1
|
Hayhow TG, Williamson B, Lawson M, Cureton N, Braybrooke EL, Campbell A, Carbajo RJ, Cheraghchi-Bashi A, Chiarparin E, Diène CR, Fallan C, Fisher DI, Goldberg FW, Hopcroft L, Hopcroft P, Jackson A, Kettle JG, Klinowska T, Künzel U, Lamont G, Lewis HJ, Maglennon G, Martin S, Gutierrez PM, Morrow CJ, Nikolaou M, Nissink JWM, O'Shea P, Polanski R, Schade M, Scott JS, Smith A, Weber J, Wilson J, Yang B, Crafter C. Metabolism-driven in vitro/in vivo disconnect of an oral ERɑ VHL-PROTAC. Commun Biol 2024; 7:563. [PMID: 38740899 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) pathway is validated in the clinic as an effective means to treat ER+ breast cancers. Here we present the development of a VHL-targeting and orally bioavailable proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader of ERα. In vitro studies with this PROTAC demonstrate excellent ERα degradation and ER antagonism in ER+ breast cancer cell lines. However, upon dosing the compound in vivo we observe an in vitro-in vivo disconnect. ERα degradation is lower in vivo than expected based on the in vitro data. Investigation into potential causes for the reduced maximal degradation reveals that metabolic instability of the PROTAC linker generates metabolites that compete for binding to ERα with the full PROTAC, limiting degradation. This observation highlights the requirement for metabolically stable PROTACs to ensure maximal efficacy and thus optimisation of the linker should be a key consideration when designing PROTACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Jackson
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Yang
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roch PJ, Noisser L, Böker KO, Hoffmann DB, Schilling AF, Sehmisch S, Komrakova M. Advantage of ostarine over raloxifene and their combined treatments for muscle of estrogen-deficient rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:709-720. [PMID: 37672168 PMCID: PMC10904410 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective androgen (ostarine, OST) and estrogen (raloxifene, RAL) receptor modulators with improved tissue selectivity have been developed as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy. We investigated the combined effects of OST and RAL on muscle tissue in an estrogen-deficient rat model of postmenopausal conditions. METHODS Three-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into groups: (1) untreated non-ovariectomized rats (Non-OVX), (2) untreated ovariectomized rats (OVX), (3) OVX rats treated with OST, (4) OVX rats treated with RAL, (5) OVX rats treated with OST and RAL. Both compounds were administered in the diet. The average dose received was 0.6 ± 0.1 mg for OST and 11.1 ± 1.2 mg for RAL per kg body weight/day. After thirteen weeks, rat activity, muscle weight, structure, gene expression, and serum markers were analyzed. RESULTS OST increased muscle weight, capillary ratio, insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf-1) expression, serum phosphorus, uterine weight. RAL decreased muscle weight, capillary ratio, food intake, serum calcium and increased Igf-1 and Myostatin expression, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). OST + RAL increased muscle nucleus ratio, uterine weight, serum phosphorus, FSH and luteinizing hormone and decreased body and muscle weight, serum calcium. Neither treatment changed muscle fiber size. OVX increased body and muscle weight, decreased uterine weight, serum calcium and magnesium. CONCLUSION OST had beneficial effects on muscle in OVX rats. Side effects of OST on the uterus and serum electrolytes should be considered before using it for therapeutic purposes. RAL and RAL + OST had less effect on muscle and showed endocrinological side effects on pituitary-gonadal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Roch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - L Noisser
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K O Böker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A F Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Motlani G, Motlani V, Acharya N, Dave A, Pamnani S, Somyani D, Agrawal S. Novel Advances in the Role of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Hormonal Replacement Therapy: A Paradigm Shift. Cureus 2023; 15:e49079. [PMID: 38125238 PMCID: PMC10730982 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a key regulatory hormone in the functioning of a female reproductive system. Estrogen hormone regulates many complex physiological processes, which has its role in reproduction and skeletal and cardiovascular systems by acting on estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), which are nuclear transcription factors. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are now being used to treat bone loss, breast carcinoma, and menopausal symptoms, metabolic neurodegenerative because of their characteristics that allow them to function as both estrogen agonists and antagonists, depending on the target tissue. First-generation SERMs, such as Tamoxifen, are used in the management protocol for breast cancer, which is estrogen receptor (ER-positive). Raloxifene is a second-generation SERM that is a valuable adjunct used to treat and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and prevent compression fractures of the vertebral column. Novel SERM molecules are on the horizon, proven more potent and efficacious in preventing and treating osteoporosis. These include Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene. The benefits of Raloxifene versus that of Bazedoxifene are under trial. Despite their therapeutic benefits and actions, these medications are not without adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders. Increased risk of uterine cancer has been linked to Tamoxifen. This article delves into the world of SERMs, including their development and discovery. The newer SERMs in late development, ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene, and arzoxifene, are described in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Motlani
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Vidhi Motlani
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Neema Acharya
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Apoorva Dave
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Soumya Pamnani
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Drishti Somyani
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohta H, Uemura Y, Sone T, Tanaka S, Soen S, Mori S, Hagino H, Fukunaga M, Nakamura T, Orimo H, Shiraki M. Effect of Bone Resorption Inhibitors on Serum Cholesterol Level and Fracture Risk in Osteoporosis: Randomized Comparative Study Between Minodronic Acid and Raloxifene. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:430-439. [PMID: 36707436 PMCID: PMC10025188 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The positive link between osteoporosis and hypercholesterolemia has been documented, and bone resorption inhibitors, such as nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BP) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), are known to reduce serum cholesterol levels. However, the relationship between the baseline cholesterol level and incident fracture rate under the treatment using the bone resorption inhibitors has not been documented. We investigated the relation between vertebral fracture incident and the baseline cholesterol levels and cholesterol-lowering effect of N-BP and SERM in osteoporosis through a prospective randomized open-label study design. Patients with osteoporosis (n = 3986) were allocated into two groups based on the drug used for treatment: minodronic acid (MIN) (n = 1624) as an N-BP and raloxifene (RLX) as an SERM (n = 1623). Serum levels of cholesterol and incidence of vertebral fracture were monitored for 2 years. The vertebral fracture rates between the two groups were compared using the pre-specified stratification factors. The patients receiving MIN with baseline low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level of ≥ 140 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level < 40 mg/dL, age group of ≥ 75 years, and T score of BMD ≥ -3 SD had significantly lower vertebral fracture rates than those receiving RLX (incidence rate ratios (IRR) 0.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30 0.75, p = 0.001], 0.25 [95% CI 0.09 0.65, p = 0.005], 0.71 [95% CI 0.56 0.91, p = 0.006], 0.47 [95% CI 0.30 0.75, p = 0.0012], respectively). The cholesterol-lowering effect was stronger in the RLX group than in the MIN group, regardless of prior statin use. These results indicated that MIN treatment was more effective in reducing fracture risk in patients with higher LDL cholesterol levels, although its cholesterol-lowering ability was lesser than the RLX treatment.Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network-Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), No. UMIN000005433; date: April 13, 2011.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ohta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukari Uemura
- Biostatistics Section, Department of Data Science, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Teruki Sone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shiro Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Soen
- Soen Orthopaedics, Osteoporosis and Rheumatology Clinic, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mori
- Bone and Joint Surgery, Seirei Hamamatu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hagino
- School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masataka Shiraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Practice for Involutional Diseases, Nagano, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bousseau S, Sobrano Fais R, Gu S, Frump A, Lahm T. Pathophysiology and new advances in pulmonary hypertension. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000137. [PMID: 37051026 PMCID: PMC10083754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive and often fatal cardiopulmonary condition characterised by increased pulmonary arterial pressure, structural changes in the pulmonary circulation, and the formation of vaso-occlusive lesions. These changes lead to increased right ventricular afterload, which often progresses to maladaptive right ventricular remodelling and eventually death. Pulmonary arterial hypertension represents one of the most severe and best studied types of pulmonary hypertension and is consistently targeted by drug treatments. The underlying molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension is a complex and multifactorial process, but can be characterised by several hallmarks: inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, metabolic alterations, genetic or epigenetic abnormalities, influence of sex and sex hormones, and abnormalities in the right ventricle. Current treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension and some other types of pulmonary hypertension target pathways involved in the control of pulmonary vascular tone and proliferation; however, these treatments have limited efficacy on patient outcomes. This review describes key features of pulmonary hypertension, discusses current and emerging therapeutic interventions, and points to future directions for research and patient care. Because most progress in the specialty has been made in pulmonary arterial hypertension, this review focuses on this type of pulmonary hypertension. The review highlights key pathophysiological concepts and emerging therapeutic directions, targeting inflammation, cellular metabolism, genetics and epigenetics, sex hormone signalling, bone morphogenetic protein signalling, and inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bousseau
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rafael Sobrano Fais
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sue Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea Frump
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Steroid glycosides isolated from Paris polyphylla var. chinensis aerial parts and paris saponin II induces G1/S-phase MCF-7 cell cycle arrest. Carbohydr Res 2022; 519:108613. [PMID: 35752103 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In our previous research on Vietnamese medicinal plants, we found that the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis exhibited cytotoxic effects in vitro in the MCF-7 human cancer cell line. Here, we used combined chromatographic separations to isolate six compounds including a new steroid glycoside, paripoloside A (3), and five known compounds, from the butanol extract of the aerial parts of P. polyphylla. We unambiguously elucidated their structures based on spectroscopic data (proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, heteronuclear single quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, correlation spectroscopy, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy data), and chemical reactions. Among the isolated compounds, paris saponin II (PSII) had the strongest cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, PSII significantly increased the expression of p53, p21, p27, and Bax protein levels and significantly suppressed the expression of cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma protein. These data suggest that PSII may induce G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathway development in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the MCF-7 breast cancer cells mechanism of PSII was also investigated using molecular docking. Together, our results demonstrate that isolated compounds from P. polyphylla are promising candidates as breast cancer inhibitors.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Chen L, Gou W, Chen C, Zhou Y, Li Z, Chan DW, Huang R, Pei H, Zheng W, Li Y, Xia M, Zhu W. Discovery and characterization of potent And-1 inhibitors for cancer treatment. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e627. [PMID: 34923765 PMCID: PMC8684776 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein 1 (And-1), an important factor for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and repair, is overexpressed in many types of cancer but not in normal tissues. Although multiple independent studies have elucidated And-1 as a promising target gene for cancer therapy, an And-1 inhibitor has yet to be identified. Using an And-1 luciferase reporter assay to screen the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) in a high throughput screening (HTS) platform, and then further screen the compound analog collection, we identified two potent And-1 inhibitors, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA) and an uncharacterized compound [(E)-5-(3,4-dichlorostyryl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol] (CH3), which specifically inhibit And-1 by promoting its degradation. Specifically, through direct interaction with And-1 WD40 domain, CH3 interrupts the polymerization of And-1. Depolymerization of And-1 promotes its interaction with E3 ligase Cullin 4B (CUL4B), resulting in its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Furthermore, CH3 suppresses the growth of a broad range of cancers. Moreover, And-1 inhibitors re-sensitize platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to platinum drugs in vitro and in vivo. Since BZA is an FDA approved drug, we expect a clinical trial of BZA-mediated cancer therapy in the near future. Taken together, our findings suggest that targeting And-1 by its inhibitors is a potential broad-spectrum anti-cancer chemotherapy regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Leyuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation MedicinePeking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Wenfeng Gou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation MedicinePeking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Chi‐Wei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Zhuqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - David W. Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong, China
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Huadong Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Yiliang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation MedicinePeking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Wenge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- GW Cancer CenterThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Price S, Bender SG, Yahn R, Till NA, Varady S, LaLonde RL. Searching for an ideal SERM: Mining tamoxifen structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 52:128383. [PMID: 34592434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The repurposing of old drugs for new treatments has recently garnered increased attention in the face of new diseases and declining productivity of the pharmaceutial industry. This report draws attention to potential opportunities hiding in plain sight within the SAR of off-patent drugs. Herein we explore the untapped potential of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). SERMs are a class of molecules that have been highly influential in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. However, the most commonly prescribed SERM, tamoxifen, has been found to increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Another SERM, raloxifene, does not increase incidence of endometrial cancer, but has been abandoned as a breast cancer treatment. We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of an unexplored tamoxifen substitution pattern which mimics the geometry of raloxifene to confer its favorable pharmacodynamics. This substitution pattern was found to maintain excellent binding affinity to estrogen receptor-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sky Price
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, TX USA
| | - Sophie G Bender
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Yahn
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicholas A Till
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sophia Varady
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Lyn LaLonde
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mottamal M, Kang B, Peng X, Wang G. From Pure Antagonists to Pure Degraders of the Estrogen Receptor: Evolving Strategies for the Same Target. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9334-9343. [PMID: 33869913 PMCID: PMC8047716 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pure antiestrogens, or selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), have proven to be effective in treating breast cancer that has progressed on tamoxifen and/or aromatase inhibitors. However, the only FDA-approved pure antiestrogen, fulvestrant, is limited in efficacy by its low bioavailability. The search for orally bioavailable SERDs has continued for nearly as long as the clinical history of the injection-only fulvestrant. Oral SERDs that have been developed and tested in patients ranged from nonsteroidal ER binders containing an acrylic acid or amino side chain to bifunctional proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) pure ER degraders. Structural evolution in the development of oral SERD molecules has been closely associated with quantifiable ER-degrading potency, as seen in the structural comparison analysis of acrylic acid and basic amino side-chain-bearing SERDs. Failure to improve on fulvestrant in the clinical trials by numerous acidic SERDs and early basic SERDs is blamed on tolerability and/or insufficient efficacy, which will likely be overcome by the new-generation basic SERD molecules and PROTAC ER degraders with improved oral bioavailability, low toxicity, and superior efficacy of receptor degradation.
Collapse
|
10
|
McDonnell DP, Wardell SE, Chang CY, Norris JD. Next-Generation Endocrine Therapies for Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:1383-1388. [PMID: 33705209 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - John D Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The short-term effects of estradiol, raloxifene, and a phytoestrogen in women with perimenopausal depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:369-383. [PMID: 33470755 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the short-term efficacies of three estrogen-like compounds under placebo-controlled conditions in women with perimenopause-related depression (PMD). METHODS Women with PMD were randomized in a double-blind parallel design to one of four treatments: transdermal 17-beta estradiol (TE) (100 mcg/d); oral raloxifene (60 mg/d); a proprietary phytoestrogen compound, Rimostil (1,000 mg twice/d); or placebo for 8 weeks. The main outcome measures were the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale, 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and the Beck Depression Inventory completed at each clinic visit. Secondary outcomes included a visual analogue self-rating completed at each clinic visit, and daily self-ratings of hot flush severity. Cognitive tests were performed at pretreatment baseline and at the end of the trial. In the primary analysis, we obtained four repeated measures in each woman in the four treatment arms. Analyses were done with SAS Version 9.4 software (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC), using PROC MIXED (for mixed models). All models included the following four explanatory variables, regardless of whether they were statistically significant: 1) treatment group (TE, raloxifene, Rimostil, placebo); 2) week (W2, W4, W6, W8); 3) treatment group-by-week interaction; and 4) baseline value of the measure being analyzed. The inclusion of additional variables was evaluated individually for each outcome measure. RESULTS Sixty-six women were randomized into the trial, four women dropped out of the trial, and 62 women were included in the final data analysis. No effect of treatment group was observed in either the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale (P = 0.34) or Beck Depression Inventory (P = 0.27) scores; however, there was a difference in HRSD scores between treatment groups (P = 0.0037) that pair-wise comparisons of the combined weekly scores in each treatment demonstrated TE's beneficial effects on HRSD scores compared with Rimostil (P = 0.0005), and less consistently with placebo (P = 0.099). The average (SD) of the baseline scores for each treatment group on the HRSD was as follows: TE-15.3 (4.5), raloxifene-16.0 (3.7), Rimostil-14.0 (2.7), and placebo-15.2 (3.0). Whereas the HRSD scores after 8 weeks of treatment (least-square means) were TE-5.2(1.1), raloxifene-5.8(1.2), Rimostil-11.2(1.4), and placebo-7.8(1.1). No differences were observed between raloxifene and either TE or placebo in any scale score. HRSD scores in women assigned to TE were improved compared with those on Rimostil during weeks 6 and 8 (P values = 0.0008, 0.0011, respectively). Cognitive testing at week 8 showed that none of the three active treatment groups performed better than placebo. CONCLUSIONS This study did not identify significant therapeutic benefits of TE, Rimostil, or raloxifene compared with placebo in PMD. However, improvements in depression ratings were observed between TE compared with Rimostil. Thus, our findings do not support the role of ERbeta compounds in the treatment of PMD (and indeed could suggest a more important role of ERalpha).
Collapse
|
12
|
Du T, Sun R, Li L, Ebuzoeme C, Bui D, Zheng Z, Yin T, Liang D, Hu M, Gao S. Development and validation of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of raloxifene and its phase II metabolites in plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4414-4423. [PMID: 33119204 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a reliable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to simultaneously quantitate raloxifene, and its major metabolites, raloxifene-6-glucuronide, raloxifene-4'-glucuronide, and raloxifene-6-sulfate in rat plasma samples for pharmacokinetic studies. The separation of the analytes was achieved on a Waters BEH C18 column. Water (0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phases for elution. A one-step protein precipitation using a mixture solvent was applied for plasma sample preparation. The method was validated following the FDA guidance. The results showed that the linear range were 1.95-1000 nM for raloxifene-6-glucuronide, and raloxifene-4'-glucuronide, 0.195-100 nM for raloxifene-6-sulfate, and 0.195-200 nM for raloxifene, respectively. The lower limit of quantification was 1.95, 1.95, 0.195, and 0.195 nM for raloxifene-6-glucuronide, raloxifene-4'-glucuronide, raloxifene-6-sulfate, and raloxifene, respectively. Only 20 µl of plasma sample was required since the method is sensitive. The intra- and interday variance is <15% and the accuracy is within 85-115%. The variance of matrix effect and recovery were <15%. The method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study in rats with oral administration of raloxifene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rongjin Sun
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christabel Ebuzoeme
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dinh Bui
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zicong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sreekumar S, Levine KM, Sikora MJ, Chen J, Tasdemir N, Carter D, Dabbs DJ, Meier C, Basudan A, Boone D, McAuliffe PF, Jankowitz RC, Lee AV, Atkinson JM, Oesterreich S. Differential Regulation and Targeting of Estrogen Receptor α Turnover in Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa109. [PMID: 32609836 PMCID: PMC7438704 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) accounts for 10% to 15% of breast cancers diagnosed annually. Evidence suggests that some aspects of endocrine treatment response might differ between invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and ILC, and that patients with ILC have worse long-term survival. We analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and observed lower levels of ESR1 mRNA (P = 0.002) and ERα protein (P = 0.038) in ER+ ILC (n = 137) compared to IDC (n = 554), and further confirmed the mRNA difference in a local UPMC cohort (ILC, n = 143; IDC, n = 877; P < 0.005). In both datasets, the correlation between ESR1 mRNA and ERα protein was weaker in ILC, suggesting differential post-transcriptional regulation of ERα. In vitro, 17β-estradiol (E2) decreased the rate of degradation and increased the half-life of ERα in ILC cell lines, whereas the opposite was observed in IDC cell lines. Further, E2 failed to induce robust ubiquitination of ERα in ILC cells. To determine the potential clinical relevance of these findings, we evaluated the effect of 2 selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), ICI 182,780 and AZD9496, on ERα turnover and cell growth. While ICI 182,780 and AZD9496 showed similar effects in IDC cells, in ILC cell lines, AZD9496 was not as effective as ICI 182,780 in decreasing ERα stability and E2-induced proliferation. Furthermore, AZD9496 exhibited partial agonist activity in growth assays in ILC cell lines. Our study provides evidence for a distinct ERα regulation by SERDs in ILC cell lines, and therefore it is important to include ILC models into preclinical and clinical testing of novel SERDs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proteolysis/drug effects
- Ubiquitination/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Sreekumar
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin M Levine
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington DC
| | - Matthew J Sikora
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jian Chen
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nilgun Tasdemir
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorothy Carter
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David J Dabbs
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolin Meier
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ahmed Basudan
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Boone
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Priscilla F McAuliffe
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel C Jankowitz
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer M Atkinson
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antiestrogenic Activity and Possible Mode of Action of Certain New Nonsteroidal Coumarin-4-acetamides. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071553. [PMID: 32231072 PMCID: PMC7181245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of certain 2-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)-N-substituted acetamides IIIa-h was planned as a step in the development of new modified nonsteroidal antiestrogens. The purity of target compounds IIIa-h was checked by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and their structures were confirmed using various spectroscopic tools including IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and MS spectroscopy. Viability tests were applied using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the synthesized compounds against two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Compound IIIb proved the most active against MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value of 0.32 μM. The results of an analysis of in vitro antiestrogenic activity indicated that only compound IIIb exhibited antiestrogenic activity; its IC50 value of 29.49 μM was about twice as potent as that of the reference compound, MIBP. The aromatase activity was evaluated for the synthesized target compounds IIIa-g and the intermediates Ib and IIa. A significant aromatase inhibition was observed for the intermediate Ib and compound IIIe, with IC50 values of 14.5 and 17.4 μM, respectively. Compound IIIb, namely 7-methoxy-4-(2-oxo-2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one, could be used as an antiestrogen and/or cytotoxic agent with selective activity against tumor cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ali MA, Farah MA, Al-Anazi KM, Basha SH, Bai F, Lee J, Al-Hemaid FMA, Mahmoud AH, Hailan WAQ. In Silico Elucidation of the Plausible Inhibitory Potential of Withaferin A of Withania Somnifera Medicinal Herb Against Breast Cancer Targeting Estrogen Receptor. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:842-851. [PMID: 31995002 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200129121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen Receptors (ER) are members of the nuclear intracellular receptors family. ER once activated by estrogen, it binds to DNA via translocating into the nucleus and regulates the activity of various genes. Withaferin A (WA) - an active compound of a medicinal plant Withania somnifera was reported to be a very effective anti-cancer agent and some of the recent studies has demonstrated that WA is capable of arresting the development of breast cancer via targeting estrogen receptor. OBJECTIVE The present study is aimed at understanding the molecular level interactions of ER and Tamoxifen in comparison to Withaferin A using In-silico approaches with emphasis on Withaferin A binding capability with ER in presence of point mutations which are causing de novo drug resistance to existing drugs like Tamoxifen. METHODS Molecular modeling and docking studies were performed for the Tamoxifen and Withaferin A with the Estrogen receptor. Molecular docking simulations of estrogen receptor in complex with Tamoxifen and Withaferin A were also performed. RESULTS Amino acid residues, Glu353, Arg394 and Leu387 was observed as crucial for binding and stabilizing the protein-ligand complex in case of Tamoxifen and Withaferin-A. The potential of Withaferin A to overcome the drug resistance caused by the mutations in estrogen receptor to the existing drugs such as Tamoxifen was demonstrated. CONCLUSION In-silico analysis has elucidated the binding mode and molecular level interactions which are expected to be of great help in further optimizing Withaferin A or design / discovery of future breast cancer inhibitors targeting estrogen receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abul Farah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Al-Anazi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed H Basha
- Innovative Informatica Technologies, HIG, HUDA, Mayuri Nagar, Miyapur, Hyderabad, 500 049, India
| | - Fang Bai
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Fahad M A Al-Hemaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Mahmoud
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed A Q Hailan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Makar S, Saha T, Swetha R, Gutti G, Kumar A, Singh SK. Rational approaches of drug design for the development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), implicated in breast cancer. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103380. [PMID: 31757413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery and development have gained momentum due to the rational drug design by engaging computational tools and bioinformatics methodologies. Bioisosteric replacements and hybrid molecular approaches are the other inventive processes, used by medicinal chemists for the desired modifications of leads for clinical drug candidates. SERMs, ought to produce inhibitory activity in breast, uterus and agonist activity in other tissues, are beneficial for estrogen-like actions. ER subtypes α and β are hormone dependent modulators of intracellular signaling and gene expression, and development of ER selective ligands could be an effective approach for treatment of breast cancer. This report has critically investigated the possible designing considerations of SERMs, their in silico interactions, and potent pharmacophore generation approaches viz. indole, restricted benzothiophene [3, 2-b] indole, carborane, xanthendione, combretastatin A-4, organometallic heterocycles, OBHS-SAHA hybrids, benzopyranones, tetrahydroisoquinolines, Dig G derivatives and their specifications in drug design and development, to rationally improve the understanding in drug discovery. This also includes various strategies for the development of dual inhibitors for the management of antiestrogenic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Makar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India
| | - Tanmay Saha
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India
| | - Rayala Swetha
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India
| | - Gopichand Gutti
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India
| | - Sushil K Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Muhamad M, Choo CY, Hasuda T, Hitotsuyanagi Y. Estrogenic phytochemical from Labisia pumila (Myrsinaceae) with selectivity towards estrogen receptor alpha and beta subtypes. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
18
|
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel indone derivatives as selective ERβ modulators. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
19
|
Tonelli F, Ficari F, Valanzano R, Brandi ML. Treatment of Desmoids and Mesenteric Fibromatosis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis with Raloxifene. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 89:391-6. [PMID: 14606641 DOI: 10.1177/030089160308900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Among the great variety of extracolonic manifestations of familial adenomatous polyposis, the most serious are desmoids and fibromatosis of the abdominal cavity. These may be a danger to the patient and a concern to the clinician. Pharmacological management of this relentless problem is favored by surgical intervention. At present, however, beneficial actions of medical therapy are not separable from undesirable side effects. Methods We studied the effects of 120 mg daily of raloxifene, a non-steroidal benzothiophene, on progressive desmoid tumors and mesenteric fibromatosis by evaluation of lesion size and symptoms in 13 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, selected on the basis of intra-abdominal localization of the lesion, on refractoriness to other medical treatments, and on estrogen receptor-α expression. Results The patients had a significant response to raloxifene therapy, with complete remission in 8 cases and partial response in 5 cases, evaluated by regression of symptoms and tumor size. Serum biochemical parameters did not show any significant changes. Side effects were never observed. Conclusions Although the number of patients included in the study is limited and in spite of some limitations, the available results support that, in the evaluation of response, daily therapy with raloxifene decreases desmoid tumor and mesenteric fibromatosis size and symptoms and does not cause side effects. These findings offer a novel option in the pharmacological treatment of desmoids, leading to medical therapy of these neoplastic lesions in familial adenomatous polyposis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tonelli
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu KJ, Zhong HJ, Li G, Liu C, Wang HMD, Ma DL, Leung CH. Structure-based identification of a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor via drug repurposing. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1021-1027. [PMID: 29232579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) is an essential player of the NEDD8 conjugation pathway that regulates protein degradation. Meanwhile, drug repurposing is a cost-efficient strategy to identify new therapeutic uses for existing scaffolds. In this report, mitoxantrone (1) was repurposed as an inhibitor of NAE by virtual screening of an FDA-approved drug database. Compound 1 inhibited NAE activity in cell-free and cell-based systems with high selectivity and was competitive with ATP. Furthermore, compound 1 induced apoptosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma cancer cells through inhibiting the degradation of the neddylation substrate p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chenfu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rohira AD, Lonard DM. Steroid receptor coactivators present a unique opportunity for drug development in hormone-dependent cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 140:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
22
|
Stender JD, Nwachukwu JC, Kastrati I, Kim Y, Strid T, Yakir M, Srinivasan S, Nowak J, Izard T, Rangarajan ES, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Yao XQ, Grant BJ, Leong HS, Lin CY, Frasor J, Nettles KW, Glass CK. Structural and Molecular Mechanisms of Cytokine-Mediated Endocrine Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cell 2017; 65:1122-1135.e5. [PMID: 28306507 PMCID: PMC5546241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human breast cancers that exhibit high proportions of immune cells and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines predict poor prognosis. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines results in ERα-dependent activation of gene expression and proliferation, in the absence of ligand or presence of 4OH-tamoxifen (TOT). Cytokine activation of ERα and endocrine resistance is dependent on phosphorylation of ERα at S305 in the hinge domain. Phosphorylation of S305 by IKKβ establishes an ERα cistrome that substantially overlaps with the estradiol (E2)-dependent ERα cistrome. Structural analyses suggest that S305-P forms a charge-linked bridge with the C-terminal F domain of ERα that enables inter-domain communication and constitutive activity from the N-terminal coactivator-binding site, revealing the structural basis of endocrine resistance. ERα therefore functions as a transcriptional effector of cytokine-induced IKKβ signaling, suggesting a mechanism through which the tumor microenvironment controls tumor progression and endocrine resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Irida Kastrati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Tobias Strid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maayan Yakir
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Tina Izard
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kathryn E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xin-Qiu Yao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hon S Leong
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Chin-Yo Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes are one source of receptor-generated phosphatidic acid (PtdOH),which may subsequently be metabolized to diacylglycerol (DAG) and lysophosphatidic acid. There are other pathways that lead to PtdOH generation, but differences in pathways and in the acyl composition of the products seem to provide some specificity. Both direct and indirect inhibitors of PLD activity have been identified despite a long-held suspicion that this pathway was undruggable. The identification of raloxifene and halopemide as direct inhibitors was followed by the systematic development of isoenzyme-preferring compounds that have been used to further differentiate the functions of PLD1 and PLD2. PLD2 in host cells has been associated with viral entry processes and innate immune response pathways such that inhibition blocks efficient infection. This PLD2 pathway has been linked to autophagy via AKT kinases. As a potential target in antiretroviral therapy, PLD1 works through the CAD enzyme (which contains carbamoyl aspartate synthase, aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydro-orotase domains) to modulate pyrimidine biosynthesis. PLD activity and expression have been shown to be upregulated in several types of human cancers, in which PLD enzymes function downstream of a variety of known oncogenes. Inhibition of PtdOH production has a marked effect on tumorigenesis and malignant invasion. PLD1, PLD2 and PLD3 have each been suggested to have a role in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative conditions, but a mechanism has not yet emerged to explain the roles of these proteins in central nervous system pathophysiology.
Lipid second messengers such as phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) have a role in a wide range of pathological processes, and phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes are one of the major sources of signal-activated PtdOH generation. In this Review, Brown, Thomas and Lindsley discuss the development of PLD inhibitors, with a focus on isoform-specific inhibitors, and their potential applications in the treatment of cancer, neurodegeneration and infection. Lipid second messengers have essential roles in cellular function and contribute to the molecular mechanisms that underlie inflammation, malignant transformation, invasiveness, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious and other pathophysiological processes. The phospholipase D (PLD) isoenzymes PLD1 and PLD2 are one of the major sources of signal-activated phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) generation downstream of a variety of cell-surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. Recent advances in the development of isoenzyme-selective PLD inhibitors and in molecular genetics have suggested that PLD isoenzymes in mammalian cells and pathogenic organisms may be valuable targets for the treatment of several human diseases. Isoenzyme-selective inhibitors have revealed complex inter-relationships between PtdOH biosynthetic pathways and the role of PtdOH in pathophysiology. PLD enzymes were once thought to be undruggable owing to the ubiquitous nature of PtdOH in cell signalling and concerns that inhibitors would be too toxic for use in humans. However, recent promising discoveries suggest that small-molecule isoenzyme-selective inhibitors may provide novel compounds for a unique approach to the treatment of cancers, neurodegenerative disorders and other afflictions of the central nervous system, and potentially serve as broad-spectrum antiviral and antimicrobial therapeutics.
Collapse
|
24
|
Brown AM, Miranda-Alarćon YS, Knoll GA, Santora AM, Banerjee IA. Fetoprotein Derived Short Peptide Coated Nanostructured Amphiphilic Surfaces for Targeting Mouse Breast Cancer Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x1650023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, self-assembled tumor targeting nanostructured surfaces were developed from a newly designed amphiphile by conjugating boc protected isoleucine with 2,[Formula: see text] ethylenedioxy bis ethylamine (IED). To target mouse mammary tumor cells, a short peptide sequence derived from the human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), LSEDKLLACGEG was attached to the self-assembled nanostructures. Tumor targeting and cell proliferation were examined in the presence of nanoscale assemblies. To further obliterate mouse breast tumor cells, the chemotherapeutic drug tamoxifen was then entrapped into the nanoassemblies. Our studies indicated that the targeting systems were able to efficiently encapsulate and release tamoxifen. Cell proliferation studies showed that IED-AFP peptide loaded with tamoxifen decreased the proliferation of breast cancer cells while in the presence of the IED-AFP peptide nanoassemblies alone, the growth was relatively slower. In the presence of human dermal fibroblasts however cell proliferation continued similar to controls. Furthermore, the nanoscale assemblies were found to induce apoptosis in mouse breast cancer cells. To examine live binding interactions, SPR analysis revealed that tamoxifen encapsulated IED-AFP peptide nanoassemblies bound to the breast cancer cells more efficiently compared to unencapsulated assemblies. Thus, we have developed nanoscale assemblies that can specifically bind to and target tumor cells, with increased toxicity in the presence of a chemotherapeutic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Brown
- Department of Chemistry Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | | | - Grant A. Knoll
- Department of Chemistry Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Anthony M. Santora
- Department of Chemistry Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Ipsita A. Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Systems Structural Biology Analysis of Ligand Effects on ERα Predicts Cellular Response to Environmental Estrogens and Anti-hormone Therapies. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 24:35-45. [PMID: 28042045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental estrogens and anti-hormone therapies for breast cancer have diverse tissue- and signaling-pathway-selective outcomes, but how estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mediates this phenotypic diversity is poorly understood. We implemented a statistical approach to allow unbiased, parallel analyses of multiple crystal structures, and identified subtle perturbations of ERα structure by different synthetic and environmental estrogens. Many of these perturbations were in the sub-Å range, within the noise of the individual structures, but contributed significantly to the activities of synthetic and environmental estrogens. Combining structural perturbation data from many structures with quantitative cellular activity profiles of the ligands enabled identification of structural rules for ligand-specific allosteric signaling-predicting activity from structure. This approach provides a framework for understanding the diverse effects of environmental estrogens and for guiding iterative medicinal chemistry efforts to generate improved breast cancer therapies, an approach that can be applied to understanding other ligand-regulated allosteric signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kriplani A, Srivastava A, Kulshrestha V, Kachhawa G, Agarwal N, Bhatla N, Hari S. Efficacy of ormeloxifene versus oral contraceptive in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding due to uterine leiomyoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:1744-1752. [PMID: 27647770 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare ormeloxifene with combined oral contraceptive (COC) in abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) due to leiomyoma (AUB-L). METHODS Fifty women with AUB-L were randomized after informed consent and institute ethics clearance. Group I (n = 25) was given ormeloxifene (a SERM i.e. selective estrogen receptor modulator) 60 mg twice per week and group II (n = 25) was given COC (ethinyl estradiol 30 μg with desogestrel 150 μg) on days 1-21 for 6 months. Menstrual blood loss was assessed on pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) score and leiomyoma volume was assessed on ultrasound. Fibroids were classified according to FIGO-PALM-COEIN classification for AUB where leiomyomas were further sub-classified as types 0 to 8 according to their location. Follow up was done at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months. RESULTS Mean PBAC score reduced by 81% with ormeloxifene (group I) compared with 43.8% for COC (group II). After 6 months, 18 patients (72%) in group I had PBAC score in the non-menorrhagic range (<100) compared with only two (8%) in group II. In group I, PBAC score in FIGO-PALM-COEIN leiomyoma types 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 reduced by 90.2%, 82.5%, 93.3%, 56.4% and 100%, respectively and 14 (56%) developed amenorrhea; compared with reduction of 64%, 27.5%, 25.9% in types 4, 5 and 6, respectively in group II. Dysmenorrhea visual analog scale score decreased in both groups. Mean leiomyoma volume increased in both groups: by 25.7% with ormeloxifene versus 16.9% with COC; only grade 2 leiomyoma in group I reduced by 44%. One patient in group II with grade 2 leiomyoma discontinued treatment at 3 months. Seven patients (28%) developed ovarian cyst in group I with no other major adverse effect in either group. CONCLUSION Ormeloxifene with its convenient twice-weekly dosage schedule was effective in treating AUB-L, with 72% of patients responding to 6-month treatment compared with 8% with COC, even though leiomyoma volume increased insignificantly with both ormeloxifene and COCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Kriplani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Astha Srivastava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vidushi Kulshrestha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Kachhawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nutan Agarwal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neerja Bhatla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Smriti Hari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Walker CL, Burroughs KD, Davis B, Sowell K, Everitt JI, Fuchs-Young R. Preclinical Evidence for Therapeutic Efficacy of Selective Estrogen receptor Modulators for Uterine Leiomyoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760000700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lyn Walker
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center-Science Park, research Division, Smithville, Texas; the national Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin Fuchs-Young
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center-Science Park, research Division, Smithville, Texas; the national Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watanabe K, Hirata M, Tominari T, Matsumoto C, Endo Y, Murphy G, Nagase H, Inada M, Miyaura C. BA321, a novel carborane analog that binds to androgen and estrogen receptors, acts as a new selective androgen receptor modulator of bone in male mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:279-285. [PMID: 27402268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carboranes are a class of carbon-containing polyhedral boron cluster compounds with globular geometry and hydrophobic surface that interact with hormone receptors such as estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR). We have synthesized BA321, a novel carborane compound, which binds to AR. We found here that it also binds to ERs, ERα and ERβ. In orchidectomized (ORX) mice, femoral bone mass was markedly reduced due to androgen deficiency and BA321 restored bone loss in the male, whilst the decreased weight of seminal vesicle in ORX mice was not recovered by administration of BA321. In female mice, BA321 acts as a pure estrogen agonist, and restored both the loss of bone mass and uterine atrophy due to estrogen deficiency in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. In bone tissues, the trabecular bone loss occurred in both ORX and OVX mice, and BA321 completely restored the trabecular bone loss in both sexes. Cortical bone loss occurred in ORX mice but not in OVX mice, and BA321 clearly restored cortical bone loss due to androgen deficiency in ORX mice. Therefore, BA321 is a novel selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that may offer a new therapy option for osteoporosis in the male.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Michiko Hirata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Tominari
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chiho Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Masaki Inada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chisato Miyaura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Weir HM, Bradbury RH, Lawson M, Rabow AA, Buttar D, Callis RJ, Curwen JO, de Almeida C, Ballard P, Hulse M, Donald CS, Feron LJL, Karoutchi G, MacFaul P, Moss T, Norman RA, Pearson SE, Tonge M, Davies G, Walker GE, Wilson Z, Rowlinson R, Powell S, Sadler C, Richmond G, Ladd B, Pazolli E, Mazzola AM, D'Cruz C, De Savi C. AZD9496: An Oral Estrogen Receptor Inhibitor That Blocks the Growth of ER-Positive and ESR1-Mutant Breast Tumors in Preclinical Models. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3307-18. [PMID: 27020862 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fulvestrant is an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist administered to breast cancer patients by monthly intramuscular injection. Given its present limitations of dosing and route of administration, a more flexible orally available compound has been sought to pursue the potential benefits of this drug in patients with advanced metastatic disease. Here we report the identification and characterization of AZD9496, a nonsteroidal small-molecule inhibitor of ERα, which is a potent and selective antagonist and downregulator of ERα in vitro and in vivo in ER-positive models of breast cancer. Significant tumor growth inhibition was observed as low as 0.5 mg/kg dose in the estrogen-dependent MCF-7 xenograft model, where this effect was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in PR protein levels, demonstrating potent antagonist activity. Combining AZD9496 with PI3K pathway and CDK4/6 inhibitors led to further growth-inhibitory effects compared with monotherapy alone. Tumor regressions were also seen in a long-term estrogen-deprived breast model, where significant downregulation of ERα protein was observed. AZD9496 bound and downregulated clinically relevant ESR1 mutants in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in an ESR1-mutant patient-derived xenograft model that included a D538G mutation. Collectively, the pharmacologic evidence showed that AZD9496 is an oral, nonsteroidal, selective estrogen receptor antagonist and downregulator in ER(+) breast cells that could provide meaningful benefit to ER(+) breast cancer patients. AZD9496 is currently being evaluated in a phase I clinical trial. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3307-18. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Weir
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert H Bradbury
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Lawson
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred A Rabow
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - David Buttar
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena J Callis
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jon O Curwen
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Camila de Almeida
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ballard
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hulse
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Donald
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Lyman J L Feron
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Galith Karoutchi
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Philip MacFaul
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Moss
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Norman
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart E Pearson
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Tonge
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Davies
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme E Walker
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Zena Wilson
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Rowlinson
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Powell
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Sadler
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Richmond
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Brendon Ladd
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anne Marie Mazzola
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Celina D'Cruz
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Chris De Savi
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bivi N, Hu H, Chavali B, Chalmers MJ, Reutter CT, Durst GL, Riley A, Sato M, Allen MR, Burr DB, Dodge JA. Structural features underlying raloxifene's biophysical interaction with bone matrix. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:759-67. [PMID: 26795112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), reduces fracture risk at least in part by improving the mechanical properties of bone in a cell- and estrogen receptor-independent manner. In this study, we determined that raloxifene directly interacts with the bone tissue. Through the use of multiple and complementary biophysical techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we show that raloxifene interacts specifically with the organic component or the organic/mineral composite, and not with hydroxyapatite. Structure-activity studies reveal that the basic side chain of raloxifene is an instrumental determinant in the interaction with bone. Thus, truncation of portions of the side chain reduces bone binding and also diminishes the increase in mechanical properties. Our results support a model wherein the piperidine interacts with bone matrix through electrostatic interactions with the piperidine nitrogen and through hydrophobic interactions (van der Waals) with the aliphatic groups in the side chain and the benzothiophene core. Furthermore, in silico prediction of the potential binding sites on the surface of collagen revealed the presence of a groove with sufficient space to accommodate raloxifene analogs. The hydroxyl groups on the benzothiophene nucleus, which are necessary for binding of SERMs to the estrogen receptor, are not required for binding to the bone surface, but mediate a more robust binding of the compound to the bone powder. In conclusion, we report herein a novel property of raloxifene analogs that allows them to interact with the bone tissue through potential contacts with the organic matrix and in particular collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Bivi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Haitao Hu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | | | - Gregory L Durst
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Anna Riley
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Masahiko Sato
- Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - David B Burr
- Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Dodge
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Progress continues to be made in the development of therapeutics for fracture prevention. Bisphosphonates are now available orally and intravenously, often as inexpensive generics, and remain the most widely used interventions for osteoporosis. The major safety concern associated with the use of bisphosphonates is the development of femoral shaft stress fractures and, although rare, this adverse event affords the principal rationale for restricting bisphosphonate therapy to those individuals with femoral T-scores <-2.5, and for providing drug holidays in those individuals requiring therapy for >5 years. Newer antiresorptive therapies, in the form of denosumab and cathepsin K inhibitors, might increase efficacy and possibly circumvent some of the safety concerns associated with bisphosphonate use (for example, gastrointestinal and renal complications). The combination of teriparatide with antiresorptives markedly increases effects on BMD; new anabolic agents are also very promising in this regard. However, whether or not these changes in BMD translate into improved efficacy of fracture prevention remains to be determined. Vitamin D is important for the prevention of osteomalacia, but does not influence BMD or fracture risk in patients not deficient in vitamin D. The balance of risks and benefits of calcium supplementation is contentious, but patients should be encouraged to adhere to a balanced diet aimed at maintaining a healthy body weight. Consideration of a patient's risk of falling, and its mitigation, are also important. In this Review, I summarize the short-term and long-term effects of osteoporosis therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Reid
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Scott SA, Spencer CT, O’Reilly MC, Brown KA, Lavieri RR, Cho CH, Jung DI, Larock RC, Brown HA, Lindsley CW. Discovery of desketoraloxifene analogues as inhibitors of mammalian, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and NAPE phospholipase D enzymes. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:421-32. [PMID: 25384256 PMCID: PMC4336625 DOI: 10.1021/cb500828m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses cellular lipids to produce the important lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid. A PLD enzyme expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PldA) has been shown to be important in bacterial infection, and NAPE-PLD has emerged as being key in the synthesis of endocannabinoids. In order to better understand the biology and therapeutic potential of these less explored PLD enzymes, small molecule tools are required. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been previously shown to inhibit mammalian PLD (PLD1 and PLD2). By targeted screening of a library of SERM analogues, additional parallel synthesis, and evaluation in multiple PLD assays, we discovered a novel desketoraloxifene-based scaffold that inhibited not only the two mammalian PLDs but also structurally divergent PldA and NAPE-PLD. This finding represents an important first step toward the development of small molecules possessing universal inhibition of divergent PLD enzymes to advance the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chul-Hee Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Dai-Il Jung
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Richard C. Larock
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim JH, Kim YJ. Effects of genistein in combination with conjugated estrogens on endometrial hyperplasia and metabolic dysfunction in ovariectomized mice. Endocr J 2015; 62:531-42. [PMID: 25877295 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC), which combines a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with one or more estrogens, is a novel approach to menopausal therapy. It has been demonstrated that the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) exhibits mixed estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist activity, suggesting that GEN may have potential for use as a natural SERM. We evaluated, for the first time, the effects of GEN, conjugated estrogens (CE), and their pairing effects as a TSEC treatment on estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia and metabolic dysfunction in ovariectomized (OVX) mice fed a high-fat diet. CE replacement prevented fat accumulation in the adipose tissue and liver, improved glucose homeostasis, and induced endometrial hyperplasia in OVX mice. GEN at 100 mg/kg showed CE mimetic effects in preventing ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunctions without endometrial stimulation. Combination treatments with CE and GEN prevented metabolic dysfunctions more strongly than CE alone, but at both low and high doses, GEN did not reverse CE-induced endometrial hyperplasia. In addition, we found that in a TSEC regimen, a typical SERM raloxifene maintains the metabolic benefits of CE while simultaneously protecting the endometrium in OVX mice. These findings indicate that GEN acts as an estrogen agonist in metabolic regulation, but has no SERM function in the uteri of OVX mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fan P, Craig Jordan V. Acquired resistance to selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in clinical practice (tamoxifen & raloxifene) by selection pressure in breast cancer cell populations. Steroids 2014; 90:44-52. [PMID: 24930824 PMCID: PMC4192097 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a pioneering selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has long been a therapeutic choice for all stages of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. The clinical application of long-term adjuvant antihormone therapy for the breast cancer has significantly improved breast cancer survival. However, acquired resistance to SERM remains a significant challenge in breast cancer treatment. The evolution of acquired resistance to SERMs treatment was primarily discovered using MCF-7 tumors transplanted in athymic mice to mimic years of adjuvant treatment in patients. Acquired resistance to tamoxifen is unique because the growth of resistant tumors is dependent on SERMs. It appears that acquired resistance to SERM is initially able to utilize either E2 or a SERM as the growth stimulus in the SERM-resistant breast tumors. Mechanistic studies reveal that SERMs continuously suppress nuclear ER-target genes even during resistance, whereas they function as agonists to activate multiple membrane-associated molecules to promote cell growth. Laboratory observations in vivo further show that three phases of acquired SERM-resistance exists, depending on the length of SERMs exposure. Tumors with Phase I resistance are stimulated by both SERMs and estrogen. Tumors with Phase II resistance are stimulated by SERMs, but are inhibited by estrogen due to apoptosis. The laboratory models suggest a new treatment strategy, in which limited-duration, low-dose estrogen can be used to purge Phase II-resistant breast cancer cells. This discovery provides an invaluable insight into the evolution of drug resistance to SERMs, and this knowledge is now being used to justify clinical trials of estrogen therapy following long-term antihormone therapy. All of these results suggest that cell populations that have acquired resistance are in constant evolution depending upon selection pressure. The limited availability of growth stimuli in any new environment enhances population plasticity in the trial and error search for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, United States
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yiu KW, Lee CK, Kwok KC, Cheung NH. Measuring the kinetics of the binding of xenoestrogens and estrogen receptor alpha by fluorescence polarization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11591-11599. [PMID: 25180905 DOI: 10.1021/es503801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of endocrine disruption by environmental xenoestrogens is unclear. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an example. Its concentration in human serum is low, and its binding with estrogen receptor (ER) is weak. Yet its effect on prostate and mammary gland development was observed. We investigated whether this effect could be explained in terms of binding kinetics. We used the method of fluorescence polarization anisotropy to measure the kinetic rate constants of the binding of ERα with 19 xenoestrogens. Relative binding affinities (RBA) were also deduced from the kinetics. We drew three observations. First, our RBAs were consistent with published values, thus establishing the validity of our results. Second, our method allowed the determination of low RBAs (∼ 10(-4)) of lipophilic ligands, such as dibutyl phthalate. They could not be measured by steady-state IC50 assays because of their low solubility. Third, we found that BPA had a surprisingly high kon > 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). While its RBA was 1500 times lower than that of 17β estradiol (E2), its kon was >1/90 that of E2. As a result, a 10 min surge of BPA from pM to nM could drive the fraction of BPA-activated ERα to a potent 0.1%. This might help to explain the observable estrogenic impacts of BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Wing Yiu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Molloy ME, White BEP, Gherezghiher T, Michalsen BT, Xiong R, Patel H, Zhao H, Maximov PY, Jordan VC, Thatcher GRJ, Tonetti DA. Novel selective estrogen mimics for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2515-26. [PMID: 25205655 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-resistant breast cancer is a major clinical obstacle. The use of 17β-estradiol (E2) has reemerged as a potential treatment option following exhaustive use of tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, although side effects have hindered its clinical usage. Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) expression was shown to be a predictor of disease outcome for patients receiving endocrine therapy and may predict a positive response to an estrogenic treatment. Here, we have investigated the use of novel benzothiophene selective estrogen mimics (SEM) as an alternative to E2 for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Following in vitro characterization of SEMs, a panel of clinically relevant PKCα-expressing, tamoxifen-resistant models were used to investigate the antitumor effects of these compounds. SEM treatment resulted in growth inhibition and apoptosis of tamoxifen-resistant cell lines in vitro. In vivo SEM treatment induced tumor regression of tamoxifen-resistant T47D:A18/PKCα and T47D:A18-TAM1 tumor models. T47D:A18/PKCα tumor regression was accompanied by translocation of estrogen receptor (ER) α to extranuclear sites, possibly defining a mechanism through which these SEMs initiate tumor regression. SEM treatment did not stimulate growth of E2-dependent T47D:A18/neo tumors. In addition, unlike E2 or tamoxifen, treatment with SEMs did not stimulate uterine weight gain. These findings suggest the further development of SEMs as a feasible therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endocrine-resistant breast cancer without the side effects associated with E2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Molloy
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bethany E Perez White
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Teshome Gherezghiher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bradley T Michalsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hitisha Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Huiping Zhao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debra A Tonetti
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Carson MW, Zhang J, Chalmers MJ, Bocchinfuso WP, Holifield KD, Masquelin T, Stites RE, Stayrook KR, Griffin PR, Dodge JA. HDX reveals unique fragment ligands for the vitamin D receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3459-63. [PMID: 24974344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) with a ligand has the potential to be useful for the oral treatment of osteoporosis. One component of our lead generation strategy to identify synthetic ligands for VDR included a fragment based drug design approach. Screening of ligands in a VDR fluorescence polarization assay and a RXR/VDR conformation sensing assay resulted in the identification of multiple fragment hits (lean >0.30). These fragment scaffolds were subsequently evaluated for interaction with the VDR ligand binding domain using hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry. Significant protection of H/D exchange was observed for some fragments in helixes 3, 7, and 8 of the ligand binding domain, regions which are similar to those seen for the natural hormone VD3. The fragments appear to mimic the A-ring of VD3 thereby providing viable starting points for synthetic expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Carson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, United States
| | - Michael J Chalmers
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, United States; The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center (SRMSC), United States
| | - Wayne P Bocchinfuso
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Karol D Holifield
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Thierry Masquelin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Ryan E Stites
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Keith R Stayrook
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, United States; The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center (SRMSC), United States
| | - Jeffery A Dodge
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Raloxifene (Evista, Eli Lilly), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and ligand for the estrogen receptor (ER), competes with endogenous estrogen for ER binding. Raloxifene is approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and shows promise as a breast cancer prevention drug. Raloxifene may be a preferred agent over tamoxifen due to its side-effect profile; in particular, it does not stimulate the endometrium and is not associated with endometrial cancer. The mechanisms for the differential tissue effects of raloxifene compared with other SERMs are not completely understood; the roles of ERalpha and -beta, classic and alternative signaling pathways, and drug conformation are discussed in this review. The utility of raloxifene will depend on the outcome of trials that are now underway, as well as acceptance by high-risk women and their healthcare practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Eng-Wong
- National Cancer Institute, Medical Oncology Clinical Research Unit, Bldg 10, Rm 12N226, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Anti-estrogens and selective estrogen-receptor modulators. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
40
|
Chakraborty S, Levenson AS, Biswas PK. Structural insights into Resveratrol's antagonist and partial agonist actions on estrogen receptor alpha. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2013; 13:27. [PMID: 24160181 PMCID: PMC4015837 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-13-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol, a naturally occurring stilbene, has been categorized as a phytoestrogen due to its ability to compete with natural estrogens for binding to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and modulate the biological responses exerted by the receptor. Biological effects of resveratrol (RES) on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) remain highly controversial, since both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties were observed. RESULTS Here, we provide insight into the structural basis of the agonist/antagonist effects of RES on ERα ligand binding domain (LBD). Using atomistic simulation, we found that RES bound ERα monomer in antagonist conformation, where Helix 12 moves away from the ligand pocket and orients into the co-activator binding groove of LBD, is more stable than RES bound ERα in agonist conformation, where Helix 12 lays over the ligand binding pocket. Upon dimerization, the agonistic conformation of RES-ERα dimer becomes more stable compared to the corresponding monomer but still remains less stable compared to the corresponding dimer in antagonist conformation. Interestingly, while the binding pocket and the binding contacts of RES to ERα are similar to those of pure agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES), the binding energy is much less and the hydrogen bonding contacts also differ providing clues for the partial agonistic character of RES on ERα. CONCLUSIONS Our Molecular Dynamics simulation of RES-ERα structures with agonist and antagonist orientations of Helix 12 suggests RES action is more similar to Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) opening up the importance of cellular environment and active roles of co-regulator proteins in a given system. Our study reveals that potential co-activators must compete with the Helix 12 and displace it away from the activator binding groove to enhance the agonistic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, 500 West County Line Road, Toogaloo, MS 39174, USA
- Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology, Hooghly, West Bengal 712512, India
| | - Anait S Levenson
- Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
| | - Pradip K Biswas
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, 500 West County Line Road, Toogaloo, MS 39174, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maximov PY, Lee TM, Jordan VC. The discovery and development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for clinical practice. CURRENT CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 8:135-55. [PMID: 23062036 PMCID: PMC3624793 DOI: 10.2174/1574884711308020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists or antagonists. These drugs have been intensively studied over the past decade and have proven to be a highly versatile group for the treatment of different conditions associated with postmenopausal women's health, including hormone responsive cancer and osteoporosis. Tamoxifen, a failed contraceptive is currently used to treat all stages of breast cancer, chemoprevention in women at high risk for breast cancer and also has beneficial effects on bone mineral density and serum lipids in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene, a failed breast cancer drug, is the only SERM approved internationally for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. However, although these SERMs have many benefits, they also have some potentially serious adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders and, in the case of tamoxifen, uterine cancer. These adverse effects represent a major concern given that long-term therapy is required to prevent osteoporosis or prevent and treat breast cancer. The search for the 'ideal' SERM, which would have estrogenic effects on bone and serum lipids, neutral effects on the uterus, and antiestrogenic effects on breast tissue, but none of the adverse effects associated with current therapies, is currently under way. Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene, which are new SERM molecules with potentially greater efficacy and potency than previous SERMs, have been investigated for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. Clinical efficacy data from ongoing phase III trials are available or are awaited for each SERM so that a true understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds can be obtained. In this article, we describe the discovery and development of the group of medicines called SERMs. The newer SERMs in late development: ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene, are arzoxifene are described in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Y Maximov
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Research Building, Suite E204A, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Theresa M Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - V. Craig Jordan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Research Building, Suite E204A, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shan M, Carlson KE, Bujotzek A, Wellner A, Gust R, Weber M, Katzenellenbogen JA, Haag R. Nonsteroidal bivalent estrogen ligands: an application of the bivalent concept to the estrogen receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:707-15. [PMID: 23312071 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a hormone-regulated transcription factor that binds, as a dimer, to estrogens and to specific DNA sequences. To explore at a fundamental level the geometric and topological features of bivalent-ligand binding to the ER dimer, dimeric ER crystal structures were used to rationally design nonsteroidal bivalent estrogen ligands. Guided by this structure-based ligand design, we prepared two series of bivalent ligands (agonists and antagonists) tethered by flexible spacers of varying lengths (7-47 Å) and evaluated their ER-binding affinities for the two ER subtypes and their biological activities in cell lines. Bivalent ligands based on the agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES) proved to be poor candidates, but bivalent ligands based on the antagonist hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) were well suited for intensive study. Binding affinities of the OHT-based bivalent ligands were related to spacer length in a distinctive fashion, reaching two maximum values at 14 and 29 Å in both ER subtypes. These results demonstrate that the bivalent concept can operate in determining ER-ligand binding affinity and suggest that two distinct modes operate for the binding of bivalent estrogen ligands to the ER dimers, an intermolecular as well as an intramolecular mode. Our insights, particularly the possibility of intramolecular bivalent binding on a single ER monomer, may provide an alternative strategy for preparing more selective and active ER antagonists for endocrine therapy of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shan
- Institut für
Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign,
600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Anja Wellner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcus Weber
- Zuse Institut Berlin, Takustrasse 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign,
600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für
Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is a common disease characterized by the occurrence of fragility fractures. Major osteoporotic fractures are associated with decreased quality of life and high costs. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes clinical data on raloxifene (RLX), a second generation selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM), currently approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. RLX has estrogen effects on bone and lipid profile, whereas it has anti-estrogen effects on uterus and breast cells. Its main side effects are hot flushes and venous thromboembolism. Literature searches were conducted to retrieve articles reporting RLX clinical trial data. For comparison of safety and efficacy, post-marketing studies on RLX were included. EXPERT OPINION RLX is effective in reducing vertebral fracture risk in osteoporotic women, it is safe and its ability to prevent breast cancer has to be considered in the analyses of cost/effect and of the ideal candidate to this treatment. RLX has to be avoided in patients with previous history of venous thromboembolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia D'Amelio
- University of Torino, Gerontology and Bone Metabolic Disease Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Warner WA, Sanchez R, Dawoodian A, Li E, Momand J. Identification of FDA-approved drugs that computationally bind to MDM2. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:631-7. [PMID: 22703617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway is compromised in the majority of cancers. In 7% of cancers p53 is inactivated by abnormally high levels of MDM2--an E3 ubiquitin ligase that polyubiquitinates p53, marking it for degradation. MDM2 engages p53 through its hydrophobic cleft, and blockage of that cleft by small molecules can re-establish p53 activity. Small molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been developed, but there is likely to be a high cost and long time period before effective drugs reach the market. An alternative is to repurpose FDA-approved drugs. This report describes a new approach, called Computational Conformer Selection, to screen for compounds that potentially inhibit MDM2. This screen was used to computationally generate up to 600 conformers of 3244 FDA-approved drugs. Drug conformer similarities to 41 computationally-generated conformers of MDM2 inhibitor nutlin 3a were ranked by shape and charge distribution. Quantification of similarities by Tanimoto combo scoring resulted in scores that ranged from 0.142 to 0.802. In silico docking of drugs to MDM2 was used to calculate binding energies and to visualize contacts between the top-ranking drugs and the MDM2 hydrophobic cleft. We present 15 FDA-approved drugs predicted to inhibit p53/MDM2 interaction.
Collapse
|
45
|
Application of 4D-QSAR studies to a series of raloxifene analogs and design of potential selective estrogen receptor modulators. Molecules 2012; 17:7415-39. [PMID: 22706372 PMCID: PMC6268799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Four-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (4D-QSAR) analysis was applied on a series of 54 2-arylbenzothiophene derivatives, synthesized by Grese and coworkers, based on raloxifene (an estrogen receptor-alpha antagonist), and evaluated as ERa ligands and as inhibitors of estrogen-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The conformations of each analogue, sampled from a molecular dynamics simulation, were placed in a grid cell lattice according to three trial alignments, considering two grid cell sizes (1.0 and 2.0 Å). The QSAR equations, generated by a combined scheme of genetic algorithms (GA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression, were evaluated by "leave-one-out" cross-validation, using a training set of 41 compounds. External validation was performed using a test set of 13 compounds. The obtained 4D-QSAR models are in agreement with the proposed mechanism of action for raloxifene. This study allowed a quantitative prediction of compounds' potency and supported the design of new raloxifene analogs.
Collapse
|
46
|
Dadiboyena S. Recent advances in the synthesis of raloxifene: A selective estrogen receptor modulator. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:17-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
47
|
Cooper C, Reginster JY, Cortet B, Diaz-Curiel M, Lorenc RS, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R. Long-term treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a review from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28:475-91. [PMID: 22356102 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.663750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a chronic disease requiring treatment that balances long-term fracture efficacy against risk. METHODS We reviewed the efficacy and safety of calcium and vitamin D, the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), the bisphosphonates, denosumab, and strontium ranelate in studies of 3 years or longer. RESULTS Six trials lasted for 5 years, and seven went beyond that. The evidence beyond 5 years is generally weak, mainly due to methodological issues (open-label design, small samples, or absence of placebo control). Although calcium and vitamin D appear to be beneficial, the data are insufficient to evaluate benefits and risk beyond 3 years. The fracture efficacy of SERMs beyond 5 years is not known, though increases in bone mineral density (BMD) appear to be maintained. The SERMs have good long-term safety, including protective effects against breast cancer. The bisphosphonates have established fracture efficacy to 3 years, and 4 or 5 years with alendronate and risedronate. The evidence beyond 5 years indicates sustained increases in BMD. The safety of the bisphosphonates does not appear to be modified with time, with the possible exceptions of atypical subtrochanteric fracture and other events of unknown frequency. Denosumab has been tested up to 5 years, with continued increased in BMD and no reported safety issues. There is evidence for fracture efficacy of strontium ranelate, and sustained increases in BMD over 10 years. Strontium ranelate has good long-term safety. CONCLUSION Robust long-term studies are relatively rare for the osteoporosis treatments, and generally show maintenance of BMD and, for some agents, an additional reduction in fracture incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cho CH, Jung DI, Neuenswander B, Larock RC. Parallel synthesis of a desketoraloxifene analogue library via iodocyclization/palladium-catalyzed coupling. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:501-10. [PMID: 21721520 DOI: 10.1021/co200090p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For a future structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, a library of desketoraloxifene analogues has been prepared by parallel synthesis using iodocyclization and subsequent palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Points of desketoraloxifene diversification involve the two phenolic hydroxyl groups and the aliphatic amine side chain. This approach affords oxygen-bearing 3-iodobenzo[b]thiophenes 4 in excellent yields, which are easily further elaborated using a two-step approach involving Suzuki-Miyaura and Mitsunobu coupling reactions to give multimethoxy-substituted desketoraloxifene analogues 6. Various hydroxyl-substituted desketoraloxifene analogues 7 were subsequently generated by demethylation with BBr(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hee Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Dai-Il Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Saha-Gu, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Benjamin Neuenswander
- NIH Center of Excellence in Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Richard C. Larock
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fukuyama R, Shimokawa A, Kodama Y, Fujita M, Ohishi Y, Ando Y, Koida M, Nakamuta H. Anti-osteoporosis effect of 5-bromo-2-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-(Z)-3-(2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enonyl)aminobenzo[b]furan: a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:214-20. [PMID: 21606624 PMCID: PMC7130049 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11049fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzo[b]furan derivative MU314 inhibits in vitro bone resorption as potently as β-estradiol (E2). Here, we examined the point of action on the anti-osteoporotic effects of MU314. MU314 (10 nM) suppressed lacunae formation by osteoclastic cells and ICI-182,780, a pure E2 antagonist, inhibited this effect. Specifically, we ovariectomized (OVX) Wistar female rats and subcutaneously injected them with either MU314 (30 or 100 μg/kg) or E2 (100 μg/kg) over an 8-week period. Bone mineral content (BMC) in the proximal end of the tibia was significantly decreased (14%) in OVX rats, and MU314 (100 μg/kg) and E2 significantly suppressed the decline in BMC. OVX rats exhibited decreased cancellous bone in the proximal end of the tibia and induced destruction of its trabecular structure. MU314 suppressed these changes. OVX also reduced the mechanical strength of the femoral neck, which was also recovered by MU314 and E2. E2 completely protected against OVX-induced uterine atrophy, but MU314 had no effect. These results strongly indicate that MU314 acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cho CH, Jung DI, Larock RC. A new approach to desketoraloxifene analogs from oxygen-bearing 3-iodobenzo[b]thiophenes prepared via iodocyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:6485-6488. [PMID: 21113432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A formal total synthesis of the benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) desketoraloxifene and analogs has been accomplished from alkynes bearing electron-rich aromatic rings by electrophilic cyclization using I(2). This approach affords oxygen-bearing 3-iodobenzo[b]thiophenes in excellent yields, which are easily further elaborated using a two-step approach involving Suzuki-Miyaura and Mitsunobu coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hee Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | | | | |
Collapse
|