1
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Hutchins CM, Gorfe AA. Intrinsically Disordered Membrane Anchors of Rheb, RhoA, and DiRas3 Small GTPases: Molecular Dynamics, Membrane Organization, and Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6518-6528. [PMID: 38942776 PMCID: PMC11265623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Protein structure has been well established to play a key role in determining function; however, intrinsically disordered proteins and regions (IDPs and IDRs) defy this paradigm. IDPs and IDRs exist as an ensemble of structures rather than a stable 3D structure yet play essential roles in many cell-signaling processes. Nearly all Ras superfamily GTPases are tethered to membranes by a lipid tail at the end of a flexible IDR. The sequence of the IDR is a key determinant of membrane localization, and interaction between the IDR and the membrane has been shown to affect signaling in RAS proteins through the modulation of dynamic membrane organization. Here, we utilized atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the membrane interaction, conformational dynamics, and lipid sorting of three IDRs from small GTPases Rheb, RhoA, and DiRas3 in model membranes representing their physiological target membranes. We found that complementarity between the lipidated IDR sequence and target membrane lipid composition is a determinant of conformational plasticity. We also show that electrostatic interactions between anionic lipids and basic residues on IDRs are correlated with sampling of semistable conformational substates, and lack of these interactions is associated with greater conformational diversity. Finally, we show that small GTPase IDRs with a polybasic domain alter local lipid composition by segregating anionic lipids and, in some cases, excluding other lipids from their immediate vicinity in favor of anionic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M Hutchins
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program & Therapeutics and Pharmacology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program & Therapeutics and Pharmacology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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2
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Jia G, Liu J, Hou X, Jiang Y, Li X. Biological function and small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylase 11. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116634. [PMID: 38972077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
HDAC11, as a rising star in the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family, has attracted widespread interest in the biomedical field in recent years specially owing to its high defatty-acylase activity compared its innate deacetylase activity. Numerous studies have provided evidence indicating the crucial involvement of HDAC11 in cancers, immune responses, and metabolic processes. Several potent and selective HDAC11 inhibitors have been discovered and identified, which is crucial for exploring the function of HDAC11 and its potential therapeutic applications. Herein, we present a critical overview of the current advances in the biological function of HDAC11 and its inhibitors. We initially discuss the physiological functions of HDAC11 and its pathological roles in relevant diseases. Subsequently, our main focus centers on the design strategy and development process of HDAC11 inhibitors. Additionally, we address significant challenges and outline future directions in this field. This perspective may provide guidance for the further development of HDAC11 inhibitors and their prospects in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinlu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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3
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Khakwani MMAK, Ji XY, Khattak S, Sun YC, Yao K, Zhang L. Targeting colorectal cancer at the level of nuclear pore complex. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00245-5. [PMID: 38876192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the architectures entrenched in nuclear envelop of a cell that regulate the nucleo-cytoplasmic transportation of materials, such as proteins and RNAs for proper functioning of a cell. The appropriate localization of proteins and RNAs within the cell is essential for its normal functionality. For such a complex transportation of materials across the NPC, around 60 proteins are involved comprising nucleoporins, karyopherins and RAN system proteins that play a vital role in NPC's structure formation, cargo translocation across NPC, and cargoes' rapid directed transportation respectively. In various cancers, the structure and function of NPC is often exaggerated, following altered expressions of its nucleoporins and karyopherins, affecting other proteins of associated signaling pathways. Some inhibitors of karyopherins at present, have potential to regulate the altered level/expression of these karyopherin molecules. AIM OF REVIEW This review summarizes the data from 1990 to 2023, mainly focusing on recent studies that illustrate the structure and function of NPC, the relationship and mechanisms of nucleoporins and karyopherins with colorectal cancer, as well as therapeutic values, in order to understand the pathology and underlying basis of colorectal cancer associated with NPC. This is the first review to our knowledge elucidating the detailed updated studies targeting colorectal cancer at NPC. The review also aims to target certain karyopherins, Nups and their possible inhibitors and activators molecules as a therapeutic strategy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW NPC structure provides understanding, how nucleoporins and karyopherins as key molecules are responsible for appropriate nucleocytoplasmic transportation. Many studies provide evidences, describing the role of disrupted nucleoporins and karyopherins not only in CRC but also in other non-hematological and hematological malignancies. At present, some inhibitors of karyopherins have therapeutic potential for CRC, however development of more potent inhibitors may provide more effective therapeutic strategies for CRC in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mahtab Aslam Khan Khakwani
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Department of Oncology, Huaxian County Hospital, Huaxian, Henan Province 456400, China; Faculty of Basic Medical Subjects, Shu-Qing Medical College of Zhengzhou, Gong-Ming Rd, Mazhai Town, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450064, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ying-Chuan Sun
- Department of Internal Oncology (Section I), Xuchang Municipal Central Hospital, Xuchang, Henan 430000, China
| | - Kunhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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4
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Hutchins CM, Gorfe AA. Intrinsically disordered membrane anchors of Rheb, RhoA and DiRas3 small GTPases: Molecular dynamics, membrane organization, and interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591151. [PMID: 38712287 PMCID: PMC11071463 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein structure has been well established to play a key role in determining function; however, intrinsically disordered proteins and regions (IDPs and IDRs) defy this paradigm. IDPs and IDRs exist as an ensemble of structures rather than a stable 3D structure yet play essential roles in many cell signaling processes. Nearly all Ras Superfamily GTPases are tethered to membranes by a lipid tail at the end of a flexible IDR. The sequence of these IDRs are key determinants of membrane localization, and interactions between the IDR and the membrane have been shown to affect signaling in RAS proteins through modulation of dynamic membrane organization. Here we utilized atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the membrane interactions, conformational dynamics, and lipid sorting of three IDRs from small GTPases Rheb, RhoA and DiRas3 in model membranes representing their physiological target membranes. We found that complementarity between lipidated IDR sequence and target membrane lipid composition is a determinant of conformational plasticity. We also show that electrostatic interactions between anionic lipids and basic residues on IDRs generate semi-stable conformational sub-states, and a lack of these residues leads to greater conformational diversity. Finally, we show that small GTPase IDRs with a polybasic domain alter local lipid composition by segregating anionic membrane lipids, and, in some cases, excluding other lipids from their immediate proximity in favor of anionic lipids.
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5
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Saitoh T, Kim HN, Narita R, Ohtsuka I, Mo W, Lee KY, Enomoto M, Gasmi-Seabrook GMC, Marshall CB, Ikura M. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of the RAS family small GTPase protein DiRAS3. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 212:106361. [PMID: 37652393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
DiRAS3, also called ARHI, is a RAS (sub)family small GTPase protein that shares 50-60% sequence identity with H-, K-, and N-RAS, with substitutions in key conserved G-box motifs and a unique 34 amino acid extension at its N-terminus. Unlike the RAS proto-oncogenes, DiRAS3 exhibits tumor suppressor properties. DiRAS3 function has been studied through genetics and cell biology, but there has been a lack of understanding of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the protein, likely due to its instability and poor solubility. To overcome this solubility issue, we engineered a DiRAS3 variant (C75S/C80S), which significantly improved soluble protein expression in E. coli. Recombinant DiRAS3 was purified by Ni-NTA and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Concentration dependence of the SEC chromatogram indicated that DiRAS3 exists in monomer-dimer equilibrium. We then produced truncations of the N-terminal (ΔN) and both (ΔNC) extensions to the GTPase domain. Unlike full-length DiRAS3, the SEC profiles showed that ΔNC is monomeric while ΔN was monomeric with aggregation, suggesting that the N and/or C-terminal tail(s) contribute to dimerization and aggregation. The 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectrum of ΔNC construct displayed well-dispersed peaks similar to spectra of other GTPase domains, which enabled us to demonstrate that DiRAS3 has a GTPase domain that can bind GDP and GTP. Taken together, we conclude that, despite the substitutions in the G-box motifs, DiRAS3 can switch between nucleotide-bound states and that the N- and C-terminal extensions interact transiently with the GTPase domain in intra- and inter-molecular fashions, mediating weak multimerization of this unique small GTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Saitoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Ha-Neul Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Riku Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Ibuki Ohtsuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Weiyu Mo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Christopher B Marshall
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Liang X, Jung SY, Fong LW, Bildik G, Gray JP, Mao W, Zhang S, Millward SW, Gorfe AA, Zhou Y, Lu Z, Bast RC. Membrane anchoring of the DIRAS3 N-terminal extension permits tumor suppressor function. iScience 2023; 26:108151. [PMID: 37915607 PMCID: PMC10616557 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DIRAS3 is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene encoding a GTPase that has a distinctive N-terminal extension (NTE) not found in other RAS proteins. This NTE and the prenylated C-terminus are required for DIRAS3-mediated inhibition of RAS/MAP signaling and PI3K activity at the plasma membrane. In this study, we applied biochemical, biophysical, and computational methods to characterize the structure and function of the NTE. The NTE peptide recognizes phosphoinositides PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(4,5)P2 with rapid kinetics and strong affinity. Lipid binding induces NTE structural change from disorder to amphipathic helix. Mass spectrometry identified N-myristoylation of DIRAS3. All-atom molecular dynamic simulations predict DIRAS3 could adhere to the membrane through both termini, suggesting the NTE is involved in targeting and stabilizing DIRAS3 on the membrane by double anchoring. Overall, our results are consistent with DIRAS3's function as a tumor suppressor, whereby the membrane-bound DIRAS3 can effectively target PI3K and KRAS at the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Liang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lon Wolf Fong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Gamze Bildik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Joshua P. Gray
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Weiqun Mao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Shuxing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Steven W. Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alemayehu A. Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Robert C. Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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7
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Yotova I, Proestling K, Haslinger I, Witzmann-Stern M, Widmar B, Kuessel L, Husslein H, Wenzl R, Hudson QJ. DIRAS3 regulates autophagy in an endometriosis epithelial cell line. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:103251. [PMID: 37598541 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the role of DIRAS3 in endometriosis pathogenesis? DESIGN Prospective patient cohort study combined with experiments in the 12Z human endometriosis epithelial cell line model to determine the role of DIRAS3 in endometriosis. Endometrium and endometriosis lesion samples were collected from premenopausal women from 24 control and 40 endometriosis patients by laparoscopic surgery. The role of DIRAS3 in endometriosis was assessed by siRNA knockdown in 12Z cells followed by proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and autophagy assays. Autophagy was induced by serum starvation and the levels of autophagy determined by assessing changes in the expression levels and localization of autophagy marker proteins, such as LC3. RESULTS DIRAS3 mRNA showed a large increase in expression in ectopic endometriosis lesions compared with endometrium from control patients, with expression largely localized to the epithelium. DIRAS3 knockdown in 12Z endometriosis epithelial cells caused a significant reduction in the number of proliferating cells (1.6-fold, adjusted P = 0.0007) and increased apoptosis (AnnexinV/7AAD double-positive cells +48%, P = 0.01), indicating an effect on cell proliferation. Induction of autophagy by serum starvation caused significant upregulation in DIRAS3 expression after 24 h (mRNA +2.4-fold [adjusted P = 0.017], protein +8.1-fold (adjusted P = 0.029), reduced LC3I/LC3II ratio (-2.2-fold, adjusted P = 0.044) and an increase in the number of double positive LC3/DIRAS3 puncta (+2.3-fold, P = 0.02). Knockdown of DIRAS3 in serum-starved cells led to a reduction in autophagy, indicated by an overall decrease in LC3 expression and significant increase in LC3I/LC3II ratio. CONCLUSIONS DIRAS3 is highly upregulated in endometriosis lesions. Studies in an endometriosis epithelial cell line indicate that DIRAS3 facilitates cell survival in this context by inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Yotova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria..
| | - Katharina Proestling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Haslinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Witzmann-Stern
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Widmar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Kuessel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Husslein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Wenzl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Quanah J Hudson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Wang Y, Wei M, Su M, Du Z, Dong J, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Li X, Su L, Liu X. DIRAS3 enhances RNF19B-mediated RAC1 ubiquitination and degradation in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. iScience 2023; 26:107157. [PMID: 37485351 PMCID: PMC10362343 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis remains the leading cause of high mortality in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DIRAS3 is a candidate tumor suppressor protein that is decreased in various tumors. However, the regulatory mechanism of DIRAS3 on metastasis of NSCLC remains unclear. Here, we found that DIRAS3 suppressed the migration of NSCLC cells. Besides, DIRAS3 stimulated the polyubiquitination of RAC1 and suppressed its protein expression. Furthermore, RNF19B, a member of the RBR E3 ubiquitin ligase family, was observed to be the E3 ligase involved in the DIRAS3-induced polyubiquitination of RAC1. DIRAS3 could promote the binding of RAC1 and RNF19B, thus enhancing the degradation of RAC1 by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Finally, the DIRAS3-RNF19B-RAC1 axis was confirmed to be associated with the malignant progression of NSCLC. These findings may be beneficial for developing potential prognostic markers of NSCLC and may provide an effective treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Minli Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyuan Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaxi Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingdi Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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9
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Santiago E, Moreno DF, Acar M. Phenotypic plasticity as a facilitator of microbial evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac020. [PMID: 36465837 PMCID: PMC9709823 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tossed about by the tides of history, the inheritance of acquired characteristics has found a safe harbor at last in the rapidly expanding field of epigenetics. The slow pace of genetic variation and high opportunity cost associated with maintaining a diverse genetic pool are well-matched by the flexibility of epigenetic traits, which can enable low-cost exploration of phenotypic space and reactive tuning to environmental pressures. Aiding in the generation of a phenotypically plastic population, epigenetic mechanisms often provide a hotbed of innovation for countering environmental pressures, while the potential for genetic fixation can lead to strong epigenetic-genetic evolutionary synergy. At the level of cells and cellular populations, we begin this review by exploring the breadth of mechanisms for the storage and intergenerational transmission of epigenetic information, followed by a brief review of common and exotic epigenetically regulated phenotypes. We conclude by offering an in-depth coverage of recent papers centered around two critical issues: the evolvability of epigenetic traits through Baldwinian adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for synergy between epigenetic and genetic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Santiago
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - David F Moreno
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Murat Acar
- *Correspondence address. Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Tel: +90 (543) 304-0388; E-mail:
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10
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Functional diversity in the RAS subfamily of small GTPases. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:921-933. [PMID: 35356965 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAS small GTPases regulate important signalling pathways and are notorious drivers of cancer development and progression. While most research to date has focused on understanding and addressing the oncogenic potential of three RAS oncogenes: HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS; the full RAS subfamily is composed of 35 related GTPases with diverse cellular functions. Most remain deeply understudied despite strong evolutionary conservation. Here, we highlight a group of 17 poorly characterized RAS GTPases that are frequently down-regulated in cancer and evidence suggests may function not as oncogenes, but as tumour suppressors. These GTPases remain largely enigmatic in terms of their cellular function, regulation, and interaction with effector proteins. They cluster within two families we designate as 'distal-RAS' (D-RAS; comprised of DIRAS, RASD, and RASL10) and 'CaaX-Less RAS' (CL-RAS; comprised of RGK, NKIRAS, RERG, and RASL11/12 GTPases). Evidence of a tumour suppressive role for many of these GTPases supports the premise that RAS subfamily proteins may collectively regulate cellular proliferation.
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11
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Bildik G, Liang X, Sutton MN, Bast RC, Lu Z. DIRAS3: An Imprinted Tumor Suppressor Gene that Regulates RAS and PI3K-driven Cancer Growth, Motility, Autophagy, and Tumor Dormancy. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:25-37. [PMID: 34667114 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
DIRAS3 is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene that encodes a 26 kDa GTPase with 60% amino acid homology to RAS, but with a distinctive 34 amino acid N-terminal extension required to block RAS function. DIRAS3 is maternally imprinted and expressed only from the paternal allele in normal cells. Loss of expression can occur in a single "hit" through multiple mechanisms. Downregulation of DIRAS3 occurs in cancers of the ovary, breast, lung, prostate, colon, brain, and thyroid. Reexpression of DIRAS3 inhibits signaling through PI3 kinase/AKT, JAK/STAT, and RAS/MAPK, blocking malignant transformation, inhibiting cancer cell growth and motility, and preventing angiogenesis. DIRAS3 is a unique endogenous RAS inhibitor that binds directly to RAS, disrupting RAS dimers and clusters, and preventing RAS-induced transformation. DIRAS3 is essential for autophagy and triggers this process through multiple mechanisms. Reexpression of DIRAS3 induces dormancy in a nu/nu mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer, inhibiting cancer cell growth and angiogenesis. DIRAS3-mediated induction of autophagy facilitates the survival of dormant cancer cells in a nutrient-poor environment. DIRAS3 expression in dormant, drug-resistant autophagic cancer cells can serve as a biomarker and as a target for novel therapy to eliminate the residual disease that remains after conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Bildik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Margie N Sutton
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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12
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RAS Dimers: The Novice Couple at the RAS-ERK Pathway Ball. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101556. [PMID: 34680951 PMCID: PMC8535645 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals conveyed through the RAS-ERK pathway constitute a pivotal regulatory element in cancer-related cellular processes. Recently, RAS dimerization has been proposed as a key step in the relay of RAS signals, critically contributing to RAF activation. RAS clustering at plasma membrane microdomains and endomembranes facilitates RAS dimerization in response to stimulation, promoting RAF dimerization and subsequent activation. Remarkably, inhibiting RAS dimerization forestalls tumorigenesis in cellular and animal models. Thus, the pharmacological disruption of RAS dimers has emerged as an additional target for cancer researchers in the quest for a means to curtail aberrant RAS activity.
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13
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Rho SB, Lee KW, Lee SH, Byun HJ, Kim BR, Lee CH. Novel Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Tumour Activities of the N-Terminal Domain of NOEY2 via Binding to VEGFR-2 in Ovarian Cancer. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:506-518. [PMID: 34462379 PMCID: PMC8411030 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The imprinted tumour suppressor NOEY2 is downregulated in various cancer types, including ovarian cancers. Recent data suggest that NOEY2 plays an essential role in regulating the cell cycle, angiogenesis and autophagy in tumorigenesis. However, its detailed molecular function and mechanisms in ovarian tumours remain unclear. In this report, we initially demonstrated the inhibitory effect of NOEY2 on tumour growth by utilising a xenograft tumour model. NOEY2 attenuated the cell growth approximately fourfold and significantly reduced tumour vascularity. NOEY2 inhibited the phosphorylation of the signalling components downstream of phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase (PI3K), including phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK-1), tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC-2) and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), during ovarian tumour progression via direct binding to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Particularly, the N-terminal domain of NOEY2 (NOEY2-N) had a potent anti-angiogenic activity and dramatically downregulated VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), key regulators of angiogenesis. Since no X-ray or nuclear magnetic resonance structures is available for NOEY2, we constructed the threedimensional structure of this protein via molecular modelling methods, such as homology modelling and molecular dynamic simulations. Thereby, Lys15 and Arg16 appeared as key residues in the N-terminal domain. We also found that NOEY2-N acts as a potent inhibitor of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. These findings provide convincing evidence that NOEY2-N regulates endothelial cell function and angiogenesis by interrupting the VEGFR-2/PDK-1/GSK-3β signal transduction and thus strongly suggest that NOEY2-N might serve as a novel anti-tumour and anti-angiogenic agent against many diseases, including ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bae Rho
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Applied Life Science, Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Yong In University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Byun
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Boh-Ram Kim
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea.,BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ahn J, Hwang IS, Park MR, Hwang S, Lee K. Genomic Imprinting at the Porcine DIRAS3 Locus. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051315. [PMID: 34063661 PMCID: PMC8147596 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DNA methylation associated with one of the two alleles from parents is an important mechanism that causes a silencing of that allele, leading to expression of another allele only. There has been a lack of detailed studies on DNA methylation and expression patterns that are related to the DIRAS3 gene in pigs. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of DNA methylation and expression associated with the DIRAS3 gene in pigs by generating an embryonic pig model and analyzing next-generation sequencing using pig embryos and adult pigs. Our results clearly showed the presence of DNA methylation near the DIRAS3 gene in pigs and high expression of DIRAS3 in the hypothalamus from adult pigs and expression of only one allele in all the tested tissues including the hypothalamus. In summary, our findings suggested DNA methylation might be related to those unique gene expression patterns during the development of pigs. Abstract The epigenetic mechanisms underlying genomic imprinting include DNA methylation and monoallelic expression of genes in close proximity. Although genes imprinted in humans and mice have been widely characterized, there is a lack of detailed and comprehensive studies in livestock species including pigs. The purpose of this study was to investigate a detailed methylation status and parent-of-origin-specific gene expression within the genomic region containing an underexamined porcine DIRAS3 locus. Through whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of porcine parthenogenetic embryos and analyses of public RNA-seq data from adult pigs, DNA methylation and monoallelic expression pattern were investigated. As a result, maternal hypermethylation at the DIRAS3 locus and hypothalamus-specific and monoallelic expression of the DIRAS3 gene were found in pigs. In conclusion, the findings from this study suggest that the presence of maternal hypermethylation, or imprints, might be maintained and related to monoallelic expression of DIRAS3 during pig development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Ahn
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - In-Sul Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (I.-S.H.); (M.-R.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Mi-Ryung Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (I.-S.H.); (M.-R.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (I.-S.H.); (M.-R.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-688-7963
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15
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Genomic Imprinting at the Porcine PLAGL1 Locus and the Orthologous Locus in the Human. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040541. [PMID: 33918057 PMCID: PMC8069715 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of genomic imprinting in mammals often results in cis-acting silencing of a gene cluster and monoallelic expression, which are important for mammalian growth and function. Compared with widely documented imprinting status in humans and mice, current understanding of genomic imprinting in pigs is relatively limited. The objectives of this study were to identify DNA methylation status and allelic expression of alternative spliced isoforms at the porcine PLAGL1 locus and assess the conservation of the locus compared to the orthologous human locus. DNA methylome and transcriptome were constructed using porcine parthenogenetic or biparental control embryos. Using methylome, differentially methylated regions between those embryos were identified. Alternative splicing was identified by differential splicing analysis, and monoallelic expression was examined using single nucleotide polymorphism sites. Moreover, topological boundary regions were identified by analyzing CTCF binding sites and compared with the boundary of human orthologous locus. As a result, it was revealed that the monoallelic expression of the PLAGL1 gene in porcine embryos via genomic imprinting was maintained in the adult stage. The porcine PLAGL1 locus was largely conserved in regard to maternal hypermethylation, tissue distribution of mRNA expression, monoallelic expression, and biallelic CTCF-binding, with exceptions on transcript isoforms produced by alternative splicing instead of alternative promoter usage. These findings laid the groundwork for comparative studies on the imprinted PLAGL1 gene and related regulatory mechanisms across species.
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16
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Genetic and Non-Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Evolution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061380. [PMID: 33803675 PMCID: PMC8002988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our manuscript summarizes the up-to-date data on the complex and dynamic nature of adaptation mechanisms and evolutionary processes taking place during cancer initiation, development and progression. Although for decades cancer has been viewed as a process governed by genetic mechanisms, it is becoming more and more clear that non-genetic mechanisms may play an equally important role in cancer evolution. In this review, we bring together these fundamental concepts and discuss how those tightly interconnected mechanisms lead to the establishment of highly adaptive quickly evolving cancers. Furthermore, we argue that in depth understanding of cancer progression from the evolutionary perspective may allow the prediction and direction of the evolutionary path of cancer populations towards drug sensitive phenotypes and thus facilitate the development of more effective anti-cancer approaches. Abstract Cancer development can be defined as a process of cellular and tissular microevolution ultimately leading to malignancy. Strikingly, though this concept has prevailed in the field for more than a century, the precise mechanisms underlying evolutionary processes occurring within tumours remain largely uncharacterized and rather cryptic. Nevertheless, although our current knowledge is fragmentary, data collected to date suggest that most tumours display features compatible with a diverse array of evolutionary paths, suggesting that most of the existing macro-evolutionary models find their avatar in cancer biology. Herein, we discuss an up-to-date view of the fundamental genetic and non-genetic mechanisms underlying tumour evolution with the aim of concurring into an integrated view of the evolutionary forces at play throughout the emergence and progression of the disease and into the acquisition of resistance to diverse therapeutic paradigms. Our ultimate goal is to delve into the intricacies of genetic and non-genetic networks underlying tumour evolution to build a framework where both core concepts are considered non-negligible and equally fundamental.
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17
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Grünewald L, Chiocchetti AG, Weber H, Scholz CJ, Schartner C, Freudenberg F, Reif A. Knockdown of the ADHD Candidate Gene Diras2 in Murine Hippocampal Primary Cells. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:572-583. [PMID: 30623719 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718822129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The DIRAS2 gene is associated with ADHD, but its function is largely unknown. Thus, we aimed to explore the genes and molecular pathways affected by DIRAS2. Method: Using short hairpin RNAs, we downregulated Diras2 in murine hippocampal primary cells. Gene expression was analyzed by microarray and affected pathways were identified. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to confirm expression changes and analyzed enrichment of differentially expressed genes in an ADHD GWAS (genome-wide association studies) sample. Results:Diras2 knockdown altered expression of 1,612 genes, which were enriched for biological processes involved in neurodevelopment. Expression changes were confirmed for 33 out of 88 selected genes. These 33 genes showed significant enrichment in ADHD patients in a gene-set-based analysis. Conclusion: Our findings show that Diras2 affects numerous genes and thus molecular pathways that are relevant for neurodevelopmental processes. These findings may further support the hypothesis that DIRAS2 is linked to etiological processes underlying ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Grünewald
- University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Heike Weber
- University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.,University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Schartner
- University Hospital Würzburg, Germany.,University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Andreas Reif
- University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Mechanistic insights into KDM4A driven genomic instability. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:93-105. [PMID: 33492339 PMCID: PMC7925003 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in global epigenetic signatures on chromatin are well established to contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Chromatin methylation status modulates several key cellular processes that maintain the integrity of the genome. KDM4A, a demethylase that belongs to the Fe-II dependent dioxygenase family that uses α-ketoglutarate and molecular oxygen as cofactors, is overexpressed in several cancers and is associated with an overall poor prognosis. KDM4A demethylates lysine 9 (H3K9me2/3) and lysine 36 (H3K36me3) methyl marks on histone H3. Given the complexity that exists with these marks on chromatin and their effects on transcription and proliferation, it naturally follows that demethylation serves an equally important role in these cellular processes. In this review, we highlight the role of KDM4A in transcriptional modulation, either dependent or independent of its enzymatic activity, arising from the amplification of this demethylase in cancer. KDM4A modulates re-replication of distinct genomic loci, activates cell cycle inducers, and represses proteins involved in checkpoint control giving rise to proliferative damage, mitotic disturbances and chromosomal breaks, ultimately resulting in genomic instability. In parallel, emerging evidence of non-nuclear substrates of epigenetic modulators emphasize the need to investigate the role of KDM4A in regulating non-nuclear substrates and evaluate their contribution to genomic instability in this context. The existence of promising KDM-specific inhibitors makes these demethylases an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in cancers.
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19
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Liu X, Zhang T, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Li L. The Role of Methylation in the CpG Island of the ARHI Promoter Region in Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1255:123-132. [PMID: 32949395 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4494-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypermethylation can downregulate many tumor suppressor gene expressions. Aplasia Ras homologue member I (ARHI, DIRAS3) is one of the maternally imprinted tumor suppressors in the RAS superfamily. This chapter overviewed the importance of ARHI methylation and expression phenomes in various types of cancers, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. As an imprinted gene, aberrant DNA methylation of the paternal allele of ARHI was identified as a primary inhibitor of ARHI expression. The role of methylation in the CpG islands of the ARHI promoter region vary among ovarian cancers, breast cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancers, pancreatic cancer osteosarcoma, glial tumors, follicular thyroid carcinoma, or lung cancers. The methylation of ARHI provides a new insight to understand molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuan Liu
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Clinical Single Cell Biomedicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Department of Scientific Research and Discipline Construction, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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20
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DIRAS3 (ARHI) Blocks RAS/MAPK Signaling by Binding Directly to RAS and Disrupting RAS Clusters. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3448-3459.e6. [PMID: 31825828 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS mutations drive cancers at many sites. Recent reports suggest that RAS dimerization, multimerization, and clustering correlate strongly with activation of RAS signaling. We have found that re-expression of DIRAS3, a RAS-related small GTPase tumor suppressor that is downregulated in multiple cancers, inhibits RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by interacting directly with RAS-forming heteromers, disrupting RAS clustering, inhibiting Raf kinase activation, and inhibiting transformation and growth of cancer cells and xenografts. Disruption of K-RAS cluster formation requires the N terminus of DIRAS3 and interaction of both DIRAS3 and K-RAS with the plasma membrane. Interaction of DIRAS3 with both K-RAS and H-RAS suggests a strategy for inhibiting oncogenic RAS function.
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21
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Blessing AM, Santiago-O'Farrill JM, Mao W, Pang L, Ning J, Pak D, Bollu LR, Rask P, Iles L, Yang H, Tran S, Elmir E, Bartholomeusz G, Langley R, Lu Z, Bast RC. Elimination of dormant, autophagic ovarian cancer cells and xenografts through enhanced sensitivity to anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition. Cancer 2020; 126:3579-3592. [PMID: 32484926 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer relate to dormant, drug-resistant cancer cells that survive after primary surgery and chemotherapy. Ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells persist in poorly vascularized scars on the peritoneal surface and depend on autophagy to survive nutrient deprivation. The authors have sought drugs that target autophagic cancer cells selectively to eliminate residual disease. METHODS By using unbiased small-interfering RNA (siRNA) screens, the authors observed that knockdown of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) reduced the survival of autophagic OvCa cells. Small-molecule ALK inhibitors were evaluated for their selective toxicity against autophagic OvCa cell lines and xenografts. Autophagy was induced by reexpression of GTP-binding protein Di-Ras3 (DIRAS3) or serum starvation and was evaluated with Western blot analysis, fluorescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy. Signaling pathways required for crizotinib-induced apoptosis of autophagic cells were explored with flow cytometric analysis, Western blot analysis, short-hairpin RNA knockdown of autophagic proteins, and small-molecule inhibitors of STAT3 and BCL-2. RESULTS Induction of autophagy by reexpression of DIRAS3 or serum starvation in multiple OvCa cell lines significantly reduced the 50% inhibitory concentration of crizotinib and other ALK inhibitors. In 2 human OvCa xenograft models, the DIRAS3-expressing tumors treated with crizotinib had significantly decreased tumor burden and long-term survival in 67% to 79% of mice. Crizotinib treatment of autophagic cancer cells further enhanced autophagy and induced autophagy-mediated apoptosis by decreasing phosphorylated STAT3 and BCL-2 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Crizotinib may eliminate dormant, autophagic, drug-resistant OvCa cells that remain after conventional cytoreductive surgery and combination chemotherapy. A clinical trial of ALK inhibitors as maintenance therapy after second-look operations should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Blessing
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janice M Santiago-O'Farrill
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weiqun Mao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daewoo Pak
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lakshmi Reddy Bollu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Rask
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - LaKesla Iles
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hailing Yang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha Tran
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ezzeddine Elmir
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Geoffrey Bartholomeusz
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Langley
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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22
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Khoei SG, Sadeghi H, Samadi P, Najafi R, Saidijam M. Relationship between Sphk1/S1P and microRNAs in human cancers. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:279-287. [PMID: 32275078 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinases type 1 (SphK1) is a key enzyme in the phosphorylation of sphingosine to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Different abnormalities in SphK1 functions may correspond with poor prognosis in various cancers. Additionally, upregulated SphK1/S1P could promote cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, mobility, invasion, and metastasis. MicroRNAs as conserved small noncoding RNAs play major roles in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, etc. Their posttranscriptionally mechanisms could affect the development of cancer growth or tumorigenesis suppression. The growing number of studies has described that various microRNAs can be regulated by SphK1, and its expression level can also be regulated by microRNAs. In this review, the relationship of SphK1 and microRNA functions and their interaction in human malignancies have been discussed. Based on them novel treatment strategies can be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Gholamzadeh Khoei
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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23
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen R. Mott
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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24
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Endo T. Dominant-negative antagonists of the Ras-ERK pathway: DA-Raf and its related proteins generated by alternative splicing of Raf. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111775. [PMID: 31843497 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Ras-ERK pathway regulates a variety of cellular and physiological responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis during animal development, and homeostasis in adults. Deregulated activation of this pathway leads to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis as well as RASopathies. Several negative regulators of this pathway have been documented. Each of these proteins acts at particular points of the pathway, and they exert specific cellular and physiological functions. Among them, DA-Raf1 (DA-Raf), which is a splicing isoform of A-Raf and contains the Ras-binding domain but lacks the kinase domain, antagonizes the Ras-ERK pathway in a dominant-negative manner. DA-Raf induces apoptosis, skeletal myocyte differentiation, lung alveolarization, and fulfills tumor suppressor functions by interfering with the Ras-ERK pathway. After the findings of DA-Raf, several kinase-domain-truncated splicing variants of Raf proteins have also been reported. The family of these truncated proteins represents the concept that alternative splicing can generate antagonistic proteins to their full-length counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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25
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Xiang S, Dauchy RT, Hoffman AE, Pointer D, Frasch T, Blask DE, Hill SM. Epigenetic inhibition of the tumor suppressor ARHI by light at night-induced circadian melatonin disruption mediates STAT3-driven paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12586. [PMID: 31077613 PMCID: PMC6750268 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of circadian time structure and suppression of circadian nocturnal melatonin (MLT) production by exposure to dim light at night (dLAN), as occurs with night shift work and/or disturbed sleep-wake cycles, is associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer and resistance to tamoxifen and doxorubicin. Melatonin inhibition of human breast cancer chemoresistance involves mechanisms including suppression of tumor metabolism and inhibition of kinases and transcription factors which are often activated in drug-resistant breast cancer. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), frequently overexpressed and activated in paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant breast cancer, promotes the expression of DNA methyltransferase one (DNMT1) to epigenetically suppress the transcription of tumor suppressor Aplasia Ras homolog one (ARHI) which can sequester STAT3 in the cytoplasm to block PTX resistance. We demonstrate that breast tumor xenografts in rats exposed to dLAN and circadian MLT disrupted express elevated levels of phosphorylated and acetylated STAT3, increased DNMT1, but reduced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and ARHI. Furthermore, MLT and/or SIRT1 administration blocked/reversed interleukin 6 (IL-6)-induced acetylation of STAT3 and its methylation of ARH1 to increase ARH1 mRNA expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Finally, analyses of the I-SPY 1 trial demonstrate that elevated MT1 receptor expression is significantly correlated with pathologic complete response following neo-adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. This is the first study to demonstrate circadian disruption of MLT by dLAN driving intrinsic resistance to PTX via epigenetic mechanisms increasing STAT3 expression and that MLT administration can reestablish sensitivity of breast tumors to PTX and drive tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Xiang
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Circadian Cancer Biology Group, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert T Dauchy
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Circadian Cancer Biology Group, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Aaron E Hoffman
- Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Circadian Cancer Biology Group, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David Pointer
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tripp Frasch
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David E Blask
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Circadian Cancer Biology Group, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Steven M Hill
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Circadian Cancer Biology Group, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Kaipainen A, Chen E, Chang L, Zhao B, Shin H, Stahl A, Fishman SJ, Mulliken JB, Folkman J, Huang S, Fannon M. Characterization of lymphatic malformations using primary cells and tissue transcriptomes. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12800. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arja Kaipainen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Emy Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Lynn Chang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Hainsworth Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Steven J. Fishman
- Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - John B. Mulliken
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Judah Folkman
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Sui Huang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Michael Fannon
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
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Sutton MN, Huang GY, Zhou J, Mao W, Langley R, Lu Z, Bast RC. Amino Acid Deprivation-Induced Autophagy Requires Upregulation of DIRAS3 through Reduction of E2F1 and E2F4 Transcriptional Repression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050603. [PMID: 31052266 PMCID: PMC6562629 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to cure ovarian cancer relates to the persistence of dormant, drug-resistant cancer cells following surgery and chemotherapy. “Second look” surgery can detect small, poorly vascularized nodules of persistent ovarian cancer in ~50% of patients, where >80% are undergoing autophagy and express DIRAS3. Autophagy is one mechanism by which dormant cancer cells survive in nutrient poor environments. DIRAS3 is a tumor suppressor gene downregulated in >60% of primary ovarian cancers by genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, that upon re-expression can induce autophagy and dormancy in a xenograft model of ovarian cancer. We examined the expression of DIRAS3 and autophagy in ovarian cancer cells following nutrient deprivation and the mechanism by which they are upregulated. We have found that DIRAS3 mediates autophagy induced by amino acid starvation, where nutrient sensing by mTOR plays a central role. Withdrawal of amino acids downregulates mTOR, decreases binding of E2F1/4 to the DIRAS3 promoter, upregulates DIRAS3 and induces autophagy. By contrast, acute amino acid deprivation did not affect epigenetic regulation of DIRAS3 or expression of miRNAs that regulate DIRAS3. Under nutrient poor conditions DIRAS3 can be transcriptionally upregulated, inducing autophagy that could sustain dormant ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie N Sutton
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Gilbert Y Huang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Weiqun Mao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Robert Langley
- Office of Translational Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Ponzi E, Alesi V, Lepri FR, Genovese S, Loddo S, Mucciolo M, Novelli A, Dionisi-Vici C, Maiorana A. Uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 1 results in glycogen storage disease type III with profound growth retardation. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e634. [PMID: 30916492 PMCID: PMC6503021 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen storage disease type III (GSDIII) is caused by mutations of AGL gene with debranching enzyme deficiency. Patients with GSDIII manifest fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, hepatopathy, myopathy, and cardiomyopathy. We report on an 18‐year‐old boy with a profound growth retardation (<3 SD) besides typical clinical features of GSDIII, whereby endocrinological studies were negative. Methods and Results Molecular analysis of AGL gene revealed the homozygous reported variant c.3903_3904insA. Since discordant results from segregation studies showed the carrier status in one parent only, SNP array and short tandem repeats analyses were performed, revealing a paternal disomy of chromosome 1 (UPD1). Conclusion This study describes the first case of GSDIII resulting from UPD1. UPD can play an important role even in case of imprinted genes. DIRAS3 is a maternally imprinted tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 1p31, and implicated in growth and oncogenesis. It can be speculated that DIRAS3 overexpression might have a role in the severe short stature of our patient. The study emphasizes the importance of parental segregation analysis especially in patients with recessive conditions to look for specific genetic causes of disease and to estimate properly the risk of family recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ponzi
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Specialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Viola Alesi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca R Lepri
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Genovese
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Loddo
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mafalda Mucciolo
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Specialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Maiorana
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Specialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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30
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Mao W, Peters HL, Sutton MN, Orozco AF, Pang L, Yang H, Lu Z, Bast RC. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin 8, and insulinlike growth factor in sustaining autophagic DIRAS3-induced dormant ovarian cancer xenografts. Cancer 2019; 125:1267-1280. [PMID: 30620384 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Re-expression of the imprinted tumor suppressor gene DIRAS family GTPase 3 (DIRAS3) (aplysia ras homology member I [ARHI]) induces autophagy and tumor dormancy in ovarian cancer xenografts, but drives autophagic cancer cell death in cell culture. The current study explored the tumor and host factors required to prevent autophagic cancer cell death in xenografts and the use of antibodies against those factors or their receptors to eliminate dormant autophagic ovarian cancer cells. METHODS Survival factors (insulinlike growth factor 1 [IGF-1], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and interleukin 8 [IL-8]) were detected with growth factor arrays and measured using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay analysis. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), nuclear localization of translocation factor EB (TFEB) or forkhead box O3a (FOXo3a), and expression of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (MAPLC3B; LC3B) were examined using Western blot analysis. The effect of treatment with antibodies against survival factors or their receptors was studied using DIRAS3-induced dormant xenograft models. RESULTS Ovarian cancer cells grown subcutaneously in nude mice exhibited higher levels of phosphorylated ERK/AKT activity and lower levels of nuclear TFEB/FOXo3a, MAPLC3B, and autophagy compared with cells grown in culture. Induction of autophagy and dormancy with DIRAS3 was associated with decreased ERK/AKT signaling. The addition of VEGF, IGF-1, and IL-8 weakened the inhibitory effect of DIRAS3 on ERK/AKT activity and reduced DIRAS3-mediated TFEB or FOXo3a nuclear localization and MAPLC3B expression in ovarian cancer cells. Treatment with antibodies against VEGF, IL-8, and IGF receptor inhibited the growth of dormant xenografts, thereby prolonging survival from 99 to >220 days (P < .05) and curing a percentage of mice. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a combination of anti-VEGF, anti-IL-8, and anti-IGF receptor antibodies prevented the outgrowth of dormant cells and prolonged survival in a preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Mao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haley L Peters
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Margie N Sutton
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aaron F Orozco
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hailing Yang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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31
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Li X, Liu S, Fang X, He C, Hu X. The mechanisms of DIRAS family members in role of tumor suppressor. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5564-5577. [PMID: 30317588 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DIRAS family is a group of GTPases belonging to the RAS superfamily and shares homology with the pro-oncogenic Ras GTPases. Currently, accumulating evidence show that DIRAS family members could be identified as putative tumor suppressors in various cancers. The either lost or reduced expression of DIRAS proteins play an important role in cancer development, including cell growth, migration, apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and tumor dormancy. This review focuses on the latest research regarding the roles and mechanisms of the DIRAS family members in regulating Ras function, cancer development, assessing potential challenges, and providing insights into the possibility of targeting them for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Li
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cancer Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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32
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Peng Y, Jia J, Jiang Z, Huang D, Jiang Y, Li Y. Oncogenic DIRAS3 promotes malignant phenotypes of glioma by activating EGFR-AKT signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:413-418. [PMID: 30266404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Akt signaling cascade activation plays a pivotal role in gliomas malignant phenotype, especially in Classical and Mesenchymal subtype gliomas. However, the molecules and mechanisms underlying regulate and maintain the activation of EGFR-AKT signaling remains unclear. Previously reports showed that DIRAS3 inhibits cell proliferation and induces autophagy in ovarian, breast, lung and prostate cancers, which is heterozygosity loss or down-regulated in aforementioned cancers and functionally as a tumor suppressor, whereas the role of DIRAS3 in glioma is still veiled. Here, in this study, we investigated the biological function and role of DIRAS3 in gliomas, and found that DIRAS3 is up-regulated in gliomas and is positively correlated with poor prognosis of glioma patients, meanwhile, over-expressed DIRAS3 promotes glioma cells proliferation and invasion. Further mechanistic study showed that the expression level of DIRAS3 in Classical and Mesenchymal subtype GBMs is higher, and over-expression of DIRAS3 promotes EGFR-AKT signaling activation at the downstream of EGFR and increases AKT phosphorylation, meanwhile suppression of AKT by MK-2206 reverses the tumor promoting function of DIRAS3. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel oncogenic role of DIRAS3 in the development and progression of glioma, which suggest that DIRAS3 could serve as a potential diagnostic marker and a promising therapeutic target of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jiaoying Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhongzhong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Dezhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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Qiu J, Li X, He Y, Sun D, Li W, Xin Y. Distinct subgroup of the Ras family member 3 (DIRAS3) expression impairs metastasis and induces autophagy of gastric cancer cells in mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1869-1886. [PMID: 30043279 PMCID: PMC6153597 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Distinct subgroup of the Ras family member 3 (DIRAS3), also called Aplasia Ras homolog member I, is a tumor suppressor gene that induces autophagy in several cancer cell lines. Methods This study analyzed DIRAS3, and markers of autophagy (p62, and LC3B-II) in surgically resected GC samples from 420 patients. The promotion of autophagy by DIRAS3 in gastric cancer (GC) cells was explored, which might explain its inhibitory role in gastric cancer cells. Results DIRAS3 expression in GC was positively correlated with LC3B-II amount, and negatively with metastasis; DIRAS3 and p62 levels were independent prognostic factors in GC. Overexpression of DIRAS3 in BGC-823 cells induced autophagy, led to decreased proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, increased apoptosis, and impaired migration and invasion. While knockdown of DIRAS3 promoted proliferation and migration in MKN-45 cells. Overexpression of DIRAS3 in BGC-823 cells elevated autophagy levels in subcutaneous xenograft and inhibited tumor growth in mice; the hematogenous liver and lung metastasis of cancer cells were also suppressed. Conclusions In conclusion, the results suggest DIRAS3 may play a role in affecting proliferation and metastatic potential of GC cells, which may be associated with its involvement in autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Qiu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yingjian He
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yan Xin
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Sutton MN, Yang H, Huang GY, Fu C, Pontikos M, Wang Y, Mao W, Pang L, Yang M, Liu J, Parker-Thornburg J, Lu Z, Bast RC. RAS-related GTPases DIRAS1 and DIRAS2 induce autophagic cancer cell death and are required for autophagy in murine ovarian cancer cells. Autophagy 2018; 14:637-653. [PMID: 29368982 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1427022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 3 GTPases in the DIRAS family, DIRAS3/ARHI is the best characterized. DIRAS3 is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene that encodes a 26-kDa GTPase that shares 60% homology to RAS and RAP. DIRAS3 is downregulated in many tumor types, including ovarian cancer, where re-expression inhibits cancer cell growth, reduces motility, promotes tumor dormancy and induces macroautophagy/autophagy. Previously, we demonstrated that DIRAS3 is required for autophagy in human cells. Diras3 has been lost from the mouse genome during evolutionary re-arrangement, but murine cells can still undergo autophagy. We have tested whether DIRAS1 and DIRAS2, which are homologs found in both human and murine cells, could serve as surrogates to DIRAS3 in the murine genome affecting autophagy and cancer cell growth. Similar to DIRAS3, these 2 GTPases share 40-50% homology to RAS and RAP, but differ from DIRAS3 primarily in the lengths of their N-terminal extensions. We found that DIRAS1 and DIRAS2 are downregulated in ovarian cancer and are associated with decreased disease-free and overall survival. Re-expression of these genes suppressed growth of human and murine ovarian cancer cells by inducing autophagy-mediated cell death. Mechanistically, DIRAS1 and DIRAS2 induce and regulate autophagy by inhibition of the AKT1-MTOR and RAS-MAPK signaling pathways and modulating nuclear localization of the autophagy-related transcription factors FOXO3/FOXO3A and TFEB. Taken together, these data suggest that DIRAS1 and DIRAS2 likely serve as surrogates in the murine genome for DIRAS3, and may function as a backup system to fine-tune autophagy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie N Sutton
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Hailing Yang
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Gilbert Y Huang
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Caroline Fu
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Michael Pontikos
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Yan Wang
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Weiqun Mao
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Lan Pang
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Maojie Yang
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- b Department of Pathology , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jan Parker-Thornburg
- c Department of Genetics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Zhen Lu
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Robert C Bast
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Cowley M, Skaar DA, Jima DD, Maguire RL, Hudson KM, Park SS, Sorrow P, Hoyo C. Effects of Cadmium Exposure on DNA Methylation at Imprinting Control Regions and Genome-Wide in Mothers and Newborn Children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:037003. [PMID: 29529597 PMCID: PMC6071808 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imprinted genes are defined by their preferential expression from one of the two parental alleles. This unique mode of gene expression is dependent on allele-specific DNA methylation profiles established at regulatory sequences called imprinting control regions (ICRs). These loci have been used as biosensors to study how environmental exposures affect methylation and transcription. However, a critical unanswered question is whether they are more, less, or equally sensitive to environmental stressors as the rest of the genome. OBJECTIVES Using cadmium exposure in humans as a model, we aimed to determine the relative sensitivity of ICRs to perturbation of methylation compared to similar, nonimprinted loci in the genome. METHODS We assayed DNA methylation genome-wide using bisulfite sequencing of 19 newborn cord blood and 20 maternal blood samples selected on the basis of maternal blood cadmium levels. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with cadmium exposure were identified. RESULTS In newborn cord blood and maternal blood, 641 and 1,945 cadmium-associated DMRs were identified, respectively. DMRs were more common at the 15 maternally methylated ICRs than at similar nonimprinted loci in newborn cord blood (p=5.64×10-8) and maternal blood (p=6.22×10-14), suggesting a higher sensitivity for ICRs to cadmium. Genome-wide, Enrichr analysis indicated that the top three functional categories for genes that overlapped DMRs in maternal blood were body mass index (BMI) (p=2.0×10-5), blood pressure (p=3.8×10-5), and body weight (p=0.0014). In newborn cord blood, the top three functional categories were BMI, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension, although associations were not significant after correction for multiple testing (p=0.098). These findings suggest that epigenetic changes may contribute to the etiology of cadmium-associated diseases. CONCLUSIONS We analyzed cord blood and maternal blood DNA methylation profiles genome-wide at nucleotide resolution in individuals selected for high and low blood cadmium levels in the first trimester. Our findings suggest that ICRs may be hot spots for perturbation by cadmium, motivating further study of these loci to investigate potential mechanisms of cadmium action. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2085.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cowley
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A Skaar
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dereje D Jima
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Maguire
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen M Hudson
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah S Park
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia Sorrow
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Center for Human Health and the Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Hasmim M, Bruno S, Azzi S, Gallerne C, Michel JG, Chiabotto G, Lecoz V, Romei C, Spaggiari GM, Pezzolo A, Pistoia V, Angevin E, Gad S, Ferlicot S, Messai Y, Kieda C, Clay D, Sabatini F, Escudier B, Camussi G, Eid P, Azzarone B, Chouaib S. Isolation and characterization of renal cancer stem cells from patient-derived xenografts. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15507-24. [PMID: 26551931 PMCID: PMC4941257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As rapidly developing patient-derived xenografts (PDX) could represent potential sources of cancer stem cells (CSC), we selected and characterized non-cultured PDX cell suspensions from four different renal carcinomas (RCC). Only the cell suspensions from the serial xenografts (PDX-1 and PDX-2) of an undifferentiated RCC (RCC-41) adapted to the selective CSC medium. The cell suspension derived from the original tumor specimen (RCC-41-P-0) did not adapt to the selective medium and strongly expressed CSC-like markers (CD133 and CD105) together with the non-CSC tumor marker E-cadherin. In comparison, PDX-1 and PDX-2 cells exhibited evolution in their phenotype since PDX-1 cells were CD133high/CD105-/Ecadlow and PDX-2 cells were CD133low/CD105-/Ecad-. Both PDX subsets expressed additional stem cell markers (CD146/CD29/OCT4/NANOG/Nestin) but still contained non-CSC tumor cells. Therefore, using different cell sorting strategies, we characterized 3 different putative CSC subsets (RCC-41-PDX-1/CD132+, RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133-/EpCAMlow and RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133+/EpCAMbright). In addition, transcriptomic analysis showed that RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133− over-expressed the pluripotency gene ERBB4, while RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133+ over-expressed several tumor suppressor genes. These three CSC subsets displayed ALDH activity, formed serial spheroids and developed serial tumors in SCID mice, although RCC-41-PDX-1/CD132+ and RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133+ displayed less efficiently the above CSC properties. RCC-41-PDX-1/CD132+ tumors showed vessels of human origin with CSC displaying peri-vascular distribution. By contrast, RCC-41-PDX-2 originated tumors exhibiting only vessels of mouse origin without CSC peri-vascular distribution. Altogether, our results indicate that PDX murine microenvironment promotes a continuous redesign of CSC phenotype, unmasking CSC subsets potentially present in a single RCC or generating ex novo different CSC-like subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Hasmim
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Healthy Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandy Azzi
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Cindy Gallerne
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Giron Michel
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Medical School, Torino, Italy
| | - Vincent Lecoz
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eric Angevin
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Gad
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Oncologique EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Ferlicot
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yosra Messai
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans, France
| | - Denis Clay
- INSERM UMR 972, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Federica Sabatini
- Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bernard Escudier
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Medical School, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierre Eid
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
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ARHI is a novel epigenetic silenced tumor suppressor in sporadic pheochromocytoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86325-86338. [PMID: 29156798 PMCID: PMC5689688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is related to germline mutations in 12 susceptibility genes. Although comparative genomic hybridization array has revealed some putative tumor suppressor genes on the short arm of chromosome 1 that are likely to be involved in PCC tumorigenesis, the molecules involved, except for those encoded by known susceptibility genes, have not been found in the generation of sporadic tumors. In the present work, we first identified that the unmethylated allele of Aplasia Ras homolog member I (ARHI) was deleted in most PCC tumors which retained a hypermethylated copy, while its mRNA level was significantly correlated with the unmethylated copy. De-methylation experiments confirmed that expression of ARHI was also regulated by the methylation level of the remaining allele. Furthermore, ARHI overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, with cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, in ARHI-negative primary human PCC cells, whereas knockdown of ARHI demonstrated the opposite effect in ARHI-positive primary human PCC cells. Finally, we demonstrated that ARHI has the ability to suppress pAKT and pErK1/2, to promote the expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1, and also to increase p27Kip1 protein stability. In summary, ARHI was silenced or downregulated in PCC tissues harboring only one hypermethylated allele. ARHI contributes to tumor suppression through inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MAKP/ERK pathways, to upregulate cell cycle inhibitors such as p27Kip1. We therefore reasoned that ARHI is a novel epigenetic silenced tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 1p that is involved in sporadic PCC tumorigenesis.
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38
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Ouyang J, Pan X, Hu Z. The role of aplysia ras homolog I in colon cancer cell invasion and adhesion. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5193-5199. [PMID: 29201236 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplysia ras homolog I (ARHI) acts as a tumor suppressor in certain cancer cells. However, the role of ARHI in colon cancer development has not previously been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the functional role of ARHI in colon cancer focusing on the aspect of metastasis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism underlying its function was explored. The present study detected the expression of ARHI in a human colon epithelial cell line and colon cancer cell lines using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis. It was demonstrated that ARHI expression was significantly downregulated in colon cancer cell lines compared with the normal colon epithelial cell line (P<0.05). An ARHI-pcDNA3.1 plasmid was transfected into HCT116 cells to overexpress ARHI. The number of invaded cells and the adhesive ability were significantly decreased in the ARHI overexpression group compared with the control group, as determined by cell invasion and adhesion assays (P<0.05). Furthermore, ARHI overexpression led to increased mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin, and decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of N-cadherin and vimentin. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was suppressed in HCT116 cells overexpressing ARHI. Lithium chloride, a wnt/β-catenin signaling activator, was able to attenuate the effect of ARHI on HCT116 cell invasion and adhesion. In addition, the effect of ARHI on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCT116 cells was reversed by the activation of wnt/β-catenin signaling. In conclusion, the present study provided novel evidence that ARHI could inhibit colon cancer cell invasion and adhesion through suppressing EMT, and these effects were achieved, at least partially, via the suppression of the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The present findings may help in developing novel therapeutic approaches for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zecheng Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Chuang TJ, Tseng YH, Chen CY, Wang YD. Assessment of imprinting- and genetic variation-dependent monoallelic expression using reciprocal allele descendants between human family trios. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7038. [PMID: 28765567 PMCID: PMC5539102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an important epigenetic process that silences one of the parentally-inherited alleles of a gene and thereby exhibits allelic-specific expression (ASE). Detection of human imprinting events is hampered by the infeasibility of the reciprocal mating system in humans and the removal of ASE events arising from non-imprinting factors. Here, we describe a pipeline with the pattern of reciprocal allele descendants (RADs) through genotyping and transcriptome sequencing data across independent parent-offspring trios to discriminate between varied types of ASE (e.g., imprinting, genetic variation-dependent ASE, and random monoallelic expression (RME)). We show that the vast majority of ASE events are due to sequence-dependent genetic variant, which are evolutionarily conserved and may themselves play a cis-regulatory role. Particularly, 74% of non-RAD ASE events, even though they exhibit ASE biases toward the same parentally-inherited allele across different individuals, are derived from genetic variation but not imprinting. We further show that the RME effect may affect the effectiveness of the population-based method for detecting imprinting events and our pipeline can help to distinguish between these two ASE types. Taken together, this study provides a good indicator for categorization of different types of ASE, opening up this widespread and complex mechanism for comprehensive characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chia-Ying Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Da Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Disparities in Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Can Epigenetics Contribute to Eliminating Disparities? Adv Cancer Res 2017; 133:129-156. [PMID: 28052819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Screening for uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) followed by aggressive treatment has reduced invasive cervical cancer (ICC) incidence and mortality. However, ICC cases and carcinoma in situ (CIS) continue to be diagnosed annually in the United States, with minorities bearing the brunt of this burden. Because ICC peak incidence and mortality are 10-15 years earlier than other solid cancers, the number of potential years of life lost to this cancer is substantial. Screening for early signs of CIN is still the mainstay of many cervical cancer control programs. However, the accuracy of existing screening tests remains suboptimal. Changes in epigenetic patterns that occur as a result of human papillomavirus infection contribute to CIN progression to cancer, and can be harnessed to improve existing screening tests. However, this requires a concerted effort to identify the epigenomic landscape that is reliably altered by HPV infection specific to ICC, distinct from transient changes.
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41
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Ye K, Wang S, Wang J, Han H, Ma B, Yang Y. Zebularine enhances apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing methylation of ARHI. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1851-1857. [PMID: 27685841 PMCID: PMC5198947 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ARHI is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene and its methylation suppresses ARHI transcription levels to cause the development and progression of malignant tumors. Zebularine exerts a demethylation function for tumor suppressor genes. Our study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of zebularine on the epigenetic modification of the ARHI gene, and whether this effect may modulate the viability and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells. We found that zebularine inhibited the viability and promoted apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Zebularine potentiated the expression of ARHI at both the protein and mRNA level. This was related to the downregulation of methylation of ARHI caused by zebularine. Zebularine suppressed the interaction of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) with histone methyltransferase G9a, but had no effect on G9a alone. Knockdown of DNMT1 or G9a can induce a reduction of ARHI methylation. Therefore, we inferred that zebularine was likely to directly repress DNMT1 alone, but G9a was necessary to regulate the function of DNMT1 on ARHI methylation. Moreover, knockdown of ARHI rescued cell viability and apoptosis under the zebularine‐treated condition. We showed that zebularine inhibited viability and promoted apoptosis by disturbing the interaction between DNMT1 and G9a, thereby resulting in lower ARHI methylation and elevated ARHI expression in osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishan Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuanke Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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NDN is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene that is downregulated in ovarian cancers through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3018-32. [PMID: 26689988 PMCID: PMC4823087 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NDN is a maternally imprinted gene consistently expressed in normal ovarian epithelium, is dramatically downregulated in the majority of ovarian cancers. Little or no NDN expression could be detected in 73% of 351 epithelial ovarian cancers. NDN was also downregulated in 10 ovarian cancer cell lines with total loss in 6 of 10. Re-expression of NDN decreased Bcl-2 levels and induced apoptosis, which significantly inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth in cell culture and in xenografts. In addition, re-expression of NDN inhibited cell migration by decreasing actin stress fiber and focal adhesion complex formation through deactivation of Src, FAK and RhoA. Loss of NDN expression in ovarian cancers could be attributed to LOH in 28% of 18 informative cases and to hypermethylation of CpG sites 1 and 2 of NDN promoter in 23% and 30% of 43 ovarian cancers, respectively. Promoter hypermethylation was also found in 5 of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines. Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine restored NDN expression in 4 of 7 cell lines with enhanced promoter methylation levels. These observations support the conclusion that NDN is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene which affects cancer cell motility, invasion and growth and that its loss of function in ovarian cancer can be caused by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
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43
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Moazzeni H, Akbari MT, Yazdani S, Elahi E. Expression of CXCL6 and BBS5 that may be glaucoma relevant genes is regulated by PITX2. Gene 2016; 593:76-83. [PMID: 27520585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor PITX2 is implicated in glaucoma pathology. In an earlier study we had used microarray analysis to identify genes in the trabecular meshwork (TM) that are affected by knock down of PITX2. Here, those studies were pursued to identify genes that are direct targets of PITX2 and that may be relevant to glaucoma. Initially, bioinformatics tools were used to select among the genes that had been affected by PITX2 knock down those that have PITX2 binding sites and that may be involved in glaucoma related functions. Subsequently, the effect of PITX2 was tested using the dual luciferase assay in four cell cultures including two primary TM cultures co-transfected with vectors containing promoter fragments of six candidate genes upstream of a luciferase gene and a vector that expressed PITX2. Finally, the effect of PITX2 on endogenous expression of two genes was assessed by over expression and knock down of PITX2 in TM cells. Thirty four genes were found to contain PITX2 binding sites in their putative promoter regions, and 16 were found to be associated with TM-specific and/or glaucoma associated functions. Results of dual luciferase assays confirmed that two of six genes tested were directly targeted by PITX2. The two genes were CXCL6 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6) and BBS5 (Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5). Over expression and knock down of PITX2 showed that this transcription factor affects endogenous expression of these two genes in TM cells. CXCL6 encodes a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and many studies have suggested that cytokines and other immune system functions are involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. BBS5 is a member of the BBS family of genes that affect ciliary functions, and ciliary bodies in the anterior chamber of the eye produce the aqueous fluid that affects intraocular pressure. Immune related functions and intraocular pressure are both important components of glaucoma pathology. The role of PITX2 in glaucoma may be mediated partly by regulating the expression of CXCL6 and BBS5 and thus affecting immune functions and intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Moazzeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Akbari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahin Yazdani
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Ornelas A, McCullough CR, Lu Z, Zacharias NM, Kelderhouse LE, Gray J, Yang H, Engel BJ, Wang Y, Mao W, Sutton MN, Bhattacharya PK, Bast RC, Millward SW. Induction of autophagy by ARHI (DIRAS3) alters fundamental metabolic pathways in ovarian cancer models. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:824. [PMID: 27784287 PMCID: PMC5080741 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a bulk catabolic process that modulates tumorigenesis, therapeutic resistance, and dormancy. The tumor suppressor ARHI (DIRAS3) is a potent inducer of autophagy and its expression results in necroptotic cell death in vitro and tumor dormancy in vivo. ARHI is down-regulated or lost in over 60 % of primary ovarian tumors yet is dramatically up-regulated in metastatic disease. The metabolic changes that occur during ARHI induction and their role in modulating death and dormancy are unknown. METHODS We employed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic strategies to characterize changes in key metabolic pathways in both cell culture and xenograft models of ARHI expression and autophagy. These pathways were further interrogated by cell-based immunofluorescence imaging, tracer uptake studies, targeted metabolic inhibition, and in vivo PET/CT imaging. RESULTS Induction of ARHI in cell culture models resulted in an autophagy-dependent increase in lactate production along with increased glucose uptake and enhanced sensitivity to glycolytic inhibitors. Increased uptake of glutamine was also dependent on autophagy and dramatically sensitized cultured ARHI-expressing ovarian cancer cell lines to glutaminase inhibition. Induction of ARHI resulted in a reduction in mitochondrial respiration, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased Tom20 staining suggesting an ARHI-dependent loss of mitochondrial function. ARHI induction in mouse xenograft models resulted in an increase in free amino acids, a transient increase in [18F]-FDG uptake, and significantly altered choline metabolism. CONCLUSIONS ARHI expression has previously been shown to trigger autophagy-associated necroptosis in cell culture. In this study, we have demonstrated that ARHI expression results in decreased cellular ATP/ADP, increased oxidative stress, and decreased mitochondrial function. While this bioenergetic shock is consistent with programmed necrosis, our data indicates that the accompanying up-regulation of glycolysis and glutaminolysis is autophagy-dependent and serves to support cell viability rather than facilitate necroptotic cell death. While the mechanistic basis for metabolic up-regulation following ARHI induction is unknown, our preliminary data suggest that decreased mitochondrial function and increased metabolic demand may play a role. These alterations in fundamental metabolic pathways during autophagy-associated necroptosis may provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of dormant ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argentina Ornelas
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Christopher R McCullough
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Niki M Zacharias
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, USA
| | - Lindsay E Kelderhouse
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Joshua Gray
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Hailing Yang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Brian J Engel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Weiqun Mao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Margie N Sutton
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Steven W Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, USA.
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Baljuls A, Dobrzyński M, Rauch J, Rauch N, Kolch W. Stabilization of C-RAF:KSR1 complex by DiRas3 reduces availability of C-RAF for dimerization with B-RAF. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1451-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Timson DJ. The molecular basis of galactosemia — Past, present and future. Gene 2016; 589:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lancaster JM, Dressman HK, Whitaker RS, Havrilesky L, Gray J, Marks JR, Nevins JR, Berchuck A. Gene Expression Patterns That Characterize Advanced Stage Serous Ovarian Cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:51-9. [PMID: 14706684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify gene expression patterns that characterize advanced stage serous ovarian cancers by using microarray expression analysis. METHODS Using genome-wide expression analysis, we compared a series of 31 advanced stage (III or IV) serous ovarian cancers from patients who survived either less than 2 years or more than 7 years with three normal ovarian epithelial samples. Array findings were validated by analysis of expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). RESULTS Hierarchical clustering identified patterns of gene expression that distinguished cancer from normal ovarian epithelium. We also identified gene expression patterns that distinguish cancers on the basis of patient survival. These genes include many that are associated with immune function. Expression of IGFBP2 and TRAIL genes measured by array and QRT-PCR analysis demonstrated correlation coefficients of 0.63 and 0.78, respectively. CONCLUSION Global expression analysis can identify expression patterns and individual genes that contribute to ovarian cancer development and outcome. Many of the genes that determine ovarian cancer survival are associated with the immune response, suggesting that immune function influences ovarian cancer virulence. With the generation of newer arrays with more transcripts, larger studies are possible to fully characterize genetic signatures that predict survival that may ultimately be used to guide therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M Lancaster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Stelma T, Chi A, van der Watt PJ, Verrico A, Lavia P, Leaner VD. Targeting nuclear transporters in cancer: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:268-80. [PMID: 26970212 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Karyopherin superfamily is a major class of soluble transport receptors consisting of both import and export proteins. The trafficking of proteins involved in transcription, cell signalling and cell cycle regulation among other functions across the nuclear membrane is essential for normal cellular functioning. However, in cancer cells, the altered expression or localization of nuclear transporters as well as the disruption of endogenous nuclear transport inhibitors are some ways in which the Karyopherin proteins are dysregulated. The value of nuclear transporters in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer is currently being elucidated with recent studies highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Stelma
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alicia Chi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pauline J van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annalisa Verrico
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, C/O University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lavia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, C/O University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Virna D Leaner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ejaz A, Mitterberger MC, Lu Z, Mattesich M, Zwierzina ME, Hörl S, Kaiser A, Viertler HP, Rostek U, Meryk A, Khalid S, Pierer G, Bast RC, Zwerschke W. Weight Loss Upregulates the Small GTPase DIRAS3 in Human White Adipose Progenitor Cells, Which Negatively Regulates Adipogenesis and Activates Autophagy via Akt-mTOR Inhibition. EBioMedicine 2016; 6:149-161. [PMID: 27211557 PMCID: PMC4856797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term weight-loss (WL) interventions reduce insulin serum levels, protect from obesity, and postpone age-associated diseases. The impact of long-term WL on adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells (ASCs) is unknown. We identified DIRAS3 and IGF-1 as long-term WL target genes up-regulated in ASCs in subcutaneous white adipose tissue of formerly obese donors (WLDs). We show that DIRAS3 negatively regulates Akt, mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling in ASCs undergoing adipogenesis and acts as a negative regulator of this pathway and an activator of autophagy. Studying the IGF-1–DIRAS3 interaction in ASCs of WLDs, we demonstrate that IGF-1, although strongly up-regulated in these cells, hardly activates Akt, while ERK1/2 and S6K1 phosphorylation is activated by IGF-1. Overexpression of DIRAS3 in WLD ASCs completely inhibits Akt phosphorylation also in the presence of IGF-1. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and S6K1 is lesser reduced under these conditions. In conclusion, our key findings are that DIRAS3 down-regulates Akt–mTOR signaling in ASCs of WLDs. Moreover, DIRAS3 inhibits adipogenesis and activates autophagy in these cells. Long-term weight loss (WL) induces DIRAS3 and IGF-1 in ASCs of sWAT in formerly obese humans. DIRAS3 selectively down-regulates IGF-1R-Akt–mTOR signaling in ASCs and channels the IGF-1 stimulus to the ERK1/2 branch. DIRAS3 inhibits adipogenesis and activates autophagy in ASCs.
Long-term weight loss (WL) interventions reduce insulin serum levels, protect from obesity and postpone age-associated diseases. The impact of WL on adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells (ASCs), stem cell-like cells in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT), is not understood. We found that WL induced GTP-binding RAS-like 3 (DIRAS3) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), regulators of the IGF-1–mTOR signal transduction pathway, in ASCs in sWAT of formerly obese humans. We demonstrate that DIRAS3 selectively down-regulates IGF-1R–Akt–mTOR signaling in ASCs upon WL even in the presence of high IGF-1 level and that DIRAS3 inhibits adipogenesis and activates autophagy in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Ejaz
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria C Mitterberger
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monika Mattesich
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marit E Zwierzina
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Hörl
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Viertler
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Rostek
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Meryk
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sana Khalid
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Pierer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Stojic L, Niemczyk M, Orjalo A, Ito Y, Ruijter AEM, Uribe-Lewis S, Joseph N, Weston S, Menon S, Odom DT, Rinn J, Gergely F, Murrell A. Transcriptional silencing of long noncoding RNA GNG12-AS1 uncouples its transcriptional and product-related functions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10406. [PMID: 26832224 PMCID: PMC4740813 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression via their RNA product or through transcriptional interference, yet a strategy to differentiate these two processes is lacking. To address this, we used multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to silence GNG12-AS1, a nuclear lncRNA transcribed in an antisense orientation to the tumour-suppressor DIRAS3. Here we show that while most siRNAs silence GNG12-AS1 post-transcriptionally, siRNA complementary to exon 1 of GNG12-AS1 suppresses its transcription by recruiting Argonaute 2 and inhibiting RNA polymerase II binding. Transcriptional, but not post-transcriptional, silencing of GNG12-AS1 causes concomitant upregulation of DIRAS3, indicating a function in transcriptional interference. This change in DIRAS3 expression is sufficient to impair cell cycle progression. In addition, the reduction in GNG12-AS1 transcripts alters MET signalling and cell migration, but these are independent of DIRAS3. Thus, differential siRNA targeting of a lncRNA allows dissection of the functions related to the process and products of its transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Stojic
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Malwina Niemczyk
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Arturo Orjalo
- Biosearch Technologies Inc., 2199S. McDowell Boulevard, Petaluma, California 94954, USA
| | - Yoko Ito
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Anna Elisabeth Maria Ruijter
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Santiago Uribe-Lewis
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Nimesh Joseph
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Stephen Weston
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Duncan T. Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - John Rinn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Adele Murrell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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