1
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Hayakawa K, Zhou Y, Shinton SA. B-1 derived anti-Thy-1 B cells in old aged mice develop lymphoma/leukemia with high expression of CD11b and Hamp2 that different from TCL1 transgenic mice. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:22. [PMID: 38570827 PMCID: PMC10988983 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Human old aged unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia U-CLL are the TCL1+ZAP70+CD5+ B cells. Since CD5 makes the BCR signaling tolerance, ZAP70 increased in U-CLL not only TCL1+ alone. In mice, TCL1 (TCL1A) is the negative from neonate to old aged, as TC-. VH8-12/Vk21-5 is the anti-thymocyte/Thy-1 autoreactive ATA B cell. When ATA μκTg generation in mice, ATA B cells are the neonate generated CD5+ B cells in B-1, and in the middle age, CD5+ can be down or continuously CD5+, then, old aged CLL/lymphoma generation with increased CD11b in TC-ZAP70-CD5- or TC-ZAP70+CD5+. In this old aged TC-ATA B microarray analysis showed most similar to human CLL and U-CLL, and TC-ZAP70+CD5+ showed certain higher present as U-CLL. Original neonate ATA B cells showed with several genes down or further increase in old aged tumor, and old aged T-bet+CD11c+, CTNNB1hi, HMGBhi, CXCR4hi, DPP4hi and decreased miR181b. These old aged increased genes and down miR181b are similar to human CLL. Also, in old age ATA B cell tumor, high CD38++CD44++, increased Ki67+ AID+, and decreased CD180- miR15Olow are similar to U-CLL. In this old aged ATA B, increased TLR7,9 and Wnt10b. TC+Tg generated with ATAμκTg mice occurred middle age tumor as TC+ZAP70-CD5+ or TC+ZAP70+CD5+, with high NF-kB1, TLR4,6 and Wnt5b,6 without increased CD11b. Since neonatal state to age with TC+Tg continuously, middle age CLL/lymphoma generation is not similar to old aged generated, however, some increased in TC+ZAP70+ are similar to the old age TC- ATA B tumor. Then, TC- ATA B old age tumor showed some difference to human CLL. ATA B cells showed CD11b+CD22++, CD24 down, and hepcidin Hamp2++ with iron down. This mouse V8-12 similar to human V2-5, and V2-5 showed several cancers with macrophages/neutrophils generated hepcidin+ ironlow or some showed hepcidin- iron+ with tumor, and mouse V8-12 with different Vk19-17 generate MZ B cells strongly increased macrophage++ in old aged and generated intestine/colon tumor. Conclusion, neonate generated TC-ATA B1 cells in old aged tumor generation are CD11b+ in the leukemia CLL together with lymphoma cancer with hepcidin-related Hamp2++ in B-1 cell generation to control iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayakawa
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Susan A Shinton
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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2
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Du MT, Bergsagel PL, Chesi M. Immunocompetent Mouse Models of Multiple Myeloma: Therapeutic Implications. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024; 38:533-546. [PMID: 38233233 PMCID: PMC10942746 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Immunocompetent mouse models of multiple myeloma (MM) are particularly needed in the era of T cell redirected therapy to understand drivers of sensitivity and resistance, optimize responses, and prevent toxicities. Three mouse models have been extensively characterized: the Balb/c plasmacytomas, the 5TMM, and the Vk*MYC. In the last year, additional models have been generated, which, for the first time, capture primary MM initiating events, like MMSET/NSD2 or cyclin D1 dysregulation. However, the long latency needed for tumor development and the lack of transplantable lines limit their utilization. Future studies should focus on modeling hyperdiploid MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Tien Du
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, MCCRB 3-040, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Peter Leif Bergsagel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, MCCRB 3-040, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Marta Chesi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, MCCRB 3-040, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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3
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Peat TJ, Gaikwad SM, Dubois W, Gyabaah-Kessie N, Zhang S, Gorjifard S, Phyo Z, Andres M, Hughitt VK, Simpson RM, Miller MA, Girvin AT, Taylor A, Williams D, D'Antonio N, Zhang Y, Rajagopalan A, Flietner E, Wilson K, Zhang X, Shinn P, Klumpp-Thomas C, McKnight C, Itkin Z, Chen L, Kazandijian D, Zhang J, Michalowski AM, Simmons JK, Keats J, Thomas CJ, Mock BA. Drug combinations identified by high-throughput screening promote cell cycle transition and upregulate Smad pathways in myeloma. Cancer Lett 2023; 568:216284. [PMID: 37356470 PMCID: PMC10408729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance and disease progression are common in multiple myeloma (MM) patients, underscoring the need for new therapeutic combinations. A high-throughput drug screen in 47 MM cell lines and in silico Huber robust regression analysis of drug responses revealed 43 potentially synergistic combinations. We hypothesized that effective combinations would reduce MYC expression and enhance p16 activity. Six combinations cooperatively reduced MYC protein, frequently over-expressed in MM and also cooperatively increased p16 expression, frequently downregulated in MM. Synergistic reductions in viability were observed with top combinations in proteasome inhibitor-resistant and sensitive MM cell lines, while sparing fibroblasts. Three combinations significantly prolonged survival in a transplantable Ras-driven allograft model of advanced MM closely recapitulating high-risk/refractory myeloma in humans and reduced viability of ex vivo treated patient cells. Common genetic pathways similarly downregulated by these combinations promoted cell cycle transition, whereas pathways most upregulated were involved in TGFβ/SMAD signaling. These preclinical data identify potentially useful drug combinations for evaluation in drug-resistant MM and reveal potential mechanisms of combined drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Peat
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Snehal M Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nana Gyabaah-Kessie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sayeh Gorjifard
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zaw Phyo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Megan Andres
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - V Keith Hughitt
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yong Zhang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of Oncologic Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Evan Flietner
- McArdle Research Labs, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelli Wilson
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Shinn
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Crystal McKnight
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zina Itkin
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dickran Kazandijian
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Research Labs, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aleksandra M Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Keats
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Damasio MPS, Nascimento CS, Andrade LM, de Oliveira VL, Calzavara-Silva CE. The role of T-cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: From immunity to immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1021609. [PMID: 36338731 PMCID: PMC9632296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1021609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompass a group of complex entities of tumours affecting the aerodigestive upper tract. The main risk factors are strongly related to tobacco and alcohol consumption, but also HPV infection is often associated. Surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are the standard treatments, though the 5-year overall survival is less than 50%. The advances in genomics, molecular medicine, immunology, and nanotechnology have shed a light on tumour biology which helps clinical researchers to obtain more efficacious and less toxic therapies. Head and neck tumours possess different immune escape mechanisms including diminishing the immune response through modulating immune checkpoints, in addition to the recruitment and differentiation of suppressive immune cells. The insights into the HNSCC biology and its strong interaction with the tumour microenvironment highlights the role of immunomodulating agents. Recently, the knowledge of the immunological features of these tumours has paved the way for the discovery of effective biomarkers that allow a better selection of patients with odds of improving overall survival through immunotherapy. Specially biomarkers regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors antibodies, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 in combination with standard therapy or as monotherapy. New immunotherapies to treat head and neck cancer carcinomas, such as CAR T cells and nanoparticles have been the center of attention and in this review, we discuss the necessity of finding targets for the T cell in the cancer cells to generate CAR T cells, but also the relevance of evaluating specificity and safety of those therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paulo S. Damasio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Camila Sales Nascimento
- Grupo de pesquisa em Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Rene Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lidia M. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Física, Nanobiomedical Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivian L. de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM19, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Calzavara-Silva
- Grupo de pesquisa em Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Rene Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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5
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The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091380. [PMID: 36146458 PMCID: PMC9503294 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin. Their location at the skin barrier suggests an important role for LC as immune sentinels at the skin surface. The classification of LC as DC over the past few decades has driven the scientific community to extensively study how LC function as DC-like cells that prime T cell immunity. However, LC are a unique type of tissue-resident macrophages, and recent evidence also supports an immunoregulatory role of LC at steady state and during specific inflammatory conditions, highlighting the impact of cutaneous environment in shaping LC functionality. In this mini review, we discuss the recent literature on the immune tolerance function of LC in homeostasis and disease conditions, including malignant transformation and progression; as well as LC functional plasticity for adaption to microenvironmental cues and the potential connection between LC population heterogeneity and functional diversity. Future investigation into the molecular mechanisms that LC use to integrate different microenvironment cues and adapt immunological responses for controlling LC functional plasticity is needed for future breakthroughs in tumor immunology, vaccine development, and treatments for inflammatory skin diseases.
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6
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Wang Z, Zhang C, Warden CD, Liu Z, Yuan YC, Guo C, Wang C, Wang J, Wu X, Ermel R, Vonderfecht SL, Wang X, Brown C, Forman S, Yang Y, James You M, Chen W. Loss of SIRT1 inhibits hematopoietic stem cell aging and age-dependent mixed phenotype acute leukemia. Commun Biol 2022; 5:396. [PMID: 35484199 PMCID: PMC9051098 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is linked to various blood disorders and malignancies. SIRT1 has been implicated in healthy aging, but its role in HSC aging is poorly understood. Surprisingly, we found that Sirt1 knockout improved the maintenance of quiescence of aging HSCs and their functionality as well as mouse survival in serial bone marrow transplantation (BMT) recipients. The majority of secondary and tertiary BMT recipients of aging wild type donor cells developed B/myeloid mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL), which was markedly inhibited by Sirt1 knockout. SIRT1 inhibition also reduced the growth and survival of human B/myeloid MPAL cells. Sirt1 knockout suppressed global gene activation in old HSCs, prominently the genes regulating protein synthesis and oxidative metabolism, which may involve multiple downstream transcriptional factors. Our results demonstrate an unexpected role of SIRT1 in promoting HSC aging and age-dependent MPAL and suggest SIRT1 may be a new therapeutic target for modulating functions of aging HSCs and treatment of MPAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA ,grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Charles David Warden
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Integrative Genomics Core, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Chao Guo
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Charles Wang
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA ,grid.43582.380000 0000 9852 649XPresent Address: Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA
| | - Jinhui Wang
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Integrative Genomics Core, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Integrative Genomics Core, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Richard Ermel
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Center for Comparative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | | | - Xiuli Wang
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Christine Brown
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Stephen Forman
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Yaling Yang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - M. James You
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - WenYong Chen
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
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7
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Acosta AM, Al-Obaidy K, Sholl LM, Ulbright TM, Idrees MT. Molecular Analysis of Adenocarcinomas of the Rete Testis Demonstrates Frequent Alterations in Genes Involved in Cell Cycle Regulation. Histopathology 2022; 81:77-83. [PMID: 35395117 DOI: 10.1111/his.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas of the rete testis (ACRT) are rare and aggressive testicular neoplasms that present predominantly in older men and have a tendency for early systemic spread. Their morphology spans a wide spectrum, including tumors with glandular, solid, papillary, micropapillary, glomeruloid, cribriform and sarcomatoid growth patterns, or a combination thereof. The genomic alterations associated with these tumors have not been studied previously. We assessed eight ACRT published in prior clinicopathologic series using a solid tumor DNA sequencing panel. Pathogenic variants were identified in 6/8 cases. More specifically, 4 cases demonstrated inactivation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, including CDKN2A, BAP1, TP53 and RB1. CDKN2A was the only recurrently affected gene, with pathogenic variants detected in 3/8 cases. One of these 3 cases had molecular evidence of concurrent homozygous (i.e., biallelic) NF2 inactivation by a frameshift variant and loss of the wild-type copy of the gene. One case had an internal tandem duplication of AKT which has been previously described in juvenile granulosa cell tumor and sclerosing pneumocytoma and results in downstream activation of PI3K signaling. The remaining case with positive molecular findings harbored two concurrent truncating SETD2 variants. Multiple arm-level and chromosome-level copy number events were present in 3/8 cases, all of which harbored variants in genes involved in cell cycle regulation. In summary, ACRT are rare tumors with frequent inactivation of genes that play a major role cell cycle regulation, and a subset harbors variants which are potentially amenable to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas M Ulbright
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Muhammad T Idrees
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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8
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Zhang S, Dubois W, Feng X, Nguyen JT, Young NS, Mock BA. Conditional deletion of mTOR discloses its essential role in early B-cell development. Mol Carcinog 2021; 61:408-416. [PMID: 34964999 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase and central regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and survival. mTOR is commonly hyperactivated in a diverse number of cancers and critical roles for mTOR in regulating immune cell differentiation and function have been demonstrated. However, there is little work investigating the roles of mTOR in early B-cell development. Here we demonstrate that conditional disruption of mTOR in developing mouse B cells results in reduced pre-B-cell proliferation and survival, as well as a developmental block at the pre-B-cell stage, with a corresponding lack of peripheral B cells. Upon immunization with NP-CGG antigen, mice with Mtor conditional disruption in early B cells lost their ability to form germinal centers and produce specific antibodies. In competitive BM repopulation assays, donor BM cells from conditional knock-out mice were completely impaired in their ability to reconstitute B cells. Our data reveal the essential role of mTOR in early pre-B-cell development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xingmin Feng
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joe T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Identification of Key Genes Associated with Progression and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235931. [PMID: 34885040 PMCID: PMC8656554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with high recurrence rates. The current prognostication depends on tumor stage and grade and there is a need for predictive biomarkers that can distinguish between progressive versus non-progressive disease. We have identified a 3-gene signature panel having prognostic value in bladder cancer, which could aid in clinical decision making. Abstract Bladder cancer prognosis remains dismal due to lack of appropriate biomarkers that can predict its progression. The study aims to identify novel prognostic biomarkers associated with the progression of bladder cancer by utilizing three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 1516 DEGs were identified between non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer specimens. To identify genes of prognostic value, we performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. A total of seven genes, including CDKN2A, CDC20, CTSV, FOXM1, MAGEA6, KRT23, and S100A9 were confirmed with strong prognostic values in bladder cancer and validated by qRT-PCR conducted in various human bladder cancer cells representing stage-specific disease progression. ULCAN, human protein atlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets were used to confirm the predictive value of these genes in bladder cancer progression. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox hazard ratio analysis were performed to determine the prognostic role of these genes. Univariate analysis performed on a validation set identified a 3-panel gene set viz. CDKN2A, CTSV and FOXM1 with 95.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity in predicting bladder cancer progression. In summary, our study screened and confirmed a 3-panel biomarker that could accurately predict the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer.
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10
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Khaddour K, Maahs L, Avila-Rodriguez AM, Maamar Y, Samaan S, Ansstas G. Melanoma Targeted Therapies beyond BRAF-Mutant Melanoma: Potential Druggable Mutations and Novel Treatment Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5847. [PMID: 34831002 PMCID: PMC8616477 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas exhibit the highest rate of somatic mutations among all different types of cancers (with the exception of BCC and SCC). The accumulation of a multimode of mutations in the driver oncogenes are responsible for the proliferative, invasive, and aggressive nature of melanomas. High-resolution and high-throughput technology has led to the identification of distinct mutational signatures and their downstream alterations in several key pathways that contribute to melanomagenesis. This has enabled the development of individualized treatments by targeting specific molecular alterations that are vital for cancer cell survival, which has resulted in improved outcomes in several cancers, including melanomas. To date, BRAF and MEK inhibitors remain the only approved targeted therapy with a high level of evidence in BRAFV600E/K mutant melanomas. The lack of approved precision drugs in melanomas, relative to other cancers, despite harboring one of the highest rates of somatic mutations, advocates for further research to unveil effective therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss potential druggable mutations and the ongoing research of novel individualized treatment approaches targeting non-BRAF mutations in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Khaddour
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.M.); (A.M.A.-R.)
| | - Lucas Maahs
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.M.); (A.M.A.-R.)
| | - Ana Maria Avila-Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.M.); (A.M.A.-R.)
| | - Yazan Maamar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Tishreen Lattakia, Lattakia 2217, Syria;
| | - Sami Samaan
- Department of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - George Ansstas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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11
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Marié IJ, Brambilla L, Azzouz D, Chen Z, Baracho GV, Arnett A, Li HS, Liu W, Cimmino L, Chattopadhyay P, Silverman G, Watowich SS, Khor B, Levy DE. Tonic interferon restricts pathogenic IL-17-driven inflammatory disease via balancing the microbiome. eLife 2021; 10:68371. [PMID: 34378531 PMCID: PMC8376249 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of immune homeostasis involves a synergistic relationship between the host and the microbiome. Canonical interferon (IFN) signaling controls responses to acute microbial infection, through engagement of the STAT1 transcription factor. However, the contribution of tonic levels of IFN to immune homeostasis in the absence of acute infection remains largely unexplored. We report that STAT1 KO mice spontaneously developed an inflammatory disease marked by myeloid hyperplasia and splenic accumulation of hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, these animals developed inflammatory bowel disease. Profiling gut bacteria revealed a profound dysbiosis in the absence of tonic IFN signaling, which triggered expansion of TH17 cells and loss of splenic Treg cells. Reduction of bacterial load by antibiotic treatment averted the TH17 bias and blocking IL17 signaling prevented myeloid expansion and splenic stem cell accumulation. Thus, tonic IFNs regulate gut microbial ecology, which is crucial for maintaining physiologic immune homeostasis and preventing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doua Azzouz
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Ze Chen
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | | | - Azlann Arnett
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, United States
| | - Haiyan S Li
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Weiguo Liu
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Khor
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, United States
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12
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Hwang JS, Ma DJ, Choi J, Shin YJ. COL8A2 Regulates the Fate of Corneal Endothelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:26. [PMID: 32931574 PMCID: PMC7500139 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of COL8A2 repression on corneal endothelial cells (CECs) in vitro and in vivo. Methods Cultured human CECs (hCECs) were transfected with COL8A2 siRNA (siCOL8A2), and the cell viability and proliferation rate were measured. The expression of cell proliferation–associated molecules was evaluated by Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription PCR. Cell shape, Wingless-INT (WNT) signaling, and mitochondrial oxidative stress were also measured. For in vivo experiments, siCOL8A2 was transfected into rat CECs (rCECs), and corneal opacity and corneal endothelium were evaluated. Results After transfection with siCOL8A2, COL8A2 expression was reduced (80%). Cell viability, cell proliferation rate, cyclin D1 expression, and the number of cells in the S-phase were reduced in siCOL8A2-treated cells. The cell attained a fibroblast-like shape, and SNAI1, pSMAD2, and β-catenin expression, along with mitochondrial mass and oxidative stress levels, were altered. Corneal opacity increased, and the CECs were changed in rats in the siCOL8A2 group. Conclusions COL8A2 is required to maintain normal wound healing and CEC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinju Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Yong C, Moose DL, Bannick N, Gutierrez WR, Vanneste M, Svensson R, Breheny P, Brown JA, Dodd RD, Cohen MB, Henry MD. Locally invasive, castrate-resistant prostate cancer in a Pten/Trp53 double knockout mouse model of prostate cancer monitored with non-invasive bioluminescent imaging. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232807. [PMID: 32986721 PMCID: PMC7521703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have improved an existing mouse model of prostate cancer based on prostate-specific deletion of Pten and Trp53 by incorporating a Cre-activatable luciferase reporter. By coupling the deletion of those genes to the activation of a luciferase reporter, we were able to monitor tumor burden non-invasively over time. We show that, consistent with previous reports, deletion of both Pten and Trp53 on a C57BL/6 background accelerates tumor growth and results in both the loss of androgen receptor expression and castrate resistant tumors as compared with loss of Pten alone. Loss of Trp53 results in the development of sarcomatoid histology and the expression of markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition Zeb1 and vimentin, with kinetics and penetrance dependent on whether one or both alleles of Trp53 were deleted. Homozygous deletion of Trp53 and Pten resulted in uniformly lethal disease by 25 weeks. While we were able to detect locally invasive disease in the peritoneal cavity in aggressive tumors from the double knockout mice, we were unable to detect lymphatic or hematogenous metastatic disease in lymph nodes or at distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Yong
- Department of Urology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Devon L Moose
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Nadine Bannick
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Wade R Gutierrez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Marion Vanneste
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Robert Svensson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Patrick Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - James A Brown
- Department of Urology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca D Dodd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Michael B Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Urology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
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14
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Zhang S, DuBois W, Zhang K, Simmons JK, Hughitt VK, Gorjifard S, Gaikwad S, Peat TJ, Mock BA. Mouse tumor susceptibility genes identify drug combinations for multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6. [PMID: 32923678 PMCID: PMC7486007 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term genetic studies utilizing backcross and congenic strain analyses coupled with positional cloning strategies and functional studies identified Cdkn2a, Mtor, and Mndal as mouse plasmacytoma susceptibility/resistance genes. Tumor incidence data in congenic strains carrying the resistance alleles of Cdkn2a and Mtor led us to hypothesize that drug combinations affecting these pathways are likely to have an additive, if not synergistic effect in inhibiting tumor cell growth. Traditional and novel systems-level genomic approaches were used to assess combination activity, disease specificity, and clinical potential of a drug combination involving rapamycin/everolimus, an Mtor inhibitor, with entinostat, an histone deacetylase inhibitor. The combination synergistically repressed oncogenic MYC and activated the Cdkn2a tumor suppressor. The identification of MYC as a primary upstream regulator led to the identification of small molecule binders of the G-quadruplex structure that forms in the NHEIII region of the MYC promoter. These studies highlight the importance of identifying drug combinations which simultaneously upregulate tumor suppressors and downregulate oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wendy DuBois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - V Keith Hughitt
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sayeh Gorjifard
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tyler J Peat
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Young K, Loberg MA, Eudy E, Schwartz LS, Mujica KD, Trowbridge JJ. Heritable genetic background alters survival and phenotype of Mll-AF9-induced leukemias. Exp Hematol 2020; 89:61-67.e3. [PMID: 32768438 PMCID: PMC7508790 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The MLL-AF9 fusion protein occurring as a result of t(9;11) translocation gives rise to pediatric and adult acute leukemias of distinct lineages, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL). The mechanisms underlying how this same fusion protein results in diverse leukemia phenotypes among different individuals are not well understood. Given emerging evidence from genome-wide association studies that genetic risk factors contribute to MLL-rearranged leukemogenesis, here we tested the impact of genetic background on survival and phenotype of a well-characterized Mll-AF9 knockin mouse model. We crossed this model with five distinct inbred strains (129, A/J, C57BL/6, NOD, CAST) and tested their F1 hybrid progeny for dominant genetic effects on Mll-AF9 phenotypes. We discovered that genetic background altered peripheral blood composition, with Mll-AF9 CAST F1 having a significantly increased B-lymphocyte frequency, while the remainder of the strains exhibited myeloid-biased hematopoiesis, similar to the parental line. Genetic background also had an impact on overall survival, with Mll-AF9 A/J F1 and Mll-AF9 129 F1 having significantly shorter survival and Mll-AF9 CAST F1 having longer survival, compared with the parental line. Furthermore, we observed a range of hematologic malignancies, with Mll-AF9 A/J F1, Mll-AF9 129 F1, and Mll-AF9 B6 F1 developing exclusively myeloid cell malignancies (myeloproliferative disorder [MPD] and AML), whereas a subset of Mll-AF9 NOD F1 developed MPAL and Mll-AF9 CAST F1 developed ALL. This study provides a novel in vivo experimental model in which to evaluate the underlying mechanisms by which MLL-AF9 results in diverse leukemia phenotypes and provides definitive experimental evidence that genetic risk factors contribute to survival and phenotype of MLL-rearranged leukemogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/metabolism
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/mortality
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Young
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME
| | | | - Elizabeth Eudy
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME
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16
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Scherer A, Stephens VR, McGivney GR, Gutierrez WR, Laverty EA, Knepper-Adrian V, Dodd RD. Distinct Tumor Microenvironments Are a Defining Feature of Strain-Specific CRISPR/Cas9-Induced MPNSTs. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E583. [PMID: 32456131 PMCID: PMC7288323 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays important roles in cancer biology, but genetic backgrounds of mouse models can complicate interpretation of tumor phenotypes. A deeper understanding of strain-dependent influences on the tumor microenvironment of genetically-identical tumors is critical to exploring genotype-phenotype relationships, but these interactions can be difficult to identify using traditional Cre/loxP approaches. Here, we use somatic CRISPR/Cas9 tumorigenesis approaches to determine the impact of mouse background on the biology of genetically-identical malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) in four commonly-used inbred strains. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically evaluate the impact of host strain on CRISPR/Cas9-generated mouse models. Our data identify multiple strain-dependent phenotypes, including changes in tumor onset and the immune microenvironment. While BALB/c mice develop MPNSTs earlier than other strains, similar tumor onset is observed in C57BL/6, 129X1 and 129/SvJae mice. Indel pattern analysis demonstrates that indel frequency, type and size are similar across all genetic backgrounds. Gene expression and IHC analysis identify multiple strain-dependent differences in CD4+ T cell infiltration and myeloid cell populations, including M2 macrophages and mast cells. These data highlight important strain-specific phenotypes of genomically-matched MPNSTs that have implications for the design of future studies using similar in vivo gene editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.S.); (V.R.S.); (E.A.L.); (V.K.-A.)
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (G.R.M.); (W.R.G.)
| | - Victoria R. Stephens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.S.); (V.R.S.); (E.A.L.); (V.K.-A.)
- PREP program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gavin R. McGivney
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (G.R.M.); (W.R.G.)
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wade R. Gutierrez
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (G.R.M.); (W.R.G.)
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Emily A. Laverty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.S.); (V.R.S.); (E.A.L.); (V.K.-A.)
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (G.R.M.); (W.R.G.)
| | - Vickie Knepper-Adrian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.S.); (V.R.S.); (E.A.L.); (V.K.-A.)
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (G.R.M.); (W.R.G.)
| | - Rebecca D. Dodd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.S.); (V.R.S.); (E.A.L.); (V.K.-A.)
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (G.R.M.); (W.R.G.)
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17
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Tan K, Song HW, Wilkinson MF. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of testicular germ and somatic cell development during the perinatal period. Development 2020; 147:dev.183251. [PMID: 31964773 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pro-spermatogonia (SG) serve as the gateway to spermatogenesis. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we studied the development of ProSG, their SG descendants and testicular somatic cells during the perinatal period in mice. We identified both gene and protein markers for three temporally distinct ProSG cell subsets, including a migratory cell population with a transcriptome distinct from the previously defined T1- and T2-ProSG stages. This intermediate (I)-ProSG subset translocates from the center of seminiferous tubules to the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) 'niche' in its periphery soon after birth. We identified three undifferentiated SG subsets at postnatal day 7, each of which expresses distinct genes, including transcription factor and signaling genes. Two of these subsets have the characteristics of newly emergent SSCs. We also molecularly defined the development of Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular myoid cells during the perinatal period, allowing us to identify candidate signaling pathways acting between somatic and germ cells in a stage-specific manner during the perinatal period. Our study provides a rich resource for those investigating testicular germ and somatic cell developmental during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hye-Won Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miles F Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA .,Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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18
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Hung KH, Woo YH, Lin IY, Liu CH, Wang LC, Chen HY, Chiang BL, Lin KI. The KDM4A/KDM4C/NF-κB and WDR5 epigenetic cascade regulates the activation of B cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5547-5560. [PMID: 29718303 PMCID: PMC6009645 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cell-derived signals promote activation and proliferation of antigen-primed B cells. It remains unclear whether epigenetic regulation is involved in the B cell responses to Tfh cell-derived signals. Here, we demonstrate that Tfh cell-mimicking signals induce the expression of histone demethylases KDM4A and KDM4C, and the concomitant global down-regulation of their substrates, H3K9me3/me2, in B cells. Depletion of KDM4A and KDM4C potentiates B cell activation and proliferation in response to Tfh cell-derived signals. ChIP-seq and de novo motif analysis reveals NF-κB p65 as a binding partner of KDM4A and KDM4C. Their co-targeting to Wdr5, a MLL complex member promoting H3K4 methylation, up-regulates cell cycle inhibitors Cdkn2c and Cdkn3. Thus, Tfh cell-derived signals trigger KDM4A/KDM4C - WDR5 - Cdkn2c/Cdkn3 cascade in vitro, an epigenetic mechanism regulating proper proliferation of activated B cells. This pathway is dysregulated in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients and may represent a pathological link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yong H Woo
- Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - I-Ying Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsiu Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and Academia Sinica, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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19
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Saito M, Okumura K, Isogai E, Araki K, Tanikawa C, Matsuda K, Kamijo T, Kominami R, Wakabayashi Y. A Polymorphic Variant in p19 Arf Confers Resistance to Chemically Induced Skin Tumors by Activating the p53 Pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1459-1469. [PMID: 30684556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the specific genetic variants responsible for the increased susceptibility to familial or sporadic cancers is important. Using a forward genetics approach to map such loci in a mouse skin cancer model, we previously identified a strong genetic locus, Stmm3, conferring resistance to chemically induced skin papillomas on chromosome 4. Here, we report the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene Cdkn2a/p19Arf as a major responsible gene for the Stmm3 locus. We provide evidence that the function of Stmm3 is dependent on p53 and that p19ArfMSM confers stronger resistance to papillomas than p16Ink4aMSMin vivo. In addition, we found that genetic polymorphism in p19Arf between a resistant strain, MSM/Ms (Val), and a susceptible strain, FVB/N (Leu), alters the susceptibility to papilloma development, malignant conversion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, we demonstrated that the p19ArfMSM allele more efficiently activates the p53 pathway than the p19ArfFVB allele in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found polymorphisms in CDKN2A in the vicinity of a polymorphism in mouse Cdkn2a associated with the risk of human cancers in the Japanese population. Genetic polymorphisms in Cdkn2a and CDKN2A may affect the cancer risk in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Saito
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okumura
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eriko Isogai
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryo Kominami
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.
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20
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Sin SH, Eason AB, Bigi R, Kim Y, Kang S, Tan K, Seltzer TA, Venkataramanan R, An H, Dittmer DP. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency Locus Renders B Cells Hyperresponsive to Secondary Infections. J Virol 2018; 92:e01138-18. [PMID: 30021906 PMCID: PMC6146794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01138-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induces B cell hyperplasia and neoplasia, such as multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). To explore KSHV-induced B cell reprogramming in vivo, we expressed the KSHV latency locus, inclusive of all viral microRNAs (miRNAs), in B cells of transgenic mice in the absence of the inhibitory FcγRIIB receptor. The BALB/c strain was chosen as this is the preferred model to study B cell differentiation. The mice developed hyperglobulinemia, plasmacytosis, and B lymphoid hyperplasia. This phenotype was ameliorated by everolimus, which is a rapamycin derivative used for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. KSHV latency mice exhibited hyperresponsiveness to the T-dependent (TD) antigen mimic anti-CD40 and increased incidence of pristane-induced inflammation. Lastly, the adaptive immunity against a secondary infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) was markedly enhanced. These phenotypes are consistent with KSHV lowering the activation threshold of latently infected B cells, which may be beneficial in areas of endemicity, where KSHV is acquired in childhood and infections are common.IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes latency in B cells and is stringently linked to primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and the premalignant B cell hyperplasia multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). To investigate potential genetic background effects, we expressed the KSHV miRNAs in BALB/c transgenic mice. BALB/c mice are the preferred strain for B cell hybridoma development because of their propensity to develop predictable B cell responses to antigen. The BALB/c latency mice exhibited a higher incidence of B cell hyperplasia as well as sustained hyperglobulinemia. The development of neutralizing antibodies against ZIKV was augmented in BALB/c latency mice. Hyperglobulinemia was dampened by everolimus, a derivative of rapamycin, suggesting a role for mTOR inhibitors in managing immune activation, which is hallmark of KSHV infection as well as HIV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Coinfection
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Everolimus/pharmacology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Hypergammaglobulinemia/genetics
- Hypergammaglobulinemia/immunology
- Hypergammaglobulinemia/virology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/genetics
- Plasmacytoma/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Terpenes/pharmacology
- Virus Latency
- Zika Virus/drug effects
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/genetics
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - SunAh Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tischan A Seltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hyowon An
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Gunes C, Avila AI, Rudolph KL. Telomeres in cancer. Differentiation 2017; 99:41-50. [PMID: 29291448 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomere shortening as a consequence of cell divisions during aging and chronic diseases associates with an increased cancer risk. Experimental data revealed that telomere shortening results in telomere dysfunction, which in turn affects tumorigenesis in two ways. First, telomere dysfunction suppresses tumor progression by the activation of DNA damage checkpoints, which induce cell cycle arrest (senescence) or apoptosis, as well as by inducing metabolic compromise and activation of immune responses directed against senescent cells. Second, telomere dysfunction promotes tumorigenesis by inducing chromosomal instability in tumor initiating cells, by inhibiting proliferative competition of non-transformed cells, and possibly, also by influencing tumor cell plasticity. The tumor promoting effects of telomere dysfunction are context dependent and require the loss of p53-dependent DNA damage checkpoints or other genetic modifiers that attenuate DNA damage responses possibly involving complex interactions of different genes. The activation of telomere stabilizing mechanisms appears as a subsequent step, which is required to enable immortal grotwh of emerging cancer cells. Here, we conceptually discuss our current knowledge and new, unpublished experimental data on telomere dependent influences on tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alush Irene Avila
- Research Group on Stem Cell Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Research Group on Stem Cell Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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22
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Brocks T, Fedorchenko O, Schliermann N, Stein A, Moll UM, Seegobin S, Dewor M, Hallek M, Marquardt Y, Fietkau K, Heise R, Huth S, Pfister H, Bernhagen J, Bucala R, Baron JM, Fingerle-Rowson G. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects from nonmelanoma epidermal tumors by regulating the number of antigen-presenting cells in skin. FASEB J 2016; 31:526-543. [PMID: 27825106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600860r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The response of the skin to harmful environmental agents is shaped decisively by the status of the immune system. Keratinocytes constitutively express and secrete the chemokine-like mediator, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), more strongly than dermal fibroblasts, thereby creating a MIF gradient in skin. By using global and epidermis-restricted Mif-knockout (Mif-/- and K14-Cre+/tg; Miffl/fl) mice, we found that MIF both recruits and maintains antigen-presenting cells in the dermis/epidermis. The reduced presence of antigen-presenting cells in the absence of MIF was associated with accelerated and increased formation of nonmelanoma skin tumors during chemical carcinogenesis. Our results demonstrate that MIF is essential for maintaining innate immunity in skin. Loss of keratinocyte-derived MIF leads to a loss of control of epithelial skin tumor formation in chemical skin carcinogenesis, which highlights an unexpected tumor-suppressive activity of MIF in murine skin.-Brocks, T., Fedorchenko, O., Schliermann, N., Stein, A., Moll, U. M., Seegobin, S., Dewor, M., Hallek, M., Marquardt, Y., Fietkau, K., Heise, R., Huth, S., Pfister, H., Bernhagen, J., Bucala, R., Baron, J. M., Fingerle-Rowson, G. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects from nonmelanoma epidermal tumors by regulating the number of antigen-presenting cells in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Brocks
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oleg Fedorchenko
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicola Schliermann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid Stein
- Institute of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Georg-August University, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Seth Seegobin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Dewor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Fietkau
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Heise
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Huth
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Herbert Pfister
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juergen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; and
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jens M Baron
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Guenter Fingerle-Rowson
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; .,Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
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23
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Reilly KM. The Effects of Genetic Background of Mouse Models of Cancer: Friend or Foe? Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:pdb.top076273. [PMID: 26933251 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top076273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, mice have been selectively bred to give rise to the strains used in biomedical research today. Mouse models of cancer allow researchers to control variables of diet, environment, and genetic heterogeneity to better dissect the role of these factors in cancer in humans. Because of the important role of genetic background in cancer, the strain of the mouse can introduce confounding results in studies of mouse models if not properly controlled. Conversely, genetic variation between strains can also provide important new insights into cancer mechanisms. Here, the sources of genetic heterogeneity in mouse models are reviewed, with an explanation of how heterogeneity modifies cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlyne M Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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24
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Lutful Kabir FM, Alvarez CE, Bird RC. Canine Mammary Carcinomas: A Comparative Analysis of Altered Gene Expression. Vet Sci 2015; 3:vetsci3010001. [PMID: 29056711 PMCID: PMC5644615 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the second most frequent neoplasm in humans and sexually intact female dogs after lung and skin cancers, respectively. Many similar features in human and dog cancers including, spontaneous development, clinical presentation, tumor heterogeneity, disease progression and response to conventional therapies have supported development of this comparative model as an alternative to mice. The highly conserved similarities between canine and human genomes are also key to this comparative analysis, especially when compared to the murine genome. Studies with canine mammary tumor (CMT) models have shown a strong genetic correlation with their human counterparts, particularly in terms of altered expression profiles of cell cycle regulatory genes, tumor suppressor and oncogenes and also a large group of non-coding RNAs or microRNAs (miRNAs). Because CMTs are considered predictive intermediate models for human breast cancer, similarities in genetic alterations and cancer predisposition between humans and dogs have raised further interest. Many cancer-associated genetic defects critical to mammary tumor development and oncogenic determinants of metastasis have been reported and appear to be similar in both species. Comparative analysis of deregulated gene sets or cancer signaling pathways has shown that a significant proportion of orthologous genes are comparably up- or down-regulated in both human and dog breast tumors. Particularly, a group of cell cycle regulators called cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) acting as potent tumor suppressors are frequently defective in CMTs. Interestingly, comparative analysis of coding sequences has also shown that these genes are highly conserved in mammals in terms of their evolutionary divergence from a common ancestor. Moreover, co-deletion and/or homozygous loss of the INK4A/ARF/INK4B (CDKN2A/B) locus, encoding three members of the CKI tumor suppressor gene families (p16/INK4A, p14ARF and p15/INK4B), in many human and dog cancers including mammary carcinomas, suggested their important conserved genetic order and localization in orthologous chromosomal regions. miRNAs, as powerful post-transcriptional regulators of most of the cancer-associated genes, have not been well evaluated to date in animal cancer models. Comprehensive expression profiles of miRNAs in CMTs have revealed their altered regulation showing a strong correlation with those found in human breast cancers. These genetic correlations between human and dog mammary cancers will greatly advance our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involving many critical cancer-associated genes that promote neoplasia and contribute to the promising development of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farruk M Lutful Kabir
- Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (AURIC), Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
- Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Carlos E Alvarez
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Departments of Pediatrics and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Colleges of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - R Curtis Bird
- Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (AURIC), Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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25
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Wang Z, Chen CC, Chen W. CD150(-) Side Population Defines Leukemia Stem Cells in a BALB/c Mouse Model of CML and Is Depleted by Genetic Loss of SIRT1. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3437-51. [PMID: 26466808 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are refractory to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment, persist in the residual disease, and are important source for disease recurrence. Better understanding CML LSCs will help devise new strategies to eradicate these cells. The BALB/c mouse model of CML using retroviral bone marrow transduction and transplantation is a widely used mouse model system for CML, but LSCs in this model are poorly characterized. Here, we show that lineage negative CD150(-) side population (CD150(-)SP), but not CD150(+)SP, are CML LSCs in this model, although both CD150(-)SP and CD150(+)SP cells are enriched for long-term hematopoietic stem cells in normal BALB/c mice. We previously showed that BCR-ABL transformation activates protein lysine deacetylase SIRT1 and inhibition of SIRT1 sensitizes CML stem/progenitor cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by acetylating and activating p53. In this study, we demonstrate that SIRT1 homozygous knockout substantially reduces CD150(-)SP CML LSCs, and compromises the maintenance of CML LSCs in the BALB/c model. We identified several molecular alterations in CD150(-)SP LSCs that included the elevated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk6 facilitating LSC activation and significantly reduced p53 expression. SIRT1 knockout suppressed Cdk6 expression and likely increases p53 protein functions through deacetylation without increasing its expression. Our results shed novel insight into CML LSCs and support a crucial role of SIRT1 in CML LSCs. Our study also provides a novel means for assessing new agents to eradicate CML LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ching-Cheng Chen
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - WenYong Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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26
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Saito M, Okumura K, Miura I, Wakana S, Kominami R, Wakabayashi Y. Identification of Stmm3 locus conferring resistance to late-stage chemically induced skin papillomas on mouse chromosome 4 by congenic mapping and allele-specific alteration analysis. Exp Anim 2015; 63:339-48. [PMID: 25077764 PMCID: PMC4206738 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed that many low-penetrance cancer susceptibility loci are located throughout the genome; however, a very limited number of genes have been identified so far. Using a forward genetics approach to map such loci in a mouse skin cancer model, we previously identified strong genetic loci conferring resistance to chemically induced skin papillomas on chromosome 4 and 7 with a large number of [(FVB/N × MSM/Ms) F₁ × FVB/N] backcross mice. In this report, we describe a combination of congenic mapping and allele-specific alteration analysis of the loci on chromosome 4. We used linkage analysis and a congenic mouse strain, FVB.MSM-Stmm3 to refine the location of Stmm3 (Skin tumor modifier of MSM 3) locus within a physical interval of about 34 Mb on distal chromosome 4. In addition, we used patterns of allele-specific imbalances in tumors from N₂ and N₁₀ congenic mice to narrow down further the region of Stmm3 locus to a physical distance of about 25 Mb. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed papillomas from congenic mice had less proliferative activity. These results suggest that Stmm3 responsible genes may have an influence on papilloma formation in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis by regulating papilloma growth rather than development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Saito
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho, Chuouku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
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27
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Simmons JK, Patel J, Michalowski A, Zhang S, Wei BR, Sullivan P, Gamache B, Felsenstein K, Kuehl WM, Simpson RM, Zingone A, Landgren O, Mock BA. TORC1 and class I HDAC inhibitors synergize to suppress mature B cell neoplasms. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:261-72. [PMID: 24429254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced proliferative signaling and loss of cell cycle regulation are essential for cancer progression. Increased mitogenic signaling through activation of the mTOR pathway, coupled with deregulation of the Cyclin D/retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway is a common feature of lymphoid malignancies, including plasmacytoma (PCT), multiple myeloma (MM), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Here we evaluate the synergy of pharmacologically affecting both of these critical pathways using the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat. A dose-matrix screening approach found this combination to be highly active and synergistic in a panel of genetically diverse human MM cell lines. Synergy and activity was observed in mouse PCT and human BL and MCL cell lines tested in vitro, as well as in freshly isolated primary MM patient samples tested ex vivo. This combination had minimal effects on healthy donor cells and retained activity when tested in a co-culture system simulating the protective interaction of cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment. Combining sirolimus with entinostat enhanced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. At the molecular level, entinostat increased the expression of cell cycle negative regulators including CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN2A (p16), while the combination decreased critical growth and survival effectors including Cyclin D, BCL-XL, BIRC5, and activated MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Aleksandra Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Bih-Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Ben Gamache
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Kenneth Felsenstein
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - W Michael Kuehl
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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29
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Hu Y, Zheng M, Gali R, Tian Z, Topal Görgün G, Munshi NC, Mitsiades CS, Anderson KC. A novel rapid-onset high-penetrance plasmacytoma mouse model driven by deregulation of cMYC cooperating with KRAS12V in BALB/c mice. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e156. [PMID: 24185503 PMCID: PMC3880436 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal is to develop a rapid and scalable system for functionally evaluating deregulated genes in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we forcibly expressed human cMYC and KRAS12V in mouse T2 B cells (IgM(+)B220(+)CD38(+)IgD(+)) using retroviral transduction and transplanted these cells into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Recipients developed plasmacytomas with short onset (70 days) and high penetrance, whereas neither cMYC nor KRAS12V alone induced disease in recipient mice. Tumor cell morphology and cell surface biomarkers (CD138(+)B220(-)IgM(-)GFP(+)) indicate a plasma cell neoplasm. Gene set enrichment analysis further confirms that the tumor cells have a plasma cell gene expression signature. Plasmacytoma cells infiltrated multiple loci in the bone marrow, spleen and liver; secreted immunoglobulins; and caused glomerular damage. Our findings therefore demonstrate that deregulated expression of cMYC with KRAS12V in T2 B cells rapidly generates a plasma cell disease in mice, suggesting utility of this model both to elucidate molecular pathogenesis and to validate novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Germinal center B-cells resist transformation by Kras independently of tumor suppressor Arf. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67941. [PMID: 23825691 PMCID: PMC3692489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in Ras (N- and K-) are the most common point mutations found in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and are associated with poor clinical outcome. We sought to directly examine the role of Ras activation in MM pathogenesis and used two different tissue-specific Cre recombinase mouse lines (Cγ1-Cre and AID-Cre), to generate mice with mutant Kras (KrasG12D) activated specifically in germinal center B-cells. We also generated mice with activation of the KrasG12D allele in a tumor-prone Arf-null genetic background. Surprisingly, we observed no significant disruption in B-cell homeostasis in any of these models by serum immunoglobulin ELISA, SPEP, flow cytometry and histological examination. We observed development of non-overlapping tumor types due to off-target Cre expression, but despite successful recombination in germinal center and later B-cell populations, we observed no B-cell phenotype. Together, these data demonstrate that Ras activation is not sufficient to transform primary germinal center B-cells, even in an Arf-null context, and that the temporal order of mutation acquisition may be critical for myeloma development. Specific pathways, yet to be identified, are required before Kras can contribute to the development of MM.
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31
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Klijn C, Koudijs MJ, Kool J, ten Hoeve J, Boer M, de Moes J, Akhtar W, van Miltenburg M, Vendel-Zwaagstra A, Reinders MJT, Adams DJ, van Lohuizen M, Hilkens J, Wessels LFA, Jonkers J. Analysis of tumor heterogeneity and cancer gene networks using deep sequencing of MMTV-induced mouse mammary tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62113. [PMID: 23690930 PMCID: PMC3653918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer develops through a multistep process in which normal cells progress to malignant tumors via the evolution of their genomes as a result of the acquisition of mutations in cancer driver genes. The number, identity and mode of action of cancer driver genes, and how they contribute to tumor evolution is largely unknown. This study deployed the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) as an insertional mutagen to find both the driver genes and the networks in which they function. Using deep insertion site sequencing we identified around 31000 retroviral integration sites in 604 MMTV-induced mammary tumors from mice with mammary gland-specific deletion of Trp53, Pten heterozygous knockout mice, or wildtype strains. We identified 18 known common integration sites (CISs) and 12 previously unknown CISs marking new candidate cancer genes. Members of the Wnt, Fgf, Fgfr, Rspo and Pdgfr gene families were commonly mutated in a mutually exclusive fashion. The sequence data we generated yielded also information on the clonality of insertions in individual tumors, allowing us to develop a data-driven model of MMTV-induced tumor development. Insertional mutations near Wnt and Fgf genes mark the earliest "initiating" events in MMTV induced tumorigenesis, whereas Fgfr genes are targeted later during tumor progression. Our data shows that insertional mutagenesis can be used to discover the mutational networks, the timing of mutations, and the genes that initiate and drive tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Klijn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Koudijs
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kool
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle ten Hoeve
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy Boer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost de Moes
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Waseem Akhtar
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine van Miltenburg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Hilkens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk F. A. Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Okumura K, Sato M, Saito M, Miura I, Wakana S, Mao JH, Miyasaka Y, Kominami R, Wakabayashi Y. Independent genetic control of early and late stages of chemically induced skin tumors in a cross of a Japanese wild-derived inbred mouse strain, MSM/Ms. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2260-8. [PMID: 22843548 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MSM/Ms is an inbred mouse strain derived from a Japanese wild mouse, Mus musculus molossinus. In this study, we showed that MSM/Ms mice exhibit dominant resistance when crossed with susceptible FVB/N mice and subjected to the two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/ 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). A series of F1 backcross mice were generated by crossing p53(+/+) or p53(+/-) F1 (FVB/N × MSM/Ms) males with FVB/N female mice. These generated 228 backcross animals, approximately half of which were p53(+/-), enabling us to search for p53-dependent skin tumor modifier genes. Highly significant linkage for papilloma multiplicity was found on chromosomes 6 and 7 and suggestive linkage was found on chromosomes 3, 5 and 12. Furthermore, in order to identify stage-dependent linkage loci we classified tumors into three categories (<2mm, 2-6mm and >6mm), and did linkage analysis. The same locus on chromosome 7 showed strong linkage in groups with <2mm or 2-6mm papillomas. No linkage was detected on chromosome 7 to papillomas >6mm, but a different locus on chromosome 4 showed strong linkage both to papillomas >6mm and to carcinomas. This locus, which maps near the Cdkn2a/p19(Arf) gene, was entirely p53-dependent, and was not seen in p53 (+/-) backcross animals. Suggestive linkage conferring susceptibility to carcinoma was also found on chromosome 5. These results clearly suggest distinct loci regulate each stage of tumorigenesis, some of which are p53-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okumura
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuouku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
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Helmbold H, Galderisi U, Bohn W. The switch from pRb/p105 to Rb2/p130 in DNA damage and cellular senescence. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:508-13. [PMID: 21465484 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a response to genotoxic stress that results in an irreversible cell cycle arrest. Activation of this pathway relies on the activity of the retinoblastoma proteins and proteins of the DNA damage response cascade. Here, we discuss the functional relevance of the switch from pRb/p105 to Rb2/p130 that becomes apparent when cells enter senescent arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Helmbold
- Department of Tumorvirology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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Fabre KM, Ramaiah L, Dregalla RC, Desaintes C, Weil MM, Bailey SM, Ullrich RL. Murine Prkdc polymorphisms impact DNA-PKcs function. Radiat Res 2011; 175:493-500. [PMID: 21265624 DOI: 10.1667/rr2431.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic variants of DNA repair genes can increase the carcinogenic potential of exposure to ionizing radiation. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Prkdc, the gene encoding the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), have been identified in BALB/c mice and linked to reduced DNA-PKcs activity and mammary cancer susceptibility. We examined three additional mouse strains to better define the roles of the BALB/c Prkdc SNPs (R2140C and M3844V). One is a congenic strain (C.B6) that has the C57BL/6 Prkdc allele on a BALB/c background, and the other is a congenic strain (B6.C) that has the BALB/c variant Prkdc allele on a C57BL/6 background. We also examined the LEWES mouse strain, which possesses only one of the BALB/c Prkdc SNPs (M3844V). Our results demonstrate that both Prkdc SNPs are responsible for deficient DNA-PKcs protein expression, DNA repair and telomere function, while the LEWES SNP affects only DNA-PKcs expression and repair capacity. These studies provide insight into the separation of function between the two BALB/c SNPs as well as direct evidence that SNPs positioned within Prkdc can significantly influence DNA-PKcs function involving DNA repair capacity, telomere end-capping, and potentially cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Fabre
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Declining lymphoid progenitor fitness promotes aging-associated leukemogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21713-8. [PMID: 21098275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005486107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with the functional decline of cells, tissues, and organs. At the same time, age is the single most important prognostic factor in the development of most human cancers, including chronic myelogenous and acute lymphoblastic leukemias initiated by Bcr-Abl oncogenic translocations. Prevailing paradigms attribute the association between aging and cancers to the accumulation of oncogenic mutations over time, because the accrual of oncogenic events is thought to be the rate-limiting step in initiation and progression of cancers. Conversely, aging-associated functional decline caused by both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms is likely to reduce the fitness of stem and progenitor cell populations. This reduction in fitness should be conducive for increased selection of oncogenic mutations that can at least partially alleviate fitness defects, thereby promoting the initiation of cancers. We tested this hypothesis using mouse hematopoietic models. Our studies indicate that the dramatic decline in the fitness of aged B-lymphopoiesis coincides with altered receptor-associated kinase signaling. We further show that Bcr-Abl provides a much greater competitive advantage to old B-lymphoid progenitors compared with young progenitors, coinciding with restored kinase signaling pathways, and that this enhanced competitive advantage translates into increased promotion of Bcr-Abl-driven leukemias. Moreover, impairing IL-7-mediated signaling is sufficient to promote selection for Bcr-Abl-expressing B progenitors. These studies support an unappreciated causative link between aging and cancer: increased selection of oncogenic mutations as a result of age-dependent alterations of the fitness landscape.
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Mori N. Two loci controlling susceptibility to radiation-induced lymphomagenesis on mouse chromosome 4: cdkn2a, a candidate for one locus, and a novel locus distinct from cdkn2a. Radiat Res 2010; 173:158-64. [PMID: 20095847 DOI: 10.1667/rr1855.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BALB/c mice are sensitive to radiation-induced lymphomagenesis, while STS mice are resistant. Using 219 [(BALB/c x STS)F(1) x BALB/c] (N2C) and 197 [(BALB/c x STS)F(1) x STS] (N2S) animals, we performed a genome-wide search for loci controlling susceptibility to lymphomagenesis induced by radiation. Association of markers with the survival of animals was analyzed by the log rank test. For N2C mice, a significant correlation was detected, with four markers on the proximal to mid portion of chromosome 4: D4Mit302 and D4Mit255, P = 0.0075; D4Mit17, P = 0.034; and D4Mit86, P = 0.048. On the other hand, no significant linkage was detected in N2S mice. We analyzed BALB/c mice congenic for the STS allele in different regions of chromosome 4 and identified a locus with a conspicuous effect on survival located within a 7-Mb region between D4Mit302 and D4Mit144, where BALB/c mice harbor hypomorphic variant alleles of the tumor suppressor gene Cdkn2a, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein p16INK4a. Using pooled F(2) intercrosses between the BALB/c and congenic lines carrying the STS allele near D4Mit17, but not in the range from D4Mit302 to D4Mit144, we assigned the second locus to an 11.4-Mb region in the vicinity of D4Mit17. Although Cdkn2a is a likely candidate for the locus controlling susceptibility to lymphomagenesis on chromosome 4, a novel tumor susceptibility gene different from Cdkn2a exists near the primary locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Mori
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
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Mndal, a new interferon-inducible family member, is highly polymorphic, suppresses cell growth, and may modify plasmacytoma susceptibility. Blood 2009; 114:2952-60. [PMID: 19654412 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-01-198812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human HIN-200 gene cluster and its mouse counterpart, the interferon inducible-200 (Ifi200) family, both on Chr 1, are associated with several diseases, including solid tumors and lupus. Our study was initiated to identify the modifier gene(s) encoded by the Pctm locus, in which mouse B-cell plasmacytomas induced by pristane are associated with heterozygosity of Chr 1 genes near the Ifi200 cluster. A screen for differentially expressed genes in granulomatous tissues induced by pristane in resistant and susceptible strains identified a new Ifi200 member whose expression was 1000-fold higher in the strain carrying the resistant allele of Pctm and was the most highly expressed Ifi200 gene. The gene, designated Mndal (for MNDA-like, myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen-like), was absent in the susceptible genome, as were genomic sequences upstream of Ifi203, the gene adjacent to Mndal. Ectopic expression of MNDAL suppressed cell growth, which, together with the disease susceptibility of heterozygotes at the Pctm locus, suggests that Mndal, perhaps with Ifi203, acts as a tumor suppressor and display(s) haploinsufficiency. Mndal is highly polymorphic among inbred mouse strains, because it is absent in 10 of 24 strains. This polymorphism may have implications for other disease modifiers mapping to the same region.
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Pei XH, Bai F, Smith MD, Usary J, Fan C, Pai SY, Ho IC, Perou CM, Xiong Y. CDK inhibitor p18(INK4c) is a downstream target of GATA3 and restrains mammary luminal progenitor cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:389-401. [PMID: 19411068 PMCID: PMC2699569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelia are composed of luminal and myoepithelial/basal cells whose neoplastic transformations lead to distinct types of breast cancers with diverse clinical features. We report that mice deficient for the CDK4/6 inhibitor p18(Ink4c) spontaneously develop ER-positive luminal tumors at a high penetrance. Ink4c deletion stimulates luminal progenitor cell proliferation at pubertal age and maintains an expanded luminal progenitor cell population throughout life. We demonstrate that GATA3 binds to and represses INK4C transcription. In human breast cancers, low INK4C and high GATA3 expressions are simultaneously observed in luminal A type tumors and predict a favorable patient outcome. Hence, p18(INK4C) is a downstream target of GATA3, constrains luminal progenitor cell expansion, and suppresses luminal tumorigenesis in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hai Pei
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Feng Bai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Jerry Usary
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Correspondence:
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Dejager L, Libert C, Montagutelli X. Thirty years of Mus spretus: a promising future. Trends Genet 2009; 25:234-41. [PMID: 19361882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extensive genetic polymorphisms in Mus spretus have ensured its widespread use in many areas of genetics. With the recent increase in the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms available for laboratory mouse strains, M. spretus is becoming less appealing, in particular for genetic mapping. Although M. spretus mice are aggressive and poor breeders, they have a bright future because they provide phenotypes unobserved in laboratory strains, and tools are available for modifying their genome and dissecting the genetic architecture of complex traits. Furthermore, they provide information on fundamental genetic questions, such as the details of evolution of genomes and speciation. Here, we examine the use of M. spretus from these perspectives. The impending completion of the M. spretus genome sequence will synergize these advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Dejager
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Senyuk V, Rinaldi CR, Li D, Cattaneo F, Stojanovic A, Pane F, Du X, Mahmud N, Dickstein J, Nucifora G. Consistent up-regulation of Stat3 Independently of Jak2 mutations in a new murine model of essential thrombocythemia. Cancer Res 2009; 69:262-71. [PMID: 19118011 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) mutations are common in myeloproliferative disorders; however, although they are detected in virtually all polycythemia vera patients, they are found in approximately 50% of essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients, suggesting that converging pathways/abnormalities underlie the onset of ET. Recently, the chromosomal translocation 3;21, leading to the fusion gene AML1/MDS1/EVI1 (AME), was observed in an ET patient. After we forced the expression of AME in the bone marrow (BM) of C57BL/6J mice, all the reconstituted mice died of a disease with symptoms similar to ET with a latency of 8 to 16 months. Peripheral blood smears consistently showed an elevated number of dysplastic platelets with anisocytosis, degranulation, and giant size. Although the AME-positive mice did not harbor Jak2 mutations, the BM of most of them had significantly higher levels of activated Stat3 than the controls. With combined biochemical and biological assays we found that AME binds to the Stat3 promoter leading to its up-regulation. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) analysis of a small group of ET patients shows that in about half of the patients, there is STAT3 hyperactivation independently of JAK2 mutations, suggesting that the hyperactivation of STAT3 by JAK2 mutations or promoter activation may be a critical step in development of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalyi Senyuk
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Reilly KM. Brain tumor susceptibility: the role of genetic factors and uses of mouse models to unravel risk. Brain Pathol 2009; 19:121-31. [PMID: 19076777 PMCID: PMC2761018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are relatively rare but deadly cancers, and present challenges in the determination of risk factors in the population. These tumors are inherently difficult to cure because of their protected location in the brain, with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy options carrying potentially lasting morbidity for patients and incomplete cure of the tumor. The development of methods to prevent or detect brain tumors at an early stage is extremely important to reduce damage to the brain from the tumor and the therapy. Developing effective prevention or early detection methods requires a deep understanding of the risk factors for brain tumors. This review explores the difficulties in assessing risk factors in rare diseases such as brain tumors, and discusses how mouse models of cancer can aid in a better understanding of genetic risk factors for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlyne M Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Primary human AML cells can be isolated and studied in vitro, but many experimental questions can only be addressed using in vivo models. In particular, tractable animal models are needed to test novel therapies. The genetic complexity of human AML poses significant challenges for the generation of reliable animal models. The hematopoietic systems of both zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and Drosophila have been well characterized ( reviewed in [5, 31]) . Both organisms are well suited to forward genetics mutagenesis screens. Although this approach has been useful for identification of mutants with hematopoietic phenotypes ( e.g., cloche), the impact on cancer biology and hematopoietic malignancies in particular has been limited. A zebrafish model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been generated [37] and Drosophila models have shed light on the biology of epithelial tumors ( reviewed in [60]). Nonetheless, in vivo modeling of human AML relies most heavily on mice. Most cellular, molecular, and developmental features of the hematopoietic system are well conserved across mammalian species. The availability of the human and mouse genome sequences and the capability of manipulating the mouse genome make mice the most valuable model organism for AML research. Mice have additional practical value because they have a short reproductive cycle and are relatively inexpensive to house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Fortier
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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43
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Janz S. Genetic and Environmental Cofactors of Myc Translocations in Plasma Cell Tumor Development in Mice. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2008:37-40. [DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgn015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Jawad M, Giotopoulos G, Cole C, Plumb M. Target cell frequency is a genetically determined risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 Spec No 1:S56-62. [PMID: 17704327 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/99530445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (r-AML). r-AML is the result of the accumulation of mutations in a single haemopoietic stem cell, so risk is therefore a function of the number of mutations required to transform the stem cell and the mutation rate. There is a genetic component to the risk of AML within the general population, and low penetrance variant alleles encoding DNA repair enzymes have been genetically implicated in therapy-related AML susceptibility. However, what is largely ignored is that target cell number, which defines the number of genomes at risk from DNA damaging agents, is also part of the equation that defines risk. We will review the evidence from genetic studies of inbred mouse models that target cell frequency is a risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis. Inbred mouse strains that differ in their susceptibility to radiation-induced r-AML and thymic lymphoma (r-TL), spontaneous TL and pristane-induced plasmacytoma (PCT) have been exploited to identify susceptibility loci. The target cell in AML is the haemopoietic stem cell, whereas TLs and PCT arise from more mature lymphoid progenitor cells. Inbred mice also differ significantly in all aspects of haemopoiesis, and these differences have been used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that determine the frequency of specific haemopoietic stem, progenitor or mature blood cells. The co-localization of QTL that determine risk and target cell frequency in all three haemopoietic malignancies is strong evidence that target cell frequency is a risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jawad
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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New chemically induced skin tumour susceptibility loci identified in a mouse backcross between FVB and dominant resistant PWK. BMC Genet 2007; 8:39. [PMID: 17598916 PMCID: PMC1948013 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A variety of skin cancer susceptibility among mouse strains has allowed identification of genes responsible for skin cancer development. Fifteen Skts loci for skin tumour susceptibility have been mapped so far by using the two-stage skin carcinogenesis model [induced by 7.12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)]. A few responsible genes have been identified using wild-derived dominant resistant Mus spretus mice, and one has been confirmed as a low penetrance cancer susceptibility gene in a variety of human cancers. Results In the present study, we found that wild-derived PWK mice developed no tumour by treatment with the two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol. This phenotype is dominant resistant when crossed with the highly susceptible strain FVB. By analyzing the F1 backcross generation between PWK and FVB, we found empirical evidence of significant linkage at the new loci Skts-fp1 on chromosome 4 and suggestive linkage on chromosomes 1, 3, 11, 12 and 14 for skin tumour susceptibility. Skts-fp1 includes the Skts7 interval, which was previously mapped by a Mus spretus and NIH backcross. We also observed suggestive linkage on chromosomes 1 and 2 in the female population only, while suggestive linkage on chromosomes 14 and 15 only was observed in the male population. A significant genetic interaction was seen between markers of D11Mit339 and D16Mit14. Conclusion Analysis of this new cross may facilitate the identification of genes responsible for mouse skin cancer susceptibility and may reveal their biological interactions.
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Zhan F, Colla S, Wu X, Chen B, Stewart JP, Kuehl WM, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy JD. CKS1B, overexpressed in aggressive disease, regulates multiple myeloma growth and survival through SKP2- and p27Kip1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Blood 2007; 109:4995-5001. [PMID: 17303695 PMCID: PMC1885527 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-038703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of CKS1B, a gene mapping within a minimally amplified region between 153 to 154 Mb of chromosome 1q21, is linked to a poor prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM). CKS1B binds to and activates cyclin-dependent kinases and also interacts with SKP2 to promote the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p27(Kip1). Overexpression of CKS1B or SKP2 contributes to increased p27(Kip1) turnover, cell proliferation, and a poor prognosis in many tumor types. Using 4 MM cell lines harboring MAF-, FGFR3/MMSET-, or CCND1-activating translocations, we show that lentiviral delivery of shRNA directed against CKS1B resulted in ablation of CKS1B mRNA and protein with concomitant stabilization of p27(Kip1), cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Although shRNA-mediated knockdown of SKP2 and forced expression of a nondegradable form of p27(Kip1) (p27(T187A)) led to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis was modest. Of importance, while knockdown of SKP2 or overexpression of p27(T187A) induced cell cycle arrest in KMS28PE, an MM cell line with biallelic deletion of CDKN1B/p27(Kip1), CKS1B ablation induced strong apoptosis. These data suggest that CKS1B influences myeloma cell growth and survival through SKP2- and p27(Kip1)-dependent and -independent mechanisms and that therapeutic strategies aimed at abolishing CKS1B function may hold promise for the treatment of high-risk disease for which effective therapies are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghuang Zhan
- Donna D and Donald M. Lambert Laboratory of Myeloma Genetics at the Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Hatch T, Derijck AAHA, Black PD, van der Heijden GW, de Boer P, Dubrova YE. Maternal effects of the scid mutation on radiation-induced transgenerational instability in mice. Oncogene 2007; 26:4720-4. [PMID: 17237807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The results of a number of recent studies show that mutation rates in the offspring of irradiated parents are substantially elevated, however, the effect of parental genotype on transgenerational instability remains poorly understood. Here, we have analysed the mutation frequency at an expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) locus in the germline and bone marrow of the first-generation male offspring of control and irradiated male mice. The frequency of ESTR mutation was studied in the offspring of two reciprocal matings male symbol scid x female symbol BALB/c and male symbol BALB/c x female symbol scid, which were compared with that in BALB/c mice. In the offspring of the BALB/c x BALB/c and male symbol scid x female symbol BALB/c matings, which were conceived after paternal sperm irradiation, the frequency of ESTR mutation was significantly elevated in both tissues. In contrast, ESTR mutation frequency was only slightly elevated in the offspring of male symbol BALB/c x female symbol scid mating conceived after paternal irradiation. The results of this study suggest that the oocytes of scid females are unable to fully support the repair of double-strand breaks induced in paternal sperm which may in turn result in the elimination of cells/embryos containing high levels of DNA damage, thus partially preventing the manifestation of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hatch
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Massaro D, Alexander E, Reiland K, Hoffman EP, Massaro GD, Clerch LB. Rapid onset of gene expression in lung, supportive of formation of alveolar septa, induced by refeeding mice after calorie restriction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1313-26. [PMID: 17237152 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar regenerative gene expression is unidentified partly because its onset, after a regenerative stimulus, is unknown. Toward addressing this void, we used a mouse model in which calorie restriction produces alveolar loss, and ad libitum access to food after calorie restriction induces alveolar regeneration. We selected four processes (cell replication, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and guided cell motion) that would be required to convert a flat segment of alveolar wall into a septum that increases gas-exchange surface area. Global gene expression supportive of processes required to form a septum was present within 3 h of allowing calorie-restricted mice food ad libitum. One hour after providing calorie-restricted mice food ad libitum, RNA-level expression supportive of cell replication was present with little evidence of expression supportive of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, or guided cell motion. Cell replication was more directly assayed by measuring DNA synthesis in lung. This measurement was made 3 h after allowing calorie-restricted mice food ad libitum because translation may be delayed. Ad libitum food intake, following calorie restriction, elevated DNA synthesis. Thus RNA expression 1 h after allowing calorie-restricted mice food ad libitum supported increased cell replication; measurements at 3 h revealed increased DNA synthesis and RNA expression, supportive of the three other processes required to form a septum. These findings identify the first hour after providing calorie-restricted mice ad libitum access to food as the onset of gene expression in this model that supports processes needed for alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Massaro
- Lung Regeneration Laboratory, Department of 1Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1481, USA.
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Kim JS, Han SS, Park SS, McNeil N, Janz S. Plasma cell tumour progression in iMycEmu gene-insertion mice. J Pathol 2006; 209:44-55. [PMID: 16482495 DOI: 10.1002/path.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The authors have recently reported that gene-targeted iMyc(Emu) mice that carry a His(6)-tagged mouse Myc cDNA, Myc(His), just 5' of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer, Emu, are prone to 'spontaneous' neoplasms of the B-lymphocyte lineage. The present study has used histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic methods to investigate a subset of these neoplasms referred to as extraosseous plasmacytomas (PCTs). It is shown that 20.8% (20/96) of tumour-bearing iMyc(Emu) mice on a mixed genetic background of segregating C57BL/6 and 129/SvJ alleles develop PCT by 500 days. The Myc(His)-induced PCTs produced monoclonal immunoglobulin and developed in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), particularly the mesenteric node and Peyer's patches. The PCTs overexpressed Myc(His), at the expense of normal Myc, and exhibited gene expression changes on cDNA macroarrays that were consistent with Myc(His)-driven neoplasia. Surprisingly, in one of three PCT-derived cell lines, Myc(His) was 'replaced' by a naturally occurring T(12;15) translocation, which changed the mode of Myc deregulation from gene insertion (Myc(His) transgene) to chromosomal translocation (juxtaposition of normal Myc to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus Igh). These findings provide evidence that recreation of the mouse PCT-associated T(12;15)(Igh(Emu)-Myc) translocation by gene insertion in mice results in the predictable development of PCTs in approximately one-fifth of the tumour-bearing mice. Myc(His)-driven PCTs recapitulate aspects of human plasma cell neoplasms, for which relatively few models exist in mice. For example, PCT development in the iMyc(Emu) mice may provide a good system to study the mechanism by which human MYC facilitates the progression of plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Mutation induction in directly exposed cells is currently regarded as the main component of the genetic risk of ionising radiation for humans. However, recent studies showing that exposure to ionising radiation results in elevated mutation rates detectable in the non-irradiated progeny of exposed cells challenge the existing paradigm in radiation biology. This review describes some recent data on radiation-induced genomic instability in vitro and mainly focuses on the in vivo phenomenon of transgenerational instability, where elevated mutation rates are detected in the non-exposed offspring of irradiated parents. The possible mechanisms and implications of transgenerational instability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Barber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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