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Ayyappan S, N A, Jayakumar AN, Jinkala S. A fatal poisoning due to consumption of crushed Abrus precatorius seeds: an autopsy case report. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00880-x. [PMID: 39231905 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Abrus precatorius is an ornamental plant that belongs to the Leguminoceae family. It contains toxalbumin, named abrin, in all of its parts. However, the seeds are more toxic when consumed in crushed form. Deaths due to abrus seed poisoning are rare. We are reporting a case of suicidal ingestion of crushed abrus precatorius seeds by a 37-year-old female. She presented to the hospital with complaints of multiple episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. She was resuscitated with fluid boluses, followed by a stomach wash and activated charcoal, and referred to our tertiary hospital, where she presented with giddiness, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and epigastric tenderness. On subsequent days, she developed altered sensorium, renal failure, and electrolyte imbalance. She was managed conservatively. Blood investigation revealed elevated leucocyte count, increased urea and creatinine levels, and elevated liver enzymes. She died five days after ingesting the seeds. On autopsy examination, the brain and lungs were congested and edematous. The peritoneal cavity contained around 500mL of straw-colored fluid. Petechial hemorrhages were present over the lungs, heart, and liver surfaces. The mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract was hemorrhagic, the liver showed steatosis, and the kidneys showed congestion and obscuration of the corticomedullary junction. Histopathologically, the lungs showed mild congestion with alveolar edema, the liver showed necrosis with steatosis, and the kidney showed acute tubular necrosis. The toxicology screening was positive for abrin. This case highlights not only the rare fatality following abrus precatorius poisoning but also the toxic nature of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Ayyappan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Ashok N
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Arunai Medical College and Hospital, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aswini Nivedida Jayakumar
- Agricultural Engineering College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreerekha Jinkala
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, 605006, India
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2
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Rokade S, Damani AM, Oft M, Emmerich J. IL-2 based cancer immunotherapies: an evolving paradigm. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1433989. [PMID: 39114660 PMCID: PMC11303236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1433989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Discovered over 4 decades ago in the supernatants of activated T cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses. It is required for effector T cell expansion and differentiation as well as for peripheral tolerance induced by regulatory T cells. High-dose IL-2 treatment was the first FDA-approved immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, achieving single agent complete and durable responses, albeit only in a small proportion of patients. The therapeutic potential of wild type IL-2 is clinically limited by its short half-life and severe vascular toxicity. Moreover, the activation of regulatory T cells and the terminal differentiation of effector T cells on IL-2 pose additional restrictions. To overcome the toxicity of IL-2 in order to realize its full potential for patients, several novel engineering strategies are being developed and IL-2 based immunotherapy for cancer has emerged as a burgeoning field of clinical and experimental research. In addition, combination of IL-2 with PD-1/L1 pathway blockade shows vastly improved anti-tumor efficacy over either monotherapy in preclinical tumor models. In this review we discuss the biological characteristics of IL-2 and its receptors, as well as its efficacy and treatment limiting toxicities in cancer patients. We also explore the efforts aimed at developing novel and safer IL-2 therapies to harness the full therapeutic potential of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Rokade
- Development Department, Synthekine, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jan Emmerich
- Development Department, Synthekine, Menlo Park, CA, United States
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3
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Ren Z, Zhang X, Fu YX. Facts and Hopes on Chimeric Cytokine Agents for Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2025-2038. [PMID: 38190116 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines are key mediators of immune responses that can modulate the antitumor activity of immune cells. Cytokines have been explored as a promising cancer immunotherapy. However, there are several challenges to cytokine therapy, especially a lack of tumor targeting, resulting in high toxicity and limited efficacy. To overcome these limitations, novel approaches have been developed to engineer cytokines with improved properties, such as chimeric cytokines. Chimeric cytokines are fusion proteins that combine different cytokine domains or link cytokines to antibodies (immunocytokines) or other molecules that can target specific receptors or cells. Chimeric cytokines can enhance the selectivity and stability of cytokines, leading to reduced toxicity and improved efficacy. In this review, we focus on two promising cytokines, IL2 and IL15, and summarize the current advances and challenges of chimeric cytokine design and application for cancer immunotherapy. Most of the current approaches focus on increasing the potency of cytokines, but another important goal is to reduce toxicity. Cytokine engineering is promising for cancer immunotherapy as it can enhance tumor targeting while minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuhao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Qin D, Zhang Y, Shu P, Lei Y, Li X, Wang Y. Targeting tumor-infiltrating tregs for improved antitumor responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1325946. [PMID: 38500876 PMCID: PMC10944859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1325946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), as crucial components of the tumor immune environment, has great therapeutic potential. However, nonspecific inhibition of Tregs in therapies may not lead to enhanced antitumor responses, but could also trigger autoimmune reactions in patients, resulting in intolerable treatment side effects. Hence, the precision targeting and inhibition of tumor-infiltrating Tregs is of paramount importance. In this overview, we summarize the characteristics and subpopulations of Tregs within tumor microenvironment and their inhibitory mechanisms in antitumor responses. Furthermore, we discuss the current major strategies targeting regulatory T cells, weighing their advantages and limitations, and summarize representative clinical trials targeting Tregs in cancer treatment. We believe that developing therapies that specifically target and suppress tumor-infiltrating Tregs holds great promise for advancing immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyuan Qin
- Cancer Center, Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yugu Zhang
- Cancer Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Shu
- Cancer Center, Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanna Lei
- Cancer Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Cancer Center, Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Cancer Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sehgal ANA, Tauber PA, Stieger RB, Kratzer B, Pickl WF. The T-Cell Growth Factor Interleukin-2, Which Is Occasionally Targeted by Autoantibodies, Qualifies as Drug for the Treatment of Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Cancer: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2024. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2023; 185:286-300. [PMID: 38086339 PMCID: PMC10911178 DOI: 10.1159/000533677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin(IL)-2 was originally characterized as an important T-cellular growth factor but later on, turned out to be a pivotal homeostatic factor for the establishment and maintenance of both natural(n)Treg and peripheral(p)Treg. In this review, it was aimed to connect the peculiar structural and functional aspects of IL-2 to the innovative advancements in tailoring its multifaceted functional behavior for targeting various IL-2 receptor types. The article includes detailed descriptions of modified versions of IL-2, obtained by either mutating or fusing IL-2 to heterologous molecules or by forming IL-2/(monoclonal) antibody complexes (IL-2C), and discusses their functional implications for addressing such heterologous pathological conditions in cancer, autoimmunity, and allergy. Additionally, this review sheds light on the underexplored contribution of autoantibodies to the endogenous regulation of IL-2 within the realms of both health and disease. The ongoing efforts to fine-tune IL-2 responses through antibody-dependent targeting or molecular engineering offer considerable translational potential for the future utility of this important cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Peter A. Tauber
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Robert B. Stieger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria
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Yin L, Thaker H. Cancer Drug Delivery Systems Using Bacterial Toxin Translocation Mechanisms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:813. [PMID: 37508840 PMCID: PMC10376142 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in targeted cancer therapy hold great promise for both research and clinical applications and push the boundaries in finding new treatments for various currently incurable cancers. However, these therapies require specific cell-targeting mechanisms for the efficient delivery of drug cargo across the cell membrane to reach intracellular targets and avoid diffusion to unwanted tissues. Traditional drug delivery systems suffer from a limited ability to travel across the barriers posed by cell membranes and, therefore, there is a need for high doses, which are associated with adverse reactions and safety concerns. Bacterial toxins have evolved naturally to specifically target cell subtypes via their receptor binding module, penetrating the cell membrane efficiently through the membrane translocation process and then successfully delivering the toxic cargo into the host cytosol. They have, thus, been harnessed for the delivery of various drugs. In this review, we focus on bacterial toxin translocation mechanisms and recent progress in the targeted delivery systems of cancer therapy drugs that have been inspired by the receptor binding and membrane translocation processes of the anthrax toxin protective antigen, diphtheria toxin, and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. We also discuss the challenges and limitations of these studies that should be addressed before bacterial toxin-based drug delivery systems can become a viable new generation of drug delivery approaches in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang Yin
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Bohmer M, Xue Y, Jankovic K, Dong Y. Advances in engineering and delivery strategies for cytokine immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:579-595. [PMID: 37104673 PMCID: PMC10330431 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2208344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokine immunotherapy is a growing field for the treatment of cancer, infectious disease, autoimmunity, and other ailments. Therapeutic cytokines are a class of secreted, small proteins that play a pivotal role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system by provoking or mitigating immune responses. In the clinic, cytokines are frequently combined with other treatments, such as small molecules and monoclonal antibodies. However, the clinical translation of cytokine therapies is hindered by their short half-life, pleiotropic nature, and off-target effects, which cause diminished efficacy and severe systemic toxicity. Such toxicity limits dosage, thus resulting in suboptimal doses. Accordingly, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring strategies to promote cytokine therapies by improving their tissue specificity and pharmacokinetics. AREAS COVERED Preclinical and clinical research into bioengineering and delivery strategies for cytokines, consisting of bioconjugation, fusion proteins, nanoparticles, and scaffold-based systems. EXPERT OPINION These approaches pave the way for the development of next-generation cytokine treatments with greater clinical benefit and reduced toxicity, circumventing such issues currently associated with cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Bohmer
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yonger Xue
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Katarina Jankovic
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immune-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Cancer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Kim S, Shukla RK, Yu H, Baek A, Cressman SG, Golconda S, Lee GE, Choi H, Reneau JC, Wang Z, Huang CA, Liyanage NPM, Kim S. CD3e-immunotoxin spares CD62L lo Tregs and reshapes organ-specific T-cell composition by preferentially depleting CD3e hi T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011190. [PMID: 36389741 PMCID: PMC9643874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD3-epsilon(CD3e) immunotoxins (IT), a promising precision reagent for various clinical conditions requiring effective depletion of T cells, often shows limited treatment efficacy for largely unknown reasons. Tissue-resident T cells that persist in peripheral tissues have been shown to play pivotal roles in local and systemic immunity, as well as transplant rejection, autoimmunity and cancers. The impact of CD3e-IT treatment on these local cells, however, remains poorly understood. Here, using a new murine testing model, we demonstrate a substantial enrichment of tissue-resident Foxp3+ Tregs following CD3e-IT treatment. Differential surface expression of CD3e among T-cell subsets appears to be a main driver of Treg enrichment in CD3e-IT treatment. The surviving Tregs in CD3e-IT-treated mice were mostly the CD3edimCD62Llo effector phenotype, but the levels of this phenotype markedly varied among different lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. We also found notable variations in surface CD3e levels among tissue-resident T cells of different organs, and these variations drive CD3e-IT to uniquely reshape T-cell compositions in local organs. The functions of organs and anatomic locations (lymph nodes) also affected the efficacy of CD3e-IT. The multi-organ pharmacodynamics of CD3e-IT and potential treatment resistance mechanisms identified in this study may generate new opportunities to further improve this promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hannah Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alice Baek
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sophie G. Cressman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Golconda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hyewon Choi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John C. Reneau
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christene A. Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Namal P. M. Liyanage
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Namal P. M. Liyanage, ; Sanggu Kim,
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Namal P. M. Liyanage, ; Sanggu Kim,
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Kim S, Shukla RK, Kim E, Cressman SG, Yu H, Baek A, Choi H, Kim A, Sharma A, Wang Z, Huang CA, Reneau JC, Boyaka PN, Liyanage NPM, Kim S. Comparison of CD3e Antibody and CD3e-sZAP Immunotoxin Treatment in Mice Identifies sZAP as the Main Driver of Vascular Leakage. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1221. [PMID: 35740248 PMCID: PMC9220018 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD3-epsilon (CD3e) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and CD3e immunotoxins (ITs) are promising targeted therapy options for various T-cell disorders. Despite significant advances in mAb and IT engineering, vascular leakage syndrome (VLS) remains a major dose-limiting toxicity for ITs and has been poorly characterized for recent "engineered" mAbs. This study undertakes a direct comparison of non-mitogenic CD3e-mAb (145-2C11 with Fc-silentTM murine IgG1: S-CD3e-mAb) and a new murine-version CD3e-IT (saporin-streptavidin (sZAP) conjugated with S-CD3e-mAb: S-CD3e-IT) and identifies their distinct toxicity profiles in mice. As expected, the two agents showed different modes of action on T cells, with S-CD3e-mAb inducing nearly complete modulation of CD3e on the cell surface, while S-CD3e-IT depleted the cells. S-CD3e-IT significantly increased the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the tissue parenchyma of the spleen and lungs, a sign of increased vascular permeability. By contrast, S-CD3e-mAbs-treated mice showed no notable signs of vascular leakage. Treatment with control ITs (sZAP conjugated with Fc-silent isotype antibodies) induced significant vascular leakage without causing T-cell deaths. These results demonstrate that the toxin portion of S-CD3e-IT, not the CD3e-binding portion (S-CD3e-mAb), is the main driver of vascular leakage, thus clarifying the molecular target for improving safety profiles in CD3e-IT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Sophie G. Cressman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Hannah Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Alice Baek
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Hyewon Choi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Alan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
- Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Z.W.); (C.A.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Transplant Surgery, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christene A. Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Z.W.); (C.A.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Transplant Surgery, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John C. Reneau
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
| | - Namal P. M. Liyanage
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
- Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (R.K.S.); (E.K.); (S.G.C.); (H.Y.); (A.B.); (H.C.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (P.N.B.); (N.P.M.L.)
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Mucoricin is a ricin-like toxin that is critical for the pathogenesis of mucormycosis. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:313-326. [PMID: 33462434 PMCID: PMC7914224 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the order Mucorales cause mucormycosis, a lethal infection with an incompletely understood pathogenesis. We demonstrate that Mucorales fungi produce a toxin, which plays a central role in virulence. Polyclonal antibodies against this toxin inhibit its ability to damage human cells in vitro and prevent hypovolemic shock, organ necrosis and death in mice with mucormycosis. Inhibition of the toxin in Rhizopus delemar through RNA interference compromises the ability of the fungus to damage host cells and attenuates virulence in mice. This 17 kDa toxin has structural and functional features of the plant toxin ricin, including the ability to inhibit protein synthesis through its N-glycosylase activity, the existence of a motif that mediates vascular leak and a lectin sequence. Antibodies against the toxin inhibit R. delemar- or toxin-mediated vascular permeability in vitro and cross react with ricin. A monoclonal anti-ricin B chain antibody binds to the toxin and also inhibits its ability to cause vascular permeability. Therefore, we propose the name 'mucoricin' for this toxin. Not only is mucoricin important in the pathogenesis of mucormycosis but our data suggest that a ricin-like toxin is produced by organisms beyond the plant and bacterial kingdoms. Importantly, mucoricin should be a promising therapeutic target.
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11
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Schliemann C, Kessler T, Berdel AF, Hemmerle T, Angenendt L, Altvater B, Rossig C, Mikesch JH, Lenz G, Schäfers M, Neri D, Stelljes M, Berdel WE. Phase I study of F16IL2 antibody-cytokine fusion with very low-dose araC in acute myeloid leukaemia relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2021; 192:e148-e151. [PMID: 33618424 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrew F Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bianca Altvater
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, University Children´s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, University Children´s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan-Henrik Mikesch
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Stelljes
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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12
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Weichmann F, Rohdewald P. Projected supportive effects of Pycnogenol Ⓡ in patients suffering from multi-dimensional health impairments after a SARS-CoV2 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106191. [PMID: 33045354 PMCID: PMC7546273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and has rapidly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Unlike other SARS viruses, SARS-CoV2 does not solely impact the respiratory system, but additionally leads to inflammation of endothelial cells, microvascular injuries and coagulopathies, thereby affecting multiple organs. Recent reports of patients who were infected with SARS-CoV2 suggest persistent health problems even months after the initial infection. The French maritime pine bark extract PycnogenolⓇ has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, vascular and endothelium-protective effects in over 90 human clinical studies. It is proposed that PycnogenolⓇ may be beneficial in supporting recovery and mitigating symptoms and long-term consequences resulting from a SARS-CoV2 infection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Rohdewald
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Chemotherapy, alone or in association with radiation therapy, has represented the cornerstone of cancer treatment for decades. However, in the last several years, an unprecedented progress in the understanding of cancer biology and the discovery of novel therapeutic targets have led to a paradigm shift in the management of patients with neoplastic diseases. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor pathway inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells, among others, has been associated with prolonged survival in many forms of cancer. A common feature of both chemotherapy and novel cancer treatments is the frequent occurrence of vascular toxicity, mainly mediated by injury to the endothelium. While the mechanisms may vary between agents, the clinical manifestations may overlap and range from hypertension, vasospastic and thrombotic arterial events (myocardial ischemia and infarction, peripheral ischemia, and limb gangrene), venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) to capillary leak syndrome. Therefore, the effective management of patients with cancer requires a multidisciplinary team approach in which oncologist and cardiovascular medicine specialists work together to prevent, detect, and minimize acute vascular toxicity and long-term consequences of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Campia
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Campia U, Moslehi JJ, Amiri-Kordestani L, Barac A, Beckman JA, Chism DD, Cohen P, Groarke JD, Herrmann J, Reilly CM, Weintraub NL. Cardio-Oncology: Vascular and Metabolic Perspectives: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139:e579-e602. [PMID: 30786722 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardio-oncology has organically developed as a new discipline within cardiovascular medicine as a result of the cardiac and vascular adverse sequelae of the major advances in cancer treatment. Patients with cancer and cancer survivors are at increased risk of vascular disease for a number of reasons. First, many new cancer therapies, including several targeted therapies, are associated with vascular and metabolic complications. Second, cancer itself serves as a risk factor for vascular disease, especially by increasing the risk for thromboembolic events. Finally, recent data suggest that common modifiable and genetic risk factors predispose to both malignancies and cardiovascular disease. Vascular complications in patients with cancer represent a new challenge for the clinician and a new frontier for research and investigation. Indeed, vascular sequelae of novel targeted therapies may provide insights into vascular signaling in humans. Clinically, emerging challenges are best addressed by a multidisciplinary approach in which cardiovascular medicine specialists and vascular biologists work closely with oncologists in the care of patients with cancer and cancer survivors. This novel approach realizes the goal of providing superior care through the creation of cardio-oncology consultative services and the training of a new generation of cardiovascular specialists with a broad understanding of cancer treatments.
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15
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Mooney B, Torres‐Velez FJ, Doering J, Ehrbar DJ, Mantis NJ. Sensitivity of Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to ricin toxin and ricin toxin-Ab complexes. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1161-1176. [PMID: 31313388 PMCID: PMC7008010 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0419-123r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin is a plant-derived, ribosome-inactivating protein that is rapidly cleared from circulation by Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs)-with fatal consequences. Rather than being inactivated, ricin evades normal degradative pathways and kills both KCs and LSECs with remarkable efficiency. Uptake of ricin by these 2 specialized cell types in the liver occurs by 2 parallel routes: a "lactose-sensitive" pathway mediated by ricin's galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin subunit (RTB), and a "mannose-sensitive" pathway mediated by the mannose receptor (MR; CD206) or other C-type lectins capable of recognizing the mannose-side chains displayed on ricin's A (RTA) and B subunits. In this report, we investigated the capacity of a collection of ricin-specific mouse MAb and camelid single-domain (VH H) antibodies to protect KCs and LSECs from ricin-induced killing. In the case of KCs, individual MAbs against RTA or RTB afforded near complete protection against ricin in ex vivo and in vivo challenge studies. In contrast, individual MAbs or VH Hs afforded little (<40%) or even no protection to LSECs against ricin-induced death. Complete protection of LSECs was only achieved with MAb or VH H cocktails, with the most effective mixtures targeting RTA and RTB simultaneously. Although the exact mechanisms of protection of LSECs remain unknown, evidence indicates that the Ab cocktails exert their effects on the mannose-sensitive uptake pathway without the need for Fcγ receptor involvement. In addition to advancing our understanding of how toxins and small immune complexes are processed by KCs and LSECs, our study has important implications for the development of Ab-based therapies designed to prevent or treat ricin exposure should the toxin be weaponized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Mooney
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Fernando J. Torres‐Velez
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Jennifer Doering
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Dylan J. Ehrbar
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
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16
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Franke H, Scholl R, Aigner A. Ricin and Ricinus communis in pharmacology and toxicology-from ancient use and "Papyrus Ebers" to modern perspectives and "poisonous plant of the year 2018". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1181-1208. [PMID: 31359089 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While probably originating from Africa, the plant Ricinus communis is found nowadays around the world, grown for industrial use as a source of castor oil production, wildly sprouting in many regions, or used as ornamental plant. As regards its pharmacological utility, a variety of medical purposes of selected parts of the plant, e.g., as a laxative, an anti-infective, or an anti-inflammatory drug, have been described already in the sixteenth century BC in the famous Papyrus Ebers (treasured in the Library of the University of Leipzig). Quite in contrast, on the toxicological side, the native plant has become the "poisonous plant 2018" in Germany. As of today, a number of isolated components of the plant/seeds have been characterized, including, e.g., castor oil, ricin, Ricinus communis agglutinin, ricinin, nudiflorin, and several allergenic compounds. This review mainly focuses on the most toxic protein, ricin D, classified as a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP2). Ricin is one of the most potent and lethal substances known. It has been considered as an important bioweapon (categorized as a Category B agent (second-highest priority)) and an attractive agent for bioterroristic activities. On the other hand, ricin presents great potential, e.g., as an anti-cancer agent or in cell-based research, and is even explored in the context of nanoparticle formulations in tumor therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacology and toxicology-related body of knowledge on ricin. Toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic aspects of ricin poisoning and possibilities for analytical detection and therapeutic use are summarized as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Scholl
- Department of History, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Machesky NJ, Rusnak JM, Moore EH, Dorsey CB, Ward LA. Development of a highly sensitive in vitro endothelial cell toxicity assay for evaluating ricin toxin A chain-based vaccines or therapeutics. Toxicon 2019; 167:152-161. [PMID: 31207351 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ricin toxin A chain (RTA) is responsible for ricin intoxication due to inhibition of protein synthesis. RTA is also known to cause endothelial toxicity [via a 3 amino acid sequence (x)D(y) motif that acts as a natural disintegrin] resulting in vascular leak syndrome (VLS) in humans. An in vitro endothelial cell toxicity (ECT) assay was developed to evaluate if the ricin vaccine candidate (RVEc) exhibited endothelial toxicity, determined by altered transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) across human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers. Timepoints at 2 and 4 h were included to evaluate HUVEC monolayers before the effects of RTA ribotoxic activity are observed. Both the 3 μM and 6 μM RTA positive controls consistently demonstrated significantly reduced TEER values, compared to their corresponding vehicle control, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner at 2, 4, and 24 h. Fluorescent imaging of HUVECs exposed to 3 μM RTA showed cell rounding at 2 and 4 h and gap formation at 24 h. No changes in TEER or fluorescent imaging were observed after exposure to endothelial cell growth medium-2 (EGM-2) exchange (mock control). The negative controls, which included 2 mutant RTA vaccine derivatives [RVEc with an (x)D(y) VLS sequence modification to V76M or D75N] and bovine serum albumin (BSA), demonstrated no evidence of HUVEC toxicity at 3 μM and 6 μM concentrations. Overall, the performance of the ECT assay was consistent, allowing for the development of acceptance criteria that were related to time- and concentration-dependent decreases in TEER between 2 and 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Machesky
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, 1425 Plain City Georgesville Road, West Jefferson, OH, 43162, USA
| | - Janice M Rusnak
- Medical Countermeasure Systems (MCS) Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (JVAP), 1564 Freedman Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Evan H Moore
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, 1425 Plain City Georgesville Road, West Jefferson, OH, 43162, USA
| | - Christopher B Dorsey
- Medical Countermeasure Systems (MCS) Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (JVAP), 1564 Freedman Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lucy A Ward
- Medical Countermeasure Systems (MCS) Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (JVAP), 1564 Freedman Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
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18
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Tang A, Harding F. The challenges and molecular approaches surrounding interleukin-2-based therapeutics in cancer. Cytokine X 2019. [PMCID: PMC7885892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2018.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL2-based cancer therapies are limited by their toxicity and pleiotropy. Current engineering approaches target IL2 half-life and cell/receptor specificity. IL2 may enhance the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T-based therapies.
Interleukin-2 has had a long history as a promising cancer therapeutic, being capable of eliciting complete and durable remissions in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Despite high toxicity and efficacy limited to only certain patient subpopulations and cancer types, the prospective use of novel, engineered IL2 formats in combination with the presently expanding repertoire of immuno-oncological targets remains very encouraging. This is possible due to the significant research efforts in the IL2 field that have yielded critical structural and biological insights that have made IL2 more effective and more broadly applicable in the clinic. In this review, we discuss some of the molecular approaches that have been used to further improve IL2 therapy for cancer.
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Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins: Biopharmaceuticals with immunomodulatory properties for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:67-91. [PMID: 30201522 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines have long been used for therapeutic applications in cancer patients. Substantial side effects and unfavorable pharmacokinetics limit their application and may prevent dose escalation to therapeutically active regimens. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (often referred to as immunocytokines) may help localize immunomodulatory cytokine payloads to the tumor, thereby activating anticancer immune responses. A variety of formats (e.g., intact IgGs or antibody fragments), molecular targets (e.g., extracellular matrix components and cell membrane antigens) and cytokine payloads have been considered for the development of this novel class of biopharmaceuticals. This review presents the basic concepts on the design and engineering of immunocytokines, reviews their potential limitations, points out emerging opportunities and summarizes key features of preclinical and clinical-stage products.
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20
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Second-generation IL-2 receptor-targeted diphtheria fusion toxin exhibits antitumor activity and synergy with anti-PD-1 in melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3100-3105. [PMID: 30718426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815087116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Denileukin diftitox (DAB-IL-2, Ontak) is a diphtheria-toxin-based fusion protein that depletes CD25-positive cells including regulatory T cells and has been approved for the treatment of persistent or recurrent cutaneous T cell lymphoma. However, the clinical use of denileukin diftitox was limited by vascular leak toxicity and production issues related to drug aggregation and purity. We found that a single amino acid substitution (V6A) in a motif associated with vascular leak induction yields a fully active, second-generation biologic, s-DAB-IL-2(V6A), which elicits 50-fold less human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer permeation and is 3.7-fold less lethal to mice by LD50 analysis than s-DAB-IL-2. Additionally, to overcome aggregation problems, we developed a production method for the fusion toxin using Corynebacterium diphtheriae that secretes fully folded, biologically active, monomeric s-DAB-IL-2 into the culture medium. Using the poorly immunogenic mouse B16F10 melanoma model, we initiated treatment 7 days after tumor challenge and observed that, while both s-DAB-IL-2(V6A) and s-DAB-IL-2 are inhibitors of tumor growth, the capacity to treat with higher doses of s-DAB-IL-2(V6A) could provide a superior activity window. In a sequential dual-therapy study in tumors that have progressed for 10 days, both s-DAB-IL-2(V6A) and s-DAB-IL-2 given before checkpoint inhibition with anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies inhibited tumor growth, while either drug given as monotherapy had less effect. s-DAB-IL-2(V6A), a fully monomeric protein with reduced vascular leak, is a second-generation diphtheria-toxin-based fusion protein with promise as a cancer immunotherapeutic both alone and in conjunction with PD-1 blockade.
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21
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Bokori-Brown M, Metz J, Petrov PG, Mussai F, De Santo C, Smart NJ, Saunders S, Knight B, Pastan I, Titball RW, Winlove CP. Interactions Between Pseudomonas Immunotoxins and the Plasma Membrane: Implications for CAT-8015 Immunotoxin Therapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:553. [PMID: 30538953 PMCID: PMC6277520 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) remains the most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in children and novel therapies are needed for the treatment of relapsed/refractory childhood ALL. One approach is the targeting of ALL blasts with the Pseudomonas immunotoxin CAT-8015. Although CAT-8015 has potent anti-leukemia activity, with a 32% objective response rate in a phase 1 study of childhood ALL, haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and vascular leak syndrome (VLS), major dose-limiting toxicities, have limited the use of this therapeutic approach in children. Investigations into the pathogenesis of CAT-8015-induced HUS/VLS are hindered by the lack of an adequate model system that replicates clinical manifestations, but damage to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and blood cells are believed to be major initiating factors in both syndromes. Since there is little evidence that murine models replicate human HUS/VLS, and CAT-8015-induced HUS/VLS predominantly affects children, we developed human models and used novel methodologies to investigate CAT-8015 interactions with red blood cells (RBCs) from pediatric ALL patients and ECs of excised human mesenteric arteries. We provide evidence that CAT-8015 directly interacts with RBCs, mediated by Pseudomonas toxin. We also show correlation between the electrical properties of the RBC membrane and RBC susceptibility to CAT-8015-induced lysis, which may have clinical implication. Finally, we provide evidence that CAT-8015 is directly cytototoxic to ECs of excised human mesenteric arteries. In conclusion, the human models we developed constitutes the first, and very important, step in understanding the origins of HUS/VLS in immunotoxin therapy and will allow further investigations of HUS/VLS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bokori-Brown
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Metz
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Petrov
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Mussai
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carmela De Santo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Smart
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Saunders
- Histopathology Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Knight
- National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Richard W. Titball
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - C. Peter Winlove
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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22
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Singh D, Fisher J, Shagalov D, Varma A, Siegel DM. Dangerous plants in dermatology: Legal and controlled. Clin Dermatol 2018; 36:399-419. [PMID: 29908582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plant and mushroom kingdoms have species used for intoxication, inebriation, or recreation. Some of these species are toxic. Given that many of these plants or substances are illegal and have histories of abuse, much of the research regarding therapeutic application is based on basic science, animal studies, and traditional use. This review examines Cannabis, Euphorbia, Ricinus, Podophyllum, Veratrum, mushrooms, and nightshades, along with resveratrol and cocaine as they relate to dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptej Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM.
| | - Juliya Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Devorah Shagalov
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Aakaash Varma
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Daniel M Siegel
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
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Giansanti F, Flavell DJ, Angelucci F, Fabbrini MS, Ippoliti R. Strategies to Improve the Clinical Utility of Saporin-Based Targeted Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020082. [PMID: 29438358 PMCID: PMC5848183 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) including the type I RIP Saporin have been used for the construction of Immunotoxins (ITxs) obtained via chemical conjugation of the toxic domain to whole antibodies or by generating genetic fusions to antibody fragments/targeting domains able to direct the chimeric toxin against a desired sub-population of cancer cells. The high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures and especially the possibility to express recombinant fusions in yeast, make Saporin a well-suited tool for anti-cancer therapy approaches. Previous clinical work on RIPs-based Immunotoxins (including Saporin) has shown that several critical issues must be taken into deeper consideration to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. This review focuses on possible combinatorial strategies (chemical and genetic) to augment Saporin-targeted toxin efficacy. Combinatorial approaches may facilitate RIP escape into the cytosolic compartment (where target ribosomes are), while genetic manipulations may minimize potential adverse effects such as vascular-leak syndrome or may identify T/B cell epitopes in order to decrease the immunogenicity following similar strategies as those used in the case of bacterial toxins such as Pseudomonas Exotoxin A or as for Type I RIP Bouganin. This review will further focus on strategies to improve recombinant production of Saporin-based chimeric toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - David J Flavell
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory (Leukaemia Busters), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 8AT, UK.
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Tang J, Li J, Zhu X, Yu Y, Chen D, Yuan L, Gu Z, Zhang X, Qi L, Gong Z, Jiang P, Yu J, Meng H, An G, Zheng H, Yang L. Novel CD7-specific nanobody-based immunotoxins potently enhanced apoptosis of CD7-positive malignant cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34070-83. [PMID: 27083001 PMCID: PMC5085138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Various CD7-targeting immunotoxins have been tested for its potential in treating CD7+ malignant patients but none of those immunotoxins was approved clinically because of lacking enough efficacy and safety. Here we successfully constructed the monovalent and bivalent CD7 nanobody-based immunotoxins PG001 and PG002, both conjugated with a truncated derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin A respectively. The prokaryotic system expressed immunotoxins not only maintained their binding specificity for CD7-positive cells with a Kd of 16.74 nM and 3.6 nM for PG001 and PG002 respectively, but also efficiently promoted antigen-restricted apoptosis of the CD7-positive leukemia cell lines Jurkat and CEM, and primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with an in vitro cytotoxic activity (EC50) in the range of 23-30 pM for PG002. In NOD/SCID mice transplanted with CEM cells, PG001 and PG002 prevented engraftment of the cells and markedly prolonged mouse survival. Owing to the efficient antigen-restricted anti-leukemic activity of PG002, this CD7 nanobody-based immunotoxin exhibited a superior anti-CD7 positive malignancies activity than previously reported immunotoxins, and may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in treating CD7-positive leukemia and lymphoma, which still remain a significant clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinle Tang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialu Li
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyang Gu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China.,The Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Qi
- Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhishu Gong
- The Medical Group of Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengjun Jiang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huimin Meng
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gangli An
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huyong Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China.,The Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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25
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The Use of Plant-Derived Ribosome Inactivating Proteins in Immunotoxin Development: Past, Present and Future Generations. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110344. [PMID: 29076988 PMCID: PMC5705959 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) form a class of toxins that was identified over a century ago. They continue to fascinate scientists and the public due to their very high activity and long-term stability which might find useful applications in the therapeutic killing of unwanted cells but can also be used in acts of terror. We will focus our review on the canonical plant-derived RIPs which display ribosomal RNA N-glycosidase activity and irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis by cleaving the 28S ribosomal RNA of the large 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. We will place particular emphasis on therapeutic applications and the generation of immunotoxins by coupling antibodies to RIPs in an attempt to target specific cells. Several generations of immunotoxins have been developed and we will review their optimisation as well as their use and limitations in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Finally, we endeavour to provide a perspective on potential future developments for the therapeutic use of immunotoxins.
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26
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Li M, Liu ZS, Liu XL, Hui Q, Lu SY, Qu LL, Li YS, Zhou Y, Ren HL, Hu P. Clinical targeting recombinant immunotoxins for cancer therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3645-3665. [PMID: 28790855 PMCID: PMC5530862 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s134584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are proteins that contain a toxin fused to an antibody or small molecules and are constructed by the genetic engineering technique. RITs can bind to and be internalized by cells and kill cancerous or non-cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. A wide variety of RITs have been tested against different cancers in cell culture, xenograft models, and human patients during the past several decades. RITs have shown activity in therapy of several kinds of cancers, but different levels of side effects, mainly related to vascular leak syndrome, were also observed in the treated patients. High immunogenicity of RITs limited their long-term or repeat applications in clinical cases. Recent advances in the design of immunotoxins, such as humanization of antibody fragment, PEGylation, and modification of human B- and T-cell epitopes, are overcoming the above mentioned problems, which predict the use of these immunotoxins as a potential therapeutic method to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Zeng-Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Xi-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Lin-Lin Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Yan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Hong-Lin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
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27
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Collapse of the Microbiome, Emergence of the Pathobiome, and the Immunopathology of Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:337-347. [PMID: 28098630 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The definition of sepsis has been recently modified to accommodate emerging knowledge in the field, while at the same time being recognized as challenging, if not impossible, to define. Here, we seek to clarify the current understanding of sepsis as one that has been typically framed as a disorder of inflammation to one in which the competing interests of the microbiota, pathobiota, and host immune cells lead to loss of resilience and nonresolving organ dysfunction. Here, we challenge the existence of the idea of noninfectious sepsis given that critically ill humans never exist in a germ-free state. Finally, we propose a new vision of the pathophysiology of sepsis that includes the invariable loss of the host's microbiome with the emergence of a pathobiome consisting of both "healthcare-acquired and healthcare-adapted pathobiota." Under this framework, the critically ill patient is viewed as a host colonized by pathobiota dynamically expressing emergent properties which drive, and are driven by, a pathoadaptive immune response.
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28
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Hendriks D, Choi G, de Bruyn M, Wiersma VR, Bremer E. Antibody-Based Cancer Therapy: Successful Agents and Novel Approaches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 331:289-383. [PMID: 28325214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, antibodies have been viewed as ideal candidates or "magic bullets" for use in targeted therapy in the fields of cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory disorders. A wave of antibody-dedicated research followed, which resulted in the clinical approval of a first generation of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy such as rituximab (1997) and cetuximab (2004), and infliximab (2002) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. More recently, the development of antibodies that prevent checkpoint-mediated inhibition of T cell responses invigorated the field of cancer immunotherapy. Such antibodies induced unprecedented long-term remissions in patients with advanced stage malignancies, most notably melanoma and lung cancer, that do not respond to conventional therapies. In this review, we will recapitulate the development of antibody-based therapy, and detail recent advances and new functions, particularly in the field of cancer immunotherapy. With the advent of recombinant DNA engineering, a number of rationally designed molecular formats of antibodies and antibody-derived agents have become available, and we will discuss various molecular formats including antibodies with improved effector functions, bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, and T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors. With these exciting advances, new antibody-based treatment options will likely enter clinical practice and pave the way toward more successful control of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hendriks
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Choi
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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29
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Chen X, Xu J, Guo Q, Wang L, Yang Y, Guo H, Gu N, Zhang D, Qian W, Hou S, Li J, Dai J, Guo Y, Wang H. Therapeutic efficacy of an anti-PD-L1 antibody based immunocytokine in a metastatic mouse model of colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:160-165. [PMID: 27720718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytokines (antibody-cytokine fusions) have been proved to be a promising class of therapeutic agents for tumors. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies or IL-2 have been used to treat a variety of cancers. Here, in order to remove T cell inhibition and increasing the IL-2 concentration in the tumor microenvironment, we engineered a novel anti-PD-L1 antibody based immunocytokine by fusing hIL-2 to the C-Term of atezolizumab, denoted as BIPI. Our results revealed that BIPI was effective in stimulating T cell activation in vitro and could selectively localize to the tumor. Furthermore, tumor regression and prolonged survival were also observed in the metastatic colorectal cancer mouse model. The obviously longer survival mice in BIPI treatment group turned out depending on the function of CD8+ T cells. The IFN- secreted from CD8+ T cells in the spleen also contributed to the better tumor inhibition profile in BIPI treatment group than in anti-PD-L1 or IL-2 treatment alone. Taken together, our data evidenced the enhanced antitumor potency of BIPI, suggesting its potential use for cancers with a low response to the anti-PD-L1 or IL-2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingfei Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Nana Gu
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore
| | - Sheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore.
| | - Hao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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Bauss F, Lechmann M, Krippendorff BF, Staack R, Herting F, Festag M, Imhof-Jung S, Hesse F, Pompiati M, Kollmorgen G, da Silva Mateus Seidl R, Bossenmaier B, Lau W, Schantz C, Stracke JO, Brinkmann U, Onda M, Pastan I, Bosslet K, Niederfellner G. Characterization of a re-engineered, mesothelin-targeted Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein for lung cancer therapy. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1317-29. [PMID: 27507537 PMCID: PMC5423209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelin overexpression in lung adenocarcinomas correlates with the presence of activating KRAS mutations and poor prognosis. Hence SS1P, a mesothelin-targeted immunotoxin, could offer valuable treatment options for these patients, but its use in solid tumor therapy is hampered by high immunogenicity and non-specific toxicity. To overcome both obstacles we developed RG7787, a de-immunized cytotoxic fusion protein comprising a humanized SS1 Fab fragment and a truncated, B-cell epitope silenced, 24 kD fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE24). Reactivity of RG7787 with sera from immunotoxin-treated patients was >1000 fold reduced. In vitro RG7787 inhibited cell viability of lung cancer cell lines with picomolar potency. The pharmacokinetic properties of RG7787 in rodents were comparable to SS1P, yet it was tolerated up to 10 fold better without causing severe vascular leak syndrome or hepatotoxicity. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model developed based on NCI-H596 xenograft studies showed that for RG7787 and SS1P, their in vitro and in vivo potencies closely correlate. At optimal doses of 2-3 mg/kg RG7787 is more efficacious than SS1P. Even large, well established tumors (600 mm(3)) underwent remission during three treatment cycles with RG7787. Also in two patient-derived lung cancer xenograft models, Lu7336 and Lu7187, RG7787 showed anti-tumor efficacy. In monotherapy two treatment cycles were moderately efficacious in the Lu7336 model but showed good anti-tumor activity in the KRAS mutant Lu7187 model (26% and 80% tumor growth inhibition, respectively). Combination of RG7787 with standard chemotherapies further enhanced efficacy in both models achieving near complete eradication of Lu7187 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Bauss
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff
- Roche pRED Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Staack
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Frank Herting
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Festag
- Roche pRED Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Imhof-Jung
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Hesse
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Marc Pompiati
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gwendlyn Kollmorgen
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Rita da Silva Mateus Seidl
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Bossenmaier
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wilma Lau
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schantz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan O Stracke
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany; Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Klaus Bosslet
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Niederfellner
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology, Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany.
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Zhang T, Yang H, Kang L, Gao S, Xin W, Yao W, Zhuang X, Ji B, Wang J. Strong protection against ricin challenge induced by a novel modified ricin A-chain protein in mouse model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1779-87. [PMID: 26038805 PMCID: PMC4514271 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1038446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin (RT) is an extremely potent toxin derived from the castor bean plant. As a possible bioterrorist weapon, it was categorized as a level B agent in international society. With the growing awareness and concerns of the “white powder incident” in recent years, it is indispensable to develop an effective countermeasure against RT intoxication. In this study we used site-directed mutagenesis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to modify the gene of ricin A-chain (RTA). As a result, we have generated a mutated and truncated ricin A-chain (mtRTA) vaccine antigen by E.coli strain. The cytotoxicity assay was used to evaluate the safety of the as-prepared mtRTA antigen, and the results showed that there was no residual toxicity observed when compared to the recombinant RTA (rRTA) or native RT. Furthermore, BALB/c mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) vaccinated with mtRTA 3 times at an interval of 2 weeks, and then the survivals were evaluated after intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intratracheal challenge of RT. The vaccinated mice developed a strong protective immune response that was wholly protective against 40 × LD50 of RT i.p. injection or 20 × LD50 of RT intratracheal spraying. The mtRTA antigen has great potential to be a vaccine candidate for future application in humans.
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Key Words
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IPTG, isopropyl-1-thio-β-galactopyranoside
- LD50, median lethal dose
- RT, ricin toxin
- RTA, ricin toxin A chain
- RTB, ricin toxin B chain
- SD, standard deviation
- i.p, intraperitoneally
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- immunity
- intratracheal
- mRTA, mutated RTA
- mtRTA, mutated and truncated RTA
- mutant
- rRTA, recombinant RTA
- ricin
- s.c., subcutaneously subcutaneous
- toxicity
- toxin
- truncation
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology ; Beijing , China
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Pittman PR, Reisler RB, Lindsey CY, Güereña F, Rivard R, Clizbe DP, Chambers M, Norris S, Smith LA. Safety and immunogenicity of ricin vaccine, RVEc™, in a Phase 1 clinical trial. Vaccine 2015; 33:7299-7306. [PMID: 26546259 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a potent toxin and potential bioterrorism weapon for which no specific licensed countermeasures are available. We report the safety and immunogenicity of the ricin vaccine RVEc™ in a Phase 1 (N=30) multiple-dose, open-label, non-placebo-controlled, dose-escalating (20, 50, and 100μg), single-center study. Each subject in the 20- and 50-μg dose groups (n=10 for each group) received three injections at 4-week intervals and was observed carefully for untoward effects of the vaccine; blood was drawn at predetermined intervals after each dose for up to 1 year. RVEc™ was safe and well tolerated at the 20- and 50-μg doses. The most common adverse events were pain at the injection site and headache. Of the 10 subjects who received a single 100-μg dose, two developed elevated creatine phosphokinase levels, which resolved without sequelae. No additional doses were administered to subjects in the 100-μg group. Immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated by measuring antibody response using the well standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and toxin neutralization assay (TNA). Of the subjects in the 20- and 50-μg dose groups, 100% achieved ELISA anti-ricin IgG titers of 1:500 to 1:121,500 and 50% produced neutralizing anti-ricin antibodies measurable by TNA. Four subjects in the 50-μg group received a single booster dose of RVEc™ 20-21 months after the initial dose. The single booster was safe and well tolerated, resulting in no serious adverse events, and significantly enhanced immunogenicity of the vaccine in human subjects. Each booster recipient developed a robust anamnestic response with ELISA anti-ricin IgG titers of 1:13,500 to 1:121,500 and neutralizing antibody titers of 1:400 to 1:3200. Future studies will attempt to optimize dose, scheduling, and route of administration. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01317667 and NCT01846104).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Pittman
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | - Ronald B Reisler
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 7503 Surratts Road, Clinton, MD 20735, USA
| | - Changhong Y Lindsey
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | | | - Robert Rivard
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Denise P Clizbe
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Matthew Chambers
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Sarah Norris
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Leonard A Smith
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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High efficacy vasopermeability drug candidates identified by screening in an ex ovo chorioallantoic membrane model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15756. [PMID: 26510887 PMCID: PMC4625159 DOI: 10.1038/srep15756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of rodent models to evaluate efficacy during testing is accompanied by significant economic and regulatory hurdles which compound the costs of screening for promising drug candidates. Vasopermeation Enhancement Agents (VEAs) are a new class of biologics that are designed to increase the uptake of cancer therapeutics at the tumor site by modifying vascular permeability in the tumor to increase the therapeutic index of co-administered drugs. To evaluate the efficacy of a panel of VEA clinical candidates, we compared the rodent Miles assay to an equivalent assay in the ex ovo chicken embryo model. Both model systems identified the same candidate (PVL 10) as the most active promoter of vasopermeation in non-tumor tissues. An ex ovo chicken embryo system was utilized to test each candidate VEA in two human tumor models at a range of concentrations. Vasopermeation activity due to VEA was dependent on tumor type, with HEp3 tumors displaying higher levels of vasopermeation than MDA-MB-435. One candidate (PVL 10) proved optimal for HEp3 tumors and another (PVL 2) for MDA-MB-435. The use of the ex ovo chicken embryo model provides a rapid and less costly alternative to the use of rodent models for preclinical screening of drug candidates.
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Tyagi N, Tyagi M, Pachauri M, Ghosh PC. Potential therapeutic applications of plant toxin-ricin in cancer: challenges and advances. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8239-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Keirstead ND, Bertinetti-Lapatki C, Knapp D, Albassam M, Hughes V, Hong F, Roth AB, Mikaelian I. Temporal Patterns of Novel Circulating Biomarkers in IL-2-mediated Vascular Injury in the Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:984-94. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623315601245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) administration in oncology indications is hampered by vascular toxicity, which presents as a vascular leak syndrome. We used this aspect of the toxicity of rIL-2 to evaluate candidate biomarkers of drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in rats given 0.36 mg/kg rIL-2 daily. Groups of rats were given either 2 or 5 doses of rIL-2 or 5 doses of rIL-2 followed by a 7-day recovery. The histomorphologic lexicon and grading scheme developed by the Vascular Injury Working Group of the Predictive Safety Testing Consortium of the Critical Path Institute were utilized to enable semiquantitative integration with circulating biomarker levels. The administration of rIL-2 was associated with time-dependent endothelial cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy and perivascular inflammation that correlated with increases in circulating angiopoietin-2, lipocalin-2, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, E-selectin, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-1, and the microRNAs miR-21, miR-132, and miR-155. The dose groups were differentially identified by panels comprising novel candidate biomarkers and traditional hematologic parameters. These results identify biomarkers of the early stages of DIVI prior to the onset of vascular smooth muscle necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D. Keirstead
- Hoffmann La-Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Present address: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng Hong
- Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Igor Mikaelian
- Hoffmann La-Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Müller D. Antibody fusions with immunomodulatory proteins for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:57-66. [PMID: 26145167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential of immunomodulatory proteins, in particular cytokines, for cancer therapy is well recognized, but hampered by the toxicity associated with their systemic application. In order to address this problem, targeted delivery by antibody fusion proteins has been early proposed and their development intensively pursued over the last decade. Here, factors influencing the selection and modification of cytokines and antibody formats for this approach are being discussed, indicating current developments and translational advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Müller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Caizhen G, Yan G, Ronron C, Lirong Y, Panpan C, Xuemei H, Yuanbiao Q, Qingshan L. Zirconium phosphatidylcholine-based nanocapsules as an in vivo degradable drug delivery system of MAP30, a momordica anti-HIV protein. Int J Pharm 2015; 483:188-99. [PMID: 25681721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An essential in vivo drug delivery system of a momordica anti-HIV protein, MAP30, was developed through encapsulating in chemically synthesized matrices of zirconium egg- and soy-phosphatidylcholines, abbreviated to Zr/EPC and Zr/SPC, respectively. Matrices were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffractometry studies. Zr/EPC granule at an approximate diameter of 69.43±7.78 nm was a less efficient encapsulator than the granule of Zr/SPC. Interlayer spacing of the matrices encapsulating MAP30 increased from 8.8 and 9.7 Å to 7.4 and 7.9 nm, respectively. In vivo kinetics on degradation and protein release was performed by analyzing the serum sampling of intravenously injected SPF chickens. The first order and biphasic variations were obtained for in vivo kinetics using equilibrium dialysis. Antimicrobial and anti-HIV assays yielded greatly decreased MIC50 and EC50 values of nanoformulated MAP30. An acute toxicity of MAP30 encapsulated in Zr/EPC occurred at a single intravenous dose above 14.24 mg/kg bw in NIH/KM/ICR mice. The folding of MAP30 from Zr/EPC sustained in vivo chickens for more than 8 days in high performance liquid chromatography assays. These matrices could protect MAP30 efficiently with strong structure retention, lowered toxicity and prolonged in vivo life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Caizhen
- Department of Bioscience, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Gao Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Chang Ronron
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Yang Lirong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
| | - Chu Panpan
- Department of Bioscience, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Hu Xuemei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Qiao Yuanbiao
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China.
| | - Li Qingshan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, PR China.
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Alewine C, Hassan R, Pastan I. Advances in anticancer immunotoxin therapy. Oncologist 2015; 20:176-85. [PMID: 25561510 PMCID: PMC4319635 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are a novel class of antibody-conjugated therapeutics currently in clinical development for a variety of malignancies. They consist of an antibody-based targeting domain fused to a bacterial toxin payload for cell killing. Immunotoxins kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis, a unique mechanism of action that is toxic to both dividing and nondividing cells. Recent advances in the design and administration of immunotoxins are overcoming historical challenges in the field, leading to renewed interest in these therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Alewine
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Zarogoulidis P, Lampaki S, Yarmus L, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Katsikogiannis N, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Li Q, Huang H, Sakkas A, Organtzis J, Sakkas L, Mpoukovinas I, Tsakiridis K, Lazaridis G, Syrigos K, Zarogoulidis K. Interleukin-7 and interleukin-15 for cancer. J Cancer 2014; 5:765-73. [PMID: 25368677 PMCID: PMC4216801 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 7 and 15 are considered powerful pro-inflammatory cytokines, they have the ability to destabilize chromosomes and induce tumorigenesis. Additionally, they can control malignancy proliferation by influencing the tumor microenvironment and immune system. Immunotherapy has been proposed as a treatment modality for malignancy for over a decade; the exact mechanisms of action and pathways are still under investigation. Interleukin 7 and 15 have been extensively investigated in hematological malignancies since their mode of action influences the stimulation of the immune system in a more direct way than other malignancies such as lung, melanoma, and breast, renal and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Lampaki
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lonny Yarmus
- 2. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Katsikogiannis
- 3. Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Qiang Li
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Huang
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antonios Sakkas
- 6. Pathology Department, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Organtzis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Sakkas
- 6. Pathology Department, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mpoukovinas
- 7. Oncology Department, ``BioMedicine`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Tsakiridis
- 8. Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Lazaridis
- 9. Oncology Department, ``G. Papageorgiou`` University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- 10. Oncology Department, ``Sotiria`` Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
The presence of natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor microenvironment correlates with outcome in a variety of cancers. However, the role of intratumoral NK cells is unclear. Preclinical studies have shown that, while NK cells efficiently kill circulating tumor cells of almost any origin, they seem to have very little effect against the same type of tumor cells when these have extravasated. The ability to kill extravasated tumor cells is, however, is dependent of the level of activation of the NK cells, as more recent published and unpublished studies, discussed below, have demonstrated that interleukin-2-activated NK cells are able to attack well-established solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine K Larsen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; Department of Hematology, 54P4, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Yanhua Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Per H Basse
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
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41
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Rosalia RA, Arenas-Ramirez N, Bouchaud G, Raeber ME, Boyman O. Use of enhanced interleukin-2 formulations for improved immunotherapy against cancer. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 23:39-46. [PMID: 25271022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) for the stimulation of an effector immune response against metastatic cancer dates back to the early 1980s. Administration of unmodified IL-2, either alone or together with antigen-specific approaches, has resulted in remarkably long-term survival of some patients suffering from metastatic melanoma. However, such treatment is usually hampered by the appearance of toxic adverse effects, which has motivated the engineering of modified IL-2 formulations showing reduced toxicity while being more potent at stimulating anti-tumor effector immune cells. In this review we summarize and discuss the features and biological relevance of several enhanced IL-2 formulations, compare these to IL-15-based therapeutics, and try to foreshadow their potential in immunological research and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Rosalia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Arenas-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Bouchaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627 Cedex 03, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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Kim DW, Zloza A, Broucek J, Schenkel JM, Ruby C, Samaha G, Kaufman HL. Interleukin-2 alters distribution of CD144 (VE-cadherin) in endothelial cells. J Transl Med 2014; 12:113. [PMID: 24885155 PMCID: PMC4062649 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose IL-2 (HDIL2) is approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, but its use is limited in part by toxicity related to the development of vascular leak syndrome (VLS). Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the initiation and progression of HDIL2-induced increases in endothelial cell (EC) permeability leading to VLS are of clinical importance. METHODS We established a novel ex vivo approach utilizing primary human pulmonary microvascular ECs to evaluate EC barrier dysfunction in response to IL-2. RESULTS Complementary in vitro studies using exogenous IL-2 and ex vivo studies using serum from patients treated with IL-2 demonstrate that HDIL2 induces VLS through CD144 (vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin) redistribution. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insight into how IL-2 induces VLS and identifies VE-cadherin as a potential target for preventing IL-2-related VLS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Howard L Kaufman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2007, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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43
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Ye L, Fan J, Shi X, Tao Q, Ye D, Xian Z, Zeng X, Li Y, Feng M, Ju D. Tumor necrosis therapy antibody interleukin-2 fusion protein elicits prolonged and targeted antitumor effects in vivo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:4053-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhu X, Tao K, Li Y, Li S, Zhang L, Wang D, Zhong L, Feng W. A new recombinant immunotoxin hscFv-ETA' demonstrates specific cytotoxicity against chronic myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. Immunol Lett 2013; 154:18-24. [PMID: 23954809 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against cell surface antigens of tumor have attracted increasing attention in immunotherapy for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Recently, we constructed a new recombinant immunotoxin for possible clinical application in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A functional humanized single chain variable fragment (hscFv) against CML patient cells was previously obtained from an anti-CML cell hybridoma derived monoclonal antibody. By insertion into the bacterial vector pWW20, the hscFv was fused with a deletion mutant of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA'). Then the fusion fragment was inserted into the bacterial vector pET32a(+). After isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction, the 6× His tagged hscFv-ETA' protein was periplasmically expressed and purified by Ni(2+)-NTA column. The characteristics of the recombinant protein were assessed by cell membrane-ELISA, flow cytometry, and toxicity assays in CML cell lines and CML patient cells. The recombinant immunotoxin showed significant toxicity toward the CML cell lines K562 and KU812 as tested by MTT and apoptosis assay. Approximately 37% of leukemia cells of CML patients were driven into apoptosis by hscFv-ETA' as measured by flow cytometric analysis. In conclusion, the hscFv-ETA' is efficacious against CML in vitro, providing the basis for a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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45
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Ricin and Ricin-Containing Immunotoxins: Insights into Intracellular Transport and Mechanism of action in Vitro. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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46
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Vincent M, Bessard A, Cochonneau D, Teppaz G, Solé V, Maillasson M, Birklé S, Garrigue-Antar L, Quéméner A, Jacques Y. Tumor targeting of the IL-15 superagonist RLI by an anti-GD2 antibody strongly enhances its antitumor potency. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:757-65. [PMID: 23354868 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytokines (ICKs) targeting cytokines to the tumor environment using antibodies directed against a tumor-associated antigen often have a higher therapeutic index than the corresponding unconjugated cytokines. Various ICKs displaying significant antitumoral effects in several murine tumor models have already been developed, and some of them, in particular interleukin (IL)-2-based ICKs, are in Phase II clinical trials. Although sharing common biological activities with IL-2 in vitro, IL-15 is now considered as having a better potential in antitumor immunotherapeutical strategies and has been shown to be less toxic than IL-2 in preclinical studies. We previously developed the fusion protein RLI, linking a soluble form of human IL-15Rα-sushi+ domain to human IL-15. RLI showed better biological activities than IL-15 in vitro as well as higher antitumoral effects in vivo in murine and human cancer models. Here, we investigated, in the context of an ICK, the effect of associating RLI with an antibody targeting the GD2 ganglioside, a validated tumoral target expressed on many neurectodermal tumors. Anti-GD2-RLI fully retained the cytokine potential of RLI and the antibody effector functions (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity). It displayed strong antitumor activities in two syngeneic cancer models in immunocompetent mice (subcutaneous EL4 and metastatic NXS2). Its therapeutic potency was higher than those of RLI and anti-GD2 alone or in combination. We suggest that this is related to its bifunctional (cytokine and antibody) nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vincent
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, Inserm, U892, CNRS, U6299, équipe Cytokines et Récepteurs en Immuno-Hémato-Cancérologie, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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47
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Janosi L, Compton JR, Legler PM, Steele KE, Davis JM, Matyas GR, Millard CB. Disruption of the putative vascular leak peptide sequence in the stabilized ricin vaccine candidate RTA1-33/44-198. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:224-48. [PMID: 23364220 PMCID: PMC3640533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitetta and colleagues identified and characterized a putative vascular leak peptide (VLP) consensus sequence in recombinant ricin toxin A-chain (RTA) that contributed to dose-limiting human toxicity when RTA was administered intravenously in large quantities during chemotherapy. We disrupted this potentially toxic site within the more stable RTA1-33/44-198 vaccine immunogen and determined the impact of these mutations on protein stability, structure and protective immunogenicity using an experimental intranasal ricin challenge model in BALB/c mice to determine if the mutations were compatible. Single amino acid substitutions at the positions corresponding with RTA D75 (to A, or N) and V76 (to I, or M) had minor effects on the apparent protein melting temperature of RTA1-33/44-198 but all four variants retained greater apparent stability than the parent RTA. Moreover, each VLP(−) variant tested provided protection comparable with that of RTA1-33/44-198 against supralethal intranasal ricin challenge as judged by animal survival and several biomarkers. To understand better how VLP substitutions and mutations near the VLP site impact epitope structure, we introduced a previously described thermal stabilizing disulfide bond (R48C/T77C) along with the D75N or V76I substitutions in RTA1-33/44-198. The D75N mutation was compatible with the adjacent stabilizing R48C/T77C disulfide bond and the Tm was unaffected, whereas the V76I mutation was less compatible with the adjacent disulfide bond involving C77. A crystal structure of the RTA1-33/44-198 R48C/T77C/D75N variant showed that the structural integrity of the immunogen was largely conserved and that a stable immunogen could be produced from E. coli. We conclude that it is feasible to disrupt the VLP site in RTA1-33/44-198 with little or no impact on apparent protein stability or protective efficacy in mice and such variants can be stabilized further by introduction of a disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Janosi
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (L.J.); (K.E.S.); (G.R.M.)
| | | | - Patricia M. Legler
- Naval Research Laboratories, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-202-404-6037; Fax: +1-202-404-8688
| | - Keith E. Steele
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (L.J.); (K.E.S.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Jon M. Davis
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (L.J.); (K.E.S.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Charles B. Millard
- U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012, USA; E-Mail:
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Laurent J, Touvrey C, Gillessen S, Joffraud M, Vicari M, Bertrand C, Ongarello S, Liedert B, Gallerani E, Beck J, Omlin A, Sessa C, Quaratino S, Stupp R, Gnad-Vogt US, Speiser DE. T-cell activation by treatment of cancer patients with EMD 521873 (Selectikine), an IL-2/anti-DNA fusion protein. J Transl Med 2013; 11:5. [PMID: 23294527 PMCID: PMC3551760 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EMD 521873 (Selectikine or NHS-IL2LT) is a fusion protein consisting of modified human IL-2 which binds specifically to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, and an antibody specific for both single- and double-stranded DNA, designed to facilitate the enrichment of IL-2 in tumor tissue. Methods An extensive analysis of pharmacodynamic (PD) markers associated with target modulation was assessed during a first-in-human phase I dose-escalation trial of Selectikine. Results Thirty-nine patients with metastatic or locally advanced tumors refractory to standard treatments were treated with increasing doses of Selectikine, and nine further patients received additional cyclophosphamide. PD analysis, assessed during the first two treatment cycles, revealed strong activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and only weak NK cell activation. No dose response was observed. As expected, Treg cells responded actively to Selectikine but remained at lower frequency than effector CD4+ T-cells. Interestingly, patient survival correlated positively with both high lymphocyte counts and low levels of activated CD8+ T-cells at baseline, the latter of which was associated with enhanced T-cell responses to the treatment. Conclusions The results confirm the selectivity of Selectikine with predominant T-cell and low NK cell activation, supporting follow-up studies assessing the clinical efficacy of Selectikine for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laurent
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Litvak-Greenfeld D, Benhar I. Risks and untoward toxicities of antibody-based immunoconjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1782-99. [PMID: 22659123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunoconjugates are specifically targeted monoclonal antibodies that deliver a cytotoxic payload to their target. The cytotoxic agents can be highly potent drugs, radionuclides or toxins. Such molecules, referred to as antibody-drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates and immunotoxins, respectively, represent a promising approach for enhancing the efficacy of unconjugated (naked) antibodies for improved therapeutic results. Though tremendous progress has been achieved over the last few decades, the safety of these molecules still remains a matter of concern and a careful design is required for achieving a relatively safe toxicity profile along with therapeutic effectiveness. This review focuses on the toxicities arising from the use of these potent agents.
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Weldon JE, Xiang L, Zhang J, Beers R, Walker DA, Onda M, Hassan R, Pastan I. A recombinant immunotoxin against the tumor-associated antigen mesothelin reengineered for high activity, low off-target toxicity, and reduced antigenicity. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:48-57. [PMID: 23136186 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SS1P is a recombinant immunotoxin (RIT) engineered for the targeted elimination of malignant cells that express the tumor-associated antigen mesothelin. It is composed of an antimesothelin antibody variable fragment (Fv) linked to a cytotoxic fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) that includes domains II and III of native PE. The clinical use of SS1P is limited by its propensity to induce neutralizing antibodies and to cause a dose-limiting capillary leak syndrome (CLS) in patients. In this article, we describe a reengineered SS1P with improved properties that overcome these deficits. The redesign of SS1P consists of (i) removing the bulk of PE domain II (residues 251-273 and 284-394 of native PE), leaving only an 11-residue furin cleavage site, (ii) adding a Gly-Gly-Ser peptide linker after the furin cleavage site, and (iii) replacing eight highly solvent-exposed residues in the catalytic domain of PE. The new molecule, SS1-LR/GGS/8M, has cytotoxic activity comparable with SS1P on several mesothelin-expressing cell lines and remarkably improved activity on primary cells from patients with mesothelioma. In a mouse xenograft tumor model, high doses of SS1-LR/GGS/8M elicit antitumor activity superior to the activity of SS1P at its maximum-tolerated dose. In addition, SS1-LR/GGS/8M has greatly decreased ability to cause CLS in a rat model and reduced antigenicity or reactivity with antibodies to the sera of patients previously treated with SS1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Weldon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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