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Tu L, Zeng J, Bai X, Wu Z, Wu J, Xu S. Nanoliposome-Mediated Encapsulation of Chlorella Oil for the Development of a Controlled-Release Lipid-Lowering Formulation. Foods 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38201186 PMCID: PMC10779123 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorella oil nanoliposomes (CO-NLP) were synthesized through ultrasonic injection with ethanol, and their physicochemical properties and hypolipidemic efficacy were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the mean particle size of CO-NLP was 86.90 nm and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 92.84%. Storage conditions at 4 °C were conducive to the stability of CO-NLP, maintaining an EE of approximately 90% even after 10 days of storage. The release profile of CO-NLP adhered more closely to the first-order kinetic model during in vitro assessments, exhibiting a slower release rate compared to free microalgae oil. In simulated in vitro digestion experiments, lipolytic reactions of CO-NLP were observed during intestinal digestion subsequent to nanoliposome administration. Notably, the inhibitory effect of CO-NLP on cholesterol esterase activity was measured at 85.42%. Additionally, the average fluorescence intensity of nematodes in the CO-NLP group was 52.17% lower than in the control group at a CO-NLP concentration of 500 μg/mL, which suggests a pronounced lipid-lowering effect of CO-NLP. Therefore, the CO-NLP exhibited characteristics of small and uniform particle size, elevated storage stability, gradual release during intestinal digestion, and a noteworthy hypolipidemic effect. These findings designate CO-NLP as a novel lipid-lowering active product, demonstrating potential for the development of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Tu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jihao Zeng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ziyun Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shannan Xu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
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Shen J, Wu Y, Wei T, He Y, Liu X, Deng Z, Li J. The digestion and absorption characteristics of human milk phospholipid analogs: a combination study between in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2023; 14:10617-10627. [PMID: 37964622 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02779a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids play a crucial role in the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. Currently, soybean phospholipids (SPLs) are the common phospholipid component in most infant formulas (IFs), which, however, shows an obvious difference with the phospholipid (PL) composition of human milk fat. Therefore, in the present study, human milk phospholipid analogs (HMPAs) were prepared by mimicking the composition of PE, PC, PI, PS, and SM in breast milk phospholipids and the composition of the major fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2), and their digestion and absorption characteristics were explored using in vitro and mice models. The prepared HMPA contained 26.48% PE, 24.64% PC, 36.19% SM, 6.35% PI, and 6.32% PS, with 40.51% C16:0, 17.02% C18:0, 29.19% C18:1, and 13.26% C18:2, showing different digestive properties relative to SPL. There was little effect on the physical and chemical properties of HMPA under in vitro gastric conditions. The hydrolysis degree, fatty acids release rate, and average particle size decreasing rate of HMPA was significantly higher than that of SPL during digestion in vitro intestine (P < 0.05), showing better digestive process relative to SPL. In terms of the mice model, HMPA had a higher hydrolysis degree in the intestinal tract. Based on the area under curve (AUC) analysis of serum fatty acids, it was found that despite HMPA being absorbed at a slower rate than SPL, it was absorbed more than SPL. In summary, the digestion and absorption of HMPA were preferred to SPL, and these obtained results might provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of HMPA in IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Yanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Yangzheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Xiaoru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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3
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DeVito LM, Dennis EA, Kahn BB, Shulman GI, Witztum JL, Sadhu S, Nickels J, Spite M, Smyth S, Spiegel S. Bioactive lipids and metabolic syndrome-a symposium report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1511:87-106. [PMID: 35218041 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shed light on the cellular and molecular functions of bioactive lipids that go far beyond what was known about their role as dietary lipids. Bioactive lipids regulate inflammation and its resolution as signaling molecules. Genetic studies have identified key factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome through their effects on lipogenesis. Lipid scientists have explored how these signaling pathways affect lipid metabolism in the liver, adipose tissue, and macrophages by utilizing a variety of techniques in both humans and animal models, including novel lipidomics approaches and molecular dynamics models. Dissecting out these lipid pathways can help identify mechanisms that can be targeted to prevent or treat cardiometabolic conditions. Continued investigation of the multitude of functions mediated by bioactive lipids may reveal additional components of these pathways that can provide a greater understanding of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara B Kahn
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Nickels
- Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton Township, New Jersey
| | - Matthew Spite
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Smyth
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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4
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Qiu Y, Sun S, Yu X, Zhou J, Cai W, Qian L. Carboxyl ester lipase is highly conserved in utilizing maternal supplied lipids during early development of zebrafish and human. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158663. [PMID: 32061751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carboxyl ester lipase (Cel), is a lipolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas, which hydrolyzes various species of lipids in the gut. Cel is also secreted by mammary gland during lactation and exists in breast milk. It facilitates dietary fat digestion and absorption, thus contributing to normal infant development. This study aimed to examine whether the Cel in zebrafish embryos has a similar role of maternal lipid utilization as in human infants, and how Cel contributes to the utilization of yolk lipids in zebrafish. The cel1 and cel2 genes were expressed ubiquitously in the blastodisc and yolk syncytial layer before 24 hpf, and in the exocrine pancreas after 72 hpf. The cel1 and cel2 morphants exhibited developmental retardation and yolk sac retention. The total cholesterol, cholesterol ester, free cholesterol, and triglyceride were reduced in the morphants' body while accumulated in the yolk (except triglyceride). The FFA content of whole embryos was much lower in morphants than in standard controls. Moreover, the delayed development in cel (cel1/cel2) double morphants was partially rescued by FFA and cholesterol supplementation. Delayed and weakened cholesterol ester transport to the brain and eyes was observed in cel morphants. Correspondingly, shrunken midbrain tectum, microphthalmia, pigmentation-delayed eyes as well as down-regulated Shh target genes were observed in the CNS of double morphants. Interestingly, cholesterol injections reversed these CNS alterations. Our findings suggested that cel genes participate in the lipid releasing from yolk sac to developing body, thereby contributing to the normal growth rate and CNS development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Qiu
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuna Sun
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xianxian Yu
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiefei Zhou
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Linxi Qian
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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5
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Gao W, Jiang Z, Du X, Zhang F, Liu Y, Bai X, Sun G. Impact of Surfactants on Nanoemulsions based on Fractionated Coconut Oil: Emulsification Stability and in vitro Digestion. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:227-239. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Zefang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Xiaojing Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Yawen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Xinpeng Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
- Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Utilization Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hainan University
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Cedó L, Farràs M, Lee-Rueckert M, Escolà-Gil JC. Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6704-6723. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190822154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Dong Y, Zhang J, Gao Z, Zhao H, Sun G, Wang X, Jia L. Characterization and anti-hyperlipidemia effects of enzymatic residue polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:316-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kahn BB. Adipose Tissue, Inter-Organ Communication, and the Path to Type 2 Diabetes: The 2016 Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement Lecture. Diabetes 2019; 68:3-14. [PMID: 30573674 PMCID: PMC6302542 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
My scientific career has focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance with the goal of developing new strategies to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. My early studies focused on understanding how insulin promotes glucose transport into adipocytes, a classic model of highly insulin-responsive target cells. When we found changes in adipocyte glucose transport in altered metabolic states, we were highly motivated to understand the consequences of this on whole-body glucose homeostasis. In the late 1980s, when GLUT4, the major insulin-regulated glucose transporter, was identified, my lab observed that it was downregulated in adipocytes but not in skeletal muscle in insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, in humans and rodents. We investigated the role of GLUT4 in adipose tissue and muscle in whole-body insulin sensitivity, making tissue-specific GLUT4-overexpressing and GLUT4 knockout mice. These studies led to the discovery that adipocytes, and specifically glucose transport into adipocytes, regulate whole-body glucose homeostasis. As adipocytes take up relatively little glucose, we investigated the underlying mechanisms. In the 1990s, we performed DNA microarrays on adipose tissue from adipose-specific GLUT4-overexpressing and GLUT4 knockout mice to find reciprocally regulated genes, and we identified several molecules that were not previously known to regulate systemic insulin sensitivity and/or energy balance. More recently, with Alan Saghatelian's lab, we discovered a novel class of lipids with antidiabetes and anti-inflammatory effects. We also investigated the effects of the adipose-secreted hormone, leptin, on insulin sensitivity. We found that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway mediates leptin's effects on fatty acid oxidation in muscle and also plays a role in leptin's anorexigenic effects in the hypothalamus. These studies transformed AMPK from a "fuel gauge" that regulates energy supply at the cellular level to a sensing and signaling pathway that regulates organismal energy balance. Overall, these studies have expanded our understanding of the multifaceted role of adipose tissue in metabolic health and how adipose dysfunction increases the risk for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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9
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Goto M, Furuta S, Yamashita S, Hashimoto H, Yano W, Inoue N, Kato N, Kaku K. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor anagliptin ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in hypercholesterolemic mice through inhibition of intestinal cholesterol transport. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1261-1269. [PMID: 29754453 PMCID: PMC6215941 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Recent data showed that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors exert a lipid‐lowering effect in diabetes patients. However, the mechanism of action is not yet clearly understood. We investigated the effect of anagliptin on cholesterol metabolism and transport in the small intestine using non‐diabetic hyperlipidemic animals, to clarify the mechanisms underlying the cholesterol‐lowering action. Materials and Methods Male apolipoprotein E (ApoE)‐deficient mice were orally administered anagliptin in the normal chow. Serum cholesterol levels and lipoprotein profiles were measured, and cholesterol transport was assessed by measuring the radioactivity in the tissues after oral loading of 14C‐labeled cholesterol (14C‐Chol). In additional experiments, effects of exendin‐4 in mice and of anagliptin in DPP‐4‐deficient rats were assessed. Effects on target gene expressions in the intestine were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in normal mice. Results The serum total and non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased after anagliptin treatment in the ApoE‐deficient mice. The cholesterol‐lowering effect was predominantly observed in the chylomicron fraction. The plasma 14C‐Chol radioactivity was significantly decreased by 26% at 2 h after cholesterol loading, and the fecal 14C‐Chol excretion was significantly increased by 38% at 72 h. The aforementioned effects on cholesterol transport were abrogated in rats lacking DPP‐4 activity, and exendin‐4 had no effect on the 14C‐Chol transport in ApoE‐deficient mice. Furthermore, significant decreases of the intestinal cholesterol transport‐related microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, acyl‐coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2, ApoA2 and ApoC2 messenger ribonucleic acid expressions were observed in the mice treated with repeated doses of anagliptin. Conclusions These findings suggest that anagliptin might exert a cholesterol‐lowering action through DPP‐4‐dependent and glucagon‐like peptide 1‐independent suppression of intestinal cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Goto
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | - Shinji Furuta
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | - Satoko Yamashita
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hashimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | - Wataru Yano
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Inoue
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kato
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of General Internal Medicine 1, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Bile salt dependent lipase promotes intestinal adaptation in rats with massive small bowel resection. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180077. [PMID: 29669842 PMCID: PMC6435509 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal adaptation is important for the short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients. Growing evidence has suggested that bile salt dependent lipase (BSDL) not only has the lipolytic activity, but also the immune-modulating and pro-proliferative activities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of BSDL on intestinal adaptive growth and gut barrier function in a rat model of SBS. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups: sham group (rats underwent bowel transection and re-anastomosis), SBS group (rats underwent 80% bowel resection), SBS-BSDL group (SBS rats orally administered BSDL). The animals were weighed daily. The intestinal morpho-histochemical changes and intestinal barrier function were determined 14 days after the operations. Meanwhile, the expressions of Wnt signaling molecules in enterocytes were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The postoperative weight gain was faster in the SBS rats treated with BSDL than in the SBS/untreated group. The SBS rats treated with BSDL had significantly greater villus height, crypt depth, and enterocyte proliferation in their residual intestines, as compared with the SBS/untreated group. The recovery of intestinal barrier function was promoted and the expressions of tight-junction proteins were increased in the SBS rats treated with BSDL. Additionally, the data indicated that the proadaptive activities of BSDL might be mediated by Wnt signaling activation in the enterocytes. These observations suggested that enteral BSDL administration promoted intestinal adaptive growth and barrier repairing by activating Wnt signaling pathway in SBS rats.
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Lombardo D, Silvy F, Crenon I, Martinez E, Collignon A, Beraud E, Mas E. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, and MODY-8 diabetes: is bile salt-dependent lipase (or carboxyl ester lipase) at the crossroads of pancreatic pathologies? Oncotarget 2018; 9:12513-12533. [PMID: 29552330 PMCID: PMC5844766 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinomas and diabetes mellitus are responsible for the deaths of around two million people each year worldwide. Patients with chronic pancreatitis do not die directly of this disease, except where the pathology is hereditary. Much current literature supports the involvement of bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), in the pathophysiology of these pancreatic diseases. The purpose of this review is to shed light on connections between chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas by gaining an insight into BSDL and its variants. This enzyme is normally secreted by the exocrine pancreas, and is diverted within the intestinal lumen to participate in the hydrolysis of dietary lipids. However, BSDL is also expressed by other cells and tissues, where it participates in lipid homeostasis. Variants of BSDL resulting from germline and/or somatic mutations (nucleotide insertion/deletion or nonallelic homologous recombination) are expressed in the pancreas of patients with pancreatic pathologies such as chronic pancreatitis, MODY-8, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We discuss the possible link between the expression of BSDL variants and these dramatic pancreatic pathologies, putting forward the suggestion that BSDL and its variants are implicated in the cell lipid metabolism/reprogramming that leads to the dyslipidemia observed in chronic pancreatitis, MODY-8, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We also propose potential strategies for translation to therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lombardo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Crenon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Collignon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Evelyne Beraud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
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12
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Johansson BB, Fjeld K, El Jellas K, Gravdal A, Dalva M, Tjora E, Ræder H, Kulkarni RN, Johansson S, Njølstad PR, Molven A. The role of the carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) gene in pancreatic disease. Pancreatology 2018; 18:12-19. [PMID: 29233499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), also known as bile salt-dependent or -stimulated lipase (BSDL, BSSL), hydrolyzes dietary fat, cholesteryl esters and fat-soluble vitamins in the duodenum. CEL is mainly expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and lactating mammary glands. The human CEL gene resides on chromosome 9q34.3 and contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region that encodes a mucin-like protein tail. Although the number of normal repeats does not appear to significantly influence the risk for pancreatic disease, single-base pair deletions in the first VNTR repeat cause a syndrome of endocrine and exocrine dysfunction denoted MODY8. Hallmarks are low fecal elastase levels and pancreatic lipomatosis manifesting before the age of twenty, followed by development of diabetes and pancreatic cysts later in life. The mutant protein forms intracellular and extracellular aggregates, suggesting that MODY8 is a protein misfolding disease. Recently, a recombined allele between CEL and its pseudogene CELP was discovered. This allele (CEL-HYB) encodes a chimeric protein with impaired secretion increasing five-fold the risk for chronic pancreatitis. The CEL gene has proven to be exceptionally polymorphic due to copy number variants of the CEL-CELP locus and alterations involving the VNTR. Genome-wide association studies or deep sequencing cannot easily pick up this wealth of genetic variation. CEL is therefore an attractive candidate gene for further exploration of links to pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente B Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karianne Fjeld
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Khadija El Jellas
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anny Gravdal
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Dalva
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erling Tjora
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Ræder
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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13
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Levels of palmitic acid ester of hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are reduced in the breast milk of obese mothers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:126-131. [PMID: 29154942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To achieve optimal development of a newborn, breastfeeding is extensively recommended, but little is known about the role of non-nutritive bioactive milk components. We aimed to characterize the fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), namely palmitic acid hydroxystearic acids (PAHSAs)-endogenous lipids with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties, in human breast milk. Breast milk samples from 30 lean (BMI=19-23) and 23 obese (BMI>30) women were collected 72h postpartum. Adipose tissue and milk samples were harvested from C57BL/6J mice. FAHFA lipid profiles were measured using reverse phase and chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. PAHSA regioisomers as well as other FAHFAs were present in both human and murine milk. Unexpectedly, the levels of 5-PAHSA were higher relative to other regioisomers. The separation of both regioisomers and enantiomers of PAHSAs revealed that both R- and S-enantiomers were present in the biological samples, and that the majority of the 5-PAHSA signal is of R configuration. Total PAHSA levels were positively associated with weight gain during pregnancy, and 5-PAHSA as well as total PAHSA levels were significantly lower in the milk of the obese compared to the lean mothers. Our results document for the first time the presence of lipid mediators from the FAHFA family in breast milk, while giving an insight into the stereochemistry of PAHSAs. They also indicate the negative effect of obesity on 5-PAHSA levels. Future studies will be needed to explore the role and mechanism of action of FAHFAs in breast milk.
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Varghese GK, Abraham R, Chandran NN, Habtemariam S. Identification of Lead Molecules in Garcinia mangostana L. Against Pancreatic Cholesterol Esterase Activity: An In Silico Approach. Interdiscip Sci 2017; 11:170-179. [PMID: 28741279 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Hence, inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been investigated for decades as a strategy to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol esterase (CEase) in pancreatic juice plays a vital role in the hydrolysis of dietary cholesterol esters to cholesterol and fatty acids. Since inhibition of CEase might lead to a reduction of cholesterol absorption, an attempt is made in this study to identify lead molecules of Garcinia mangostana by the in silico approach. The study employed software applications viz., AutoDock 4.2 and GOLD Suite of Programs 5.2. The study revealed the efficacy of three compounds viz., epicatechin, euxanthone, and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-xanthone, which exhibited least binding energy in AutoDock and moderate scoring in GOLD. The molecular properties as well as biological activity of these three compounds were predicted by molinspiration prediction tool. The results show the crucial role of polyphenolic compounds to limit the activity of CEase. The drug-likeness prediction revealed the prospects of the identified lead molecules as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rini Abraham
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Nisha N Chandran
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Saraswathy Thangavelu Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, KENT, Medway, ME4 4TB, UK
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15
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Bae YJ, Kim SE, Hong SY, Park T, Lee SG, Choi MS, Sung MK. Time-course microarray analysis for identifying candidate genes involved in obesity-associated pathological changes in the mouse colon. GENES AND NUTRITION 2016; 11:30. [PMID: 27895803 PMCID: PMC5120484 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-016-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is known to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. However, mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of obesity-induced colorectal cancer are not completely understood. The purposes of this study were to identify differentially expressed genes in the colon of mice with diet-induced obesity and to select candidate genes as early markers of obesity-associated abnormal cell growth in the colon. Methods C57BL/6N mice were fed normal diet (11% fat energy) or high-fat diet (40% fat energy) and were euthanized at different time points. Genome-wide expression profiles of the colon were determined at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Cluster analysis was performed using expression data of genes showing log2 fold change of ≥1 or ≤−1 (twofold change), based on time-dependent expression patterns, followed by virtual network analysis. Results High-fat diet-fed mice showed significant increase in body weight and total visceral fat weight over 12 weeks. Time-course microarray analysis showed that 50, 47, 36, and 411 genes were differentially expressed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. Ten cluster profiles representing distinguishable patterns of genes differentially expressed over time were determined. Cluster 4, which consisted of genes showing the most significant alterations in expression in response to high-fat diet over 12 weeks, included Apoa4 (apolipoprotein A-IV), Ppap2b (phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2B), Cel (carboxyl ester lipase), and Clps (colipase, pancreatic), which interacted strongly with surrounding genes associated with colorectal cancer or obesity. Conclusions Our data indicate that Apoa4, Ppap2b, Cel, and Clps are candidate early marker genes associated with obesity-related pathological changes in the colon. Genome-wide analyses performed in the present study provide new insights on selecting novel genes that may be associated with the development of diseases of the colon. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-016-0547-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jung Bae
- Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Hong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea.,Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kolar MJ, Kamat SS, Parsons WH, Homan EA, Maher T, Peroni OD, Syed I, Fjeld K, Molven A, Kahn BB, Cravatt BF, Saghatelian A. Branched Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids Are Preferred Substrates of the MODY8 Protein Carboxyl Ester Lipase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4636-41. [PMID: 27509211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered class of endogenous mammalian lipids, branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), possesses anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we identified and validated carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), a pancreatic enzyme hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters and other dietary lipids, as a FAHFA hydrolase. Variants of CEL have been linked to maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 8 (MODY8), and to chronic pancreatitis. We tested the FAHFA hydrolysis activity of the CEL MODY8 variant and found a modest increase in activity as compared with that of the normal enzyme. Together, the data suggest that CEL might break down dietary FAHFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kolar
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Siddhesh S Kamat
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - William H Parsons
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Edwin A Homan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Tim Maher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Odile D Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Karianne Fjeld
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , N-5021 Bergen, Norway.,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital , N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen , N-5021 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital , N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Abstract
Inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been sought for decades as a means to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) associated with hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe is the one clear success story in this regard, and other compounds with similar efficacy continue to be sought. In the last decade, the laboratory mouse, with all its genetic power, has become the premier experimental model for discovering the mechanisms underlying cholesterol absorption and has become a critical tool for preclinical testing of potential pharmaceutical entities. This chapter briefly reviews the history of cholesterol absorption research and the various gene candidates that have come under consideration as drug targets. The most common and versatile method of measuring cholesterol absorption is described in detail along with important considerations when interpreting results, and an alternative method is also presented. In recent years, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has become an area of intense new interest for drug discovery since this process is now considered another key to reducing CVD risk. The ultimate measure of RCT is sterol excretion and a detailed description is given for measuring neutral and acidic fecal sterols and interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Howles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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18
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Su J, Wang H, Ma C, Liu C, Gao C, Nie R, Tanver Rahman MR. Hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of bitter melon aqueous extracts via inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol esterase and reduction of cholesterol micellar solubility. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 67:20-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Ikeda I. Factors affecting intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols and stanols. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:9-18. [PMID: 25742922 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various factors affect intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols and stanols. Plant sterols and stanols are generally less absorptive than cholesterol. Differential absorption rates among various plant sterols and stanols have been also reported. Although it was suggested that differential absorption among cholesterol and various plant sterols was determined by difference in excretion rates of sterols and stanols through ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G5/ABCG8 of intestinal cells, our study suggests that affinity for and solubility in bile salt micelles can be important determinants for differential absorption of plant sterols and stanols. It was also suggested that plant sterols were transiently incorporated into intestinal cells and then excreted to intestinal lumen through ABCG5/ABCG8. However, in a rat study, transient incorporation of sitosterol into intestinal cells was not observed, suggesting that sitosterol is differentiated from cholesterol at the incorporation site of intestinal cells. It is well established that plant sterols inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol and exert a hypocholesterolemic activity. Plant sterols are solubilized in bile salt micelles as cholesterol. Our study clearly showed that because the sterol-solubilizing capacity of bile salt micelles was limited, plant sterols solubilized in micelles reduced the solubility of cholesterol. This can be the major cause of inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols. Pancreatic cholesterol esterase accelerates intestinal absorption of unesterified cholesterol. Although it was suggested that cholesterol esterase accelerated esterification of cholesterol incorporated into intestinal cells and acted as a transporter at the surface of intestinal cells, our research revealed that the accelerated cholesterol absorption was caused by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine in bile salt micelles. It is thought that hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine reduces the affinity of cholesterol for the micelles and accelerates the incorporation of cholesterol released from the micelles into intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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20
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Liang YT, Chen J, Jiao R, Peng C, Zuo Y, Lei L, Liu Y, Wang X, Ma KY, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Cholesterol-lowering activity of sesamin is associated with down-regulation on genes of sterol transporters involved in cholesterol absorption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2963-9. [PMID: 25745846 DOI: 10.1021/jf5063606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sesame seed is rich in sesamin. The present study was to (i) investigate the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of dietary sesamin and (ii) examine the interaction of dietary sesamin with the gene expression of sterol transporters, enzymes, receptors, and proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism. Thirty hamsters were divided into three groups fed the control diet (CON) or one of two experimental diets containing 0.2% (SL) and 0.5% (SH) sesamin, respectively, for 6 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) levels in hamsters given the CON, SL, and SH diets were 6.62 ± 0.40, 5.32 ± 0.40, and 5.00 ± 0.44 mmol/L, respectively, indicating dietary sesamin could reduce plasma TC in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the excretion of total fecal neutral sterols was dose-dependently increased with the amounts of sesamin in diets (CON, 2.65 ± 0.57; SL, 4.30 ± 0.65; and SH, 5.84 ± 1.27 μmol/day). Addition of sesamin into diets was associated with down-regulation of mRNA of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein (NPC1L1), acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP), and ATP-binding cassette transporters subfamily G members 5 and 8 (ABCG5 and ABCG8). Results also showed that dietary sesamin could up-regulate hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), whereas it down-regulated hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα). It was concluded that the cholesterol-lowering activity of sesamin was mediated by promoting the fecal excretion of sterols and modulating the genes involved in cholesterol absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tong Liang
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- ‡Lipids Technology and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- #Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Lei
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- §School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Liu Y, Lei L, Wang X, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Man SW, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Plasma cholesterol-raising potency of dietary free cholesterol versus cholesteryl ester and effect of β-sitosterol. Food Chem 2015; 169:277-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Yao X, Bunt C, Cornish J, Quek SY, Wen J. Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin Using Pectin- and Chitosan-Modified Liposomes and Solid Lipid Particles: Improvement of Stability of Lactoferrin. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:466-75. [PMID: 25581616 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A critical problem associated with delivery of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) by the oral route is low bioavailability, which is derived from the enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and poor permeation across the intestinal epitheliums. Particulate carrier systems have been identified to protect bLf against proteolysis via encapsulation. This study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical stability of bLf-loaded liposomes and solid lipid particles (SLPs) modified by pectin and chitosan when exposed to various stress conditions. Transmission electron microscopy results showed liposomes and SLPs had a classic shell-core structure with polymer layers surrounded on surface, but the structure appeared to be partially broken after digestion in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Although HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods qualitatively and quantitatively described either liposomes or SLPs could retain intact bLf against proteolysis in SIF to some extent, all liposome formulations showed rapid rate of lipolysis mediated by pancreatic enzymes. On the other hand, all SLP formulations showed higher heat resistance and greater electrolyte tolerance compared to liposome formulations. After 180 days storage time, liposome-loaded bLf was completely degraded, whereas almost 30% of intact bLf still remained in SLP formulations. Overall, SLPs are considered as primary choice for oral bLf delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Craig Bunt
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Siew-Young Quek
- School of Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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23
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Wang Y, Sheng Z, Wang Y, Li Q, Gao Y, Wang Y, Dai Y, Liu G, Zhao Y, Li N. Transgenic Mouse Milk Expressing Human Bile Salt-Stimulated Lipase Improves the Survival and Growth Status of Premature Mice. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 57:287-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Hamada T, Ikeda I, Takashima K, Kobayashi M, Kodama Y, Inoue T, Matsuoka R, Imaizumi K. Hydrolysis of Micellar Phosphatidylcholine Accelerates Cholesterol Absorption in Rats and Caco-2 Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:1726-32. [PMID: 16195591 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic recovery of cholesterol infused into the duodenum as bile salt micelles containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) was accelerated by the co-administration of phospholipase A2 in bile and pancreatic juice diverted rats. Previously we observed that cholesterol esterase, which has the ability to hydrolyze PC, caused the same effect under a similar experimental condition (Ikeda et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1571, 34-44 (2002)). Accelerated cholesterol absorption was also observed when a part of micellar PC was replaced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and oleic acid. Phospholipase A2 facilitated the incorporation of micellar cholesterol into Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. There was a highly negative correlation between the incorporation of cholesterol into Caco-2 cells and the content of micellar PC remaining in the culture medium. The release of cholesterol as a monomer from bile salt micelles was enhanced when a part of micellar PC was replaced with LysoPC and oleic acid. These results strongly suggest that the release of monomer cholesterol from bile salt micelles is accelerated by hydrolysis of PC in bile salt micelles and hence that cholesterol absorption is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadateru Hamada
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Differential regulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes during chronic high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:154-61. [PMID: 24816161 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic digestive enzymes are essential for the digestion of dietary components and are regulated by them. Chronic excess dietary high fat (HF) consumption is a contributing factor of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated chronic diseases and requires adaptation by the pancreas. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of chronic HF diet feeding on exocrine pancreatic digestive enzyme transcript levels in DIO C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed diets containing either 10 or 45% energy (E%) derived from fat for 12 weeks (n 10 mice per diet group). Pancreatic tissue and blood samples were collected at 0, 4 and 12 weeks. The expression of a panel of exocrine pancreatic digestive enzymes was analysed using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The HF (45 E%) diet-fed C57BL/6J mice developed obesity, hyperleptinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. The transcript levels of pancreatic lipase (PL), pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) and pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were initially elevated; however, they were down-regulated to basal control levels at week 12. The transcript levels of colipase were significantly affected by diet and time. The protein levels of PL and PLRP2 responded to HF diet feeding. The transcript levels of amylase and proteases were not significantly affected by diet and time. The transcript levels of specific lipases in hyperinsulinaemic, hyperleptinaemic and hyperglycaemic DIO C57BL/6J mice are down-regulated. However, these mice compensate for this by the post-transcriptional regulation of the levels of proteins that respond to dietary fat. This suggests a complex regulatory mechanism involved in the modulation of fat digestion.
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Jiao R, Chen J, Peng C, Liang Y, Ma KY, Wang X, Liu Y, Lei L, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Cholesteryl ester species differently elevate plasma cholesterol in hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11041-11047. [PMID: 24151965 DOI: 10.1021/jf4039293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was to examine the effect of free cholesterol (C) and individual cholesteryl ester (CE) species, namely cholesteryl palmitate (CP), cholesteryl stearate (CS), cholesteryl oleate (CO), and cholesteryl linoleate (CL) on plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, and triacylglycerols (TG) in hamsters. Results showed that addition of dietary CE species into diet at 0.1% differently raised plasma TC concentrations, with CO elevating plasma TC to 331 mg/dL, while CS raised plasma TC only to 220 mg/dL. It was found that CS was a poor substrate of pancreatic cholesterol esterase, while CO was a good substrate. The fecal analysis showed CS-fed hamsters had the highest fecal cholesterol concentration, while RT-PCR analysis found CS feeding was associated with down-regulations of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) as well as microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP). It was therefore concluded that the plasma cholesterol-raising activity of CE species was partially governed by their hydrolysis rates in the intestine, and the relative low raising activity associated with CS was mediated by down-regulation of intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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John S, Thangapandian S, Lazar P, Son M, Park C, Lee KW. New insights in the activation of human cholesterol esterase to design potent anti-cholesterol drugs. Mol Divers 2013; 18:119-31. [PMID: 24173651 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypercholesterolemia is the root cause for major health issues like coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Regulating plasma cholesterol level, which is the product of biosynthesis as well as dietary intake, has become one of the major therapeutic strategies to effectively control these diseases. Human cholesterol esterase (hCEase) is an interesting target involved in the regulation of plasma cholesterol level and thus inhibition of this enzyme is highly effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. This study was designed to understand the activation mechanism that enables the enzyme to accommodate long chain fatty acids and to identify the structural elements for the successful catalysis. Primarily the activation efficiencies of three different bile salts were studied and compared using molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the conformations of major surface loops, hydrogen bond interactions, and distance analyses, taurocholate was concluded as the preferred activator of the enzyme. Furthermore, the importance of two bile salt binding sites (proximal and remote) and the crucial role of 7α-OH group of the bile salts in the activation of hCEase was examined and evidenced. The results of our study explain the structural insights of the activation mechanism and show the key features of the bile salts responsible for the enzyme activation which are very useful in hypolipidemic drug designing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini John
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazwa-dong, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Lin G, Lai CY, Liao WC, Kuo BH, Lu CP. Structure-Reactivity Relationships as Probes for the Inhibition Mechanism of Cholesterol Esterase by Aryl Carbamates. I. Steady-State Kinetics. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ræder H, Vesterhus M, El Ouaamari A, Paulo JA, McAllister FE, Liew CW, Hu J, Kawamori D, Molven A, Gygi SP, Njølstad PR, Kahn CR, Kulkarni RN. Absence of diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in a transgenic model of carboxyl-ester lipase-MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young). PLoS One 2013; 8:e60229. [PMID: 23565203 PMCID: PMC3615023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CEL-MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by mutations in CARBOXYL-ESTER LIPASE (CEL). The pathogenic processes underlying CEL-MODY are poorly understood, and the global knockout mouse model of the CEL gene (CELKO) did not recapitulate the disease. We therefore aimed to create and phenotype a mouse model specifically over-expressing mutated CEL in the pancreas. Methods We established a monotransgenic floxed (flanking LOX sequences) mouse line carrying the human CEL mutation c.1686delT and crossed it with an elastase-Cre mouse to derive a bitransgenic mouse line with pancreas-specific over-expression of CEL carrying this disease-associated mutation (TgCEL). Following confirmation of murine pancreatic expression of the human transgene by real-time quantitative PCR, we phenotyped the mouse model fed a normal chow and compared it with mice fed a 60% high fat diet (HFD) as well as the effects of short-term and long-term cerulein exposure. Results Pancreatic exocrine function was normal in TgCEL mice on normal chow as assessed by serum lipid and lipid-soluble vitamin levels, fecal elastase and fecal fat absorption, and the normoglycemic mice exhibited normal pancreatic morphology. On 60% HFD, the mice gained weight to the same extent as controls, had normal pancreatic exocrine function and comparable glucose tolerance even after resuming normal diet and follow up up to 22 months of age. The cerulein-exposed TgCEL mice gained weight and remained glucose tolerant, and there were no detectable mutation-specific differences in serum amylase, islet hormones or the extent of pancreatic tissue inflammation. Conclusions In this murine model of human CEL-MODY diabetes, we did not detect mutation-specific endocrine or exocrine pancreatic phenotypes, in response to altered diets or exposure to cerulein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Ræder
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Burchardt P, Zurawski J, Zuchowski B, Kubacki T, Murawa D, Wiktorowicz K, Wysocki H. Low-density lipoprotein, its susceptibility to oxidation and the role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase lipases in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9:151-8. [PMID: 23515030 PMCID: PMC3598136 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.33176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a very well established risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Unoxidized LDL is an inert transport vehicle of cholesterol and other lipids in the body and is thought to be atherogenic. Recently it has been appreciated that oxidized products of LDL are responsible for plaque formation properties previously attributed to the intact particle. The goal of this article is to review the recent understanding of the LDL oxidation pathway. The role of oxidized products and key enzymes (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase) are also extensively discussed in the context of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Burchardt
- Division of Cardiology-Intensive Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Liu W, Ye A, Liu W, Liu C, Singh H. Stability during in vitro digestion of lactoferrin-loaded liposomes prepared from milk fat globule membrane-derived phospholipids. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2061-2070. [PMID: 23375971 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes loaded with positively charged lactoferrin (LF) were prepared from milk fat globule membrane-derived phospholipids using a thin-layer dispersion method. The entrapment efficiency of LF in the liposomes and the stability during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion were characterized and examined using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and PAGE. The entrapment efficiency of LF encapsulated in the liposomes was about 46%. The entrapped LF remained unchanged as a function of time and pepsin concentration when the liposome samples were digested in a simulated gastric environment, suggesting that the liposomes prepared from milk fat globule membrane-derived phospholipids were stable and protected the entrapped LF from pepsin hydrolysis. In simulated intestinal fluid, the entrapped LF was more susceptible to hydrolysis by the protease in pancreatin, as shown by changes in the diameter and membrane structure of the liposomes. The release of free fatty acids from the liposomes during digestion in simulated intestinal fluid revealed that the phospholipids in the liposomes were partly hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase. It was suggested that liposomes may prevent the gastric degradation of LF and reduce the rate of hydrolysis of LF in intestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, P.R. China; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, P.R. China.
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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John S, Thangapandian S, Lee KW. Potential human cholesterol esterase inhibitor design: benefits from the molecular dynamics simulations and pharmacophore modeling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 29:921-36. [PMID: 22292952 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.10507419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic cholesterol esterase (hCEase) is one of the lipases found to involve in the digestion of large and broad spectrum of substrates including triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, etc. The presence of bile salts is found to be very important for the activation of hCEase. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed for the apoform and bile salt complexed form of hCEase using the co-ordinates of two bile salts from bovine CEase. The stability of the systems throughout the simulation time was checked and two representative structures from the highly populated regions were selected using cluster analysis. These two representative structures were used in pharmacophore model generation. The generated pharmacophore models were validated and used in database screening. The screened hits were refined for their drug-like properties based on Lipinski's rule of five and ADMET properties. The drug-like compounds were further refined by molecular docking simulation using GOLD program based on the GOLD fitness score, mode of binding, and molecular interactions with the active site amino acids. Finally, three hits of novel scaffolds were selected as potential leads to be used in novel and potent hCEase inhibitor design. The stability of binding modes and molecular interactions of these final hits were re-assured by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini John
- Division of Applied Life Science_(BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC) Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazha-dong, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Lindquist S, Andersson EL, Lundberg L, Hernell O. Bile salt-stimulated lipase plays an unexpected role in arthritis development in rodents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47006. [PMID: 23071697 PMCID: PMC3469624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the hypothesis that bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), in addition to being a key enzyme in dietary fat digestion during early infancy, plays an important role in inflammation, notably arthritis. METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in rodents are commonly used experimental models that reproduce many of the pathogenic mechanisms of human rheumatoid arthritis, i.e. increased cellular infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage and bone in the distal joints. We used the CIA model to compare the response in BSSL wild type (BSSL-WT) mice with BSSL-deficient 'knock-out' (BSSL-KO) and BSSL-heterozygous (BSSL-HET) littermates. We also investigated if intraperitoneal injection of BSSL-neutralizing antibodies affected the development or severity of CIA and PIA in mice and rats, respectively. RESULTS In two consecutive studies, we found that BSSL-KO male mice, in contrast to BSSL-WT littermates, were significantly protected from developing arthritis. We also found that BSSL-HET mice were less prone to develop disease compared to BSSL-WT mice, but not as resistant as BSSL-KO mice, suggesting a gene-dose effect. Moreover, we found that BSSL-neutralizing antibody injection reduced both the incidence and severity of CIA and PIA in rodents. CONCLUSION Our data strongly support BSSL as a key player in the inflammatory process, at least in rodents. It also suggests the possibility that BSSL-neutralizing agents could serve as a therapeutic model to reduce the inflammatory response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Structure and integrity of liposomes prepared from milk- or soybean-derived phospholipids during in vitro digestion. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Understanding the lipid-digestion processes in the GI tract before designing lipid-based drug-delivery systems. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:105-24. [PMID: 22833936 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the compounds present in lipid-based drug-delivery systems are esters, such as acylglycerols, phospholipids, polyethyleneglycol mono- and di-esters and polysorbate, which can be hydrolyzed by the various lipolytic enzymes present in the GI tract. Lipolysis of these compounds, along with dietary fats, affects the solubility, dispersion and bioavailibity of poorly water-soluble drugs. Pharmaceutical scientists have been taking a new interest in fat digestion in this context, and several studies presenting in vitro gastrointestinal lipolysis models have been published. In most models, it is generally assumed that pancreatic lipase is the main enzyme involved in the gastrointestinal lipolysis of lipid formulations. It was established, however, that gastric lipase, pancreatic carboxyl ester hydrolaze and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 are the major players involved in the lipolysis of lipid excipients containing acylglycerols and polyethyleneglycol esters. These findings have shown that the lipolysis of lipid excipients may actually start in the stomach and involve several lipolytic enzymes. These findings should therefore be taken into account when testing in vitro the dispersion and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs formulated with lipids. In this review, we present the latest data available about the lipolytic enzymes involved in gastrointestinal lipolysis and suggest tracks for designing physiologically relevant in vitro digestion models.
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New cholesterol esterase inhibitors based on rhodanine and thiazolidinedione scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7453-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Xiao X, Ross LE, Miller RA, Lowe ME. Kinetic properties of mouse pancreatic lipase-related protein-2 suggest the mouse may not model human fat digestion. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:982-90. [PMID: 21382969 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m014290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice have been employed to understand the role of lipases in dietary fat digestion with the expectation that the results can be extrapolated to humans. However, little is known about the properties of mouse pancreatic triglyceride lipase (mPTL) and pancreatic lipase-related protein-2 (mPLRP2). In this study, both lipases were expressed in Pichia Pastoris GS115, purified to near homogeneity, and their properties were characterized. Mouse PTL displayed the kinetics typical of PTL from other species. Like mPTL, mPLRP2 exhibited strong activity against various triglycerides. In contrast to mPTL, mPLRP2 was not inhibited by increasing bile salt concentration. Colipase stimulated mPLRP2 activity 2- to 4-fold. Additionally, mPTL absolutely required colipase for absorption to a lipid interface, whereas mPLRP2 absorbed fully without colipase. mPLRP2 had full activity in the presence of BSA, whereas BSA completely inhibited mPTL unless colipase was present. All of these properties of mPLRP2 differ from the properties of human PLRP2 (hPLRP2). Furthermore, mPLRP2 appears capable of compensating for mPTL deficiency. These findings suggest that the molecular mechanisms of dietary fat digestion may be different in humans and mice. Thus, extrapolation of dietary fat digestion in mice to humans should be done with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjun Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Camarota LM, Woollett LA, Howles PN. Reverse cholesterol transport is elevated in carboxyl ester lipase-knockout mice. FASEB J 2011; 25:1370-7. [PMID: 21212359 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-169680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms to increase reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and biliary sterol disposal are currently sought to prevent atherosclerosis. Previous work with HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes showed that carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), a broad-spectrum lipase secreted by pancreas and liver, plays an important role in hydrolysis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl esters (CEs) after selective uptake by hepatocytes. The effect of CEL on RCT of HDL cholesterol was assessed by measuring biliary and fecal disposal of radiolabeled HDL-CE in control and Cel(-/-) mice. Radiolabeled CE was increased 3-fold in hepatic bile of Cel(-/-) mice, and the mass of CE in gall bladder bile was elevated. Total radiolabeled transport from plasma to hepatic bile was more rapid in Cel(-/-) mice. Fecal disposal of radiolabel from HDL-CE, as well as total sterol mass, was markedly elevated for Cel(-/-) mice, primarily due to more CE. RCT of macrophage CE was also increased in Cel(-/-) mice, as measured by excretion of radiolabel from injected J774 cells. Increased sterol loss was compensated by increased cholesterol synthesis in Cel(-/-) mice. Together, the data demonstrate significantly increased RCT in the absence of CEL and suggest a novel mechanism by which to manipulate plasma cholesterol flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Camarota
- Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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John S, Thangapandian S, Sakkiah S, Lee KW. Discovery of potential pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibitors using pharmacophore modelling, virtual screening, and optimization studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:535-45. [PMID: 21143043 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.535795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini John
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sundarapandian Thangapandian
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Fontbonne H, Brisson L, Vérine A, Puigserver A, Lombardo D, Ajandouz EH. Human bile salt-dependent lipase efficiency on medium-chain acyl-containing substrates: control by sodium taurocholate. J Biochem 2010; 149:145-51. [PMID: 21081507 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salt-dependent lipase was purified to homogeneity from lyophilized human milk and used to screen the influence of the acyl chain length (2-16 carbon atoms) on the kinetic constants k(cat) and K(m) of the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl (pnp) ester substrates in the presence or absence of sodium taurocholate (NaTC: 0.02-20 mM). The highest k(cat) value (∼3,500 s(-1)) was obtained with pnpC(8) as substrate, whereas the lowest K(m) (<10 µM) was that recorded with pnpC(10). In the absence of NaTC, the maximal catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) was obtained with pnpC(8), while in the presence of NaTC k(cat)/K(m) was maximal with pnpC(8), pnpC(10) or pnpC(12). The bile salt activated the enzyme in two successive saturation phases occurring at a micromolar and a millimolar concentration range, respectively. The present data emphasize the suitability of this enzyme for the hydrolysis of medium-chain acyl-containing substrates and throw additional light on how BSDL is activated by NaTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Fontbonne
- BiosCiences-ISM2, UMR 6263, CNRS-Université Paul Cézanne-Aix Marseille III, Case 342, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France
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Vesterhus M, Ræder H, Kurpad AJ, Kawamori D, Molven A, Kulkarni RN, Kahn CR, Njølstad PR. Pancreatic function in carboxyl-ester lipase knockout mice. Pancreatology 2010; 10:467-76. [PMID: 20720448 PMCID: PMC2968766 DOI: 10.1159/000266284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS CEL-MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to mutations in the carboxyl-ester lipase (CEL) gene. We aimed to investigate endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function in CEL knockout mice (CELKO). METHODS A knockout mouse model with global targeted deletion of CEL was investigated physiologically and histopathologically, and compared to littermate control CEL+/+ mice at 7 and 12 months on normal chow and high-fat diets (HFD), i.e. 42 and 60% fat by calories. RESULTS CELKO+/+ and -/- mice showed normal growth and development and normal glucose metabolism on a chow diet. Female CEL-/- mice on 60% HFD, on the other hand, had increased random blood glucose compared to littermate controls (p = 0.02), and this was accompanied by a reduction in glucose tolerance that did not reach statistical significance. In these mice there was also islet hyperplasia, however, α- and β-islet cells appeared morphologically normal and pancreatic exocrine function was also normal. CONCLUSION Although we observed mild glucose intolerance in female mice with whole-body knockout of CEL, the full phenotype of human CEL-MODY was not reproduced, suggesting that the pathogenic mechanisms involved are more complex than a simple loss of CEL function. and IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Vesterhus
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway,Section on Obesity, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway,Section on Obesity, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Amarnath J. Kurpad
- Section on Cell and Molecular Physiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Dan Kawamori
- Section on Cell and Molecular Physiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Anders Molven
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Section on Cell and Molecular Physiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Obesity, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Pål Rasmus Njølstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway,Section on Obesity, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA,*Prof. Pål Rasmus Njølstad, MD, PhD, Section for Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen NO–5020 Bergen (Norway), Tel. +47 5597 5200, Fax +47 5597 5159, E-Mail
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Li B, Zhou B, Lu H, Ma L, Peng AY. Phosphaisocoumarins as a new class of potent inhibitors for pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:1955-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been sought for decades as a means to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe is the one clear success story in this regard, and other compounds with similar efficacy continue to be sought. In the last decade, the laboratory mouse, with all its genetic power, has become the premier experimental model for discovering the mechanisms underlying cholesterol absorption and has become a critical tool for preclinical testing of potential pharmaceutical entities. This chapter briefly reviews the history of cholesterol absorption research and the various gene candidates that have come under consideration as drug targets. The most common and versatile method of measuring cholesterol absorption is described in detail along with important considerations when interpreting results, and an alternative method is also presented. In recent years, reverse cholesterol transport has become an area of intense new interest for drug discovery since this process is now considered another key to reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The ultimate measure of reverse cholesterol transport is sterol excretion and a detailed description is given for measuring neutral and acidic fecal sterols and interpreting the results.
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Daniels TF, Killinger KM, Michal JJ, Wright RW, Jiang Z. Lipoproteins, cholesterol homeostasis and cardiac health. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:474-88. [PMID: 19584955 PMCID: PMC2706428 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential substance involved in many functions, such as maintaining cell membranes, manufacturing vitamin D on surface of the skin, producing hormones, and possibly helping cell connections in the brain. When cholesterol levels rise in the blood, they can, however, have dangerous consequences. In particular, cholesterol has generated considerable notoriety for its causative role in atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in developed countries around the world. Homeostasis of cholesterol is centered on the metabolism of lipoproteins, which mediate transport of the lipid to and from tissues. As a synopsis of the major events and proteins that manage lipoprotein homeostasis, this review contributes to the substantial attention that has recently been directed to this area. Despite intense scrutiny, the majority of phenotypic variation in total cholesterol and related traits eludes explanation by current genetic knowledge. This is somewhat disappointing considering heritability estimates have established these traits as highly genetic. Thus, the continued search for candidate genes, mutations, and mechanisms is vital to our understanding of heart disease at the molecular level. Furthermore, as marker development continues to predict risk of vascular illness, this knowledge has the potential to revolutionize treatment of this leading human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler F Daniels
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6351, USA
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Benkoël L, Bernard JP, Payan-Defais MJ, Crescence L, Franceschi C, Delmas M, Ouaissi M, Sastre B, Sahel J, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P, Silvy F, Gauthier L, Romagné F, Lombardo D, Mas E. Monoclonal antibody 16D10 to the COOH-terminal domain of the feto-acinar pancreatic protein targets pancreatic neoplastic tissues. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:282-91. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li L, Weng W, Harrison EH, Fisher EA. Plasma carboxyl ester lipase activity modulates apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein metabolism in a transgenic mouse model. Metabolism 2008; 57:1361-8. [PMID: 18803939 PMCID: PMC2587065 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) is in the plasma of many mammals, including humans and rats, but not mice. In vitro, CEL hydrolyzes cholesterol esters of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (apo B-Lp). To study the effect of CEL on metabolism of apo B-Lp and atherosclerosis in vivo, apo E-knockout (EKO) mice, which have high plasma levels of apo B-Lp and are prone to atherosclerosis, were made to secrete CEL into plasma by introducing a transgene containing a liver-specific promoter and rat CEL complementary DNA. Plasma CEL activity in EKO-CEL mice was comparable with that found in rats. Evidence of modification of apo B-Lp by plasma CEL in vivo was an increase in the free cholesterol to cholesterol ester ratio of apo B-Lp from mice on chow or a Western-type diet. In addition, plasma total cholesterol levels were elevated in EKO-CEL mice, with the elevation found exclusively in the apo B-Lp fraction. Associated with the increase in steady-state apo B-Lp levels was an increase in the plasma half-life of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in EKO-CEL mice, measured by the clearance rate of injected VLDL. Interestingly, despite the increase of apo B-Lp, the atherosclerotic lesion did not differ between EKO and EKO-CEL mice on a Western-type diet. In summary, our results demonstrate that plasma CEL modulates apo B-Lp metabolism in vivo, resulting in reduced VLDL clearance and elevated plasma cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Research, Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Miller R, Lowe ME. Carboxyl ester lipase from either mother's milk or the pancreas is required for efficient dietary triglyceride digestion in suckling mice. J Nutr 2008; 138:927-30. [PMID: 18424603 PMCID: PMC3687517 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.5.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because dietary fats provide an important source of energy in the newborn, the efficient digestion of dietary fats is critical to their well-being. Despite the importance of dietary fat digestion, newborns have a deficiency of pancreatic triglyceride lipase, the predominant digestive lipase in adults. The efficient dietary fat digestion in newborns suggests that other lipases must compensate for the lack of pancreatic triglyceride lipase. In this study, we test the hypothesis that breast milk, pancreatic carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), or both contribute to dietary fat digestion in the newborn. To test this hypothesis, we determined the amount and composition of fecal fat in wild-type and CEL-deficient newborns nursed by either wild-type or CEL-deficient dams. We tested all genetic permutations of the nursing pairs. An interaction between the genotype of the dam and of the pup determined the amount of fecal fat (P < 0.001). Fecal fat was highest in CEL-deficient pups nursed by CEL-deficient dams. Furthermore, only the feces from the CEL-deficient pups nursed by CEL-deficient dams contained undigested lipids. Even with increased fecal fats, the CEL-deficient pups had normal weight gain. Our results demonstrate that CEL contributes significantly to dietary triglyceride digestion whether it originates from mother's milk or pancreatic secretions. However, only the absence of both mother's milk and pancreatic CEL produces fat maldigestion. The absence of a single CEL source makes no difference in the efficiency of dietary fat absorption.
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Nogueiras R, Wiedmer P, Perez-Tilve D, Veyrat-Durebex C, Keogh JM, Sutton GM, Pfluger PT, Castaneda TR, Neschen S, Hofmann SM, Howles PN, Morgan DA, Benoit SC, Szanto I, Schrott B, Schürmann A, Joost HG, Hammond C, Hui DY, Woods SC, Rahmouni K, Butler AA, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Tschöp MH. The central melanocortin system directly controls peripheral lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3475-88. [PMID: 17885689 PMCID: PMC1978426 DOI: 10.1172/jci31743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of the melanocortin signaling system have been linked to obesity. We investigated a possible role of the central nervous melanocortin system (CNS-Mcr) in the control of adiposity through effects on nutrient partitioning and cellular lipid metabolism independent of nutrient intake. We report that pharmacological inhibition of melanocortin receptors (Mcr) in rats and genetic disruption of Mc4r in mice directly and potently promoted lipid uptake, triglyceride synthesis, and fat accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT), while increased CNS-Mcr signaling triggered lipid mobilization. These effects were independent of food intake and preceded changes in adiposity. In addition, decreased CNS-Mcr signaling promoted increased insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in WAT while decreasing glucose utilization in muscle and brown adipose tissue. Such CNS control of peripheral nutrient partitioning depended on sympathetic nervous system function and was enhanced by synergistic effects on liver triglyceride synthesis. Our findings offer an explanation for enhanced adiposity resulting from decreased melanocortin signaling, even in the absence of hyperphagia, and are consistent with feeding-independent changes in substrate utilization as reflected by respiratory quotient, which is increased with chronic Mcr blockade in rodents and in humans with loss-of-function mutations in MC4R. We also reveal molecular underpinnings for direct control of the CNS-Mcr over lipid metabolism. These results suggest ways to design more efficient pharmacological methods for controlling adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Petra Wiedmer
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gregory M. Sutton
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamara R. Castaneda
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Susanne Neschen
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Susanna M. Hofmann
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Philip N. Howles
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Donald A. Morgan
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ildiko Szanto
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Brigitte Schrott
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig Hammond
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David Y. Hui
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew A. Butler
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Heynekamp JJ, Hunsaker LA, Vander Jagt TA, Royer RE, Deck LM, Vander Jagt DL. Isocoumarin-based inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5285-94. [PMID: 18353652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase), which is secreted from the exocrine pancreas, is a serine hydrolase that aids in the bile salt-dependent hydrolysis of dietary cholesteryl esters and contributes to the hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids. Additional roles for CEase in intestinal micelle formation and in transport of free cholesterol to the enterocyte have been suggested. There also are studies that point to a pathological role(s) for CEase in the circulation where CEase accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions and triggers proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Thus, there is interest in CEase as a potential drug target. 4-Chloro-3-alkoxyisocoumarins are a class of haloenol lactones that inhibit serine hydrolases and serine proteases and have the potential to be suicide inhibitors. In the present study, we have developed 3-alkoxychloroisocoumarins that are potent inhibitors of CEase. These inhibitors were designed to have a saturated cycloalkane ring incorporated into a 3-alkoxy substituent. The size of the ring as well as the length of the tether holding the ring was found to be important contributors to binding to CEase. 4-Chloro-3-(4-cyclohexylbutoxy)isocoumarin and 4-chloro-3-(3-cyclopentylpropoxy)isocoumarin were demonstrated to be potent reversible inhibitors of CEase, with dissociation constants of 11nM and 19nM, respectively. The kinetic results are consistent with predictions from molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Heynekamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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