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Skoczyńska A, Ołdakowska M, Dobosz A, Adamiec R, Gritskevich S, Jonkisz A, Lebioda A, Adamiec-Mroczek J, Małodobra-Mazur M, Dobosz T. PPARs in Clinical Experimental Medicine after 35 Years of Worldwide Scientific Investigations and Medical Experiments. Biomolecules 2024; 14:786. [PMID: 39062500 PMCID: PMC11275227 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This year marks the 35th anniversary of Professor Walter Wahli's discovery of the PPARs (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors) family of nuclear hormone receptors. To mark the occasion, the editors of the scientific periodical Biomolecules decided to publish a special issue in his honor. This paper summarizes what is known about PPARs and shows how trends have changed and how research on PPARs has evolved. The article also highlights the importance of PPARs and what role they play in various diseases and ailments. The paper is in a mixed form; essentially it is a review article, but it has been enriched with the results of our experiments. The selection of works was subjective, as there are more than 200,000 publications in the PubMed database alone. First, all papers done on an animal model were discarded at the outset. What remained was still far too large to describe directly. Therefore, only papers that were outstanding, groundbreaking, or simply interesting were described and briefly commented on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoczyńska
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Ołdakowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular Techniques, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 52, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (A.J.); (A.L.); (M.M.-M.); (T.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobosz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Immunology, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rajmund Adamiec
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Technical Sciences, Karkonosze University of Applied Sciences, Lwówiecka 18, 58-506 Jelenia Góra, Poland
| | - Sofya Gritskevich
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular Techniques, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 52, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (A.J.); (A.L.); (M.M.-M.); (T.D.)
| | - Anna Jonkisz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular Techniques, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 52, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (A.J.); (A.L.); (M.M.-M.); (T.D.)
| | - Arleta Lebioda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular Techniques, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 52, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (A.J.); (A.L.); (M.M.-M.); (T.D.)
| | - Joanna Adamiec-Mroczek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Małodobra-Mazur
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular Techniques, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 52, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (A.J.); (A.L.); (M.M.-M.); (T.D.)
| | - Tadeusz Dobosz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular Techniques, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 52, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (A.J.); (A.L.); (M.M.-M.); (T.D.)
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Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Polizio AH, Abbate A, Toldo S, Mezzaroma E. An Overview of Cannabidiol as a Multifunctional Drug: Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:473. [PMID: 38257386 PMCID: PMC10818442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis Sativa, has garnered increasing attention for its diverse therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review delves into the complex pharmacokinetics of CBD, including factors such as bioavailability, distribution, safety profile, and dosage recommendations, which contribute to the compound's pharmacological profile. CBD's role as a pharmacological inhibitor is explored, encompassing interactions with the endocannabinoid system and ion channels. The compound's anti-inflammatory effects, influencing the Interferon-beta and NF-κB, position it as a versatile candidate for immune system regulation and interventions in inflammatory processes. The historical context of Cannabis Sativa's use for recreational and medicinal purposes adds depth to the discussion, emphasizing CBD's emergence as a pivotal phytocannabinoid. As research continues, CBD's integration into clinical practice holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches and enhancing patient outcomes. The evolution in CBD research encourages ongoing exploration, offering the prospect of unlocking new therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martinez Naya
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Jazmin Kelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Giuliana Corna
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina;
| | - Michele Golino
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy
| | - Ariel H. Polizio
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Eleonora Mezzaroma
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
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Xiao J, Xiang H, Xiang H, Sun Z, Xu J, Ren H, Hu P, Peng M. GW9662 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting the PPARγ/CD36 pathway and altering the gut microbiota. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176113. [PMID: 37838102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are currently among the most focused-on therapeutic targets for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), although no clinical transformation has been achieved to date. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of GW9662 on choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAA-HFD)-induced NASH mice and reveal the mechanism underlying this effect. METHODS GW9662 (1 mg/kg) was administered in CDAA-HFD mouse model of NASH. The effect of GW9662 on hepatic lipid metabolism was investigated using liver RNA-seq and HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid and palmitic acid. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to analyze the effects of GW9662 on the composition and function of the fecal microbiota. RESULTS GW9662 improved the CDAA-HFD caused elevation in the levels of ALT, AST, hepatic free fatty acids and triglycerides. The liver pathological analysis indicated that GW9662 alleviated the hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. The NAFLD activity score and RNA-Seq revealed that GW9662 mainly regulated the fatty acids transport and lipid synthesis by inhibiting PPARγ, CD36, FABP1, FASN, and SCD1, and through the up-regulation of PPARα. Moreover, GW9662 reduced the epididymal fat weight. GW9662 reversed the gut microbiota disorder by increasing the abundance of the beneficial bacteria Dubosiella and Lactobacillus and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Helicobacteraceae, Desulfovibriaceae, and Rickenaceae. CONCLUSIONS GW9662 ameliorated lipid metabolism by inhibiting the PPARγ/CD36 pathway and altering the composition of the gut microbiota in NASH mice. Therefore, the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 deserves more attention as a potential therapeutic agent for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanyu Xiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Xiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Mingli Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Yang J, Zhang L, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e353. [PMID: 37674971 PMCID: PMC10477518 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first-line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen-related processes, host-directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb's adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti-TB drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Laiying Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Lung Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Youfu Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Yu L, Gao Y, Aaron N, Qiang L. A glimpse of the connection between PPARγ and macrophage. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1254317. [PMID: 37701041 PMCID: PMC10493289 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1254317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-regulated transcription factors that regulate vast cellular activities and serve as an important class of drug targets. Among them, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family and have been extensively studied for their roles in metabolism, differentiation, development, and cancer, among others. Recently, there has been considerable interest in understanding and defining the function of PPARs and their agonists in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and their pharmacological potential in combating chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on emerging evidence for the potential role of PPARγ in macrophage biology, which is the prior innate immune executive in metabolic and tissue homeostasis. We also discuss the role of PPARγ as a regulator of macrophage function in inflammatory diseases. Lastly, we discuss the possible application of PPARγ antagonists in metabolic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexiang Yu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuen Gao
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nicole Aaron
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Jiang S, Yang H, Li M. Emerging Roles of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Macrophages and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12524. [PMID: 37569902 PMCID: PMC10419859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that regulates physiological and pathological processes in numerous cell biological functions, including cell migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. Macrophages are found in most human tissues and have multiple physiological and pathological functions. There is growing evidence that LPA signaling plays a significant role in the physiological function of macrophages and accelerates the development of diseases caused by macrophage dysfunction and inflammation, such as inflammation-related diseases, cancer, atherosclerosis, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the roles of LPA in macrophages, analyze numerous macrophage- and inflammation-associated diseases triggered by LPA, and discuss LPA-targeting therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Jiang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huili Yang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
| | - Mingqing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
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Kiouri DP, Ntallis C, Kelaidonis K, Peana M, Tsiodras S, Mavromoustakos T, Giuliani A, Ridgway H, Moore GJ, Matsoukas JM, Chasapis CT. Network-Based Prediction of Side Effects of Repurposed Antihypertensive Sartans against COVID-19 via Proteome and Drug-Target Interactomes. Proteomes 2023; 11:21. [PMID: 37368467 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of targeting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) as a treatment for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently under investigation. One way to combat this disease involves the repurposing of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which are antihypertensive drugs, because they bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which in turn interacts with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. However, there has been no in silico analysis of the potential toxicity risks associated with the use of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. To address this, a network-based bioinformatics methodology was used to investigate the potential side effects of known Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antihypertensive drugs, Sartans. This involved identifying the human proteins targeted by these drugs, their first neighbors, and any drugs that bind to them using publicly available experimentally supported data, and subsequently constructing proteomes and protein-drug interactomes. This methodology was also applied to Pfizer's Paxlovid, an antiviral drug approved by the FDA for emergency use in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 treatment. The study compares the results for both drug categories and examines the potential for off-target effects, undesirable involvement in various biological processes and diseases, possible drug interactions, and the potential reduction in drug efficiency resulting from proteoform identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina P Kiouri
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Ntallis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Graham J Moore
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V6Y 3H4, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - John M Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos T Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
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Kang R, Gamdzyk M, Luo Y, Tang H, Huang L, Lenahan C, Doycheva D, Li D, Tang J, Tan S, Zhang JH. Three Days Delayed Recanalization Improved Neurological Function in pMCAO Rats by Increasing M2 Microglia-Possible Involvement of the IL-4R/STAT6/PPARγ Pathway. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:250-262. [PMID: 35867328 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current approved therapies for acute ischemic stroke have a restricted therapeutic time window. Delayed recanalization, which has been utilized clinically in patients who have missed the time window for administration, may be a promising alternative for stroke patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain undiscovered. Herein, we hypothesized that delayed recanalization would increase M2 microglial polarization through the IL-4R (interleukin-4 receptor)/STAT6 (signal transducer and activators of transcription 6)/PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) pathway, subsequently promoting stroke recovery in rats. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model was induced via intravascular filament insertion. Recanalization was induced by withdrawing the filament at 3 days after MCAO (rMCAO). Interleukin (IL)-4 was administered intranasally at 3 days after pMCAO. AS1517499, a specific STAT6 inhibitor, was administered intranasally at 3 days after MCAO induction. Immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot analysis, volumetric measurements of brain infarct, and neurological behavior tests were conducted. Delayed recanalization at 3 days after MCAO increased the polarization of M2 microglia, decreased inflammation, and improved neurological behavior. IL-4 treatment administered on the 3rd day after pMCAO increased M2 microglial polarization, improved neurological behavior, and reduced infarction volume of pMCAO rats. The inhibition of STAT6 decreased the level of p-STAT6 and PPARγ in rats treated with delayed recanalization. Delayed recanalization improved neurological function by increasing microglial M2 polarization, possibly involved with the IL-4R/STAT6/PPARγ pathway after MCAO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Kang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yujie Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Desislava Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Dujuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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King SD, Cai D, Fraunfelder MM, Chen SY. Surfactant protein A promotes atherosclerosis through mediating macrophage foam cell formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533959. [PMID: 36993244 PMCID: PMC10055352 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disease where macrophage foam cells play a central role in the pathogenesis. Surfactant protein A (SPA) is a lipid-associating protein involved with regulating macrophage function in various inflammatory diseases. However, the role of SPA in atherosclerosis and macrophage foam cell formation has not been investigated. METHODS Primary resident peritoneal macrophages were extracted from wildtype (WT) and SPA deficient (SPA -/- ) mice to determine the functional effects of SPA in macrophage foam cell formation. SPA expression was assessed in healthy vessels and atherosclerotic aortic tissue from the human coronary artery and WT or apolipoprotein e-deficient (ApoE -/- ) mice brachiocephalic arteries fed high fat diets (HFD) for 4 weeks. Hypercholesteremic WT and SPA -/- mice fed a HFD for 6 weeks were investigated for atherosclerotic lesions in vivo . RESULTS In vitro experiments revealed that global SPA deficiency reduced intracellular cholesterol accumulation and macrophage foam cell formation. Mechanistically, SPA -/- dramatically decreased CD36 cellular and mRNA expression. SPA expression was increased in atherosclerotic lesions in humans and ApoE -/- mice. In vivo SPA deficiency attenuated atherosclerosis and reduced the number of lesion-associated macrophage foam cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results elucidate that SPA is a novel factor for atherosclerosis development. SPA enhances macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis through increasing scavenger receptor cluster of differentiation antigen 36 (CD36) expression.
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Izadparast F, Riahi-Zajani B, Yarmohammadi F, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Protective effect of berberine against LPS-induced injury in the intestine: a review. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:2365-2378. [PMID: 35852392 PMCID: PMC9645259 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory condition caused by an unbalanced immunological response to infection, which affects numerous organs, including the intestines. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; also known as endotoxin), a substance found in Gram-negative bacteria, plays a major role in sepsis and is mostly responsible for the disease's morbidity and mortality. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in a variety of plant species that has anti-inflammatory properties. For many years, berberine has been used to treat intestinal inflammation and infection. Berberine has been reported to reduce LPS-induced intestinal damage. The potential pathways through which berberine protects against LPS-induced intestinal damage by inhibiting NF-κB, suppressing MAPK, modulating ApoM/S1P pathway, inhibiting COX-2, modulating Wnt/Beta-Catenin signaling pathway, and/or increasing ZIP14 expression are reviewed.Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLR, Toll-like receptor; MD-2, myeloid differentiation factor 2; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; IL, interleukin; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Caco-2, cyanocobalamin uptake by human colon adenocarcinoma cell line; MLCK, myosin light-chain kinase; TJ, tight junction; IκBα, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK; GVB, gut-vascular barrier; ApoM, apolipoprotein M; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; VE-cadherin, vascular endothelial cadherin; AJ, adherens junction; PV1, plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Wnt, wingless-related integration site; Fzd, 7-span transmembrane protein Frizzled; LRP, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; TEER, transendothelial/transepithelial electrical resistance; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein; ZIP, Zrt-Irt-like protein; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; p-PPAR, phosphorylated-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; ATF, activating transcription factors; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; SARA, subacute ruminal acidosis; IPEC-J2, porcine intestinal epithelial cells; ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Izadparast
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zajani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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The Role of Transcription Factor PPAR-γ in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis, Skin Cells, and Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179708. [PMID: 36077103 PMCID: PMC9456565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR-γ is one of three PPAR nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. In immune cells, the skin, and other organs, PPAR-γ regulates lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. The receptor translates nutritional, pharmacological, and metabolic stimuli into the changes in gene expression. The activation of PPAR-γ promotes cell differentiation, reduces the proliferation rate, and modulates the immune response. In the skin, PPARs also contribute to the functioning of the skin barrier. Since we know that the route from identification to the registration of drugs is long and expensive, PPAR-γ agonists already approved for other diseases may also represent a high interest for psoriasis. In this review, we discuss the role of PPAR-γ in the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of skin and immune cells affected by psoriasis and in contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. We also evaluate whether the agonists of PPAR-γ may become one of the therapeutic options to suppress the inflammatory response in lesional psoriatic skin and decrease the influence of comorbidities associated with psoriasis.
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12
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152432. [PMID: 35954274 PMCID: PMC9368267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models. Thus, to better predict the potential use of PPAR modulators for personalized medicine in therapies against malignancies, it seems necessary and timely to review the three PPARs in relation to the didactic concept of cancer hallmark capabilities. We previously described the functions of PPAR beta/delta with respect to the cancer hallmarks and reviewed the implications of all PPARs in angiogenesis. Thus, the current review updates our knowledge on PPAR beta and the hallmarks of cancer and extends the concept to PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-489-153-713 (K.-D.W.)
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13
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Ren Q, Xie X, Zhao C, Wen Q, Pan R, Du Y. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (PBDE 47) Selectively Stimulates Proatherogenic PPARγ Signatures in Human THP-1 Macrophages to Contribute to Foam Cell Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1023-1035. [PMID: 35575305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners detected in the human body, suggesting that the potential health risks of PBDE 47 should be thoroughly considered. However, the cardiovascular toxicity of PBDE 47 remains poorly understood. Here, toxic outcomes of PBDE 47 in human THP-1 macrophages concerning foam cell formation, which play crucial roles in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis, were elucidated. First, our results indicated that PBDE 47 affected the PPARγ pathway most efficiently in THP-1 macrophages by transcriptomic analysis. Second, the PPARγ target genes CD36 and FABP4, responsible for lipid uptake and accumulation in macrophages, were consistently upregulated both at transcriptional and translational levels in THP-1 macrophages upon PBDE 47. Unexpectedly, PBDE 47 failed to activate the PPARγ target gene LXRα and PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/G1 cascade, which is activated by the PPARγ full agonist rosiglitazone and enables cholesterol efflux in macrophages. Thus, coincident with the selective upregulation of the PPARγ target genes CD36 and FABP4, PBDE 47, distinct from rosiglitazone, functionally resulted in more lipid accumulation and oxLDL uptake in THP-1 macrophages through high-content analysis (HCA). Moreover, these effects were markedly abrogated by the addition of the PPARγ antagonist T0070907. Mechanistically, the structural basis of selective activation of PPARγ by PBDE 47 was explored by molecular docking and dynamics simulation, which indicated that PBDE 47 interacted with the PPARγ ligand binding domain (PPARγ-LBD) distinctively from that of rosiglitazone. PBDE 47 was revealed to interact with helix 3 and helix 5 but not helix 12 in the PPARγ-LBD. Collectively, these results unraveled the potential cardiovascular toxicity of PBDE 47 by selective activation of PPARγ to facilitate foam cell formation for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Wu XY, Nie L, Lu XJ, Fei CJ, Chen J. Molecular characterization, expression and functional analysis of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:50-60. [PMID: 35227879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are nuclear receptors with distinct roles in energy metabolism and immunity. Although extensively studied in mammals, immunomodulatory roles of this molecule in teleost fish remain to be investigated. In this study, large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) PPARγ (LcPPARγ) sequence was cloned, which encodes a polypeptide of 541 amino acids that include signature domains belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Phylogenetically, LcPPARγ was most closely related to PPARγ derived from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Quantitative analysis shown a ubiquitous expression of this molecule, with highest expression level detected in the intestine. The expression of LcPPARγ was decreased in the intestine, muscle, body kidney, spleen and head kidney-derived monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФs) over the course of Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) infection. In contrast, an up-regulation of LcPPARγ was observed in head kidney-derived MO/MФs following docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment. This increase in LcPPARγ leads to an up-regulation of LcCD11b and LcCD18 and an enhancement of complement-mediated phagocytosis. Furthermore, cytokine secretions of V. alginolyticus-stimulated MO/MФs were modulated following LcPPARγ activations that up-regulated the expression of LcIL-10, while decreased the expression of LcIL-1β, LcTNF-α and LcTGF-β1. Overall, our results indicated that LcPPARγ plays a role in regulating functions of MO/MФs and likely contribute to MO/MФs polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China
| | - Li Nie
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China
| | - Chen-Jie Fei
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China.
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15
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Lee BR, Paing MH, Sharma-Walia N. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins: Biologically Active Lipid Mediators Targeting Inflammation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640374. [PMID: 34335286 PMCID: PMC8320392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) are biologically active lipid mediators, including PGA2, PGA1, PGJ2, and its metabolites. cyPGs are essential regulators of inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and stem cell activity. cyPGs biologically act on multiple cellular targets, including transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. cyPGs regulate the inflammatory response by interfering with NF-κB, AP-1, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways via both a group of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) dependent and PPAR-γ independent mechanisms. cyPGs promote the resolution of chronic inflammation associated with cancers and pathogen (bacterial, viral, and parasitic) infection. cyPGs exhibit potent effects on viral infections by repressing viral protein synthesis, altering viral protein glycosylation, inhibiting virus transmission, and reducing virus-induced inflammation. We summarize their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution, and anti-metastatic potential. These properties render them unique therapeutic value, especially in resolving inflammation and could be used in adjunct with other existing therapies. We also discuss other α, β -unsaturated carbonyl lipids and cyPGs like isoprostanes (IsoPs) compounds.
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16
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Alaaeddine RA, Elzahhar PA, AlZaim I, Abou-Kheir W, Belal ASF, El-Yazbi AF. The Emerging Role of COX-2, 15-LOX and PPARγ in Metabolic Diseases and Cancer: An Introduction to Novel Multi-target Directed Ligands (MTDLs). Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2260-2300. [PMID: 32867639 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200820173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an intertwining framework for the involvement of different inflammatory pathways in a common pathological background for a number of disorders. Of importance are pathways involving arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Both enzyme activities and their products are implicated in a range of pathophysiological processes encompassing metabolic impairment leading to adipose inflammation and the subsequent vascular and neurological disorders, in addition to various pro- and antitumorigenic effects. A further layer of complexity is encountered by the disparate, and often reciprocal, modulatory effect COX-2 and 15-LOX activities and metabolites exert on each other or on other cellular targets, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Thus, effective therapeutic intervention with such multifaceted disorders requires the simultaneous modulation of more than one target. Here, we describe the role of COX-2, 15-LOX, and PPARγ in cancer and complications of metabolic disorders, highlight the value of designing multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) modifying their activity, and summarizing the available literature regarding the rationale and feasibility of design and synthesis of these ligands together with their known biological effects. We speculate on the potential impact of MTDLs in these disorders as well as emphasize the need for structured future effort to translate these early results facilitating the adoption of these, and similar, molecules in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A Alaaeddine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Perihan A Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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17
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Xiao Q, He J, Lei A, Xu H, Zhang L, Zhou P, Jiang G, Zhou J. PPARγ enhances ILC2 function during allergic airway inflammation via transcription regulation of ST2. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:468-478. [PMID: 32811992 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent the major player during hyperresponsive airway inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was highly expressed on ILC2 and its potential role in asthma has been suggested. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the effects of PPARγ on ILC2-induced airway inflammation remains to be fully understood. Here we identified PPARγ as a positive regulator of lung ILC2. Expression of PPARγ on ILC2 was dramatically induced upon interleukin-33 (IL-33) challenge. Deficiency of PPARγ in hematopoietic system in mice (PPARγfl/fl Vav1Cre) significantly impaired the function of ILC2 in lung, which led to apparent alleviation of airway inflammation in response to IL-33 or Papain challenge, when compared with those in PPARγfl/fl littermates control. Mechanistic studies identified IL-33 receptor ST2 as a transcriptional target of PPARγ. Overexpression of ST2 rescued the functional defects of ILC2 lacking PPARγ. Collectively, these results demonstrated PPARγ as an important regulator of ILC2 during allergic airway inflammation, which sheds new lights on the importance of PPARγ in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Juan He
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haixu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanmin Jiang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Cariello M, Piccinin E, Moschetta A. Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways via Lipid-Sensing Nuclear Receptors PPARs, FXR, and LXR in NASH. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1519-1539. [PMID: 33545430 PMCID: PMC8042405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease comprises a wide spectrum of liver injuries from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is defined when liver steatosis is associated with inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and fibrosis. A genetic predisposition and environmental insults (ie, dietary habits, obesity) are putatively responsible for NASH progression. Here, we present the impact of the lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NASH. In detail, we discuss the pros and cons of the putative transcriptional action of the fatty acid sensors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), the bile acid sensor (farnesoid X receptor), and the oxysterol sensor (liver X receptors) in the pathogenesis and bona fide treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy; National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy; Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
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19
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Hernandez-Quiles M, Broekema MF, Kalkhoven E. PPARgamma in Metabolism, Immunity, and Cancer: Unified and Diverse Mechanisms of Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:624112. [PMID: 33716977 PMCID: PMC7953066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is one of the most extensively studied ligand-inducible transcription factors. Since its identification in the early 1990s, PPARγ is best known for its critical role in adipocyte differentiation, maintenance, and function. Emerging evidence indicates that PPARγ is also important for the maturation and function of various immune system-related cell types, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ controls cell proliferation in various other tissues and organs, including colon, breast, prostate, and bladder, and dysregulation of PPARγ signaling is linked to tumor development in these organs. Recent studies have shed new light on PPARγ (dys)function in these three biological settings, showing unified and diverse mechanisms of action. Classical transactivation-where PPARγ activates genes upon binding to PPAR response elements as a heterodimer with RXRα-is important in all three settings, as underscored by natural loss-of-function mutations in FPLD3 and loss- and gain-of-function mutations in tumors. Transrepression-where PPARγ alters gene expression independent of DNA binding-is particularly relevant in immune cells. Interestingly, gene translocations resulting in fusion of PPARγ with other gene products, which are unique to specific carcinomas, present a third mode of action, as they potentially alter PPARγ's target gene profile. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying PPARγ activity in the complex regulatory networks in metabolism, cancer, and inflammation may help to define novel potential therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity, diabetes, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez-Quiles
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marjoleine F. Broekema
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Eric Kalkhoven,
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20
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Differential Effects of Cancer-Associated Mutations Enriched in Helix H3 of PPARγ. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123580. [PMID: 33266062 PMCID: PMC7761077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has recently been revealed to regulate tumor microenvironments. In particular, genetic alterations of PPARγ found in various cancers have been reported to play important roles in tumorigenesis by affecting PPARγ transactivation. In this study, we found that helix H3 of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) has a number of sites that are mutated in cancers. To uncover underlying molecular mechanisms between helix H3 mutations and tumorigenesis, we performed structure‒function studies on the PPARγ LBDs containing helix H3 mutations found in cancers. Interestingly, PPARγ Q286E found in bladder cancer induces a constitutively active conformation of PPARγ LBD and thus abnormal activation of PPARγ/RXRα pathway, which suggests tumorigenic roles of PPARγ in bladder cancer. In contrast, other helix H3 mutations found in various cancers impair ligand binding essential for transcriptional activity of PPARγ. These data indicate that cancer-associated mutations clustered in helix H3 of PPARγ LBD exhibit differential effects in PPARγ-mediated tumorigenesis and provide a basis for the development of new biomarkers targeting tumor microenvironments.
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21
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Molecular Links between Caloric Restriction and Circadian Rhythm. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113476. [PMID: 33198317 PMCID: PMC7696073 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm plays a chief role in the adaptation of all bodily processes to internal and environmental changes on the daily basis. Next to light/dark phases, feeding patterns constitute the most essential element entraining daily oscillations, and therefore, timely and appropriate restrictive diets have a great capacity to restore the circadian rhythm. One of the restrictive nutritional approaches, caloric restriction (CR) achieves stunning results in extending health span and life span via coordinated changes in multiple biological functions from the molecular, cellular, to the whole-body levels. The main molecular pathways affected by CR include mTOR, insulin signaling, AMPK, and sirtuins. Members of the family of nuclear receptors, the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ take part in the modulation of these pathways. In this non-systematic review, we describe the molecular interconnection between circadian rhythm, CR-associated pathways, and PPARs. Further, we identify a link between circadian rhythm and the outcomes of CR on the whole-body level including oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Since PPARs contribute to many changes triggered by CR, we discuss the potential involvement of PPARs in bridging CR and circadian rhythm.
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Caloric Restriction-Common Pathways Affecting Metabolism, Health, and Longevity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071708. [PMID: 32708786 PMCID: PMC7407644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is a traditional but scientifically verified approach to promoting health and increasing lifespan. CR exerts its effects through multiple molecular pathways that trigger major metabolic adaptations. It influences key nutrient and energy-sensing pathways including mammalian target of rapamycin, Sirtuin 1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and insulin signaling, ultimately resulting in reductions in basic metabolic rate, inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as increased autophagy and mitochondrial efficiency. CR shares multiple overlapping pathways with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly in energy metabolism and inflammation. Consequently, several lines of evidence suggest that PPARs might be indispensable for beneficial outcomes related to CR. In this review, we present the available evidence for the interconnection between CR and PPARs, highlighting their shared pathways and analyzing their interaction. We also discuss the possible contributions of PPARs to the effects of CR on whole organism outcomes.
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Gao Q, Wei A, Chen F, Chen X, Ding W, Ding Z, Wu Z, Du R, Cao W. Enhancing PPARγ by HDAC inhibition reduces foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105059. [PMID: 32621955 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a risky cardiovascular disease with limited treatment options. Various pan or type-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are reportedly atheroprotective against atherosclerosis (AS); however, the key effectors and the main cellular processes that mediate the protective effects remain poorly defined. Here, we report that PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), a transcription factor actively involved in lipid metabolism with strong tissue protective and anti-inflammation properties, is a critical mediator of the anti-AS effects by HDAC inhibition. We showed that a well-known pan-HDAC inhibitor TSA (Trichostatin A) reduced foam cell formation of macrophages that is accompanied by a marked elevation of PPARγ and its downstream cholesterol efflux transporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding membrane cassette transport protein A1) and ABCG1. In an AS model of ApoE-/- mice fed on high-fat diet, TSA treatment alleviated AS lesions, similarly increased PPARγ and the downstream cholesterol transporters and mitigated the induction of inflammatory cytokine TNFα and IL-1β. Exploring the potential cause of PPARγ elevation revealed that TSA induced the acetylation of C/EBPα (CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha), the upstream regulator of PPARγ, through which it increased PPARγ transactivation. More importantly, we generated a strain of PPARγ/ApoE double knockout mice and demonstrated that lack of PPARγ abrogated the protective effects of TSA on foam cell formation of peritoneal macrophages and the AS pathogenesis. Taken together, these results unravel that C/EBPα and PPARγ are the HDAC-sensitive components of an epigenetic signaling pathway mediating foam cell formation and AS development, and suggest that targeting C/EBPα/PPARγ axis by HDAC inhibitors possesses therapeutic potentials in retarding the progression of AS and the related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ai Wei
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xingren Chen
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenwen Ding
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhiquan Ding
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ronghui Du
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Effects of EHP-101 on inflammation and remyelination in murine models of Multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104994. [PMID: 32599064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a combination of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the spinal cord and the brain. Natural and synthetic cannabinoids such as VCE-004.8 have been studied in preclinical models of MS and represent promising candidates for drug development. VCE-004.8 is a multitarget synthetic cannabidiol (CBD) derivative acting as a dual Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma/Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (PPARγ/CB2) ligand agonist that also activates the Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. EHP-101 is an oral lipidic formulation of VCE-004.8 that has shown efficacy in several preclinical models of autoimmune, inflammatory, fibrotic, and neurodegenerative diseases. EHP-101 alleviated clinical symptomatology in EAE and transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that EHP-101 prevented the expression of many inflammatory genes closely associated with MS pathophysiology in the spinal cord. EHP-101 normalized the expression of several genes associated with oligodendrocyte function such as Teneurin 4 (Tenm4) and Gap junction gamma-3 (Gjc3) that were downregulated in EAE. EHP-101 treatment prevented microglia activation and demyelination in both the spinal cord and the brain. Moreover, EAE was associated with a loss in the expression of Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) in the corpus callosum, a marker for oligodendrocyte differentiation, which was restored by EHP-101 treatment. In addition, EHP-101 enhanced the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTpi), a marker for mature oligodendrocytes in the brain. We also found that a diet containing 0.2% cuprizone for six weeks induced a clear loss of myelin in the brain measured by Cryomyelin staining and Myelin basic protein (MBP) expression. Moreover, EHP-101 also prevented cuprizone-induced microglial activation, astrogliosis and reduced axonal damage. Our results provide evidence that EHP-101 showed potent anti-inflammatory activity, prevented demyelination, and enhanced remyelination. Therefore, EHP-101 represents a promising drug candidate for the potential treatment of different forms of MS.
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Lipid Mediators Regulate Pulmonary Fibrosis: Potential Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124257. [PMID: 32549377 PMCID: PMC7352853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by distorted distal lung architecture, inflammation, and fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IPF are incompletely defined. Several lung cell types including alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocyte-derived macrophages, and endothelial cells have been implicated in the development and progression of fibrosis. Regardless of the cell types involved, changes in gene expression, disrupted glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidation, dysregulated protein folding, and altered phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism result in activation of myofibroblast, deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, remodeling of lung architecture and fibrosis. Lipid mediators derived from phospholipids, sphingolipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and have been described to exhibit pro- and anti-fibrotic effects in IPF and in preclinical animal models of lung fibrosis. This review describes the current understanding of the role and signaling pathways of prostanoids, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes in the development of lung fibrosis. Further, several of the lipid mediators and enzymes involved in their metabolism are therapeutic targets for drug development to treat IPF.
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Hough KP, Curtiss ML, Blain TJ, Liu RM, Trevor J, Deshane JS, Thannickal VJ. Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 32509793 PMCID: PMC7253669 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways that may result from exposure to allergens or other environmental irritants, resulting in bronchoconstriction, wheezing, and shortness of breath. The structural changes of the airways associated with asthma, broadly referred to as airway remodeling, is a pathological feature of chronic asthma that contributes to the clinical manifestations of the disease. Airway remodeling in asthma constitutes cellular and extracellular matrix changes in the large and small airways, epithelial cell apoptosis, airway smooth muscle cell proliferation, and fibroblast activation. These pathological changes in the airway are orchestrated by crosstalk of different cell types within the airway wall and submucosa. Environmental exposures to dust, chemicals, and cigarette smoke can initiate the cascade of pro-inflammatory responses that trigger airway remodeling through paracrine signaling and mechanostimulatory cues that drive airway remodeling. In this review, we explore three integrated and dynamic processes in airway remodeling: (1) initiation by epithelial cells; (2) amplification by immune cells; and (3) mesenchymal effector functions. Furthermore, we explore the role of inflammaging in the dysregulated and persistent inflammatory response that perpetuates airway remodeling in elderly asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Hough
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Miranda L Curtiss
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Trevor J Blain
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jennifer Trevor
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Tsilingiri K, de la Fuente H, Relaño M, Sánchez-Díaz R, Rodríguez C, Crespo J, Sánchez-Cabo F, Dopazo A, Alonso-Lebrero JL, Vara A, Vázquez J, Casasnovas JM, Alfonso F, Ibáñez B, Fuster V, Martínez-González J, Martín P, Sánchez-Madrid F. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Lymphocytes Prevents Atherosclerosis and Predicts Subclinical Disease. Circulation 2019; 139:243-255. [PMID: 30586697 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the role of Th17 and regulatory T cells in the progression of atherosclerosis has been highlighted in recent years, their molecular mediators remain elusive. We aimed to evaluate the association between the CD69 receptor, a regulator of Th17/regulatory T cell immunity, and atherosclerosis development in animal models and in patients with subclinical disease. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient chimeric mice expressing or not expressing CD69 on either myeloid or lymphoid cells were subjected to a high fat diet. In vitro functional assays with human T cells were performed to decipher the mechanism of the observed phenotypes. Expression of CD69 and NR4A nuclear receptors was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 305 male participants of the PESA study (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) with extensive (n=128) or focal (n=55) subclinical atherosclerosis and without disease (n=122). RESULTS After a high fat diet, mice lacking CD69 on lymphoid cells developed large atheroma plaque along with an increased Th17/regulatory T cell ratio in blood. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein was shown to bind specifically and functionally to CD69 on human T lymphocytes, inhibiting the development of Th17 cells through the activation of NR4A nuclear receptors. Participants of the PESA study with evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis displayed a significant CD69 and NR4A1 mRNA downregulation in peripheral blood leukocytes compared with participants without disease. The expression of CD69 remained associated with the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in an adjusted multivariable logistic regression model (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94; P=0.006) after adjustment for traditional risk factors, the expression of NR4A1, the level of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and the counts of different leucocyte subsets. CONCLUSIONS CD69 depletion from the lymphoid compartment promotes a Th17/regulatory T cell imbalance and exacerbates the development of atherosclerosis. CD69 binding to oxidized low-density lipoprotein on T cells induces the expression of anti-inflammatory transcription factors. Data from a cohort of the PESA study with subclinical atherosclerosis indicate that CD69 expression in PBLs inversely correlates with the presence of disease. The expression of CD69 remained an independent predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis after adjustment for traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Tsilingiri
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area (K.T., M.R., R.S.-D., V.F., P.M., F.S.-M.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Department of Immunology (H.d.L.F., J.L.A.-L., A.V., F.S.-M.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
| | - Marta Relaño
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area (K.T., M.R., R.S.-D., V.F., P.M., F.S.-M.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Díaz
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area (K.T., M.R., R.S.-D., V.F., P.M., F.S.-M.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (C.R., J.C.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
| | - Javier Crespo
- Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (C.R., J.C.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit (F.S.-C.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit (A.D.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Alonso-Lebrero
- Department of Immunology (H.d.L.F., J.L.A.-L., A.V., F.S.-M.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Vara
- Department of Immunology (H.d.L.F., J.L.A.-L., A.V., F.S.-M.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Proteomics Unit (J.V.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Alfonso
- Department of Cardiology (F.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Ibáñez
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area (B.I.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (B.I.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
| | - Valentín Fuster
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area (K.T., M.R., R.S.-D., V.F., P.M., F.S.-M.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (V.F.)
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, IIB-Sant Pau, Spain (J.M.-G.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
| | - Pilar Martín
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area (K.T., M.R., R.S.-D., V.F., P.M., F.S.-M.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area (K.T., M.R., R.S.-D., V.F., P.M., F.S.-M.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology (H.d.L.F., J.L.A.-L., A.V., F.S.-M.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (H.d.L.F., R.S.-D., C.R., J.V., B.I., J.M.-G, P.M., F.S.-M.)
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Structural Basis for the Regulation of PPARγ Activity by Imatinib. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193562. [PMID: 31581474 PMCID: PMC6803859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib is an effective anticancer drug for the treatment of leukemia. Interestingly, when an FDA-approved drug library was tested for agents that block peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) phosphorylation at Ser245 to evaluate possibilities of antidiabetic drug repositioning, imatinib was determined as a PPARγ antagonist ligand. However, it is not well understood how imatinib binds to PPARγ or would improve insulin sensitivity without classical agonism. Here, we report the crystal structure of the PPARγ R288A mutant in complex with imatinib. Imatinib bound to Arm2 and Arm3 regions in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ, of which the Arm3 region is closely related to the inhibition of PPARγ phosphorylation at Ser245. The binding of imatinib in LBD induced a stable conformation of helix H2′ and the Ω loop compared with the ligand-free state. In contrast, imatinib does not interact with Tyr473 on PPARγ helix H12, which is important for the classical agonism associated with side effects. Our study provides new structural insights into the PPARγ regulation by imatinib and may contribute to the development of new antidiabetic drugs targeting PPARγ while minimizing known side effects.
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Jang JY, Kim H, Kim HJ, Suh SW, Park SB, Han BW. Structural basis for the inhibitory effects of a novel reversible covalent ligand on PPARγ phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11168. [PMID: 31371757 PMCID: PMC6671948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the use of PPARγ-targeted drugs, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, is limited owing to serious side effects caused by classical agonism. Using a rational drug discovery approach, we recently developed SB1495, a novel reversible covalent inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser245, a key factor in the insulin-sensitizing effect of PPARγ-targeted drugs. In this study, we report the crystal structures of PPARγ in complex with SB1495 and its enantiomeric analogue SB1494, which rarely exhibits inhibitory activity, to visualize the mechanistic basis for their distinct activities. SB1495 occupies the Arm3 region near the Ω loop of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain, whereas its enantiomeric analogue SB1494 binds to the Arm2 region. In addition, the piperazine moiety of SB1495 directly pushes the helix H2′, resulting in the stabilization of the Ω loop just behind the helix H2′. Our results may contribute to the development of a new generation of antidiabetic drugs that selectively block PPARγ phosphorylation without classical agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Veras Ribeiro Filho H, Tambones IL, Mariano Gonçalves Dias M, Bernardi Videira N, Bruder M, Amorim Amato A, Migliorini Figueira AC. Modulation of nuclear receptor function: Targeting the protein-DNA interface. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:1-14. [PMID: 30703486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that modulate several biological processes. Traditionally, modulation of NRs has been focused on the development of ligands that recognize and bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD), resulting in activation or repression of transcription through the recruitment of coregulators. However, for more severe diseases, such as breast and prostate cancer, the conventional treatment addressing LBD modulation is not always successful, due to tumor resistance. To overcome these challenges and aiming to modulate NR activity by inhibiting the NR-DNA interaction, new studies focus on the development of molecules targeting alternative sites and domains on NRs. Here, we discuss two different approaches for this alternative NR modulation: one targeting the NR DNA binding domain (DBD); and the other targeting the DNA sites recognized by NRs. Our aim is to present the challenges and perspectives for developing specific inhibitors for each purpose, alongside with already reported examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Izabella Luisa Tambones
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marieli Mariano Gonçalves Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Bernardi Videira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Bruder
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angélica Amorim Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Chhabra M, Sharma S. Potential role of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma analogues in regulation of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes mellitus: An overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1123-1129. [PMID: 31336454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells are recognized as the potential targets for the revascularization and angiogenesis because of their ability to get themselves transformed into mature endothelial cells. Underlying pathophysiology in diabetes mellitus leads to decrease in circulatory endothelial progenitor cells, resulting in diabetic macro-vascular and micro-vascular complications. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) gamma analogues serves as an effective therapy for controlling blood sugar levels and preventing its complications. Reports of clinical trials and meta-analysis of clinical trial suggests the beneficial aspects of PPAR gamma therapy in increasing the number and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. This review highlights the pleotropic effect of PPAR gamma analogs, apart from their antidiabetic action via reduction of oxidative stress, increasing expression of eNOS, reducing level of miR 22, miR 222 levels and positive modulation of rapamycin/Protein kinase B/phosphoinoside3-kinase pathways, preventing the early apoptosis, enhanced mobility proliferation and transformation into mature endothelial cells. PPAR gamma therapy in diabetes regulates endothelial progenitor cells, reduces complications of diabetes like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, deep vein thrombosis, and maintains the healthy vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Chhabra
- PharmD Intern, Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical and Allied Medical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Yang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang Y, Zeng Q, Qin Q. Transcriptomics analysis reveals candidate genes and pathways for susceptibility or resistance to Singapore grouper iridovirus in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:70-79. [PMID: 30195709 PMCID: PMC7102672 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the transcriptional response of grouper to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) stimulation was characterized using RNA sequencing. Transcriptome sequencing of three test groups in the grouper was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The three test groups were a control group, which was injected with PBS buffer; a high-susceptible (HS) group, which died shortly after the SGIV injection; and a high-resistance (HR) group, which survived the SGIV injection. In total, 38,253 unigenes were generated. When the HS group was compared with the control group, 885 unigenes were upregulated and 487 unigenes were downregulated. When the HR and control groups were compared, 1114 unigenes were upregulated and 420 were downregulated, and when the HR and HS groups were compared, 1010 unigenes were upregulated and 375 were downregulated. In the KEGG analysis, two immune-related pathways, the p53 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathways, were detected with highly significant enrichment. In addition, 7465 microsatellites and 22,1569 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified from our transcriptome data. The results suggested several pathways that are associated with traits of disease susceptibility or disease resistance, and provided extensive information about novel gene sequences, gene expression profiles, and genetic markers. This may contribute to vaccine research and a breeding program against SGIV infection in grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qinglu Zeng
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Stamenkovic A, Pierce GN, Ravandi A. Oxidized lipids: not just another brick in the wall 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:473-485. [PMID: 30444647 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been intense investigation in trying to understand the pathological role that oxidized phospholipids play in cardiovascular disease. Phospholipids are targets for oxidation, particularly during conditions of excess free radical generation. Once oxidized, they acquire novel roles uncharacteristic of their precursors. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines have an important role in multiple physiological and pathophysiological conditions including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, lung disease, inflammation, and chronic alcohol consumption. Circulating oxidized phosphatidylcholine may also serve as a clinical biomarker. The focus of this review, therefore, will be to summarize existing evidence that oxidized phosphatidylcholine molecules play an important role in cardiovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,b Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,b Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,c Interventional Cardiology, Section of Cardiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Illés P, Grycová A, Krasulová K, Dvořák Z. Effects of Flavored Nonalcoholic Beverages on Transcriptional Activities of Nuclear and Steroid Hormone Receptors: Proof of Concept for Novel Reporter Cell Line PAZ-PPARg. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12066-12078. [PMID: 30394742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed and characterized a novel human luciferase reporter cell line for the assessment of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) transcriptional activity, PAZ-PPARg. The luciferase activity induced by PPARγ endogenous agonist 15d-PGJ2 and prostaglandin PGD2 reached mean values of (87.9 ± 14.0)-fold and (89.6 ± 19.7)-fold after 24 h of exposure to 40 μM 15d-PGJ2 and 70 μM PGD2, respectively. A concentration-dependent inhibition of 15d-PGJ2- and PGD2-induced luciferase activity was observed after the application of T0070907, a selective antagonist of PPARγ, which confirms the specificity of response to both agonists. The PAZ-PPARg cell line, along with the reporter cell lines for the assessment of transcriptional activities of thyroid receptor (TR), vitamin D3 receptor (VDR), androgen receptor (AR), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), were used for the screening of 27 commonly marketed flavored nonalcoholic beverages for their possible disrupting effects. Our findings indicate that some of the examined beverages have the potential to modulate the transcriptional activities of PPARγ, VDR, and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illés
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , Slechtitelu 27 , 783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Grycová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , Slechtitelu 27 , 783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Krasulová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , Slechtitelu 27 , 783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , Slechtitelu 27 , 783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic
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Govindarajulu M, Pinky PD, Bloemer J, Ghanei N, Suppiramaniam V, Amin R. Signaling Mechanisms of Selective PPAR γ Modulators in Alzheimer's Disease. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:2010675. [PMID: 30420872 PMCID: PMC6215547 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2010675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal protein accumulation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. The continuous increase in the incidence of AD with the aged population and mortality rate indicates the urgent need for establishing novel molecular targets for therapeutic potential. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone reduce amyloid and tau pathologies, inhibit neuroinflammation, and improve memory impairments in several rodent models and in humans with mild-to-moderate AD. However, these agonists display poor blood brain barrier permeability resulting in inadequate bioavailability in the brain and thus requiring high dosing with chronic time frames. Furthermore, these dosing levels are associated with several adverse effects including increased incidence of weight gain, liver abnormalities, and heart failure. Therefore, there is a need for identifying novel compounds which target PPARγ more selectively in the brain and could provide therapeutic benefits without a high incidence of adverse effects. This review focuses on how PPARγ agonists influence various pathologies in AD with emphasis on development of novel selective PPARγ modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Priyanka D. Pinky
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jenna Bloemer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nila Ghanei
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rajesh Amin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Protein-protein interactions reveal key canonical pathways, upstream regulators, interactome domains, and novel targets in ALS. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14732. [PMID: 30283000 PMCID: PMC6170493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing effective treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases require an understanding of the underlying cellular pathways that lead to neuronal vulnerability and progressive degeneration. To date, numerous mutations in 147 distinct genes are identified to be "associated" with, "modifier" or "causative" of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Protein products of these genes and their interactions helped determine the protein landscape of ALS, and revealed upstream modulators, key canonical pathways, interactome domains and novel therapeutic targets. Our analysis originates from known human mutations and circles back to human, revealing increased PPARG and PPARGC1A expression in the Betz cells of sALS patients and patients with TDP43 pathology, and emphasizes the importance of lipid homeostasis. Downregulation of YWHAZ, a 14-3-3 protein, and cytoplasmic accumulation of ZFYVE27 especially in diseased Betz cells of ALS patients reinforce the idea that perturbed protein communications, interactome defects, and altered converging pathways will reveal novel therapeutic targets in ALS.
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Giacalone G, Tsapis N, Mousnier L, Chacun H, Fattal E. PLA-PEG Nanoparticles Improve the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rosiglitazone on Macrophages by Enhancing Drug Uptake Compared to Free Rosiglitazone. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101845. [PMID: 30262751 PMCID: PMC6213468 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Among cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis remains the first cause of death in the United States of America and Europe, as it leads to myocardial infarction or stroke. The high prevalence of heart diseases is due to the difficulty in diagnosing atherosclerosis, since it can develop for decades before symptoms occur, and to the complexity of the treatment since targets are also important components of the host defenses. The antidiabetics thiazolidinediones, among which is rosiglitazone (RSG), have demonstrated anti-atherosclerotic effect in animal models, and are therefore promising candidates for the improvement of atherosclerosis management. Nevertheless, their administration is hindered by the insurgence of severe side effects. To overcome this limitation, rosiglitazone has been encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles, which permit efficient delivery to its nuclear target, and selective delivery to the site of action, allowing the reduction of unwanted effects. In the present work, we describe nanoparticle formulation using polylactic acid (PLA) coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG), their characterization, and their behavior on RAW264.7 macrophages, an important target in atherosclerosis treatment. RSG nanocarriers showed no toxicity on cells at all concentrations tested, an anti-inflammatory effect in a dose-dependent manner, up to 5 times more efficient than the free molecule, and an increased RSG uptake which is consistent with the effect shown. These biodegradable nanoparticles represent a valid tool to be further investigated for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Giacalone
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Nicolas Tsapis
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Ludivine Mousnier
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Hélène Chacun
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Elias Fattal
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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38
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Hong F, Xu P, Zhai Y. The Opportunities and Challenges of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Ligands in Clinical Drug Discovery and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082189. [PMID: 30060458 PMCID: PMC6121873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a well-known pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and even primary biliary cholangitis, gout, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis. The three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ and γ) have emerged as integrators of glucose and lipid metabolic signaling networks. Typically, PPARα is activated by fibrates, which are commonly used therapeutic agents in the treatment of dyslipidemia. The pharmacological activators of PPARγ include thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), despite some drawbacks. In this review, we summarize 84 types of PPAR synthetic ligands introduced to date for the treatment of metabolic and other diseases and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current applications and problems of these ligands in clinical drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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39
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Mulberry leaf tea alleviates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting PKC signaling and modulating intestinal flora. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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40
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Kolben TM, Rogatsch E, Vattai A, Hester A, Kuhn C, Schmoeckel E, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Kolben T. PPARγ Expression Is Diminished in Macrophages of Recurrent Miscarriage Placentas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071872. [PMID: 29949879 PMCID: PMC6073463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ belongs to the group of nuclear receptors which is expressed in the trophoblast and together with other factors is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy. Apart from that PPARγ is also a main factor for macrophage polarization. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined expression pattern and frequency of PPARγ under physiological circumstances and in spontaneous and recurrent miscarriages in the trophoblast and in maternal macrophages of the decidua. Human placental tissues of the first trimester (15 physiologic pregnancies, 15 spontaneous abortion and 16 recurrent miscarriage placentas) were analyzed for expression of the nuclear receptor PPARγ. Expression changes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR (RT-PCR) in trophoblast and in maternal macrophages of the decidua. Maternal macrophages were identified by double immunofluorescence using cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) as marker for macrophages and further characterized regarding their M1/M2 polarization status. The intermediate villous trophoblast revealed a significantly lower PPARγ expression in spontaneous and recurrent abortion. Maternal macrophages express PPARγ. Their number is significantly enhanced in the decidua of spontaneous miscarriages whereas in recurrent miscarriages maternal macrophages seem to express PPARγ only in very few cases. PPARγ is associated with an M2 polarization state that is common for decidual macrophages. The lack of PPARγ in recurrent miscarriage decidual macrophages seems to be associated with a specific inflammatory response against the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Maria Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Rogatsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Anna Hester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Guirado E, Rajaram MV, Chawla A, Daigle J, La Perle KM, Arnett E, Turner J, Schlesinger LS. Deletion of PPARγ in lung macrophages provides an immunoprotective response against M. tuberculosis infection in mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:170-177. [PMID: 30029904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear transcription factor belonging to the superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptors. It is activated by diverse endogenous lipid metabolites as well as by exogenous ligands such as the thiazolidinediones. It regulates cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation, the latter in part through trans-repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PPARγ is highly expressed in alternatively activated alveolar macrophages (AMs), a primary host cell for airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Our previous in vitro study identified the importance of PPARγ activation through the mannose receptor (CD206) on human macrophages in enabling M. tb growth. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of PPARγ in vivo during M. tb infection using a macrophage-specific PPARγ knock out mouse model with special emphasis on the lung environment. Our data show that the absence of PPARγ in lung macrophages reduces the growth of virulent M. tb, enhances pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduces granulomatous infiltration. These findings demonstrate that PPARγ activation, which down-regulates macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, impacts the lung's response to M. tb infection, thereby supporting PPARγ's role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Guirado
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Murugesan Vs Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Joanna Daigle
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Krista Md La Perle
- Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Joanne Turner
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Vallochi AL, Teixeira L, Oliveira KDS, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT. Lipid Droplet, a Key Player in Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 29875768 PMCID: PMC5974170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (lipid bodies, LDs) are dynamic organelles that have important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and inflammation. LD biogenesis, composition, and functions are highly regulated and may vary according to the stimuli, cell type, activation state, and inflammatory environment. Increased cytoplasmic LDs are frequently observed in leukocytes and other cells in a number of infectious diseases. Accumulating evidence reveals LDs participation in fundamental mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, including cell signaling and immunity. LDs are sources of eicosanoid production, and may participate in different aspects of innate signaling and antigen presentation. In addition, intracellular pathogens evolved mechanisms to subvert host metabolism and may use host LDs, as ways of immune evasion and nutrients source. Here, we review mechanisms of LDs biogenesis and their contributions to the infection progress, and discuss the latest discoveries on mechanisms and pathways involving LDs roles as regulators of the immune response to protozoan infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Liu X, Li A, Ju Y, Liu W, Shi H, Hu R, Zhou Z, Sun X. β4GalT1 Mediates PPARγ N-Glycosylation to Attenuate Microglia Inflammatory Activation. Inflammation 2018; 41:1424-1436. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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44
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Nazim UM, Moon JH, Lee YJ, Seol JW, Park SY. PPARγ activation by troglitazone enhances human lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via autophagy flux. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26819-26831. [PMID: 28460464 PMCID: PMC5432299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) transmembrane cytokine superfamily, such as TNFα and Fas ligand (FasL), play crucial roles in inflammation and immunity. TRAIL is a member of this superfamily with the ability to selectively trigger cancer cell death but does not motive cytotoxicity to most normal cells. Troglitazone are used in the cure of type II diabetes to reduce blood glucose levels and improve the sensitivity of an amount of tissues to insulin. In this study, we revealed that troglitazone could trigger TRAIL-mediated apoptotic cell death in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Pretreatment of troglitazone induced activation of PPARγ in a dose-dependent manner. In addition conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and PPARγ was suppressed in the presence of GW9662, a well-characterized PPARγ antagonist. Treatment with troglitazone resulted in a slight increase in conversion rate of LC3-I to LC3-II and significantly decreased p62 expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. This indicates that troglitazone induced autophagy flux activation in human lung cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy flux applying a specific inhibitor and genetically modified ATG5 siRNA enclosed troglitazone-mediated enhancing effect of TRAIL. These data demonstrated that activation of PPARγ mediated by troglitazone enhances human lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via autophagy flux and also suggest that troglitazone may be a combination therapeutic target with TRAIL protein in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddin Md Nazim
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Seol
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
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Nieto C, Bragado R, Municio C, Sierra-Filardi E, Alonso B, Escribese MM, Domínguez-Andrés J, Ardavín C, Castrillo A, Vega MA, Puig-Kröger A, Corbí AL. The Activin A-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Axis Contributes to the Transcriptome of GM-CSF-Conditioned Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:31. [PMID: 29434585 PMCID: PMC5796898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GM-CSF promotes the functional maturation of lung alveolar macrophages (A-MØ), whose differentiation is dependent on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcription factor. In fact, blockade of GM-CSF-initiated signaling or deletion of the PPARγ-encoding gene PPARG leads to functionally defective A-MØ and the onset of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In vitro, macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF display potent proinflammatory, immunogenic and tumor growth-limiting activities. Since GM-CSF upregulates PPARγ expression, we hypothesized that PPARγ might contribute to the gene signature and functional profile of human GM-CSF-conditioned macrophages. To verify this hypothesis, PPARγ expression and activity was assessed in human monocyte-derived macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF [proinflammatory GM-CSF-conditioned human monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ)] or M-CSF (anti-inflammatory M-MØ), as well as in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ. GM-MØ showed higher PPARγ expression than M-MØ, and the expression of PPARγ in GM-MØ was found to largely depend on activin A. Ligand-induced activation of PPARγ also resulted in distinct transcriptional and functional outcomes in GM-MØ and M-MØ. Moreover, and in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, PPARγ knockdown significantly altered the GM-MØ transcriptome, causing a global upregulation of proinflammatory genes and significantly modulating the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and migration. Similar effects were observed in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ, where PPARγ silencing led to enhanced expression of genes coding for growth factors and chemokines and downregulation of cell surface pathogen receptors. Therefore, PPARγ shapes the transcriptome of GM-CSF-dependent human macrophages (in vitro derived GM-MØ and ex vivo isolated A-MØ) in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, and its expression is primarily regulated by activin A. These results suggest that activin A, through enhancement of PPARγ expression, help macrophages to switch from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory polarization state, thus contributing to limit tissue damage and restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concha Nieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bragado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Municio
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sierra-Filardi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María M Escribese
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ardavín
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), and Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ICSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), IIBM-Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), and Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miguel A Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel L Corbí
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Ryu S, Kim DS, Lee MW, Lee JW, Sung KW, Koo HH, Yoo KH. Anti-leukemic effects of PPARγ ligands. Cancer Lett 2018; 418:10-19. [PMID: 29331412 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, a subtype of PPARs, is a member of the nuclear receptor family. PPARγ and its ligands contribute to various types of diseases including cancer. Given that currently developed therapies against leukemia are not very effective or safe, PPARγ ligands have been shown to be a new class of compounds with the potential to treat hematologic malignancies, particularly leukemia. The capability of PPARγ ligands to induce apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and promote differentiation of leukemia cells suggests it has significant potential as a drug against leukemia. However, the specific mechanisms and molecules involved are not well-understood, although a number of PPARγ ligands with anti-leukemic effects have been identified. This may explain why PPARγ ligands have not been widely evaluated in clinical trials. To fill the gaps in the lack of understanding of specific anti-leukemic processes of PPARγ ligands and further adapt these molecules as anti-leukemic agents, this review describes previous studies of the anti-leukemic effects of PPARγ ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somi Ryu
- Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
| | - Dae Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Myoung Woo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ki Woong Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hong Hoe Koo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Keon Hee Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Vozenilek AE, Navratil AR, Green JM, Coleman DT, Blackburn CMR, Finney AC, Pearson BH, Chrast R, Finck BN, Klein RL, Orr AW, Woolard MD. Macrophage-Associated Lipin-1 Enzymatic Activity Contributes to Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Proinflammatory Signaling and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:324-334. [PMID: 29217509 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage proinflammatory responses induced by modified low-density lipoproteins (modLDL) contribute to atherosclerotic progression. How modLDL causes macrophages to become proinflammatory is still enigmatic. Macrophage foam cell formation induced by modLDL requires glycerolipid synthesis. Lipin-1, a key enzyme in the glycerolipid synthesis pathway, contributes to modLDL-elicited macrophage proinflammatory responses in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine whether macrophage-associated lipin-1 contributes to atherogenesis and to assess its role in modLDL-mediated signaling in macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTS We developed mice lacking lipin-1 in myeloid-derived cells and used adeno-associated viral vector 8 expressing the gain-of-function mutation of mouse proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (adeno-associated viral vector 8-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) to induce hypercholesterolemia and plaque formation. Mice lacking myeloid-associated lipin-1 had reduced atherosclerotic burden compared with control mice despite similar plasma lipid levels. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages with modLDL activated a persistent protein kinase Cα/βII-extracellular receptor kinase1/2-jun proto-oncogene signaling cascade that contributed to macrophage proinflammatory responses that was dependent on lipin-1 enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that macrophage-associated lipin-1 is atherogenic, likely through persistent activation of a protein kinase Cα/βII-extracellular receptor kinase1/2-jun proto-oncogene signaling cascade that contributes to foam cell proinflammatory responses. Taken together, these results suggest that modLDL-induced foam cell formation and modLDL-induced macrophage proinflammatory responses are not independent consequences of modLDL stimulation but rather are both directly influenced by enhanced lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E Vozenilek
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Aaron R Navratil
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Jonette M Green
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - David T Coleman
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Cassidy M R Blackburn
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Alexandra C Finney
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Brenna H Pearson
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Roman Chrast
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Brian N Finck
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Ronald L Klein
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - A Wayne Orr
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.)
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.E.V., C.M.R.B., M.D.W.), Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.G., B.H.P., A.W.O.), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.C.F.), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (D.T.C.), and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (R.L.K.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.R.N.); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.C.); and Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.N.F.).
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Interactions Between the Canonical WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway and PPAR Gamma on Neuroinflammation, Demyelination, and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:783-795. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Davidson MA, Mattison DR, Azoulay L, Krewski D. Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:52-108. [PMID: 28816105 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1351420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism. Though well tolerated by some patients, their mechanism of action as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) results in the activation of several pathways in addition to those responsible for glycemic control and lipid homeostasis. These pathways, which include those related to inflammation, bone formation, and cell proliferation, may lead to adverse health outcomes. As treatment with TZDs has been associated with adverse hepatic, cardiovascular, osteological, and carcinogenic events in some studies, the role of TZDs in the treatment of T2DM continues to be debated. At the same time, new therapeutic roles for TZDs are being investigated, with new forms and isoforms currently in the pre-clinical phase for use in the prevention and treatment of some cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the mechanism(s) of action of TZDs, a review of their safety for use in the treatment of T2DM, and a perspective on their current and future therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davidson
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Donald R Mattison
- b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- d Center for Clinical Epidemiology , Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,e Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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50
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Luczak E, Wieczfinska J, Sokolowska M, Pniewska E, Luczynska D, Pawliczak R. Troglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, decreases LTC 4 concentration in mononuclear cells in patients with asthma. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1315-1321. [PMID: 29128815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is an inflammatory disorder with multiple mediators involved in the inflammatory response. Despite several attempts, no new anti-inflammatory drugs have been registered for asthma treatment for several years. However, thiazolidinediones, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, have demonstrated some anti-inflammatory properties in various experimental settings. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of troglitazone on LTC4 and 15-HETE concentrations. It also evaluates TNF-induced eotaxin synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 14 patients with mild asthma and 13 healthy controls. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from the whole blood of the asthmatics and healthy subjects and pretreated with 0.1, 1 or 10μM of Troglitazone. The cells were then exposed to 10-6M calcium jonophore or 10ng/ml TNF. The production and release of LTC4, 15-HETE and eotaxin were then assessed. RESULTS Troglitazone caused a dose-dependent inhibition in LTC4 synthesis in both asthmatics and healthy subjects. Troglitazone did not influence 15-HETE or eotaxin production in either asthmatic patients or in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION Due to its inhibition of LTC4 synthesis, troglitazone therapy is an interesting potential therapeutic approach in asthma and other LTC4 related inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Luczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Milena Sokolowska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ewa Pniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Daria Luczynska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
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