on the wild-type virus. Moreover, we find that CypA/CA interaction occurs early after viral entry but the CypA-enhanced restriction mostly acts on the stage after reverse transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Yu Lin
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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20
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Nakayama EE, Shingai Y, Kono K, Shioda T. TRIM5α-independent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity mediated by cyclophilin A in Old World monkey cells. Virology 2008; 375:514-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human cells by Debio-025, a novel cyclophilin binding agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1302-17. [PMID: 18212100 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01324-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Debio-025 is a synthetic cyclosporine with no immunosuppressive capacity but a high inhibitory potency against cyclophilin A (CypA)-associated cis-trans prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity. A lack of immunosuppressive effects compared to that of cyclosporine was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. For three cyclosporines, the inhibitory potential against PPIase activity was quantitatively correlated with that against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Debio-025 selectively inhibited the replication of HIV-1 in a CD4+ cell line and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: potent activity was demonstrated against clinical isolates of various HIV-1 subtypes, including isolates with multidrug resistance to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. Simian immunodeficiency virus and HIV-2 strains were generally resistant to inhibition by Debio-025; however, some notable exceptions of sensitive HIV-2 clinical isolates were detected. In two-drug combination studies, additive inhibitory effects were found between Debio-025 and 19 clinically used drugs of different classes. Clinical HIV-1 isolates that are naturally resistant to Debio-025 and that do not depend on CypA for infection were identified. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the CypA binding domain of the capsid (CA) protein from Debio-025-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 isolates indicated that resistance was mostly associated with an H87Q/P exchange. Mechanistically, cyclosporines competitively inhibit the binding of CypA to the HIV-1 CA protein, which is an essential interaction required for early steps in HIV-1 replication. By real-time PCR we demonstrated that early reverse transcription is reduced in the presence of Debio-025 and that late reverse transcription is almost completely blocked. Thus, Debio-025 seems to interfere with the function of CypA during the progression/completion of HIV-1 reverse transcription.
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22
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Takeuchi H, Buckler-White A, Goila-Gaur R, Miyagi E, Khan MA, Opi S, Kao S, Sokolskaja E, Pertel T, Luban J, Strebel K. Vif counteracts a cyclophilin A-imposed inhibition of simian immunodeficiency viruses in human cells. J Virol 2007; 81:8080-90. [PMID: 17522232 PMCID: PMC1951326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02727-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vif is a primate lentiviral accessory protein that is crucial for viral infectivity. Vif counteracts the antiviral activity of host deaminases such as APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. We now report a novel function of African green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) Vif that promotes replication of SIVagm in human cells lacking detectable deaminase activity. We found that cyclophilin A (CypA) was excluded from wild-type SIV particles but was efficiently packaged into vif-deficient SIVagm virions. The presence of CypA in vif-defective SIVagm was correlated with reduced viral replication. Infection of CypA knockout Jurkat cells or treatment of Jurkat cells with cyclosporine A eliminated the Vif-sensitive inhibition and resulted in replication profiles that were similar for wild-type and vif-deficient SIVagm. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of CypA was restricted to virus-producing cells and was TRIM5alpha independent. The abilities of SIVagm Vif to inhibit encapsidation of CypA and to increase viral infectivity were shared by rhesus macaque SIV Vif and thus seem to be general properties of SIV Vif proteins. Exclusion of CypA from SIVagm particles was not associated with intracellular degradation, suggesting a mode of Vif action distinct from that proposed for APOBEC3G. This is the first report of a novel vif-sensitive antiviral activity of human CypA that may limit zoonotic transmission of SIV and the first demonstration of CypA encapsidation into a virus other than human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Viral Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Building 4, Room 310, 4 Center Drive, MSC 0460, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA
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23
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Rits MAN, van Dort KA, Münk C, Meijer AB, Kootstra NA. Efficient Transduction of Simian Cells by HIV-1-based Lentiviral Vectors that Contain Mutations in the Capsid Protein. Mol Ther 2007; 15:930-7. [PMID: 17299408 DOI: 10.1038/mt.sj.6300091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the cyclophilin A (CyPA)-binding region of the HIV-1 capsid protein was identified as a viral determinant involved in the post-entry restriction in Old World monkey cells. Here, we constructed a panel of HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors (LVs) that contain either mutations in the CyPA-binding region or the CyPA-binding region of the related viruses HIV-1 group O and HIV-2. We demonstrated that amino-acid changes in the CyPA-binding region of the capsid can alter the phenotype of the virus resulting in CyPA-independent infection in human cells and non-restricted infection in simian cells. Combining these data with the available structural data, we speculate that reduced affinity of the capsid for CyPA is associated with an unrestricted infection of simian cells. In addition, we observed that primary rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells could be transduced efficiently by the LV that contained the CyPA-binding region of HIV-2. Therefore, this LV might be very useful for long-term safety studies in large animal models like rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A N Rits
- Department of Clinical Viro Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Efficient Transduction of Simian Cells by HIV-1-based Lentiviral Vectors that Contain Mutations in the Capsid Protein. Mol Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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25
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Yang R, Aiken C. A mutation in alpha helix 3 of CA renders human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cyclosporin A resistant and dependent: rescue by a second-site substitution in a distal region of CA. J Virol 2007; 81:3749-56. [PMID: 17267487 PMCID: PMC1866112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02634-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of many isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is enhanced by binding of the host cell protein cyclophilin A (CypA) to the viral capsid protein (CA). The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) and its nonimmunosuppressive analogs bind with high affinity to CypA and inhibit HIV-1 replication. Previous studies have identified two mutations, A92E and G94D, in the CypA-binding loop of CA that confer the ability of HIV-1 to replicate in the presence of CsA. Interestingly, CsA stimulates the replication of HIV-1 mutants containing either the A92E or G94D substitution in some human cell lines. Here, we show that substitution of alanine for threonine at position 54 of CA (T54A) also confers HIV-1 resistance to and dependence on CsA. Like the previously identified CsA-resistant/dependent mutants, infection by the T54A mutant was stimulated by CsA in a target cell-specific manner. RNA interference-mediated reduction of CypA expression enhanced the permissiveness of HeLa cells to infection by the T54A mutant. A suppressor mutation, encoding a substitution of threonine for alanine at position 105 of CA (A105T), was identified through adaptation of the T54A mutant virus for growth in CEM cells. A105T rescued the impaired single-cycle infectivity and replication defects of both T54A and A92E mutants. These results indicate that CA determinants outside the CypA-binding loop can modulate the dependence of HIV-1 infection on CypA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A-5301 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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26
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Abstract
More than a decade has passed since the discovery that the peptidyl prolyl isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) specifically binds to a proline-rich sequence in HIV-1 capsid (CA) and is thereby incorporated into viral particles. Since then, a variety of possible functions of CypA in the HIV-1 replication cycle have been intensively investigated, but the biological function of this interaction remains to be determined. The binding of CypA to CA increases HIV-1 infectivity in human cells, but promotes an anti-HIV-1 restriction activity in cells from nonhuman primates. Numerous studies have been undertaken to understand the paradoxical effects of CypA and, along with the parallel discovery of the restriction factor tripartite motif 5α, our understanding of how CypA modulates HIV-1 infectivity has now been changed completely. However, 13 years after its discovery, the biological function of the specific interaction between HIV-1 CA and CypA is still not fully understood. Even though much insight has been provided to date, many questions remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Votteler
- Institute for Clinical & Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Victor Wray
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Structural Biology Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute for Clinical & Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Lin TY, Emerman M. Cyclophilin A interacts with diverse lentiviral capsids. Retrovirology 2006; 3:70. [PMID: 17038183 PMCID: PMC1622752 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The capsid (CA) protein of HIV-1 binds with high affinity to the host protein cyclophilin A (CypA). This binding positively affects some early stage of the viral life-cycle because prevention of binding either by drugs that occupy that active site of cyclophilin A, by mutation in HIV-1 CA, or RNAi that knocks down intracellular CypA level diminishes viral infectivity. The closely related lentivirus, SIVcpz also binds CypA, but it was thought that this interaction was limited to the HIV-1/SIVcpz lineage because other retroviruses failed to interact with CypA in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Results We find that diverse lentiviruses, FIV and SIVagmTAN also bind to CypA. Mutagenesis of FIV CA showed that an amino acid that is in a homologous position to the proline at amino acid 90 of HIV-1 CA is essential for FIV interactions with CypA. Conclusion These results demonstrate that CypA binding to lentiviruses is more widespread than previously thought and suggest that this interaction is evolutionarily important for lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Yu Lin
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Emerman
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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28
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Luban J. Cyclophilin A, TRIM5, and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2006; 81:1054-61. [PMID: 16956947 PMCID: PMC1797489 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01519-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Luban
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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29
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Sokolskaja E, Luban J. Cyclophilin, TRIM5, and innate immunity to HIV-1. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:404-8. [PMID: 16815734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) binds a proline-rich loop on the surface of HIV-1 capsid (CA). This interaction increases HIV-1 infectivity in humans but promotes an anti-HIV-1 restriction activity in non-human primates. Efforts to understand these paradoxical effects of cyclophilin, along with more targeted approaches to uncover the genetic basis for HIV-1 restriction, led to the discovery of TRIM5 (tripartite motif protein 5), a CA-specific receptor for the retroviral core. The ensuing TRIM5 publication flurry established a paradigm of innate immunity in which the protein lattice of an invading retroviral core, rather than double-stranded RNA or lipopolysaccharide, is recognized by a multimeric, cytoplasmic receptor. CypA modulates HIV-1 virion core detection by this class of innate pattern recognition molecule, apparently by inducing subtle shifts in CA conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sokolskaja
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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30
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Stremlau M, Song B, Javanbakht H, Perron M, Sodroski J. Cyclophilin A: an auxiliary but not necessary cofactor for TRIM5alpha restriction of HIV-1. Virology 2006; 351:112-20. [PMID: 16643975 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (Cyp A) binds the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein and contributes to the early events in virus replication in some cells. The retroviral restriction factor TRIM5alpha can inhibit the early, post-entry phase of infection by associating with the incoming viral capsid. Cyp A has been proposed to prevent restriction factor binding in human cells, thus enhancing HIV-1 infectivity, and to potentiate restriction of HIV-1 in monkey cells. Here we show that the positive effects of Cyp A-CA binding on HIV-1 infectivity do not depend on human TRIM5alpha. Disruption of Cyp A binding to CA partially relieved the block to HIV-1 infection imposed by several TRIM5alpha variants, but Cyp A-CA binding was not absolutely required for TRIM5alpha antiviral activity. Inhibition of Cyp A function by cyclosporine significantly decreased the efficiency of TRIM5alpha-mediated restriction only when the restricted virus capsid interacted with Cyp A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stremlau
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Stremlau M, Perron M, Lee M, Li Y, Song B, Javanbakht H, Diaz-Griffero F, Anderson DJ, Sundquist WI, Sodroski J. Specific recognition and accelerated uncoating of retroviral capsids by the TRIM5alpha restriction factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5514-9. [PMID: 16540544 PMCID: PMC1459386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509996103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The host restriction factor TRIM5alpha mediates species-specific, early blocks to retrovirus infection; susceptibility to these blocks is determined by viral capsid sequences. Here we demonstrate that TRIM5alpha variants from Old World monkeys specifically associate with the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) capsid and that this interaction depends on the TRIM5alpha B30.2 domain. Human and New World monkey TRIM5alpha proteins associated less efficiently with the HIV-1 capsid, accounting for the lack of restriction in cells of these species. After infection, the expression of a restricting TRIM5alpha in the target cells correlated with a decrease in the amount of particulate capsid in the cytosol. In some cases, this loss of particulate capsid was accompanied by a detectable increase in soluble capsid protein. Inhibiting the proteasome did not abrogate restriction. Thus, TRIM5alpha restricts retroviral infection by specifically recognizing the capsid and promoting its rapid, premature disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stremlau
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michel Perron
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mark Lee
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yuan Li
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Byeongwoon Song
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | - Joseph Sodroski
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and
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32
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Sokolskaja E, Berthoux L, Luban J. Cyclophilin A and TRIM5alpha independently regulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity in human cells. J Virol 2006; 80:2855-62. [PMID: 16501094 PMCID: PMC1395419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2855-2862.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA), a cytoplasmic, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CA-binding protein, acts after virion membrane fusion with human cells to increase HIV-1 infectivity. HIV-1 CA is similarly greeted by CypA soon after entry into rhesus macaque or African green monkey cells, where, paradoxically, the interaction decreases HIV-1 infectivity by facilitating TRIM5alpha-mediated restriction. These observations conjure a model in which CA recognition by the human TRIM5alpha orthologue is precluded by CypA. Consistent with the model, selection of a human cell line for decreased restriction of the TRIM5alpha-sensitive, N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) rendered HIV-1 transduction of these cells independent of CypA. Additionally, HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) saturate N-MLV restriction activity, particularly when the CA-CypA interaction is disrupted. Here the effects of CypA and TRIM5alpha on HIV-1 restriction were examined directly. RNA interference was used to show that endogenous human TRIM5alpha does indeed restrict HIV-1, but the magnitude of this antiviral activity was not altered by disruption of the CA-CypA interaction or by elimination of CypA protein. Conversely, the stimulatory effect of CypA on HIV-1 infectivity was completely independent of human TRIM5alpha. Together with previous reports, these data suggest that CypA protects HIV-1 from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. Additionally, target cell permissivity increased after loading with heterologous VLPs, consistent with a common saturable target that is epistatic to both TRIM5alpha and the putative CypA-regulated restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sokolskaja
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Berthoux L, Sebastian S, Sokolskaja E, Luban J. Cyclophilin A is required for TRIM5{alpha}-mediated resistance to HIV-1 in Old World monkey cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14849-53. [PMID: 16203999 PMCID: PMC1239943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505659102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) embraces an exposed, proline-rich loop on HIV-1 capsid (CA) and renders reverse transcription complexes resistant to an antiviral activity in human cells. A CypA fusion with TRIM5 that is unique to New World owl monkeys also targets HIV-1 CA, but this interaction potently inhibits infection. A similar block to HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys is attributable to the alpha isoform of the TRIM5 orthologue in these species. To determine whether HIV-1 restriction by Old World monkey TRIM5alpha is modulated by the CA-CypA interaction, RNA interference was used to disrupt CypA in cells from African green monkeys and rhesus macaques. HIV-1 infectivity increased in response to CypA knock-down to the same extent that it increased in response to TRIM5 knock-down. CypA knock-down eliminated the HIV-1 stimulatory effect of cyclosporin A (CsA), a competitive inhibitor of the CypA-CA interaction, or of CA mutants that block binding to CypA but caused no change in titer of retroviruses that don't interact with CypA. Simultaneous knock-down of both CypA and TRIM5 caused minimal additional increase in titer, suggesting that CypA inhibits HIV-1 replication in these cells because it is required for CA recognition by TRIM5alpha. Finally, CsA increased HIV-1 titer in otherwise nonrestrictive feline cells but only after these cells were transduced with Old World monkey TRIM5alpha. Thus, CypA is required for HIV-1 restriction by Old World monkey orthologues of TRIM5alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Berthoux
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Khan M, Jin L, Miles L, Bond VC, Powell MD. Chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions that contain the simian immunodeficiency virus nef gene are cyclosporin A resistant. J Virol 2005; 79:3211-6. [PMID: 15709044 PMCID: PMC548445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3211-3216.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions which have their own nef gene deleted and are trans complemented to contain HIV-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef become resistant to treatment with cyclosporin A. To expand and confirm these studies, we have tested an HIV-1 isolate in which the HIV-1 nef gene has been replaced by the nef gene from SIV in a multiround infectivity assay using more physiologically relevant cell types. Our results confirm that HIV-1 virions that contain SIV nef can replicate in a cyclophilin-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuz Khan
- Dept. of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
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Villarrubia VG, Costa LA, Díez RA. [Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2): friends or foes? Are they actors in antibacterial and anti-HIV resistance?]. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 123:749-57. [PMID: 15574291 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(04)74656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the authors update on the deletereous or beneficial roles of human and animal secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2). Although human sPLA2-IIA (inflammatory) was initially thought as a foe because its pathogenic implication in sepsis, multiorganic failure or other related syndromes, recent data indicates its role in in the antiinfectious host resistance. Thus, sPLA2-IIA exhibits potent bactericidal activities against gram-negative and gram-positive (in this case, together with other endogenous inflammatory factors) bacteria. Surprisingly, human sPLA-IIA does not show in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, whilst several sPLA2-IA isolated from bee and serpent venons do it: this is the case for crotoxin, a sPLA2-IA isolated from the venon of Crotalus durissus terrificus (sPLA2-Cdt). The mechanism for the in vitro anti-HIV activity of sPLA2-Cdt (inhibition of Gag p24) appears to be related to the ability of the drug to desestabilize ancorage (heparans) and fusion (cholesterol) receptors on HIV target cells.
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Bon Homme M, Carter C, Scarlata S. The cysteine residues of HIV-1 capsid regulate oligomerization and cyclophilin A-induced changes. Biophys J 2005; 88:2078-88. [PMID: 15626706 PMCID: PMC1305260 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.053298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the HIV-1 virus involves, in part, strong interactions between the capsid (CA) domains of the Gag polyprotein. During maturation, the core of HIV-1 virions undergoes profound morphological changes due primarily to proteolysis of the CA domain from other Gag domains which may allow for more efficient disassembly of the viral core in the early stages of infection. The host protein cyclophilin A (CypA), a cis-trans prolyl isomerase, in some way seems to assist in this assembly/disassembly process. Using an unproteolyzed construct of CA, we show that binding of CypA induces a large-scale conformational change in CA that is independent of its cis-trans prolyl isomerase activity. This change appears to be mediated by Cys-198 of CA since mutation to Ala renders CypA unable to induce this change and alters the kinetics and stability of protein cores that may ultimately result in inefficient disassembly of viral cores. Alternately, mutation of the second CA Cys (C218A) allows for CypA-induced conformational changes but alters the kinetics and morphology of the protein cores that may ultimately result in inefficient assembly of viral cores. These studies show the importance of the CA Cys residues in mediating the contacts needed for viral assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Bon Homme
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Hatziioannou T, Perez-Caballero D, Cowan S, Bieniasz PD. Cyclophilin interactions with incoming human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsids with opposing effects on infectivity in human cells. J Virol 2005; 79:176-83. [PMID: 15596813 PMCID: PMC538701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.176-183.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that binds to the capsid protein (CA) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and by doing so facilitates HIV-1 replication. Although CypA is incorporated into HIV-1 virions by virtue of CypA-Gag interactions that occur during virion assembly, in this study we show that the CypA-CA interaction that occurs following the entry of the viral capsid into target cells is the major determinant of CypA's effects on HIV-1 replication. Specifically, by using normal and CypA-deficient Jurkat cells, we demonstrate that the presence of CypA in the target and not the virus-producing cell enhances HIV-1 infectivity. Moreover, disruption of the CypA-CA interaction with cyclosporine A (CsA) inhibits HIV-1 infectivity only if the target cell expresses CypA. The effect of CsA on HIV-1 infection of human cells varies according to which particular cell line is used as a target, and CA mutations that confer CsA resistance and dependence exert their effects only if target cells, and not if virus-producing cells, are treated with CsA. The differential effects of CsA on HIV-1 infection in different human cells appear not to be caused by polymorphisms in the recently described retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5alpha. We speculate that CypA and/or CypA-related proteins affect the fate of incoming HIV-1 capsid either directly or by modulating interactions with unidentified host cell factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Hatziioannou
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center and Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Sokolskaja E, Sayah DM, Luban J. Target cell cyclophilin A modulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity. J Virol 2004; 78:12800-8. [PMID: 15542632 PMCID: PMC524981 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.12800-12808.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) increases the kinetics by which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) spreads in tissue culture. This was conclusively demonstrated by gene targeting in human CD4(+) T cells, but the role of CypA in HIV-1 replication remains unknown. Though CypA binds to mature HIV-1 capsid protein (CA), it is also incorporated into nascent HIV-1 virions via interaction with the CA domain of the Gag polyprotein. These findings raised the possibility that CypA might act at multiple steps of the retroviral life cycle. Disruption of the CA-CypA interaction, either by the competitive inhibitor cyclosporine (CsA) or by mutation of CA residue G89 or P90, suggested that producer cell CypA was required for full virion infectivity. However, recent studies indicate that CypA within the target cell regulates HIV-1 infectivity by modulating Ref1- or Lv1-mediated restriction. To examine the relative contribution to HIV-1 replication of producer cell CypA and target cell CypA, we exploited multiple tools that disrupt the HIV-1 CA-CypA interaction. These tools included the drugs CsA, MeIle(4)-CsA, and Sanglifehrin; CA mutants exhibiting decreased affinity for CypA or altered CypA dependence; HeLa cells with CypA knockdown by RNA interference; and Jurkat T cells homozygous for a deletion of the gene encoding CypA. Our results clearly demonstrate that target cell CypA, and not producer cell CypA, is important for HIV-1 CA-mediated function. Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity resulting from virion production in the presence of CsA occurs independently of the CA-CypA interaction or even of CypA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sokolskaja
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, 701 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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Perron MJ, Stremlau M, Song B, Ulm W, Mulligan RC, Sodroski J. TRIM5alpha mediates the postentry block to N-tropic murine leukemia viruses in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11827-32. [PMID: 15280539 PMCID: PMC511059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403364101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) have been classified as N-tropic (N-MLV) or B-tropic (B-MLV), depending on their ability to infect particular mouse strains. The early phase of N-MLV infection is blocked in the cells of several mammalian species, including humans. This block is mediated by a dominant host factor that targets the viral capsid soon after virus entry into the cell has been achieved. A similar block to HIV-1 in rhesus monkey cells is mediated by TRIM5alpha. Here we show that human TRIM5alpha is both necessary and sufficient for the restriction of N-MLV in human cells. Rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha, which potently blocks HIV-1 infection, exhibited only modest inhibition of N-MLV infection. B-MLV was resistant to the antiviral effects of both human and rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha; susceptibility to TRIM5alpha-mediated restriction was conferred by alteration of residue 110 of the B-MLV capsid protein to the amino acid found in the N-MLV capsid. Our results demonstrate that species-specific variation in TRIM5alpha governs its ability to block infection by diverse retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Perron
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Owens CM, Song B, Perron MJ, Yang PC, Stremlau M, Sodroski J. Binding and susceptibility to postentry restriction factors in monkey cells are specified by distinct regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid. J Virol 2004; 78:5423-37. [PMID: 15113921 PMCID: PMC400345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.10.5423-5437.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cells of Old World and some New World monkeys, dominant factors restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections after virus entry. The simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac) is less susceptible to these restrictions, a property that is determined largely by the viral capsid protein. For this study, we altered exposed amino acid residues on the surface of the HIV-1 capsid, changing them to the corresponding residues found on the SIV(mac) capsid. We identified two distinct pathways of escape from early, postentry restriction in monkey cells. One set of mutants that were altered near the base of the cyclophilin A-binding loop of the N-terminal capsid domain or in the interdomain linker exhibited a decreased ability to bind the restricting factor(s). Consistent with the location of this putative factor-binding site, cyclophilin A and the restricting factor(s) cooperated to achieve the postentry block. A second set of mutants that were altered in the ridge formed by helices 3 and 6 of the N-terminal capsid domain efficiently bound the restricting factor(s) but were resistant to the consequences of factor binding. These results imply that binding of the simian restricting factor(s) is not sufficient to mediate the postentry block to HIV-1 and that SIV(mac) capsids escape the block by decreases in both factor binding and susceptibility to the effects of the factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Owens
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Khan M, Jin L, Huang MB, Miles L, Bond VC, Powell MD. Chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions containing HIV-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus Nef are resistant to cyclosporine treatment. J Virol 2004; 78:1843-50. [PMID: 14747548 PMCID: PMC369439 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.1843-1850.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral protein Nef and the cellular factor cyclophilin A are both required for full infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions. In contrast, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not incorporate cyclophilin A into virions or need it for full infectivity. Since Nef and cyclophilin A appear to act in similar ways on postentry events, we determined whether chimeric HIV-1 virions that contained either HIV-2 or SIV Nef would have a direct effect on cyclophilin A dependence. Our results show that chimeric HIV-1 virions containing either HIV-2 or SIV Nef are resistant to treatment by cyclosporine and enhance the infectivity of virions with mutations in the cyclophilin A binding loop of Gag. Amino acids at the C terminus of HIV-2 and SIV are necessary for inducing cyclosporine resistance. However, transferring these amino acids to the C terminus of HIV-1 Nef is insufficient to induce cyclosporine resistance in HIV-1. These results suggest that HIV-2 and SIV Nef are able to compensate for the need for cyclophilin A for full infectivity and that amino acids present at the C termini of these proteins are important for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuz Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA
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42
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Towers GJ, Hatziioannou T, Cowan S, Goff SP, Luban J, Bieniasz PD. Cyclophilin A modulates the sensitivity of HIV-1 to host restriction factors. Nat Med 2003; 9:1138-43. [PMID: 12897779 DOI: 10.1038/nm910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many mammalian species express restriction factors that confer host resistance to retroviral infection. Here we show that HIV-1 sensitivity to restriction factors is modulated by cyclophilin A (CypA), a host cell protein that binds the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA). In certain nonhuman primate cells, the CA-CypA interaction is essential for restriction: HIV-1 infectivity is increased >100-fold by cyclosporin A (CsA), a competitive inhibitor of the interaction, or by an HIV-1 CA mutation that disrupts CypA binding. Conversely, disruption of CA-CypA interaction in human cells reveals that CypA protects HIV-1 from the Ref-1 restriction factor. These findings suggest that HIV-1 has co-opted a host cell protein to counteract restriction factors expressed by human cells and that this adaptation can confer sensitivity to restriction in unnatural hosts. Manipulation of HIV-1 CA recognition by restriction factors promises to advance animal models and new therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Towers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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43
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Bon Homme M, Wong S, Carter C, Scarlata S. The pH dependence of HIV-1 capsid assembly and its interaction with cyclophilin A. Biophys Chem 2003; 105:67-77. [PMID: 12932580 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(03)00063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immature HIV-1 virions have spherical cores which become conical due to cleavage of the capsid domain of Gag. Here, we have used an immature form of capsid and show by electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and single angle light scattering that it aggregates to spherical cores resembling immature virions at high ionic strengths and at pH values above 6. Dynamic angle light scattering of the dissociated protein shows structural changes that promote oligomerization above pH 6. We then examined the role of the required host protein cyclophilin A on assembly. Cyclophilin A is incorporated into virions at a 1:10 cyclophilin A/capsid ratio. We find that although cyclophilin A does not affect the oligomerization rate or stability of immature capsid cores, it does bind strongly to immature capsid at physiological stoichiometry above pH 6. This association serves as an entry route of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Bon Homme
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Khan M, Garcia-Barrio M, Powell MD. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions depleted of cyclophilin A by natural endogenous reverse transcription restores infectivity. J Virol 2003; 77:4431-4. [PMID: 12634401 PMCID: PMC150660 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4431-4434.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that virions with nef deleted can be restored to wild-type infectivity by treatment to induce natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT). Since Nef and cyclophilin A (CyPA) appear to act in similar ways on postentry events, we determined whether NERT treatment would restore infectivity to virions depleted of CyPA. Our results show that the infectivity of virions depleted of CyPA by treatment with cyclosporine A could be restored by NERT treatment, while mutants in the CyPA binding loop of capsid could only be partially restored. These results suggest that CyPA is involved in some aspect of the uncoating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuz Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Göttlinger
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masachusetts, USA.
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Bosco DA, Eisenmesser EZ, Pochapsky S, Sundquist WI, Kern D. Catalysis of cis/trans isomerization in native HIV-1 capsid by human cyclophilin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5247-52. [PMID: 11929983 PMCID: PMC122755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.082100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Packaging of cyclophilin A (CypA) into HIV-1 virions is essential for efficient replication; however, the reason for this is unknown. Incorporation is mediated through binding to the Gly-89-Pro-90 peptide bond of the N-terminal domain of HIV-1 capsid (CA(N)). Despite the fact that CypA is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, catalytic activity on CA(N) has not been observed previously. We show here, using NMR exchange spectroscopy, that CypA does not only bind to CA(N) but also catalyzes efficiently the cis/trans isomerization of the Gly-89-Pro-90 peptide bond. In addition, conformational changes in CA(N) distal to the CypA binding loop are observed on CypA binding and catalysis. The results provide experimental evidence for efficient CypA catalysis on a natively folded and biologically relevant protein substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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Wiegers K, Kräusslich HG. Differential dependence of the infectivity of HIV-1 group O isolates on the cellular protein cyclophilin A. Virology 2002; 294:289-95. [PMID: 12009870 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular protein Cyclophilin A (Cyp A) is packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles through a specific interaction with the capsid domain of the Gag polyprotein. Inhibition of Cyp A incorporation by mutagenesis or cyclosporin treatment severely affects infectivity of all HIV-1 M subtypes tested. In contrast, the closely related lentiviruses HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not package Cyp A and are not inhibited by cyclosporin. For the HIV-1 group O isolate MVP5180, it was found that Cyp A incorporation and Cyp A dependence of infectivity did not correlate. This virus incorporates Cyp A but is not sensitive to treatment with cyclosporin A. For a more detailed study concerning the relationship between Cyp A incorporation and Cyp A dependence, we have analyzed five group O isolates for their ability to incorporate Cyp A and their sensitivity to cyclosporin treatment. All group O viruses incorporated Cyp A in comparable amounts as the M-group HIV-1 strain NL4-3. Furthermore, Cyp A incorporation was inhibited by cyclosporin in all cases. However, while isolate MVP 5180 was confirmed to replicate independent of Cyp A, three of the other four isolates were sensitive to cyclosporin treatment. Sequence analysis of the Cyp A binding regions revealed that the proline-rich motif, which is responsible for Cyp A incorporation, was conserved in all four isolates, while some sequence variations were detected in other positions close to this region. These results suggest that Cyp A dependence of replication is influenced by regions outside the Cyp-binding loop and may aid in determination of Cyp A function in HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wiegers
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany.
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48
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Gatanaga H, Suzuki Y, Tsang H, Yoshimura K, Kavlick MF, Nagashima K, Gorelick RJ, Mardy S, Tang C, Summers MF, Mitsuya H. Amino acid substitutions in Gag protein at non-cleavage sites are indispensable for the development of a high multitude of HIV-1 resistance against protease inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:5952-61. [PMID: 11741936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag cleavage sites have been identified in HIV-1 isolated from patients with AIDS failing chemotherapy containing protease inhibitors (PIs). However, a number of highly PI-resistant HIV-1 variants lack cleavage site amino acid substitutions. In this study we identified multiple novel amino acid substitutions including L75R, H219Q, V390D/V390A, R409K, and E468K in the Gag protein at non-cleavage sites in common among HIV-1 variants selected against the following four PIs: amprenavir, JE-2147, KNI-272, and UIC-94003. Analyses of replication profiles of various mutant clones including competitive HIV-1 replication assays demonstrated that these mutations were indispensable for HIV-1 replication in the presence of PIs. When some of these mutations were reverted to wild type amino acids, such HIV-1 clones failed to replicate. However, virtually the same Gag cleavage pattern was seen, indicating that the mutations affected Gag protein functions but not their cleavage sensitivity to protease. These data strongly suggest that non-cleavage site amino acid substitutions in the Gag protein recover the reduced replicative fitness of HIV-1 caused by mutations in the viral protease and may open a new avenue for designing PIs that resist the emergence of PI-resistant HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Pushkarsky T, Zybarth G, Dubrovsky L, Yurchenko V, Tang H, Guo H, Toole B, Sherry B, Bukrinsky M. CD147 facilitates HIV-1 infection by interacting with virus-associated cyclophilin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6360-5. [PMID: 11353871 PMCID: PMC33473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.111583198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is specifically incorporated into the virions of HIV-1 and has been shown to enhance significantly an early step of cellular HIV-1 infection. Our preliminary studies implicated CD147 as a receptor for extracellular CyPA. Here, we demonstrate a role for CyPA-CD147 interaction during the early steps of HIV-1 infection. Expression of human CD147 increased infection by HIV-1 under one-cycle conditions. However, susceptibility to infection by viruses lacking CyPA (simian immunodeficiency virus or HIV-1 produced in the presence of cyclosporin A) was unaffected by CD147. Virus-associated CyPA coimmunoprecipitated with CD147 from infected cells. Antibody to CD147 inhibited HIV-1 entry as evidenced by the delay in translocation of the HIV-1 core proteins from the membrane and inhibition of viral reverse transcription. Viruses whose replication did not require CyPA (SIV or mutant HIV-1) were resistant to the inhibitory effect of anti-CD147 antibody. These results suggest that HIV-1 entry depends on an interaction between virus-associated CyPA and CD147 on a target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pushkarsky
- The Picower Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Dietrich L, Ehrlich LS, LaGrassa TJ, Ebbets-Reed D, Carter C. Structural consequences of cyclophilin A binding on maturational refolding in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein. J Virol 2001; 75:4721-33. [PMID: 11312344 PMCID: PMC114227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.10.4721-4733.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While several cellular proteins are incorporated in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion, cyclophilin (CyP) A is the only one whose absence has been demonstrated to impair infectivity. Incorporation of the cytosolic protein results from interaction with a highly exposed Pro-rich loop in the N-terminal region of the capsid (CA) domain of the precursor polyprotein, Pr55(Gag). Even when prevented from interacting with CyP A, Pr55Gag still forms particles that proceed to mature into morphologically wild-type virions, suggesting that CyP A influences a postassembly event. The nature of this CyP A influence has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that while CyP A binds both Gag and mature CA proteins, the two binding interactions are actually different. Tryptophan 121 (W121) in CyP A distinguished the two proteins: a phenylalanine substitution (W121F) impaired binding of mature CA protein but not of Gag. This indicates the occurrence of a maturation-dependent switch in the conformation of the Pro-rich loop. A structural consequence of Gag binding to CyP A was to block this maturational refolding, resulting in a 24-kDa CA protein retaining the immature Pro-rich loop conformation. Using trypsin as a structure probe, we demonstrate that the conformation of the C-terminal region in mature CA is also a product of maturational refolding. Binding to wild-type CyP A altered this conformation, as indicated by a reduction in the accessibility of Cys residue(s) in the region to chemical modification. Hence, the end result of binding to CyP A, whether the Pro-rich loop is in the context of Gag or mature CA protein, is a structurally modified mature CA protein. The postassembly role of CyP A may be mediated through these modified mature CA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dietrich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5222, USA
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