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Reginald K, Chew FT. Current practices and future trends in cockroach allergen immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2023; 161:11-24. [PMID: 37480600 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review evaluates the current modes of allergen-specific immunotherapy for cockroach allergens, in terms of clinical outcomes and explores future trends in the research and development needed for a more targeted cockroach immunotherapy approach with the best efficacy and minimum adverse effects. SUMMARY Cockroach allergy is an important risk factor for allergic rhinitis in the tropics, that disproportionately affects children and young adults and those living in poor socio-economic environments. Immunotherapy would provide long-lasting improvement in quality of life, with reduced medication intake. However, the present treatment regime is long and has a risk of adverse effects. In addition, cockroach does not seem to have an immuno-dominant allergen, that has been traditionally used to treat allergies from other sources. Future trends of cockroach immunotherapy involve precision diagnosis, to correctly identify the offending allergen. Next, precision immunotherapy with standardized allergens, which have been processed in a way that maintains an immunological response without allergic reactions. This approach can be coupled with modern adjuvants and delivery systems that promote a Th1/Treg environment, thereby modulating the immune response away from the allergenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Reginald
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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2
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Khatri K, O'Malley A, Linn C, Kowal K, Chruszcz M. Role of Small Molecule Ligands in IgE-Mediated Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:497-508. [PMID: 37351723 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A significant fraction of allergens bind small molecular ligands, and many of these compounds are classified as lipids. However, in most cases, we do not know the role that is played by the ligands in the allergic sensitization or allergic effector phases. RECENT FINDINGS More effort is dedicated toward identification of allergens' ligands. This resulted in identification of some lipidic compounds that can play active immunomodulatory roles or impact allergens' molecular and allergic properties. Four allergen families (lipocalins, NPC2, nsLTP, and PR-10) are among the best characterized in terms of their ligand-binding properties. Allergens from these four families are able to bind many chemically diverse molecules. These molecules can directly interact with human immune system and/or affect conformation and stability of allergens. While there is more data on the allergens and their small molecular ligands, we are just starting to understand their role in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Andrea O'Malley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Christina Linn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kowal
- Department of Experimental Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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3
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Pomés A, Arruda LK. Cockroach allergy: Understanding complex immune responses to develop novel therapies. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:157-169. [PMID: 36930991 PMCID: PMC10134214 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Cockroach allergy is associated with the development of asthma. The identification of cockroach allergens, which began in the 1990 s, is an ongoing process that has led to the current listing of 20 official allergen groups in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature database. The function and structure of some of these allergens has been determined and define their natural delivery into the environment and their allergenicity. Analysis of antigenic determinants by X-ray crystallography and rational design of site-directed mutagenesis led to the identification of IgE binding sites for the design of molecules with reduced IgE reactivity and T cell modulatory capacity. New developments in recent years include component analyses of B and T cell reactivity and a recent cockroach immunotherapy trial, CRITICAL, that will contribute to understand the immune response to cockroach and to define future directions for cockroach allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Director of Basic Research, InBio, 700 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
| | - L Karla Arruda
- Professor of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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4
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Rodriques AR, Myers AJ, Scharf ME, Aryal UK, Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD. Expression profiles of an inactive aspartic protease (Bla g 2 allergen) in different tissues and developmental stages of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21918. [PMID: 35650514 PMCID: PMC9541408 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tergal glands are found in many insect species and contain constituents such as pheromones, sugars, proteins, and so forth. Preliminary studies have revealed that tergal gland secretions in the German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) contain the human allergen Bla g 2 (B. germanica allergen 2), an inactive aspartic protease. Although Bla g 2 protein expression has been detected previously in various German cockroach body parts, including male tergal glands, studies that link protein expression in various life stages and tissues with mRNA and protein abundance have not been conducted. Therefore, the goal of this study was to measure the relative abundances of Bla g 2 protein and mRNA in different tissues and life stages of B. germanica using immunoblotting, quantitative PCR, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based quantitative profiling. We found that Bla g 2 protein was detected in every sampled tissue, including the male tergal glands. Protein abundance was relatively high in adult males and their tergal glands in comparison to nymphs and virgin females. Similarly, Bla g 2 mRNA transcript levels were also comparatively higher in male tergal glands and adult males. In conclusion, this study provides new information on the relative abundance and distribution of Bla g 2 allergen, a medically significant protein, in different tissues and developmental stages of the German cockroach and lays the foundation for future studies that aim to determine the function of this protein in B. germanica development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron J. Myers
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Michael E. Scharf
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Uma K. Aryal
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Gary W. Bennett
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen IL, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Aguilera J, Andryszkiewicz M, Di Piazza G, de Sousa RF, Kovalkovikova N, Liu Y, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme chymosin from the genetically modified Kluyveromyces lactis strain CIN. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07461. [PMID: 35978624 PMCID: PMC9367697 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is produced with the genetically modified Kluyveromyces lactis strain CIN by DSM Food Specialties B.V. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its recombinant DNA. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production and for the production of fermented milk products. Dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.73 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,000 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure of at least 1,300. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was searched for and four matches were found. The Panel considered that under the intended conditions of use the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure, although unlikely, cannot be excluded, particularly for individuals sensitised to cedar pollen allergens. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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Silano V, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lambré C, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Aguilera J, Andryszkiewicz M, de Sousa RF, Liu Y, di Piazza G, Rainieri S, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme chymosin from the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain DSM 29546. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07465. [PMID: 35949933 PMCID: PMC9350884 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain DSM 29546 by Chr. Hansen. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production and for the production of fermented milk products. Dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.52 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 410 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure of at least 790. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was searched and four matches were found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure, although unlikely, cannot be excluded, particularly for individuals sensitised to cedar pollen allergens. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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7
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Silano V, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lambré C, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen IL, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Aguilera J, Andryszkiewicz M, di Piazza G, de Sousa RF, Kovalkovikova N, Liu Y, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme chymosin from the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain DSM 29544. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07464. [PMID: 35949934 PMCID: PMC9358533 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain DSM 29544 by Chr. Hansen. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme was considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production and for production of fermented milk products. Based on the maximum use levels, dietary exposure to the food enzyme total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.09 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 84.1 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure above 930. A search for similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and two matches with respiratory allergens were found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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Silano V, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Aguilera J, Di Piazza G, de Sousa RF, Liu Y, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme chymosin from the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain DSM32805. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07466. [PMID: 35936947 PMCID: PMC9347238 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain by Chr. Hansen. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production and for the production of fermented milk products. Dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.09 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level at the highest dose of 1,000 mg TOS/kg bw per day the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure of at least 10,600. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was searched and two matches with respiratory allergens were found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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9
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Mittermann I, Lupinek C, Wieser S, Aumayr M, Kuchler WW, Chan AW, Lee TH, Zieglmayer P. IgE reactivity patterns in Asian and central European cockroach-sensitized patients reveal differences in primary sensitizing allergen sources. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2022; 1:145-153. [PMID: 37781268 PMCID: PMC10509942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of cockroach (CR) sensitization and its relevance as a trigger of allergy symptoms differs greatly in different geographic areas. Objective This study aimed to compare molecular IgE reactivity profiles in CR-sensitized patients with perennial allergy symptoms from Hong Kong (HK) and Austria and identify the main primary sensitizers. Methods IgE sensitization was assessed by skin prick test and/or IgE reactivity with CR extract. Molecular IgE reactivity profiles were analyzed via multiplex assay for sensitization to allergens and extracts from CR, house dust mite (HDM), shellfish, and 3 additional insect species. Results HDM was the main primary sensitizer in both cohorts. In the HK group, genuine sensitization to CR was found in 45%, but none of the patients in the Austrian cohort was truly sensitized to that allergen source. Most patients from HK were cross-sensitized to other insects and/or shellfish, presumably by broad reactivity to tropomyosin and arginine kinase. About half of Austrian subjects lacked IgE to these pan-allergens, indicating co- but not cross-sensitization to insects and/or shellfish. Regarding IgE recognition frequencies, arginine kinases (64% HK, 10% Austria) and tropomyosins (42% HK, 15% Austria) were most frequently recognized; Bla g 4 (lipocalin) was detected in HK patients only (42%). Tropomyosin (Per a 7) was significantly more frequently recognized in patients with asthma. Sera from HDM-sensitized subjects from HK showed a higher proportion of sensitization to minor mite allergens. Conclusion Molecular profiling identified differences between CR-sensitized allergic patients from HK and Austria in terms of primary sensitizers and molecular IgE reactivity patterns. Tropomyosin from American cockroach (Per a 7) was shown to be significantly associated with asthma symptoms and might be suitable as biomarker for more severe respiratory allergy symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alson W.M. Chan
- Allergy Centre, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Hong Lee
- Allergy Centre, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Petra Zieglmayer
- Vienna Challenge Chamber, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria
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10
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen IL, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Aguilera J, Andryszkiewicz M, Di Piazza G, Kovalkovicova N, Liu Y, de Sousa RF, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme chymosin from the genetically modified Kluyveromyces lactis strain CHY. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07462. [PMID: 35949935 PMCID: PMC9358543 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is produced with the genetically modified Kluyveromyces lactis strain CHY by DSM Food Specialties B.V. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production and for production of fermented milk products. Dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.69 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. The production strain contains multiple copies of known antimicrobial resistance genes and consequently, it does not fully fulfil the requirements for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment. However, considering the absence of viable cells and DNA from the production organism in the food enzyme, this is not considered to be a risk. As no other concerns arising from the microbial source and its subsequent genetic modification or from the manufacturing process have been identified, the Panel considered that toxicological tests were not needed for the assessment of this food enzyme. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was searched and four matches were found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure, although unlikely, cannot be excluded, particularly for individuals sensitised to cedar pollen allergens. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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Xu ZQ, Zhu LX, Lu C, Jiao YX, Zhu DX, Guo M, Yang YS, Cao MD, Zhang LS, Tian M, Sun JL, Wei JF. Identification of Per a 13 as a novel allergen in American cockroach. Mol Immunol 2022; 143:41-49. [PMID: 35033813 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroaches are an important source of indoor allergens. Environmental exposure to cockroach allergens is closely associated with the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic diseases. However, the allergenic components in the American cockroaches are not fully studied yet. In order to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cockroach allergy, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate this undescribed allergen in the American cockroach. METHODS The full-length cDNA of the potential allergen was isolated from the cDNA library of the American cockroach by PCR cloning. Both the recombinant and natural protein molecules were purified and characterized. The allergenicity was further analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, and basophil activation test using sera from cockroach allergic patients. RESULTS A novel allergen belonging to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was firstly identified in the American cockroach and named as Per a 13. The cDNA of this allergen is 1255 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame of 999 base pairs, encoding 332 amino acids. The purified Per a 13 was fully characterized and assessed to react with IgEs from 49.3 % of cockroach allergic patients, and patients with allergic rhinitis were more sensitized to it. Moreover, the allergenicity was further confirmed by immunoblot and basophil activation test. CONCLUSIONS We firstly identified GAPDH (Per a 13) in the American cockroach, which is a novel type of inhalant allergen derived from animal species. These findings could be useful in developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Xu
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Xiang Zhu
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yong-Xin Jiao
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Xuan Zhu
- Clinical Allergy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Guo
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Shi Yang
- Department of Allergy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Da Cao
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Shan Zhang
- Department of Allergy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Man Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jin-Lyu Sun
- Department of Allergy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China; Clinical Allergy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Lee S, Kim JY, Yi MH, Lee IY, Yong D, Yong TS. Reduced production of the major allergens Bla g 1 and Bla g 2 in Blattella germanica after antibiotic treatment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257114. [PMID: 34813599 PMCID: PMC8610280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Allergens present in the feces or frass of cockroaches can cause allergic sensitization in humans. The use of fecal and frass extracts for immunotherapy has been previously investigated but has not yet been fully standardized. Here, we treated cockroaches with ampicillin to produce extracts with reduced amounts of total bacteria. METHODS We performed targeted high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA to compare the microbiomes of ampicillin-treated and untreated (control) cockroaches. RNA-seq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ampicillin-treated cockroaches. RESULTS Analysis of the microbiome revealed that alpha diversity was lower in the ampicillin-treated group than in the control group. Beta diversity analysis indicated that ampicillin treatment altered bacterial composition in the microbiome of cockroaches. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that almost all bacteria were removed from ampicillin-treated cockroaches. RNA-seq analysis revealed 1,236 DEGs in ampicillin-treated cockroaches (compared to untreated cockroaches). Unlike bacterial composition, the DEGs varied between the two groups. Among major allergens, the expression of Bla g 2 decreased significantly in ampicillin-treated cockroaches (compared to untreated group). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the reduced level of allergens observed in cockroaches may be related to lower amounts of total bacteria caused by treatment with antibiotics. It is possible to make a protein extract with few bacteria for use in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Yi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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13
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Pomés A, Schulten V, Glesner J, da Silva Antunes R, Sutherland A, Bacharier LB, Beigelman A, Busse P, Frazier A, Sette A. IgE and T Cell Reactivity to a Comprehensive Panel of Cockroach Allergens in Relation to Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621700. [PMID: 33643303 PMCID: PMC7902920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE sensitization to cockroach allergens is associated with development of allergic diseases, such as asthma. To understand the relevance of different cockroach allergens for diagnosis and immunotherapy, a comprehensive analysis of IgE antibody levels and T cell reactivity to an expanded set of cockroach allergens and their relationship to disease was performed in a cohort of USA cockroach sensitized patients. IgE antibody levels to recombinant chitinase and hemocyanin were measured for 23 subjects by custom-made ImmunoCAPs and compared with IgE levels to eight cockroach allergens we previously reported for the same cohort. Ex vivo T cell activation (Ox40/PDL-1 expression) of PBMCs stimulated with peptide pools derived from 11 German cockroach proteins, including nine official cockroach allergens, plus chitinase and vitellogenin, was determined by flow cytometry. IgE prevalences to chitinase (17%) and hemocyanin (44%) were comparable to values for the other eight allergens that we previously reported (21-57%). Hemocyanin (Bla g 3), was a major allergen (one to which more than 50% of patients with an allergy to its source react) for a sub-group of 15 highly cockroach-sensitized subjects (IgE > 3.5 kUA/L: 53%). Chitinase was officially named as new allergen Bla g 12. Cockroach-specific IgE levels in plasma showed excellent correlation with the sum of 10 allergen-specific IgE (r = 0.94, p < 0.001). T cell reactivity to 11 proteins was highly variable among subjects, the highest being for vitellogenin, followed by Bla g 3. The main finding was that cockroach allergen-specific IgE and T cell reactivity patterns were unique per subject, and lacked immunodominant allergens and correlation with clinical phenotype/disease severity in the studied cohort. Knowing the subject-specific B/T cell reactivity profiles to a comprehensive panel of cockroach allergens will contribute to diagnosis of cockroach allergy and will be important for planning and assessing allergen immunotherapy outcomes, according to the allergen content in therapeutic cockroach extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Basic Research, Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Véronique Schulten
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jill Glesner
- Basic Research, Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Avraham Beigelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Kipper Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paula Busse
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK. New perspectives in bronchial asthma: pathological, immunological alterations, biological targets, and pharmacotherapy. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:521-544. [PMID: 32938247 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1824238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common, long-lasting inflammatory airway disease that affects more than 10% of the world population. It is characterized by bronchial narrowing, airway hyperresponsiveness, vasodilatation, airway edema, and stimulation of sensory nerve endings that lead to recurring events of breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. It is the main reason for global morbidity and occurs as a result of the weakening of the immune system in response to exposure to allergens or environmental exposure. In asthma condition, it results in the activation of numerous inflammatory cells like the mast and dendritic cells along with the accumulation of activated eosinophils and lymphocytes at the inflammation site. The structural cells such as airway epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells release inflammatory mediators that promote the bronchial inflammation. Long-lasting bronchial inflammation can cause pathological alterations, viz. the improved thickness of the bronchial epithelium and friability of airway epithelial cells, epithelium fibrosis, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of airway smooth muscle, angiogenesis, and mucus gland hyperplasia. The stimulation of bronchial epithelial cell would result in the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that attract inflammatory cells into bronchial airways and plays an important role in asthma. Asthma patients who do not respond to marketed antiasthmatic drugs needed novel biological medications to regulate the asthmatic situation. The present review enumerates various types of asthma, etiological factors, and in vivo animal models for the induction of asthma. The underlying pathological, immunological mechanism of action, the role of inflammatory mediators, the effect of inflammation on the bronchial airways, newer treatment approaches, and novel biological targets of asthma have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharat Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandawane, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Caraballo L, Valenta R, Puerta L, Pomés A, Zakzuk J, Fernandez-Caldas E, Acevedo N, Sanchez-Borges M, Ansotegui I, Zhang L, van Hage M, Abel-Fernández E, Karla Arruda L, Vrtala S, Curin M, Gronlund H, Karsonova A, Kilimajer J, Riabova K, Trifonova D, Karaulov A. The allergenic activity and clinical impact of individual IgE-antibody binding molecules from indoor allergen sources. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100118. [PMID: 32373267 PMCID: PMC7195550 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of allergens have been discovered but we know little about their potential to induce inflammation (allergenic activity) and symptoms. Nowadays, the clinical importance of allergens is determined by the frequency and intensity of their IgE antibody binding (allergenicity). This is a rather limited parameter considering the development of experimental allergology in the last 20 years and the criteria that support personalized medicine. Now it is known that some allergens, in addition to their IgE antibody binding properties, can induce inflammation through non IgE mediated pathways, which can increase their allergenic activity. There are several ways to evaluate the allergenic activity, among them the provocation tests, the demonstration of non-IgE mediated pathways of inflammation, case control studies of IgE-binding frequencies, and animal models of respiratory allergy. In this review we have explored the current status of basic and clinical research on allergenic activity of indoor allergens and confirm that, for most of them, this important property has not been investigated. However, during recent years important advances have been made in the field, and we conclude that for at least the following, allergenic activity has been demonstrated: Der p 1, Der p 2, Der p 5 and Blo t 5 from HDMs; Per a 10 from P. americana; Asp f 1, Asp f 2, Asp f 3, Asp f 4 and Asp f 6 from A. fumigatus; Mala s 8 and Mala s 13 from M. sympodialis; Alt a 1 from A. alternata; Pen c 13 from P. chrysogenum; Fel d 1 from cats; Can f 1, Can f 2, Can f 3, Can f 4 and Can f 5 from dogs; Mus m 1 from mice and Bos d 2 from cows. Defining the allergenic activity of other indoor IgE antibody binding molecules is necessary for a precision-medicine-oriented management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Corresponding author. Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonardo Puerta
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc. Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Mario Sanchez-Borges
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ignacio Ansotegui
- Department of Allergy & Immunology Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Abel-Fernández
- Inmunotek, Madrid, Spain and University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
| | - L. Karla Arruda
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirela Curin
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Gronlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonina Karsonova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jonathan Kilimajer
- Inmunotek, Madrid, Spain and University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
| | - Ksenja Riabova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Trifonova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Sookrung N, Tungtrongchitr A, Chaicumpa W. Cockroaches: Allergens, Component-Resolved Diagnosis (CRD) and Component-Resolved Immunotherapy. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:124-141. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190731144043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are assuming increasing trend of prevalence worldwide. The diseases confer increasing demand on medical and healthcare facilities. Patients with allergies have poor quality of life and impaired cognition. Adult patients have subpar working efficiency while afflicted children are less effective at school, often have school absenteeism and need more attention of their caregivers. All of them lead to negative socio-economic impact. This narrative review focuses on cockroach allergy including currently recognized cockroach allergens, pathogenic mechanisms of allergy, componentresolved diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy, particularly the component-resolved immunotherapy and the molecular mechanisms that bring about resolution of the chronic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Pomés A, Glesner J, Calatroni A, Visness CM, Wood RA, O'Connor GT, Kattan M, Bacharier LB, Wheatley LM, Gern JE, Busse WW. Cockroach allergen component analysis of children with or without asthma and rhinitis in an inner-city birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:935-944. [PMID: 31201891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach is one of the most important sources of indoor allergens and can lead to IgE sensitization and development of rhinitis and asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to perform a cockroach allergen component analysis to determine the allergens and antibody levels and patterns of sensitization associated with asthma and rhinitis. METHODS Antibody (IgE, IgG, and IgG4) levels to total cockroach and 8 cockroach allergens were determined in 2 groups of cockroach-sensitized 10-year-old children with (n = 19) or without (n = 28) asthma and rhinitis. Allergen-specific antibody levels were measured in streptavidin ImmunoCAPs loaded with each of the recombinant allergens from groups 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11, and total cockroach-specific IgE levels were measured with the i6 ImmunoCAP. RESULTS IgE antibody levels to cockroach allergens and extract, but not IgG or IgG4 antibody levels, differed between subjects with and without asthma and rhinitis. Specifically, recognition of more cockroach allergens with higher allergen-specific IgE levels was associated with disease. Variable patterns of sensitization with no immunodominant allergens were found in both groups. There was a good correlation between the sum of allergen-specific IgE and total cockroach IgE levels (r = 0.86, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Component analysis of 8 cockroach allergens revealed significant differences in IgE reactivity associated with the presence of asthma and rhinitis. Allergen-specific IgE titers and sensitization profiles were associated with asthma and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc, Basic Research, Charlottesville, Va.
| | - Jill Glesner
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc, Basic Research, Charlottesville, Va
| | | | | | - Robert A Wood
- Departments of Pediatrics and Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - George T O'Connor
- Department of Medicne, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Meyer Kattan
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Lisa M Wheatley
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - James E Gern
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - William W Busse
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
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18
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Birrueta G, Frazier A, Pomés A, Glesner J, Filep S, Schal C, Jeong KY, McMurtrey C, Vander Schans T, Hildebrand WH, Busse P, Beigelman A, Bacharier LB, Peters B, Sette A, Schulten V. Variability in German Cockroach Extract Composition Greatly Impacts T Cell Potency in Cockroach-Allergic Donors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:313. [PMID: 30891032 PMCID: PMC6413722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
German cockroach extract is used clinically to evaluate allergen-specific sensitization and for subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy, though there are no guidelines for standardization in its manufacture. We performed an immunological evaluation of 12 different cockroach extracts prepared from different sources and their potency to induce allergen-specific T cell reactivity. PBMC from 13 cockroach allergic donors were expanded in vitro with 12 different German cockroach extracts. After culture expansion, cells were re-stimulated with the different extracts and T cell responses were assessed by FluoroSpot (IL-5, IFNγ and IL-10 production). In parallel to the extracts, single allergen peptide pools for allergens from groups 1, 2, 4, 5, and 11 were tested to determine allergen immunodominance. Furthermore, to assess allergy specificity, PBMC from 13 non-allergic donors were also tested with the most potent extract and T cell responses were compared to the allergic cohort. Dramatic variations in T cell reactivity were observed to the different cockroach extract batches. Response magnitudes varied over 3 logs within a single donor. IL-5 production in the allergic cohort was significantly higher compared to the non-allergic cohort (p=0.004). Allergen content determination by ELISA detected much lower concentrations of Bla g 5 compared to Bla g 1 and 2. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that Bla g 5 was present in similar amounts to Bla g 1 and 2 in extracts made from whole body, whereas it was not detected in extracts made from fecal matter, suggesting that Bla g 5 is not excreted into feces. Different donors exhibit different response patterns to different extracts, potentially dependent on the donor-specific T cell allergen immunodominance pattern and the allergen content of the extract tested. These findings have dramatic implications for the selection of potent extracts used for diagnostic purposes or allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - April Frazier
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jill Glesner
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stephanie Filep
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Curtis McMurtrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Pure MHC, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Paula Busse
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Avraham Beigelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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19
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Glesner J, Filep S, Vailes LD, Wünschmann S, Chapman MD, Birrueta G, Frazier A, Jeong KY, Schal C, Bacharier L, Beigelman A, Busse P, Schulten V, Sette A, Pomés A. Allergen content in German cockroach extracts and sensitization profiles to a new expanded set of cockroach allergens determine in vitro extract potency for IgE reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1474-1481.e8. [PMID: 30170124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach allergens are an important cause of IgE-mediated sensitization in inner-city asthmatic patients. However, cockroach extracts used for diagnosis and immunotherapy are not standardized. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the allergen content of nonstandardized German cockroach extracts and the levels of sensitization to an expanded set of cockroach allergens as determinants of in vitro extract potency for IgE reactivity. METHODS Twelve German cockroach extracts were compared for allergen content and potency of IgE reactivity. Bla g 1, Bla g 2, and Bla g 5 were measured by using immunoassays. IgE antibody levels to 8 purified recombinant allergens from groups 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 were measured by using ImmunoCAP. IgE antibody binding inhibition assays were performed to assess extract in vitro potencies (concentration inhibiting 30% of the total IgE antibody-binding inhibition) relative to an arbitrarily selected reference extract in 5 patients with cockroach allergy. RESULTS Allergen levels were highly variable. Three new major allergens (groups 6, 9, and 11), were identified among highly cockroach-sensitized subjects (CAP class ≥ 3). Sensitization profiles were unique per subject without immunodominant allergens. The sum of IgE to 8 allergen components showed a good correlation with cockroach-specific IgE levels (r = 0.88, P < .001). In vitro potencies varied among different extracts per subject and among subjects for each extract. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro potency of German cockroach extracts for IgE reactivity depends on allergen content and allergen-specific IgE titers of patients with cockroach allergy. These factors are relevant for selection of potent extracts to be used for immunotherapy and for the design and interpretation of data from immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - April Frazier
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Leonard Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Avraham Beigelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Paula Busse
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, Calif; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Charlottesville, Va.
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20
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de Gier S, Verhoeckx K. Insect (food) allergy and allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100:82-106. [PMID: 29731166 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insects represent an alternative for meat and fish in satisfying the increasing demand for sustainable sources of nutrition. Approximately two billion people globally consume insects. They are particularly popular in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Most research on insect allergy has focussed on occupational or inhalation allergy. Research on insect food safety, including allergenicity, is therefore of great importance. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of cases reporting allergy following insect ingestion, studies on food allergy to insects, proteins involved in insect allergy including cross-reactive proteins, and the possibility to alter the allergenic potential of insects by food processing and digestion. Food allergy to insects has been described for silkworm, mealworm, caterpillars, Bruchus lentis, sago worm, locust, grasshopper, cicada, bee, Clanis bilineata, and the food additive carmine, which is derived from female Dactylopius coccus insects. For cockroaches, which are also edible insects, only studies on inhalation allergy have been described. Various insect allergens have been identified including tropomyosin and arginine kinase, which are both pan-allergens known for their cross-reactivity with homologous proteins in crustaceans and house dust mite. Cross-reactivity and/or co-sensitization of insect tropomyosin and arginine kinase has been demonstrated in house dust mite and seafood (e.g. prawn, shrimp) allergic patients. In addition, many other (allergenic) species (various non-edible insects, arachnids, mites, seafoods, mammals, nematoda, trematoda, plants, and fungi) have been identified with sequence alignment analysis to show potential cross-reactivity with allergens of edible insects. It was also shown that thermal processing and digestion did not eliminate insect protein allergenicity. Although purified natural allergens are scarce and yields are low, recombinant allergens from cockroach, silkworm, and Indian mealmoth are readily available, giving opportunities for future research on diagnostic allergy tests and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffie de Gier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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21
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Do DC, Yang S, Yao X, Hamilton RG, Schroeder JT, Gao P. N-glycan in cockroach allergen regulates human basophil function. Immun Inflamm Dis 2017; 5:386-399. [PMID: 28474843 PMCID: PMC5691304 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cockroach allergen exposure elicits cockroach sensitization and poses an increased risk for asthma. However, the major components in cockroach allergen and the mechanisms underlying the induction of cockroach allergen-induced allergy and asthma remain largely elusive. We sought to examine the role of cockroach-associated glycan in regulating human basophil function. METHODS N-linked glycans from naturally purified cockroach allergen Bla g 2 were characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Binding of cockroach allergen to serum IgE from cockroach allergic subjects was determined by solid-phase binding immunoassays. Role of cockroach associated glycan in histamine release and IL-4 production from human basophils was examined. Expression of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and their role in mediating glycan-uptake in the basophils was also investigated. RESULTS MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis of N-glycan from Bla g 2 showed complex hybrid-types of glycans that terminated with mannose, galactose, and/or N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc). Deglycosylated Bla g 2 showed reduced binding to IgE and was less capable of inducing histamine release from human basophils. In contrast, N-glycan derived from Bla g 2 significantly inhibited histamine release and IL-4 production from basophils passively sensitized with serum from cockroach allergic subjects. An analysis of CLRs revealed the expression of DC-SIGN and DCIR, but not MRC1 and dectin-1, in human basophils. Neutralizing antibody to DCIR, but not DC-SIGN, significantly inhibited Bla g 2 uptake by human basophils. A dose-dependent bindings of cockroach allergen to DCIR was also observed. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate a previously unrecognized role for cockroach allergen-associated glycans in allergen-induced immune reactions, and DCIR may play a role in mediating the regulation of glycan on basophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh C. Do
- Division of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of PathologyClinical ChemistryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Xu Yao
- Institute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
| | - Robert G. Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - John T. Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Peisong Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Aun MV, Bonamichi-Santos R, Arantes-Costa FM, Kalil J, Giavina-Bianchi P. Animal models of asthma: utility and limitations. J Asthma Allergy 2017; 10:293-301. [PMID: 29158683 PMCID: PMC5683778 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s121092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies in asthma are not able to clear up all aspects of disease pathophysiology. Animal models have been developed to better understand these mechanisms and to evaluate both safety and efficacy of therapies before starting clinical trials. Several species of animals have been used in experimental models of asthma, such as Drosophila, rats, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, pigs, primates and equines. However, the most common species studied in the last two decades is mice, particularly BALB/c. Animal models of asthma try to mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. They classically include two phases: sensitization and challenge. Sensitization is traditionally performed by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, but intranasal instillation of allergens has been increasingly used because human asthma is induced by inhalation of allergens. Challenges with allergens are performed through aerosol, intranasal or intratracheal instillation. However, few studies have compared different routes of sensitization and challenge. The causative allergen is another important issue in developing a good animal model. Despite being more traditional and leading to intense inflammation, ovalbumin has been replaced by aeroallergens, such as house dust mites, to use the allergens that cause human disease. Finally, researchers should define outcomes to be evaluated, such as serum-specific antibodies, airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and remodeling. The present review analyzes the animal models of asthma, assessing differences between species, allergens and routes of allergen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vivolo Aun
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM20), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bonamichi-Santos
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM20), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Kalil
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Giavina-Bianchi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Cantillo JF, Puerta L, Puchalska P, Lafosse-Marin S, Subiza JL, Fernández-Caldas E. Allergenome characterization of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Allergy 2017; 72:1499-1509. [PMID: 28235135 DOI: 10.1111/all.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva and muscle-derived mosquito allergens have been purified and characterized. However, the complete set of allergens remains to be elucidated. In this study, we identified and characterized IgE-binding proteins from the mosquito species Aedes aegypti. METHODS Serum was obtained from 15 allergic individuals with asthma and/or rhinitis and sensitized to mosquito. IgE binding was determined by ELISA. Total proteins from freeze-dried bodies of A. aegypti were extracted and IgE-reactive proteins were identified by 2D gel electrophoresis, followed by Western blot with pooled or individual sera. IgE-reactive spots were further characterized by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Twenty-five IgE-reactive spots were identified, corresponding to 10 different proteins, some of which appeared as different variants or isoforms. Heat-shock cognate 70 (HSC-70) and tropomyosin showed IgE reactivity with 60% of the sera, lysosomal aspartic protease, and "AAEL006070-PA" (Uniprot: Q177P3) with 40% and the other proteins with <33.3% of the sera. Different variants or isoforms of tropomyosin, arginine or creatine kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), calcium-binding protein, and phosphoglycerate mutase were also identified. The mixture of three allergens (Aed a 6, Aed a 8, and Aed a 10) seems to identify more than 80% of A. aegypti-sensitized individuals, indicating that these allergens should be considered when designing of improved mosquito allergy diagnostic tools. CONCLUSIONS The newly identified allergens may play a role in the pathophysiology of mosquito allergy in the tropics, and some of them might be important arthropod-related proteins involved in cross-reactivity between A. aegypti and other allergenic arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Cantillo
- Institute for Immunological Research/University of Cartagena; Cartagena Colombia
| | - L. Puerta
- Institute for Immunological Research/University of Cartagena; Cartagena Colombia
| | - P. Puchalska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - E. Fernández-Caldas
- Inmunotek S.L.; Alcalá de Henares Spain
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
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24
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Pomés A, Mueller GA, Randall TA, Chapman MD, Arruda LK. New Insights into Cockroach Allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:25. [PMID: 28421512 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review addresses the most recent developments on cockroach allergen research in relation to allergic diseases, especially asthma. RECENT FINDINGS The number of allergens relevant to cockroach allergy has recently expanded considerably up to 12 groups. New X-ray crystal structures of allergens from groups 1, 2, and 5 revealed interesting features with implications for allergen standardization, sensitization, diagnosis, and therapy. Cockroach allergy is strongly associated with asthma particularly among children and young adults living in inner-city environments, posing challenges for disease control. Environmental interventions targeted at reducing cockroach allergen exposure have provided conflicting results. Immunotherapy may be a way to modify the natural history of cockroach allergy and decrease symptoms and asthma severity among sensitized and exposed individuals. The new information on cockroach allergens is important for the assessment of allergen markers of exposure and disease, and for the design of immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., 700 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, Intramural Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Thomas A Randall
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Martin D Chapman
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., 700 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - L Karla Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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25
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Polley DJ, Mihara K, Ramachandran R, Vliagoftis H, Renaux B, Saifeddine M, Daines MO, Boitano S, Hollenberg MD. Cockroach allergen serine proteinases: Isolation, sequencing and signalling via proteinase-activated receptor-2. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:946-960. [PMID: 28317204 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is a significant asthma risk factor for inner-city communities. Cockroach, like other allergens, contains trypsin-like enzyme activity that contributes to allergenicity and airway inflammation by activating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). To date, the enzymes responsible for the proteolytic activity of German cockroach allergen have not been characterized. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify, isolate and characterize the trypsin-like proteinases in German cockroach allergen extracts used for clinical skin tests. For each enzyme, we sought to determine (1) its substrate and inhibitor enzyme kinetics (Km and IC50), (2) its amino acid sequence and (3) its ability to activate calcium signalling and/or ERK1/2 phosphorylation via PAR2. METHODS Using a trypsin-specific activity-based probe, we detected three distinct enzymes that were isolated using ion-exchange chromatography. Each enzyme was sequenced by mass spectometery (deconvoluted with an expressed sequence tag library), evaluated kinetically for its substrate/inhibitor profile and assessed for its ability to activate PAR2 signalling. FINDINGS Each of the three serine proteinase activity-based probe-labelled enzymes isolated was biochemically distinct, with different enzyme kinetic profiles and primary amino acid sequences. The three enzymes showed a 57%-71% sequence identity with a proteinase previously cloned from the American cockroach (Per a 10). Each enzyme was found to activate both Ca++ and MAPK signalling via PAR2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We have identified three different serine proteinases from the German cockroach that may, via PAR2 activation, play different roles for allergen sensitization in vivo and may represent attractive therapeutic targets for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Polley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Mihara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - H Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Renaux
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Saifeddine
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M O Daines
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Boitano
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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26
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Spit J, Badisco L, Vergauwen L, Knapen D, Vanden Broeck J. Microarray-based annotation of the gut transcriptome of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:745-756. [PMID: 27479692 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is a serious agricultural pest and important insect model in the study of insect digestion and feeding behaviour. The gut is one of the primary interfaces between the insect and its environment. Nevertheless, knowledge on the gut transcriptome of L. migratoria is still very limited. Here, 48 802 expressed sequence tags were extracted from publicly available databases and their expression in larval gut and/or brain tissue was determined using microarray hybridization. Our data show 2765 transcripts predominantly or exclusively expressed in the gut. Many transcripts had putative functions closely related to the physiological functions of the gut as a muscular digestive organ and as the first barrier against microorganisms and a wide range of toxins. By means of a ranking procedure based on the relative signal intensity, we estimated 15% of the transcripts to show high expression levels, the highest belonging to diverse digestive enzymes and muscle-related proteins. We also found evidence for very high expression of an allergen protein, which could have important implications, as locusts form a traditional food source in various parts of the world, and were also recently added to the list of insects fit for human consumption in Europe. Interestingly, many highly expressed sequences have as yet unknown functions. Taken together, the present data provide significant insight into locust larval gut physiology, and will be valuable for future studies on the insect gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spit
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Badisco
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Vergauwen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - D Knapen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - J Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Do DC, Zhao Y, Gao P. Cockroach allergen exposure and risk of asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:463-74. [PMID: 26706467 DOI: 10.1111/all.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cockroach sensitization is an important risk factor for the development of asthma. However, its underlying immune mechanisms and the genetic etiology for differences in allergic responses remain unclear. Cockroach allergens identification and their expression as biologically active recombinant proteins have provided a basis for studying the mechanisms regarding cockroach allergen-induced allergic sensitization and asthma. Glycans in allergens may play a crucial role in the immunogenicity of allergic diseases. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, Toll-like receptor (TLR), and C-type lectin receptors have been suggested to be important for the penetration of cockroach allergens through epithelial cells to mediate allergen uptake, dendritic cell maturation, antigen-presenting cell (APC) function in T-cell polarization, and cytokine production. Environmental pollutants, which often coexist with the allergen, could synergistically elicit allergic inflammation, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and signaling may serve as a link between these two elements. Genetic factors may also play an important role in conferring the susceptibility to cockroach sensitization. Several genes have been associated with cockroach sensitization and asthma-related phenotypes. In this review, we will discuss the epidemiological evidence for cockroach allergen-induced asthma, cockroach allergens, the mechanisms regarding cockroach allergen-induced innate immune responses, and the genetic basis for cockroach sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Do
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Y. Zhao
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - P. Gao
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
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28
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Sircar G, Saha B, Mandal RS, Pandey N, Saha S, Gupta Bhattacharya S. Purification, Cloning and Immuno-Biochemical Characterization of a Fungal Aspartic Protease Allergen Rhi o 1 from the Airborne Mold Rhizopus oryzae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144547. [PMID: 26672984 PMCID: PMC4682942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal allergy is considered as serious health problem worldwide and is increasing at an alarming rate in the industrialized areas. Rhizopus oyzae is a ubiquitously present airborne pathogenic mold and an important source of inhalant allergens for the atopic population of India. Here, we report the biochemical and immunological features of its 44 kDa sero-reactive aspartic protease allergen, which is given the official designation 'Rhi o 1'. METHOD The natural Rhi o 1 was purified by sequential column chromatography and its amino acid sequence was determined by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. Based on its amino acid sequence, the cDNA sequence was identified, cloned and expressed to produce recombinant Rhi o 1. The allergenic activity of rRhi o 1 was assessed by means of its IgE reactivity and histamine release ability. The biochemical property of Rhi o 1 was studied by enzyme assay. IgE-inhibition experiments were performed to identify its cross-reactivity with the German cockroach aspartic protease allergen Bla g 2. For precise characterization of the cross-reactive epitope, we used anti-Bla g 2 monoclonal antibodies for their antigenic specificity towards Rhi o 1. A homology based model of Rhi o 1 was built and mapping of the cross-reactive conformational epitope was done using certain in silico structural studies. RESULTS The purified natural nRhi o 1 was identified as an endopeptidase. The full length allergen cDNA was expressed and purified as recombinant rRhi o 1. Purified rRhi o 1 displayed complete allergenicity similar to the native nRhi o 1. It was recognized by the serum IgE of the selected mold allergy patients and efficiently induced histamine release from the sensitized PBMC cells. This allergen was identified as an active aspartic protease functional in low pH. The Rhi o 1 showed cross reactivity with the cockroach allergen Bla g 2, as it can inhibit IgE binding to rBla g 2 up to certain level. The rBla g 2 was also found to cross-stimulate histamine release from the effector cells sensitized with anti-Rhi o 1 serum IgE. This cross-reactivity was found to be mediated by a common mAb4C3 recognizable conformational epitope. Bioinformatic studies revealed high degree of structural resemblances between the 4C3 binding sites of both the allergens. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The present study reports for the first time anew fungal aspartic protease allergen designated as Rhi o 1, which triggers IgE-mediated sensitization leading to various allergic diseases. Here we have characterized the recombinant Rhi o 1 and its immunological features including cross-reactive epitope information that will facilitate the component-resolved diagnosis of mold allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main campus), 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata– 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Bodhisattwa Saha
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main campus), 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata– 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Shubhra Mandal
- Biomedical Informatics Center, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata-700010, West Bengal, India
| | - Naren Pandey
- Department of Allergy and Asthma, Belle Vue Clinic, 9, Dr. U. N. Brahmachari Street, Kolkata—700001, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute (Centenary Building), P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme–VIIM, Kolkata– 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Swati Gupta Bhattacharya
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main campus), 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata– 700009, West Bengal, India
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Woodfolk JA, Glesner J, Wright PW, Kepley CL, Li M, Himly M, Muehling LM, Gustchina A, Wlodawer A, Chapman MD, Pomés A. Antigenic Determinants of the Bilobal Cockroach Allergen Bla g 2. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2288-301. [PMID: 26644466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bla g 2 is a major indoor cockroach allergen associated with the development of asthma. Antigenic determinants on Bla g 2 were analyzed by mutagenesis based on the structure of the allergen alone and in complex with monoclonal antibodies that interfere with IgE antibody binding. The structural analysis revealed mechanisms of allergen-antibody recognition through cation-π interactions. Single and multiple Bla g 2 mutants were expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified. The triple mutant K132A/K251A/F162Y showed an ∼100-fold reduced capacity to bind IgE, while preserving the native molecular fold, as proven by x-ray crystallography. This mutant was still able to induce mast cell release. T-cell responses were assessed by analyzing Th1/Th2 cytokine production and the CD4(+) T-cell phenotype in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Although T-cell activating capacity was similar for the KKF mutant and Bla g 2 based on CD25 expression, the KKF mutant was a weaker inducer of the Th2 cytokine IL-13. Furthermore, this mutant induced IL-10 from a non-T-cell source at higher levels that those induced by Bla g 2. Our findings demonstrate that a rational design of site-directed mutagenesis was effective in producing a mutant with only 3 amino acid substitutions that maintained the same fold as wild type Bla g 2. These residues, which were involved in IgE antibody binding, endowed Bla g 2 with a T-cell modulatory capacity. The antigenic analysis of Bla g 2 will be useful for the subsequent development of recombinant allergen vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Woodfolk
- From the Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Jill Glesner
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Paul W Wright
- From the Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Christopher L Kepley
- the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401
| | - Mi Li
- the Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, and
| | - Martin Himly
- the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lyndsey M Muehling
- From the Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Alla Gustchina
- the Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- the Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Anna Pomés
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22908,
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30
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Son GY, Son A, Yang YM, Park W, Chang I, Lee JH, Shin DM. Airborne allergens induce protease activated receptor-2-mediated production of inflammatory cytokines in human gingival epithelium. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 61:138-43. [PMID: 26561723 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In reaching the airways inhaled allergens pass through and contact with the oral mucosa. Although they are often responsible for initiating asthmatic attacks, it is unknown whether airborne allergens can also trigger chronic inflammation of gingival epithelial cells leading to chronic periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses of human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) to airborne allergens, particularly German cockroach extract (GCE) with a focus on calcium signaling. DESIGN HGECs isolated from healthy donors were stimulated with GCE. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) was measured with Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2/AM) staining. Expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and NOD-like receptor family, pyridine domain-containing (NLRP) 3 was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS GCE promoted increase in the [Ca(2+)]i in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) by the ER Ca(2+) ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (Tg) but not the depletion of extracellular Ca(2+) abolished the GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Treatment of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (U73122) or 1,4,5-trisinositolphosphate (IP3) receptor inhibitor (2-APB) also prevented GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 activation mainly mediated the GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i and enhanced the expression of IL-8, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-6 in HGECs. CONCLUSIONS GCE activates PAR-2, which can induce PLC/IP3-dependent Ca(2+) signaling pathway, ultimately triggering inflammation via the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and NLRP 3 in HGECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Son
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aran Son
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonse Park
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Lee MF, Chang CW, Song PP, Hwang GY, Lin SJ, Chen YH. IgE-Binding Epitope Mapping and Tissue Localization of the Major American Cockroach Allergen Per a 2. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:376-83. [PMID: 25749772 PMCID: PMC4446636 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cockroaches are the second leading allergen in Taiwan. Sensitization to Per a 2, the major American cockroach allergen, correlates with clinical severity among patients with airway allergy, but there is limited information on IgE epitopes and tissue localization of Per a 2. This study aimed to identify Per a 2 linear IgE-binding epitopes and its distribution in the body of a cockroach. Methods The cDNA of Per a 2 was used as a template and combined with oligonucleotide primers specific to the target areas with appropriate restriction enzyme sites. Eleven overlapping fragments of Per a 2 covering the whole allergen molecule, except 20 residues of signal peptide, were generated by PCR. Mature Per a 2 and overlapping deletion mutants were affinity-purified and assayed for IgE reactivity by immunoblotting. Three synthetic peptides comprising the B cell epitopes were evaluated by direct binding ELISA. Rabbit anti-Per a 2 antibody was used for immunohistochemistry. Results Human linear IgE-binding epitopes of Per a 2 were located at the amino acid sequences 57-86, 200-211, and 299-309. There was positive IgE binding to 10 tested Per a 2-allergic sera in 3 synthetic peptides, but none in the controls. Immunostaining revealed that Per a 2 was localized partly in the mouth and midgut of the cockroach, with the most intense staining observed in the hindgut, suggesting that the Per a 2 allergen might be excreted through the feces. Conclusions Information on the IgE-binding epitope of Per a 2 may be used for designing more specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey Fann Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.; General Education Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia Wei Chang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei Pong Song
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang Yuh Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh Jye Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi Hsing Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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32
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Arruda LK, Barbosa MCR, Santos ABR, Moreno AS, Chapman MD, Pomés A. Recombinant allergens for diagnosis of cockroach allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14:428. [PMID: 24563284 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular cloning of cockroach allergens and their expression as recombinant proteins have allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms of cockroach allergic disease. Recombinant cockroach allergens have been used for skin testing or in vitro methods to measure IgE antibody levels in serum. Early studies evaluating selected U.S. patients revealed that a cocktail of four cockroach allergens, Bla g 1, Bla g 2, Bla g 4, and Bla g 5, would identify 95 % of cockroach allergic patients. More recent studies pointed to an important role of sensitization to tropomyosin among certain populations, and suggested that a cocktail of five allergens Bla g 1 and/or Per a 1, Bla g 2, Bla g 4, Bla g 5, and Bla g 7, and/or Per a 7, would be expected to diagnose 50- 64 % of cockroach-allergic patients worldwide. Variation in IgE reactivity profiles could be in part due to IgE responses to cross-reactive homologous allergens from different origins. The availability of purified natural or recombinant cockroach allergens provides the capacity to improve diagnosis of cockroach allergy and to develop novel forms of immunotherapy for cockroach-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karla Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil,
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Offermann LR, Chan SL, Osinski T, Tan YW, Chew FT, Sivaraman J, Mok YK, Minor W, Chruszcz M. The major cockroach allergen Bla g 4 binds tyramine and octopamine. Mol Immunol 2014; 60:86-94. [PMID: 24769496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bla g 4 is a male cockroach specific protein and is one of the major allergens produced by Blattella germanica (German cockroach). This protein belongs to the lipocalin family that comprises a set of proteins that characteristically bind small hydrophobic molecules and play a role in a number of processes such as: retinoid and pheromone transport, prostaglandin synthesis and mammalian immune response. Using NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry we demonstrated that Bla g 4 binds tyramine and octopamine in solution. In addition, crystal structure analysis of the complex revealed details of tyramine binding. As tyramine and octopamine play important roles in invertebrates, and are counterparts to vertebrate adrenergic transmitters, we speculate that these molecules are physiological ligands for Bla g 4. The nature of binding these ligands to Bla g 4 sheds light on the possible biological function of the protein. In addition, we performed a large-scale analysis of Bla g 4 and Per a 4 (an allergen from American cockroach) homologs to get insights into the function of these proteins. This analysis together with a structural comparison of Blag 4 and Per a 4 suggests that these proteins may play different roles and most likely bind different ligands. Accession numbers: The atomic coordinates and the structure factors have been deposited to the Protein Data Band under accession codes: 4N7C for native Bla g 4 and 4N7D for the Se-Met Bla g 4 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa R Offermann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Siew Leong Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomasz Osinski
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yih Wan Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Characterization of an anti-Bla g 1 scFv: epitope mapping and cross-reactivity. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:200-7. [PMID: 24667070 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bla g 1 is a major allergen from Blatella germanica and one of the primary allergens used to assess cockroach allergen exposure. The epitope of an anti-Bla g 1 scFv was mapped in order to better understand cross reactivity with other group 1 cockroach allergens and patient IgE epitopes. X-ray crystallography was used to determine the structure of the scFv. The scFv epitope on Bla g 1 was located by alanine scanning site-directed mutagenesis and ELISA. Twenty-six rBla g 1-GST alanine mutants were evaluated for variations in binding to the scFv compared to the wild type allergen. Six mutants showed a significant difference in scFv binding affinity. These mutations clustered to form a discontinuous epitope mainly comprising two helices of Bla g 1. The allergen-scFv complex was modeled based on the results, and the epitope region was found to have low sequence similarity with Per a 1, especially among the residues identified as functionally important for the scFv binding to Bla g 1. Indeed, the scFv failed to bind Per a 1 in American cockroach extract. The scFv was unable to inhibit the binding of IgE antibodies from a highly cockroach allergic patient to Bla g 1. Based on the surface area of Bla g 1 occluded by the scFv, putative regions of patient IgE-Bla g 1 interactions can be inferred. This scFv could be best utilized as a capture antibody in an IgE detection ELISA, or to differentiate Bla g 1 from Per a 1 in environmental exposure assays.
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Acevedo N, Mohr J, Zakzuk J, Samonig M, Briza P, Erler A, Pomés A, Huber CG, Ferreira F, Caraballo L. Proteomic and immunochemical characterization of glutathione transferase as a new allergen of the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78353. [PMID: 24223794 PMCID: PMC3817249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections and allergy have evolutionary and clinical links. Infection with the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides induces IgE against several molecules including invertebrate pan-allergens. These antibodies influence the pathogenesis and diagnosis of allergy; therefore, studying parasitic and non-parasitic allergens is essential to understand both helminth immunity and allergy. Glutathione transferases (GSTs) from cockroach and house dust mites are clinically relevant allergens and comparative studies between them and the GST from A. lumbricoides (GSTA) are necessary to evaluate their allergenicity. We sought to analyze the allergenic potential of GSTA in connection with the IgE response to non-parasitic GSTs. IgE to purified GSTs from Ascaris (nGSTA and rGSTA), house dust mites (rDer p 8, nBlo t 8 and rBlo t 8), and cockroach (rBla g 5) was measured by ELISA in subjects from Cartagena, Colombia. Also, multidimensional proteomic approaches were used to study the extract of A. lumbricoides and investigate the existence of GST isoforms. We found that among asthmatics, the strength of IgE levels to GSTA was significantly higher than to mite and cockroach GSTs, and there was a strong positive correlation between IgE levels to these molecules. Specific IgE to GSTA was found in 13.2% of controls and 19.5% of asthmatics. In addition nGSTA induced wheal and flare in skin of sensitized asthmatics indicating that it might be of clinical relevance for some patients. Frequency and IgE levels to GSTA were higher in childhood and declined with age. At least six GST isoforms in A. lumbricoides bind human IgE. Four isoforms were the most abundant and several amino acid substitutions were found, mainly on the N-terminal domain. In conclusion, a new allergenic component of Ascaris has been discovered; it could have clinical impact in allergic patients and influence the diagnosis of mite and cockroach allergy in tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jens Mohr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Martin Samonig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Erler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences, Cartagena, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Portnoy J, Chew GL, Phipatanakul W, Williams PB, Grimes C, Kennedy K, Matsui EC, Miller JD, Bernstein D, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan D, Lang D, Nicklas R, Oppenheimer J, Randolph C, Schuller D, Spector S, Tilles SA, Wallace D, Seltzer J, Sublett J. Environmental assessment and exposure reduction of cockroaches: a practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:802-8.e1-25. [PMID: 23938214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "Environmental assessment and remediation: a practice parameter." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single person, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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Pomés A, Arruda LK. Investigating cockroach allergens: aiming to improve diagnosis and treatment of cockroach allergic patients. Methods 2013; 66:75-85. [PMID: 23916425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockroach allergy is an important health problem associated with the development of asthma, as a consequence of chronic exposure to low levels of allergens in susceptible individuals. In the last 20 years, progress in understanding the disease has been possible, thanks to the identification and molecular cloning of cockroach allergens and their expression as recombinant proteins. Assays for assessment of environmental allergen exposure have been developed and used to measure Bla g 1 and Bla g 2, as markers of cockroach exposure. IgE antibodies to cockroach extracts and to specific purified allergens have been measured to assess sensitization and analyze association with exposure and disease. With the development of the field of structural biology and the expression of recombinant cockroach allergens, insights into allergen structure, function, epitope mapping and allergen-antibody interactions have provided further understanding of mechanisms of cockroach allergic disease at the molecular level. This information will contribute to develop new approaches to allergen avoidance and to improve diagnosis and therapy of cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Mueller GA, Pedersen LC, Lih FB, Glesner J, Moon AF, Chapman MD, Tomer KB, London RE, Pomés A. The novel structure of the cockroach allergen Bla g 1 has implications for allergenicity and exposure assessment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1420-6. [PMID: 23915714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitization to cockroach allergens is a major risk factor for asthma. The cockroach allergen Bla g 1 has multiple repeats of approximately 100 amino acids, but the fold of the protein and its biological function are unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the structure of Bla g 1, investigate the implications for allergic disease, and standardize cockroach exposure assays. METHODS nBla g 1 and recombinant constructs were compared by using ELISA with specific murine IgG and human IgE. The structure of Bla g 1 was determined by x-ray crystallography. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to examine the ligand-binding properties of the allergen. RESULTS The structure of an rBla g 1 construct with comparable IgE and IgG reactivity to the natural allergen was solved by x-ray crystallography. The Bla g 1 repeat forms a novel fold with 6 helices. Two repeats encapsulate a large and nearly spherical hydrophobic cavity, defining the basic structural unit. Lipids in the cavity varied depending on the allergen origin. Palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids were associated with nBla g 1 from cockroach frass. One unit of Bla g 1 was equivalent to 104 ng of allergen. CONCLUSIONS Bla g 1 has a novel fold with a capacity to bind various lipids, which suggests a digestive function associated with nonspecific transport of lipid molecules in cockroaches. Defining the basic structural unit of Bla g 1 facilitates the standardization of assays in absolute units for the assessment of environmental allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Mueller
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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Deficiency of ubiquitin A20 promotes antigen transport across airway epithelial cells via a transcellular pathway. Anal Biochem 2013; 433:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sircar G, Chakrabarti HS, Saha B, Gupta-Bhattacharya S. Identification of aero-allergens from Rhizopus oryzae: an immunoproteomic approach. J Proteomics 2012; 77:455-68. [PMID: 23041133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Airborne fungal spores bearing allergens are the causative agent for inducing immediate hypersensitive reaction in sensitive individuals. In this study the potential aeroallergens have been reported for the first time from Rhizopus oryzae a common airborne mold. Clinical data based on SPT was further confirmed by ELISA. IgE reactive bands were revealed by one-dimensional immunoblotting. A 44 kDa major reactive band was found in all immunoblots. For precise identification of allergens, an immuno-proteomic approach was taken with a combination of 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis and Mass-spectrometry. 2D map of spore-mycelial protein was confronted with pooled sera and several IgE reactive spots were detected, most of which were glycoproteins and except for one, which has no antigenic determinacy after metaperiodate modification. Each of those spots was identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF. Some bioinformatic approaches were taken to predict the signal peptide and subcellular localization of each protein. Major 44 kDa allergen was identified as Aspartyl endopeptidase. Sequence information was extracted from MS/MS spectra of two tryptic peptides generated from the 44 kDa endopeptidase. Multiple alignments with other reported aspartyl protease allergens showed significant homology. Allergenicity assessment of this protein was performed in silico and identified as a potential putative allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main Campus), 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009, India
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Oseroff C, Sidney J, Tripple V, Grey H, Wood R, Broide DH, Greenbaum J, Kolla R, Peters B, Pomés A, Sette A. Analysis of T cell responses to the major allergens from German cockroach: epitope specificity and relationship to IgE production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:679-88. [PMID: 22706084 PMCID: PMC3392449 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bla g allergens are major targets of IgE responses associated with cockroach allergies. However, little is known about corresponding T cell responses, despite their potential involvement in immunopathology and the clinical efficacy of specific immunotherapy. Bioinformatic predictions of the capacity of Bla g 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 peptides to bind HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ molecules, and PBMC responses from 30 allergic donors, identified 25 T cell epitopes. Five immunodominant epitopes accounted for more than half of the response. Bla g 5, the most dominant allergen, accounted for 65% of the response, and Bla g 6 accounted for 20%. Bla g 5 induced both IL-5 and IFN-γ responses, whereas Bla g 6 induced mostly IL-5, and, conversely, Bla g 2 induced only IFN-γ. Thus, responses to allergens within a source are independently regulated, suggesting a critical role for the allergen itself, and not extraneous stimulation from other allergens or copresented immunomodulators. In comparing Ab with T cell responses for several donor/allergen combinations, we detected IgE titers in the absence of detectable T cell responses, suggesting that unlinked T cell-B cell help might support development of IgE responses. Finally, specific immunotherapy resulted in IL-5 down modulation, which was not associated with development of IFN-γ or IL-10 responses to any of the Bla g-derived peptides. In summary, the characteristics of T cell responses to Bla g allergens appear uncorrelated with IgE responses. Monitoring these responses may therefore yield important information relevant to understanding cockroach allergies and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Victoria Tripple
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Howard Grey
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert Wood
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | | | - Jason Greenbaum
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ravi Kolla
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Zhou B, Yuan J, Zhou Y, Yang J, James AW, Nair U, Shu X, Liu W, Kanangat S, Yoo TJ. The attenuation of cockroach allergy by DNA vaccine encoding cockroach allergen Bla g 2. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:120-4. [PMID: 22960278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bla g 2 is one of the most potent cockroach allergens. No effective treatment or vaccination strategies are yet available. We evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of Bla g 2 DNA vaccination in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. C57/BL6 mice were given Bla g 2 DNA vaccine prior to sensitization with recombinant Bla g 2 (rBla g 2) antigens, followed by nebulized rBla g 2 challenge. Bla g 2 vaccine could express at both transcriptional and translational levels in mammalian cells. Moreover, Bla g 2 vaccine significantly reduced the total inflammatory cell infiltrate and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and markedly decreased allergen-induced inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs and Bla g 2-specific IgE in serum upon challenge with rBla g 2. Importantly, Bla g 2 vaccine could induce the production of antigen-specific IFN-γ and downregulated Th2 pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Thus, DNA vaccination showed protective efficacy against a clinically relevant allergen, Bla g 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Filep S, Tsay A, Vailes L, Gadermaier G, Ferreira F, Matsui E, King EM, Chapman MD. A multi-allergen standard for the calibration of immunoassays: CREATE principles applied to eight purified allergens. Allergy 2012; 67:235-41. [PMID: 22092159 PMCID: PMC3257384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen measurements are widely used for environmental exposure assessments and for determining the potency of allergen vaccines, yet few purified allergen standards have been developed. The aim of the study was to develop a single standard containing multiple purified allergens that could be used in enzyme immunoassays and in multiplex arrays for the standardization of allergen measurements. METHODS Eight purified allergens were formulated into a single multi-allergen, or 'universal', standard based on amino acid analysis. Dose-response curves were compared with previous individual ELISA standards and allergen measurements of house dust extracts to obtain correction factors. Measured allergen concentrations were also modeled using linear regression, and the predictive accuracy was determined. RESULTS Parallel dose-response curves were obtained between the universal allergen standard and the individual ELISA standards, with close agreement between curves for 5/8 allergens. Quantitative differences of greater than twofold were observed for Fel d 1, Can f 1, and Der f 1, which were confirmed by the analysis of house dust extracts. Correction factors were developed that allowed ELISA data to be expressed in terms of the universal standard. Linear regression data confirmed the predictive accuracy of the universal standard. CONCLUSION This study shows that a single standard of eight purified allergens can be used to compare allergen measurements by immunoassay. This approach will improve the continuity of environmental exposure assessments and provide improved standardization of allergy diagnostics and vaccines used for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Filep
- INDOOR Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Ichikawa E, Platts-Mills TA, Woodfolk JA, Wheatley LM. Screening of a Genomic DNA Library and Recombinant Expression: A New Approach to the Question of Allergic Responses to Bacterial Proteins. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000053681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gámez C, Sánchez-García S, Ibáñez MD, López R, Aguado E, López E, Sastre B, Sastre J, del Pozo V. Tropomyosin IgE-positive results are a good predictor of shrimp allergy. Allergy 2011; 66:1375-83. [PMID: 21651567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shrimp is a common cause of food allergy. Our aims were to determine the value of IgE antibodies in the diagnosis of shrimp allergy and to study red shrimp (Solenocera melantho) tropomyosin both as a new allergen and as a cross-reactive IgE-binding protein. METHODS We have studied 45 subjects. Skin prick test (SPT) was carried out in all subjects, and specific IgE (sIgE) to shrimp, recombinant and natural shrimp tropomyosins rPen a 1 and nPen m 1, recombinant Der p 10, and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was assessed by fluoroimmunoassay and/or immunoblotting. Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges were carried out to confirm diagnosis of shrimp allergy. Also, in vitro inhibition tests were performed to evaluate cross-reactivity. RESULTS Shrimp allergy was confirmed in 18 shrimp-allergic patients. Skin prick test and IgE antibodies to shrimp were positive in all shrimp-allergic patients; sIgE to rPen a 1 was detected in 98% of these patients. Of the 18 shrimp-tolerant patients, 61% had positive SPT to shrimp, 55% were IgE-positive to shrimp, and 33% showed IgE antibodies to rPen a 1. Determination of IgE to rPen a 1 yielded a positive predictive value of 0.72 and a negative predictive value of 0.91. CONCLUSION IgE levels to rPen a 1 provided additional value to the diagnosis of shrimp allergy. Some allergens in mite extract are recognized by patients who are allergic to shrimp, though their clinical relevance remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gámez
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Spain
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Klein SG, Hennen J, Serchi T, Blömeke B, Gutleb AC. Potential of coculture in vitro models to study inflammatory and sensitizing effects of particles on the lung. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1516-34. [PMID: 21963807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) like nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in the last century due to increased combustion processes, road traffic, etc. In addition, the progress in chemical and cosmetic industry led to many new compounds, e.g. fragrances, which humans are exposed to every day. Many chemicals are known to act as contact and some as respiratory sensitizers, causing allergic reactions. Exposure to small particles of less than 100 nm in diameter is linked with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, such as asthma or rhinitis. To date already more than 1000 customer products contain eNPs without knowing much about the health effects. In comparison to chemicals, the mechanisms by which PM and eNPs can cause sensitization are still not fully understood. Validated and regulatory accepted in vitro models to assess this hazard in its full range are still missing. While a huge number of animal studies contributed to our knowledge about sensitization processes, knowledge on involved cellular mechanisms is still limited. In this review relevant in vitro models to study and elucidate these mechanisms in more detail are presented and their potential to serve as part of a tiered testing strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Klein
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public, Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Glesner J, Wünschmann S, Li M, Gustchina A, Wlodawer A, Himly M, Chapman MD, Pomés A. Mechanisms of allergen-antibody interaction of cockroach allergen Bla g 2 with monoclonal antibodies that inhibit IgE antibody binding. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22223. [PMID: 21789239 PMCID: PMC3137622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach allergy is strongly associated with asthma, and involves the production of IgE antibodies against inhaled allergens. Reports of conformational epitopes on inhaled allergens are limited. The conformational epitopes for two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that interfere with IgE antibody binding were identified by X-ray crystallography on opposite sites of the quasi-symmetrical cockroach allergen Bla g 2. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mutational analysis of selected residues in both epitopes was performed based on the X-ray crystal structures of the allergen with mAb Fab/Fab' fragments, to investigate the structural basis of allergen-antibody interactions. The epitopes of Bla g 2 for the mAb 7C11 or 4C3 were mutated, and the mutants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism, and/or mass spectrometry. Mutants were tested for mAb and IgE antibody binding by ELISA and fluorescent multiplex array. Single or multiple mutations of five residues from both epitopes resulted in almost complete loss of mAb binding, without affecting the overall folding of the allergen. Preventing glycosylation by mutation N268Q reduced IgE binding, indicating a role of carbohydrates in the interaction. Cation-π interactions, as well as electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, were important for mAb and IgE antibody binding. Quantitative differences in the effects of mutations on IgE antibody binding were observed, suggesting heterogeneity in epitope recognition among cockroach allergic patients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Analysis by site-directed mutagenesis of epitopes identified by X-ray crystallography revealed an overlap between monoclonal and IgE antibody binding sites and provided insight into the B cell repertoire to Bla g 2 and the mechanisms of allergen-antibody recognition, including involvement of carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Glesner
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sabina Wünschmann
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mi Li
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin D. Chapman
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Anna Pomés
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Thomas WR. The advent of recombinant allergens and allergen cloning. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:855-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Natarajan S, Kim J, Bouchard J, Cruikshank W, Remick DG. Reducing LPS content in cockroach allergens increases pulmonary cytokine production without increasing inflammation: a randomized laboratory study. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11:12. [PMID: 21345191 PMCID: PMC3050874 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endotoxins are ubiquitously present in the environment and constitute a significant component of ambient air. These substances have been shown to modulate the allergic response, however a consensus has yet to be reached whether they attenuate or exacerbate asthmatic responses. The current investigation examined whether reducing the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a house dust extract (HDE) containing high concentrations of both cockroach allergens [1] and LPS would attenuate asthma-like pulmonary inflammation. Methods Mice were sensitized with CRA and challenged with the intact HDE, containing 182 ng of LPS, or an LPS-reduced HDE containing 3 ng LPS, but an equivalent amount of CRA. Multiple parameters of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation were measured. Results Compared to HDE challenged mice, the LPS-reduced HDE challenged mice had significantly reduced TNFα levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Plasma levels of IgE and IgG1 were significantly reduced, however no change in CRA-specific IgE was detected. In HDE mice, plasma IgG2a levels were similar to naïve mice, while LPS-reduced HDE mice had significantly greater concentrations. Reduced levels of LPS in the HDE did not decrease eosinophil or neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar space. Equivalent inflammatory cell recruitment occurred despite having generally higher pulmonary concentrations of eotaxins and CXC chemokines in the LPS-reduced HDE group. LPS-reduced HDE challenge induced significantly higher concentrations of IFNγ, and IL-5 and IL-13 in the BAL fluid, but did not decrease airways hyperresponsiveness or airway resistance to methacholine challenge. Conclusion: These data show that reduction of LPS levels in the HDE does not significantly protect against the severity of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Natarajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 720 Harisson Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Li M, Gustchina A, Glesner J, Wünschmann S, Vailes LD, Chapman MD, Pomés A, Wlodawer A. Carbohydrates contribute to the interactions between cockroach allergen Bla g 2 and a monoclonal antibody. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:333-40. [PMID: 21123808 PMCID: PMC3099132 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a murine mAb, 4C3, that binds to the C-terminal lobe of the cockroach allergen Bla g 2 has been solved at 1.8 Å resolution. Binding of 4C3 involves different types of molecular interactions with its epitope compared with those with the mAb 7C11, which binds to the N-terminal lobe of Bla g 2. We found that the 4C3 surface epitope on Bla g 2 includes a carbohydrate moiety attached to Asn(268) and that a large number of Ag-Ab contacts are mediated by water molecules and ions, most likely zinc. Ab binding experiments conducted with an enzymatically deglycosylated Bla g 2 and a N268Q mutant showed that the carbohydrate contributes, without being essential, to the Bla g 2-4C3 mAb interaction. Inhibition of IgE Ab binding by the mAb 4C3 shows a correlation of the structurally defined epitope with reactivity with human IgE. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 4C3 mAb epitope confirmed that the amino acids Lys(251), Glu(233), and Ile(199) are important for the recognition of Bla g 2 by the 4C3 mAb. The results show the relevance of x-ray crystallographic studies of allergen-Ab complexes to identify conformational epitopes that define the antigenic surface of Bla g 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jill Glesner
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sabina Wünschmann
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lisa D. Vailes
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Martin D. Chapman
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Anna Pomés
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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