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Huffer A, Mao M, Ballard K, Ozdemir T. Biomimetic Hyaluronan Binding Biomaterials to Capture the Complex Regulation of Hyaluronan in Tissue Development and Function. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:499. [PMID: 39194478 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9080499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Within native ECM, Hyaluronan (HA) undergoes remarkable structural remodeling through its binding receptors and proteins called hyaladherins. Hyaladherins contain a group of tandem repeat sequences, such as LINK domains, BxB7 homologous sequences, or 20-50 amino acid long short peptide sequences that have high affinity towards side chains of HA. The HA binding sequences are critical players in HA distribution and regulation within tissues and potentially attractive therapeutic targets to regulate HA synthesis and organization. While HA is a versatile and successful biopolymer, most HA-based therapeutics have major differences from a native HA molecule, such as molecular weight discrepancies, crosslinking state, and remodeling with other HA binding proteins. Recent studies showed the promise of HA binding domains being used as therapeutic biomaterials for osteoarthritic, ocular, or cardiovascular therapeutic products. However, we propose that there is a significant potential for HA binding materials to reveal the physiological functions of HA in a more realistic setting. This review is focused on giving a comprehensive overview of the connections between HA's role in the body and the potential of HA binding material applications in therapeutics and regenerative medicine. We begin with an introduction to HA then discuss HA binding molecules and the process of HA binding. Finally, we discuss HA binding materials anf the future prospects of potential HA binding biomaterials systems in the field of biomaterials and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Huffer
- Nanoscience and Biomedical Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Mingyang Mao
- Nanoscience and Biomedical Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Katherine Ballard
- Nanoscience and Biomedical Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Tugba Ozdemir
- Nanoscience and Biomedical Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
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Irala D, Wang S, Sakers K, Nagendren L, Ulloa Severino FP, Bindu DS, Savage JT, Eroglu C. Astrocyte-secreted neurocan controls inhibitory synapse formation and function. Neuron 2024; 112:1657-1675.e10. [PMID: 38574730 PMCID: PMC11098688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes strongly promote the formation and maturation of synapses by secreted proteins. Several astrocyte-secreted synaptogenic proteins controlling excitatory synapse development were identified; however, those that induce inhibitory synaptogenesis remain elusive. Here, we identify neurocan as an astrocyte-secreted inhibitory synaptogenic protein. After secretion from astrocytes, neurocan is cleaved into N- and C-terminal fragments. We found that these fragments have distinct localizations in the extracellular matrix. The neurocan C-terminal fragment localizes to synapses and controls cortical inhibitory synapse formation and function. Neurocan knockout mice lacking the whole protein or only its C-terminal synaptogenic domain have reduced inhibitory synapse numbers and function. Through super-resolution microscopy, in vivo proximity labeling by secreted TurboID, and astrocyte-specific rescue approaches, we discovered that the synaptogenic domain of neurocan localizes to somatostatin-positive inhibitory synapses and strongly regulates their formation. Together, our results unveil a mechanism through which astrocytes control circuit-specific inhibitory synapse development in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Irala
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristina Sakers
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leykashree Nagendren
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Francesco Paolo Ulloa Severino
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Instituto Cajal, CSIC 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Justin T Savage
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Irala D, Wang S, Sakers K, Nagendren L, Ulloa-Severino FP, Bindu DS, Eroglu C. Astrocyte-Secreted Neurocan Controls Inhibitory Synapse Formation and Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535448. [PMID: 37066164 PMCID: PMC10104008 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes strongly promote the formation and maturation of synapses by secreted proteins. To date, several astrocyte-secreted synaptogenic proteins controlling different stages of excitatory synapse development have been identified. However, the identities of astrocytic signals that induce inhibitory synapse formation remain elusive. Here, through a combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments, we identified Neurocan as an astrocyte-secreted inhibitory synaptogenic protein. Neurocan is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that is best known as a protein localized to the perineuronal nets. However, Neurocan is cleaved into two after secretion from astrocytes. We found that the resulting N- and C-terminal fragments have distinct localizations in the extracellular matrix. While the N-terminal fragment remains associated with perineuronal nets, the Neurocan C-terminal fragment localizes to synapses and specifically controls cortical inhibitory synapse formation and function. Neurocan knockout mice lacking the whole protein or only its C-terminal synaptogenic region have reduced inhibitory synapse numbers and function. Through super-resolution microscopy and in vivo proximity labeling by secreted TurboID, we discovered that the synaptogenic domain of Neurocan localizes to somatostatin-positive inhibitory synapses and strongly regulates their formation. Together, our results unveil a mechanism through which astrocytes control circuit-specific inhibitory synapse development in the mammalian brain.
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Fontanil T, Mohamedi Y, Espina-Casado J, Obaya ÁJ, Cobo T, Cal S. Hyalectanase Activities by the ADAMTS Metalloproteases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062988. [PMID: 33804223 PMCID: PMC8000579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyalectan family is composed of the proteoglycans aggrecan, versican, brevican and neurocan. Hyalectans, also known as lecticans, are components of the extracellular matrix of different tissues and play essential roles in key biological processes including skeletal development, and they are related to the correct maintenance of the vascular and central nervous system. For instance, hyalectans participate in the organization of structures such as perineural nets and in the regulation of neurite outgrowth or brain recovery following a traumatic injury. The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease domains, with thrombospondin motifs) family consists of 19 secreted metalloproteases. These enzymes also perform important roles in the structural organization and function of the extracellular matrix through interactions with other matrix components or as a consequence of their catalytic activity. In this regard, some of their preferred substrates are the hyalectans. In fact, ADAMTSs cleave hyalectans not only as a mechanism for clearance or turnover of proteoglycans but also to generate bioactive fragments which display specific functions. In this article we review some of the physiological and pathological effects derived from cleavages of hyalectans mediated by ADAMTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Fontanil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (T.F.); (Y.M.)
- Departamento de Investigación, Instituto Ordóñez, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yamina Mohamedi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (T.F.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jorge Espina-Casado
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Álvaro J. Obaya
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-985966014 (T.C.); +34-985106282 (S.C.)
| | - Santiago Cal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (T.F.); (Y.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-985966014 (T.C.); +34-985106282 (S.C.)
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Mori A, Hane M, Niimi Y, Kitajima K, Sato C. Different properties of polysialic acids synthesized by the polysialyltransferases ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4. Glycobiology 2018; 27:834-846. [PMID: 28810663 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is mainly found as a modification of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in whole embryonic brains, as well as restricted areas of adult vertebrate brains, including the hippocampus. PolySia shows not only repulsive effects on NCAM-involved cell-cell interactions due to its bulky and hydrated properties, but also attractive effects on the interaction with neurologically active molecules, which exerts a reservoir function. Two different polysialyltransferases, ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4, are involved in the synthesis of polySia chains; however, to date, the differences of the properties between polySia chains synthesized by these two enzymes remain unknown. In this study, to clarify this point, we first prepared polySia-NCAMs from HEK293 cells stably expressing ST8SIA4 and ST8SIA2, or ST8SIA2 (SNP-7), a mutant ST8SIA2 derived from a schizophrenia patient. The conventional sensitive chemical and immunological characterizations showed that the quantity and quality (structural features) of polySia are not so much different between ST8SIA4- and ST8SIA2-synthesized ones, apart from those of ST8SIA2 (SNP-7). Then, we assessed the homophilic and heterophilic interactions mediated by polySia-NCAM by adopting a surface plasmon resonance measurement as an in vitro analytical method. Our novel findings are as follows: (i) the ST8SIA2- and ST8SIA4-synthesized polySia-NCAMs exhibited different attractive and repulsive effects than each other; (ii) both polySia- and oligoSia-NCAMs synthesized by ST8SIA2 were able to bind polySia-NCAMs; (iii) the polySia-NCAM synthesized by a ST8SIA2 (SNP-7) showed markedly altered attractive and repulsive properties. Collectively, polySia-NCAM is suggested to simultaneously possess both attractive and repulsive properties that are highly regulated by the two polysialyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Mori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaya Hane
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Niimi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Mühleisen TW, Reinbold CS, Forstner AJ, Abramova LI, Alda M, Babadjanova G, Bauer M, Brennan P, Chuchalin A, Cruceanu C, Czerski PM, Degenhardt F, Fischer SB, Fullerton JM, Gordon SD, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Grof P, Hauser J, Hautzinger M, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Kammerer-Ciernioch J, Khusnutdinova E, Kogevinas M, Krasnov V, Lacour A, Laprise C, Leber M, Lissowska J, Lucae S, Maaser A, Maier W, Martin NG, Mattheisen M, Mayoral F, McKay JD, Medland SE, Mitchell PB, Moebus S, Montgomery GW, Müller-Myhsok B, Oruc L, Pantelejeva G, Pfennig A, Pojskic L, Polonikov A, Reif A, Rivas F, Rouleau GA, Schenk LM, Schofield PR, Schwarz M, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Tiganov AS, Treutlein J, Turecki G, Vedder H, Witt SH, Schulze TG, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Cichon S. Gene set enrichment analysis and expression pattern exploration implicate an involvement of neurodevelopmental processes in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2018; 228:20-25. [PMID: 29197740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and highly heritable disorder of mood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several independent susceptibility loci. In order to extract more biological information from GWAS data, multi-locus approaches represent powerful tools since they utilize knowledge about biological processes to integrate functional sets of genes at strongly to moderately associated loci. METHODS We conducted gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) using 2.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 397 Reactome pathways and 24,025 patients with BD and controls. RNA expression of implicated individual genes and gene sets were examined in post-mortem brains across lifespan. RESULTS Two pathways showed a significant enrichment after correction for multiple comparisons in the GSEA: GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling, for which 6 of 21 genes were BD associated (PFDR = 0.0377), and NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth, for which 11 out of 62 genes were BD associated (PFDR = 0.0451). Most pathway genes showed peaks of RNA co-expression during fetal development and infancy and mapped to neocortical areas and parts of the limbic system. LIMITATIONS Pathway associations were technically reproduced by two methods, although they were not formally replicated in independent samples. Gene expression was explored in controls but not in patients. CONCLUSIONS Pathway analysis in large GWAS data of BD and follow-up of gene expression patterns in healthy brains provide support for an involvement of neurodevelopmental processes in the etiology of this neuropsychiatric disease. Future studies are required to further evaluate the relevance of the implicated genes on pathway functioning and clinical aspects of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Biomedicine & Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Human Genomics Research Group and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine & Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Human Genomics Research Group and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lilia I Abramova
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Gulja Babadjanova
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Alexander Chuchalin
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McGill Group for Suicide Studies & Douglas Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Piotr M Czerski
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sascha B Fischer
- Department of Biomedicine & Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Human Genomics Research Group and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paul Grof
- The International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated Patients (IGSLI), Berlin, Germany; Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 4G3; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine & Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Human Genomics Research Group and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine & Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Human Genomics Research Group and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation; Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine of Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valery Krasnov
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - André Lacour
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Maaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Regional Universitario, Biomedical Institute of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lilijana Oruc
- Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Galina Pantelejeva
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lejla Pojskic
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8 - Campus, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation; Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Regional Universitario, Biomedical Institute of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lorena M Schenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander S Tiganov
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McGill Group for Suicide Studies & Douglas Research Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Biomedicine & Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Human Genomics Research Group and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Canning DR, Brelsford NR, Lovett NW. Chondroitin sulfate effects on neural stem cell differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:35-44. [PMID: 26288008 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role chondroitin sulfate has on cell interactions during neural plate formation in the early chick embryo. Using tissue culture isolates from the prospective neural plate, we have measured neural gene expression profiles associated with neural stem cell differentiation. Removal of chondroitin sulfate from stage 4 neural plate tissue leads to altered associations of N-cadherin-positive neural progenitors and causes changes in the normal sequence of neural marker gene expression. Absence of chondroitin sulfate in the neural plate leads to reduced Sox2 expression and is accompanied by an increase in the expression of anterior markers of neural regionalization. Results obtained in this study suggest that the presence of chondroitin sulfate in the anterior chick embryo is instrumental in maintaining cells in the neural precursor state.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Canning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.
| | - Natalie R Brelsford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA
| | - Neil W Lovett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA
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8
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Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: structure-function relationship with implication in neural development and brain disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:642798. [PMID: 24955366 PMCID: PMC4052930 DOI: 10.1155/2014/642798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are extracellular matrix components that contain two structural parts with distinct functions: a protein core and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. CSPGs are known to be involved in important cell processes like cell adhesion and growth, receptor binding, or cell migration. It is recognized that the presence of CSPGs is critical in neuronal growth mechanisms including axon guidance following injury of nervous system components such as spinal cord and brain. CSPGs are upregulated in the central nervous system after injury and participate in the inhibition of axon regeneration mainly through their GAG side chains. Recently, it was shown that some CSPGs members like aggrecan, versican, and neurocan were strongly involved in brain disorders like bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia, and ADHD. In this paper, we present the chemical structure-biological functions relationship of CSPGs, both in health state and in genetic disorders, addressing methods represented by genome-wide and crystallographic data as well as molecular modeling and quantitative structure-activity relationship.
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Gorden A, Yang R, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Ryan KA, Speliotes E, Borecki IB, Harris TB, Chu X, Wood GC, Still CD, Shuldiner AR, Gerhard GS. Genetic variation at NCAN locus is associated with inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbid obesity. Hum Hered 2013; 75:34-43. [PMID: 23594525 DOI: 10.1159/000346195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may cause liver dysfunction and failure. In a previously reported genome-wide association meta-analysis, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near PNPLA3, NCAN, GCKR, LYPLAL1 and PPP1R3B were associated with NAFLD and with distinctive serum lipid profiles. The present study examined the relevance of these variants to NAFLD in extreme obesity. METHODS In 1,092 bariatric surgery patients, the candidate SNPs were genotyped and association analyses with liver histology and serum lipids were performed. RESULTS We replicated the association of hepatosteatosis with PNPLA3 rs738409[G] and with NCAN rs2228603[T]. We also replicated the association of rs2228603[T] with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. rs2228603[T] was associated with lower serum low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglycerides. After stratification by the presence or absence of NAFLD, these associations were present predominantly in the subgroup with NAFLD. CONCLUSION NCAN rs2228603[T] is a risk factor for liver inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting that this locus is responsible for progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis. In this bariatric cohort, rs2228603[T] was associated with low serum lipids only in patients with NAFLD. This supports a NAFLD model in which the liver may sequester triglycerides as a result of either increased triglyceride uptake and/or decreased lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gorden
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Lord MS, Whitelock JM. Recombinant production of proteoglycans and their bioactive domains. FEBS J 2013; 280:2490-510. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - John M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
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11
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Pacharra S, Hanisch FG, Mühlenhoff M, Faissner A, Rauch U, Breloy I. The Lecticans of Mammalian Brain Perineural Net Are O-Mannosylated. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1764-71. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3011028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pacharra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Faissner
- Department for Cell Morphology and Molecular
Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum,
Germany
| | - Uwe Rauch
- Department of Experimental
Medical Science, Biomedical Center B12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Breloy
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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12
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Burgess JK, Weckmann M. Matrikines and the lungs. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:317-37. [PMID: 22366287 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a complex network of fibrous and nonfibrous molecules that not only provide structure to the lung but also interact with and regulate the behaviour of the cells which it surrounds. Recently it has been recognised that components of the extracellular matrix proteins are released, often through the action of endogenous proteases, and these fragments are termed matrikines. Matrikines have biological activities, independent of their role within the extracellular matrix structure, which may play important roles in the lung in health and disease pathology. Integrins are the primary cell surface receptors, characterised to date, which are used by the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. However, evidence is emerging for the need for co-factors and other receptors for the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. The potential for matrikines, and peptides derived from these extracellular matrix protein fragments, as therapeutic agents has recently been recognised. The natural role of these matrikines (including inhibitors of angiogenesis and possibly inflammation) make them ideal targets to mimic as therapies. A number of these peptides have been taken forward into clinical trials. The focus of this review will be to summarise our current understanding of the role, and potential for highly relevant actions, of matrikines in lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Andrews EM, Richards RJ, Yin FQ, Viapiano MS, Jakeman LB. Alterations in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression occur both at and far from the site of spinal contusion injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 235:174-87. [PMID: 21952042 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) present an inhibitory barrier to axonal growth and plasticity after trauma to the central nervous system. These extracellular and membrane bound molecules are altered after spinal cord injuries, but the magnitude, time course, and patterns of expression following contusion injury have not been fully described. Western blots and immunohistochemistry were combined to assess the expression of four classically inhibitory CSPGs, aggrecan, neurocan, brevican and NG2, at the lesion site and in distal segments of cervical and thoracic spinal cord at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days following a severe mid-thoracic spinal contusion. Total neurocan and the full-length (250 kDa) isoform were strongly upregulated both at the lesion epicenter and in cervical and lumbar segments. In contrast, aggrecan and brevican were sharply reduced at the injury site and were unchanged in distal segments. Total NG2 protein was unchanged across the injury site, while NG2+ profiles were distributed throughout the lesion site by 14 days post-injury (dpi). Far from the lesion, NG2 expression was increased at lumbar, but not cervical spinal cord levels. To determine if the robust increase in neurocan at the distal spinal cord levels corresponded to regions of increased astrogliosis, neurocan and GFAP immunoreactivity were measured in gray and white matter regions of the spinal enlargements. GFAP antibodies revealed a transient increase in reactive astrocyte staining in cervical and lumbar cord, peaking at 14 dpi. In contrast, neurocan immunoreactivity was specifically elevated in the cervical dorsal columns and in the lumbar ventral horn and remained high through 28 dpi. The long lasting increase of neurocan in gray matter regions at distal levels of the spinal cord may contribute to the restriction of plasticity in the chronic phase after SCI. Thus, therapies targeted at altering this CSPG both at and far from the lesion site may represent a reasonable addition to combined strategies to improve recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Andrews
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Abstract
Glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification of proteins. Protein sequence data suggested that more than half of all proteins produced in mammalian cells are glycoproteins. Recent studies showed that glycans of secreted glycoproteins affect many protein properties, such as solubility, stability, protease sensitivity and polarity, whereas glycans on cell-surface glycoproteins are involved in various cellular functions, including cell-cell communication. Accordingly, the investigation of glycoprotein changes caused by aging is expected to help understand the aging process and to elucidate age-associated diseases. The present review will summarize our current knowledge of changes found in brain glycoproteins resulting from the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Nielsen J, Kulahin N, Walmod PS. Extracellular protein interactions mediated by the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM: heterophilic interactions between NCAM and cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, and viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 663:23-53. [PMID: 20017013 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1170-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Nielsen
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Transport of a hyaluronan-binding protein in brain tissue. Matrix Biol 2009; 28:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Hurtado A, Podinin H, Oudega M, Grimpe B. Deoxyribozyme-mediated knockdown of xylosyltransferase-1 mRNA promotes axon growth in the adult rat spinal cord. Brain 2008; 131:2596-605. [PMID: 18765417 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the injured spinal cord, proteoglycans (PGs) within scar tissue obstruct axon growth through their glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-side chains. The formation of GAG-side chains (glycosylation) is catalysed by xylosyltransferase-1 (XT-1). Here, we knocked down XT-1 mRNA using a tailored deoxyribozyme (DNAXTas) and hypothesized that this would decrease the amount of glycosylated PGs and, consequently, promote axon growth in the adult rat spinal cord. A continuous 2-week delivery of DNAXTas near the rostral border of a peripheral nerve graft bridging the transected dorsal columns in the thoracic spinal cord resulted in an 81% decrease in XT-1 mRNA, an average of 1.4-fold reduction in GAG-side chains of chondroitin sulphate or heparan sulphate-PGs and 2.2-fold reduction in neurocan and brevican core proteins in scar tissue. Additionally, compared to control deoxyribozyme, the DNAXTas treatment resulted in a 9-fold increase in length and a 4-fold increase in density of ascending axons growing through the nerve graft and scar tissue present at the rostral spinal cord. Together our data showed that treatment with a deoxyribozyme against XT-1 mRNA decreased the amount of glycosylated PGs and promoted axon growth through scar tissue in the injured spinal cord. The deoxyribozyme approach may become a contributing factor in spinal cord repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Hurtado
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Gouveia RM, Gomes CM, Sousa M, Alves PM, Costa J. Kinetic analysis of L1 homophilic interaction: role of the first four immunoglobulin domains and implications on binding mechanism. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28038-47. [PMID: 18701456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804991200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L1 is a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, critical for central nervous system development, and involved in several neuronal biological events. It is a type I membrane glycoprotein. The L1 ectodomain, composed of six Ig-like and five fibronectin (Fn) type-III domains, is involved in homophilic binding. Here, co-immunoprecipitation studies between recombinant truncated forms of human L1 expressed and purified from insect Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells, and endogenous full-length L1 from human NT2N neurons, showed that the L1 ectodomain (L1/ECD) and L1/Ig1-4 interacted homophilically in trans, contrary to mutants L1/Ig1-3 and L1/Ig2-Fn5. All mutants were correctly folded as evaluated by combination of far-UV CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed comparable dissociation constants of 116 +/- 2 and 130 +/- 6 nm for L1/ECD-L1/ECD and L1/ECD-L1/Ig1-4, respectively, whereas deletion mutants for Ig1 or Ig4 did not interact. Accordingly, in vivo, Sf9 cells stably expressing L1 were found to adhere only to L1/ECD- and L1/Ig1-4-coated surfaces. Furthermore, only these mutants bound to HEK293 cells overexpressing L1 at the cell surface. Enhancement of neurite outgrowth, which is the consequence of signaling events caused by L1 homophilic binding, was comparable between L1/ECD and L1/Ig1-4. Altogether, these results showed that domains Ig1 to Ig4 are necessary and sufficient for L1 homophilic binding in trans, and that the rest of the molecule does not contribute to the affinity under the conditions of the current study. Furthermore, they are compatible with a cooperative interaction between modules Ig1-Ig4 in a horseshoe conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Gouveia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Avenida da República, Apartado 127, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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19
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Novak U, Kaye AH. Brain tumour invasion: Many cooks can spoil the broth. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 6:455-63. [PMID: 18639180 DOI: 10.1016/s0967-5868(99)90000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/1999] [Accepted: 05/11/1999] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia
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20
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Nielsen J, Kulahin N, Walmod PS. Extracellular Protein Interactions Mediated by the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM: Heterophilic Interactions Between NCAM and Cell Adhesion Molecules, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, and Viruses. Neurochem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Gascon E, Vutskits L, Kiss JZ. Polysialic acid–neural cell adhesion molecule in brain plasticity: From synapses to integration of new neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:101-18. [PMID: 17658613 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoforms of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) carrying the linear homopolymer of alpha 2,8-linked sialic acid (polysialic acid, PSA) have emerged as particularly attractive candidates for promoting plasticity in the nervous system. The large negatively charged PSA chain of NCAM is postulated to be a spacer that reduces adhesion forces between cells allowing dynamic changes in membrane contacts. Accumulating evidence also suggests that PSA-NCAM-mediated interactions lead to activation of intracellular signaling cascades that are fundamental to the biological functions of the molecule. An important role of PSA-NCAM appears to be during development, when its expression level is high and where it contributes to the regulation of cell shape, growth or migration. However, PSA-NCAM does persist in adult brain structures such as the hippocampus that display a high degree of plasticity where it is involved in activity-induced synaptic plasticity. Recent advances in the field of PSA-NCAM research have not only consolidated the importance of this molecule in plasticity processes but also suggest a role for PSA-NCAM in the regulation of higher cognitive functions and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the role and mode of actions of PSA-NCAM in structural plasticity as well as its potential link to cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gascon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, 1, Rue Michel Servet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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23
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Schwarzacher SW, Vuksic M, Haas CA, Burbach GJ, Sloviter RS, Deller T. Neuronal hyperactivity induces astrocytic expression of neurocan in the adult rat hippocampus. Glia 2006; 53:704-14. [PMID: 16498620 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix molecules are involved in the cellular functions of proliferation, migration, morphological differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. One candidate molecule of the extracellular matrix is the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan. To determine whether neurocan expression is regulated by neuronal activity in the adult rat brain, we studied changes in hippocampal neurocan mRNA and protein expression following electrical stimulation of the perforant pathway in urethane-anesthetized rats. After 24 h of intermittent, unilateral 20 Hz stimulation, in situ hybridization revealed increased neurocan mRNA in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes bilaterally in all hippocampal subfields. These changes were quantified in the dentate molecular layer, the termination zone of the perforant pathway, using laser microdissection in combination with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immediately after 24 h stimulation, a six-fold upregulation was detected, which returned to control levels by 3 days post-stimulation. Neurocan immunoreactivity was similarly upregulated bilaterally. Immunostaining intensity reached a maximum by 4 days and returned to control levels by 14 days. The pattern of neurocan expression in the hippocampus depended on the intensity and duration of electrical stimulation. Under conditions of less intense afferent stimulation (4-24 h of 2.0 Hz paired-pulse stimulation, interpulse interval 40 ms), increases in neurocan mRNA and immunoreactivity were restricted to the ipsilateral termination zone of the stimulated perforant pathway. This layer-specific neurocan upregulation was not affected by intraperitoneal application of the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801. In conclusion, our data indicate that synaptic activity regulates the astrocytic expression of neurocan in a graded manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan W Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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24
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Deepa SS, Carulli D, Galtrey C, Rhodes K, Fukuda J, Mikami T, Sugahara K, Fawcett JW. Composition of perineuronal net extracellular matrix in rat brain: a different disaccharide composition for the net-associated proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17789-800. [PMID: 16644727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600544200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a method to extract differentially chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that are diffusely present in the central nervous system (CNS) matrix and CSPGs that are present in the condensed matrix of perineuronal nets (PNNs). Adult rat brain was sequentially extracted with Tris-buffered saline (TBS), TBS-containing detergent, 1 m NaCl, and 6 m urea. Extracting tissue sections with these buffers showed that the diffuse and membrane-bound CSPGs were extracted in the first three buffers, but PNN-associated CSPGs remained and were only removed by 6 m urea. Most of the CSPGs were extracted to some degree with all the buffers, with neurocan, brevican, aggrecan, and versican particularly associated with the stable urea-extractable PNNs. The CSPGs in stable complexes only extractable in urea buffer are found from postnatal day 7-14 coinciding with PNN formation. Disaccharide composition analysis indicated a different glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition for PGs strongly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM). For CS/dermatan sulfate (DS)-GAG the content of nonsulfated, 6-O-sulfated, 2,6-O-disulfated, and 4,6-O-disulfated disaccharides were higher and for heparan sulfate (HS)-GAG, the content of 6-O-sulfated, 2-N-, 6-O-disulfated, 2-O-, 2-N-disulfated, and 2-O-, 2-N-, 6-O-trisulfated disaccharides were higher in urea extract compared with other buffer extracts. Digestions with chondroitinase ABC and hyaluronidase indicated that aggrecan, versican, neurocan, brevican, and phosphacan are retained in PNNs through binding to hyaluronan (HA). A comparison of the brain and spinal cord ECM with respect to CSPGs indicated that the PNNs in both parts of the CNS have the same composition.
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Kulahin N, Rudenko O, Kiselyov V, Poulsen FM, Berezin V, Bock E. Modulation of the homophilic interaction between the first and second Ig modules of neural cell adhesion molecule by heparin. J Neurochem 2005; 95:46-55. [PMID: 16181411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The second Ig module (IgII) of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is known to bind to the first Ig module (IgI) of NCAM (so-called homophilic binding) and to interact with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycoconjugates. We here show by NMR that the heparin and chondroitin sulfate-binding sites (HBS and CBS, respectively) in IgII coincide, and that this site overlaps with the homophilic binding site. Using NMR and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses we demonstrate that interaction between IgII and heparin indeed interferes with the homophilic interaction between IgI and IgII. Accordingly, we show that treatment of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) with heparin inhibits NCAM-mediated outgrowth. In contrast, treatment with heparinase III or chondroitinase ABC abrogates NCAM-mediated neurite outgrowth in CGNs emphasizing the importance of the presence of heparan/chondroitin sulfates for proper NCAM function. Finally, a peptide encompassing HBS in IgII, termed the heparin-binding peptide (HBP), is shown to promote neurite outgrowth in CGNs. These observations indicate that neuronal differentiation induced by homophilic NCAM interaction is modulated by interactions with heparan/chondroitin sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Kulahin
- Protein Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Akita K, Toda M, Hosoki Y, Inoue M, Fushiki S, Oohira A, Okayama M, Yamashina I, Nakada H. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans interact with neurocan and promote neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule cells. Biochem J 2005; 383:129-38. [PMID: 15198637 PMCID: PMC1134051 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We found that neurocan, a major brain chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan, interacts with HSPGs (heparan sulphate proteoglycans) such as syndecan-3 and glypican-1. Binding of these HSPGs to neurocan was prevented by treatment of the HSPGs with heparitinases I and II, but not by treatment of neurocan with chondroitinase ABC. Scatchard plot analysis indicated that neurocan has two binding sites for these HSPGs with different affinities. It is known that neurocan in the rodent brain is proteolytically processed with aging into N- and C-terminal fragments. When a mixture of whole neurocan and N- and C-terminal fragments prepared from neonatal mouse brains or recombinant N- and C-terminal fragments was applied to a heparin column, the whole molecule and both the N- and C-terminal fragments bound to heparin. A centrifugation cell adhesion assay indicated that both the N- and C-terminal neurocan fragments could interact with these HSPGs expressed on the cell surface. To examine the biological significance of the HSPG-neurocan interaction, cerebellar granule cells expressing these HSPGs were cultured on the recombinant neurocan substrate. A significant increase in the rate of neurite outgrowth was observed on the wells coated with the C-terminal neurocan fragment, but not with the N-terminal one. Neurite outgrowth-promoting activity was inhibited by pretreatment of neurocan substrate with heparin or the addition of heparitinase I to culture medium. These results suggest that HSPGs such as syndecan-3 and glypican-1 serve as the cell-surface receptor of neurocan, and that the interaction of these HSPGs with neurocan through its C-terminal domain is involved in the promotion of neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Akita
- *Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Munetoyo Toda
- *Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Hosoki
- *Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Mizue Inoue
- *Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Fushiki
- †Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Oohira
- ‡Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Minoru Okayama
- *Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Yamashina
- *Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- *Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Heck N, Garwood J, Loeffler JP, Larmet Y, Faissner A. Differential upregulation of extracellular matrix molecules associated with the appearance of granule cell dispersion and mossy fiber sprouting during epileptogenesis in a murine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 2005; 129:309-24. [PMID: 15501589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated changes in the extracellular matrix of the hippocampus associated with the early progression of epileptogenesis in a murine model of temporal lobe epilepsy using immunohistochemistry. In the first week following intrahippocampal injection of the glutamate agonist, domoate, there is a latent period at the end of which begins a sequential upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, beginning with neurocan and tenascin-C. This expression precedes the characteristic dispersion of the granule cell layer which is evident at 14 days post-injection when the first recurrent seizures can be recorded. At this stage, an upregulation of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, phosphacan, the DSD-1 chondroitin sulfate motif, and the HNK-1 oligosaccharide are also observed. The expression of these molecules is localized differentially in the epileptogenic dentate gyrus, especially in the sprouting molecular layer, where a strong upregulation of phosphacan, tenascin-C, and HNK-1 is observed but there is no expression of the proteoglycan, neurocan, nor of the DSD-1 chondroitin sulfate motif. Hence, it appears that granule cell layer dispersion is accompanied by a general increase in the ECM, while mossy fiber sprouting in the molecular layer is associated with a more restricted repertoire. In contrast to these changes, the expression of the ECM glycoproteins, laminin and fibronectin, both of which are frequently implicated in tissue remodelling events, showed no changes associated with either granule cell dispersion or mossy fiber sprouting, indicating that the epileptogenic plasticity of the hippocampus is accompanied by ECM interactions that are characteristic of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Heck
- LNDR, Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS, 5, rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Ziouti N, Triantaphyllidou IE, Assouti M, Papageorgakopoulou N, Kyriakopoulou D, Anagnostides ST, Vynios DH. Solid phase assays in glycoconjugate research: applications to the analysis of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and metalloproteinases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:771-89. [PMID: 15019055 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are a class of macromolecules consisting of different constituents, one of which is sugar moieties. Glycoconjugates comprise the majority of tissue constituents, both intracellular and extracellular. Extracellular glycoconjugates (glycoproteins and proteoglycans) participate in a wide variety of interactions, through which they maintain tissue integrity. Therefore, their analysis or the study of their possible interactions would give evidence for the state of tissues. Since the amounts of some of the extracellular glycoconjugates are usually low or the amounts of tissue to be examined come from biopsies, specific analytical systems are developed for their study, the most familiar being solid phase assays, which have the advantages of analysis of multiple samples on the same time, cheap instrumentation and high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ziouti
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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29
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Masuda T, Fukamauchi F, Takeda Y, Fujisawa H, Watanabe K, Okado N, Shiga T. Developmental regulation of notochord-derived repulsion for dorsal root ganglion axons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:217-27. [PMID: 15019939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2003] [Revised: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the initial stages of development, the notochord provides repulsive signals for dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons via semaphorin 3A/neuropilin-1, axonin-1/SC2, and other unknown repulsive molecules. The notochord is known to produce aggrecan, one of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We report here that adding aggrecan to the culture medium cannot only induce DRG growth cone collapse, but also inhibit DRG axonal growth. Using cocultures composed of tissues derived from chick embryos or neuropilin-1-deficient mice treated with chondroitinase ABC, we show the direct evidence that CSPGs are involved in notochord-derived repulsion for DRG axons. At later developmental stages, CSPGs are involved in perinotochordal sheath-derived axon repulsion, but not in notochord core-derived repulsion. We further demonstrate that TAG-1/axonin-1/SC2 is not involved in mediating repulsive activities by CSPGs, but is required for notochord core-derived axon repulsion. Thus, notochord-derived multiple axon repulsions act in a spatiotemporal-specific manner to shape the initial trajectories of DRG axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Masuda
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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30
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Mendes FA, Onofre GR, Silva LCF, Cavalcante LA, Garcia-Abreu J. Concentration-dependent actions of glial chondroitin sulfate on the neuritic growth of midbrain neurons. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 142:111-9. [PMID: 12711362 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes located in two distinct regions of midbrain differ in their neuritic growth support abilities. Midbrain neurons cultured onto astrocyte monolayers from the lateral (L) region develop long and branched neurites while neurons cultured onto astrocyte monolayers from the medial (M) region develop short or no neurites. The extracellular matrix of these astrocytes has an important role in promoting or inhibiting the growth of these neurons. Differences on the compartmental distribution, as well as on the concentration of GAGs of L and M astrocytes, may be related to their differential capacity of supporting neuritic growth. Indeed, enzymatic digestion of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains also pointed to an important function for GAGs on axon navigation. In order to better characterize the role of CS on the growth of midbrain neurites, we treated L and M astrocyte monolayers with 1 mM of beta-D-xyloside. Under these conditions, astrocytes oversynthesized and secreted CS protein-free chains to the culture medium. M astrocytes had a significant reduction in their neuritic growth-inhibiting ability after xyloside treatment, suggesting a promoting role for soluble CS in neuritic growth. Chondroitin 4-sulfate (CS-4) added in different concentrations to M astrocyte cultures turned this glia into a permissive substrate, acting in a linear way as far as the largest neurite was concerned. However, a U-shaped dose-effect curve on neurite growth resulted from the similar treatment of L astrocytes. These results suggest that glial CS-4 could be involved in the neurite growth modulating properties of midbrain neurons in a complex concentration-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A Mendes
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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31
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Jurynec MJ, Riley CP, Gupta DK, Nguyen TD, McKeon RJ, Buck CR. TIGR is upregulated in the chronic glial scar in response to central nervous system injury and inhibits neurite outgrowth. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 23:69-80. [PMID: 12799138 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes respond to central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease by elaborating a glial scar that is inhibitory to axonal regeneration. To identify genes that may be involved in the astrocytic response to injury, we used differential display polymerase chain reaction and an in vivo model of the CNS glial scar. Expression of the trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response (TIGR) gene was increased in gliotic tissue compared with the uninjured cerebral cortex. Increased TIGR expression by reactive astrocytes was confirmed by in situ hybridization, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Although mutations of the TIGR gene have been implicated in glaucoma, a function for TIGR has not been reported. Since TIGR is secreted, we assessed a possible role in inhibition of neuronal regeneration with an in vitro bioassay and found that this protein is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth. Thus, TIGR is a newly identified component of the CNS glial scar that is likely to contribute to neuronal regenerative failure characteristic of the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jurynec
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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32
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Kamei A, Matsuura N. Analysis of crystallin-crystallin interactions by surface plasmon resonance. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:611-5. [PMID: 12033501 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of aggregation and insolubilization of lens proteins was examined based on the kinetics of crystallin-crystallin interaction determined by the surface plasmon resonance method on a BlAcore system. Lens proteins are composed mainly of three types crystallins, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin. The present study indicated that alpha-crystallin shows marked self-interaction. Furthermore, this interaction was shown to be due to alphaA-crystallin, which is a subunit of alpha-crystallin. It was also clarified that this mutual interaction of aA-crystallin decreases abruptly after the age of 20 years. On the other hand, it was assumed that alphaB-crystallin, the other subunit of alpha-crystallin, may play an important role in interactions with beta- and gamma-crystallin, while a-crystallin shows chaperone-like activity. Based on the present results, alphaA- and betaB-crystallin may play different roles when alpha-crystallin displays chaperone-like activity, and also that the decreased chaperone-like activity of a-crystallin may finally result in cataract formation following aggregation and insolubilization of lens proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kamei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan.
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33
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Oohashi T, Hirakawa S, Bekku Y, Rauch U, Zimmermann DR, Su WD, Ohtsuka A, Murakami T, Ninomiya Y. Bral1, a brain-specific link protein, colocalizing with the versican V2 isoform at the nodes of Ranvier in developing and adult mouse central nervous systems. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 19:43-57. [PMID: 11817897 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bral1, a brain-specific hyaluronan-binding protein, has been cloned recently. To gain insight into the role of Bral1, we generated a specific antibody against this protein. We have examined the detailed localization pattern of Bral1 protein and compared it with that of other members of the lectican proteoglycan family, such as brevican and versican, with which Bral1 is predicted to interact. The immunoreactivity of Bral1 antibody was predominantly observed in myelinated fiber tracts in the adult brain and could be detected at P20 in the white matter of the developing cerebellum, suggesting that expression starts when axonal myelination takes place. Furthermore, immunostaining demonstrated that Bral1 colocalized with the versican V2 isoform at the nodes of Ranvier. The present data suggest that Bral1 may play a pivotal role in the formation of the hyaluronan-associated matrix in the CNS that facilitates neuronal conduction by forming an ion diffusion barrier at the nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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34
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Keith CH, Wilson MT. Factors controlling axonal and dendritic arbors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2001; 205:77-147. [PMID: 11336394 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)05003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sculpting and maintenance of axonal and dendritic arbors is largely under the control of molecules external to the cell. These factors include both substratum-associated and soluble factors that can enhance or inhibit the outgrowth of axons and dendrites. A large number of factors that modulate axonal outgrowth have been identified, and the first stages of the intracellular signaling pathways by which they modify process outgrowth have been characterized. Relatively fewer factors and pathways that affect dendritic outgrowth have been described. The factors that affect axonal arbors form an incompletely overlapping set with those that affect dendritic arbors, allowing selective control of the development and maintenance of these critical aspects of neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Keith
- Department of Cellular Biology. University of Georgia, Athens, 30605, USA
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35
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Zhou XH, Brakebusch C, Matthies H, Oohashi T, Hirsch E, Moser M, Krug M, Seidenbecher CI, Boeckers TM, Rauch U, Buettner R, Gundelfinger ED, Fässler R. Neurocan is dispensable for brain development. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:5970-8. [PMID: 11486035 PMCID: PMC87315 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.17.5970-5978.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocan is a component of the extracellular matrix in brain. Due to its inhibition of neuronal adhesion and outgrowth in vitro and its expression pattern in vivo it was suggested to play an important role in axon guidance and neurite growth. To study the role of neurocan in brain development we generated neurocan-deficient mice by targeted disruption of the neurocan gene. These mice are viable and fertile and have no obvious deficits in reproduction and general performance. Brain anatomy, morphology, and ultrastructure are similar to those of wild-type mice. Perineuronal nets surrounding neurons appear largely normal. Mild deficits in synaptic plasticity may exist, as maintenance of late-phase hippocampal long-term potentiation is reduced. These data indicate that neurocan has either a redundant or a more subtle function in the development of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Zhou
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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36
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Förster E, Zhao S, Frotscher M. Hyaluronan-associated adhesive cues control fiber segregation in the hippocampus. Development 2001; 128:3029-39. [PMID: 11532924 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.15.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In various brain regions, particularly in the hippocampus, afferent fiber projections terminate in specific layers. Little is known about the molecular cues governing this laminar specificity. To this end we have recently shown that the innervation pattern of entorhinal fibers to the hippocampus is mimicked by the lamina-specific adhesion of entorhinal cells on living hippocampal slices, suggesting a role of adhesion molecules in the positioning of entorhinal fibers. Here, we have analyzed the role of extracellular matrix components in mediating this lamina-specific adhesion. We show that hyaluronidase treatment of hippocampal slices abolishes lamina-specific adhesion as well as layer-specific growth of entorhinal fibers to the dentate outer molecular layer in organotypic slice cultures. We conclude that hyaluronan-associated molecules play a crucial role in the formation of the lamina-specific entorhinal projection to the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Förster
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, PO Box 111, D-79001, Freiburg, Germany.
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37
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Chappuis-Flament S, Wong E, Hicks LD, Kay CM, Gumbiner BM. Multiple cadherin extracellular repeats mediate homophilic binding and adhesion. J Cell Biol 2001; 154:231-43. [PMID: 11449003 PMCID: PMC2196848 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular homophilic-binding domain of the cadherins consists of 5 cadherin repeats (EC1-EC5). Studies on cadherin specificity have implicated the NH(2)-terminal EC1 domain in the homophilic binding interaction, but the roles of the other extracellular cadherin (EC) domains have not been evaluated. We have undertaken a systematic analysis of the binding properties of the entire cadherin extracellular domain and the contributions of the other EC domains to homophilic binding. Lateral (cis) dimerization of the extracellular domain is thought to be required for adhesive function. Sedimentation analysis of the soluble extracellular segment of C-cadherin revealed that it exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium with an affinity constant of approximately 64 microm. No higher order oligomers were detected, indicating that homophilic binding between cis-dimers is of significantly lower affinity. The homophilic binding properties of a series of deletion constructs, lacking successive or individual EC domains fused at the COOH terminus to an Fc domain, were analyzed using a bead aggregation assay and a cell attachment-based adhesion assay. A protein with only the first two NH(2)-terminal EC domains (CEC1-2Fc) exhibited very low activity compared with the entire extracellular domain (CEC1-5Fc), demonstrating that EC1 alone is not sufficient for effective homophilic binding. CEC1-3Fc exhibited high activity, but not as much as CEC1-4Fc or CEC1-5Fc. EC3 is not required for homophilic binding, however, since CEC1-2-4Fc and CEC1-2-4-5Fc exhibited high activity in both assays. These and experiments using additional EC combinations show that many, if not all, the EC domains contribute to the formation of the cadherin homophilic bond, and specific one-to-one interaction between particular EC domains may not be required. These conclusions are consistent with a previous study on direct molecular force measurements between cadherin ectodomains demonstrating multiple adhesive interactions (Sivasankar, S., W. Brieher, N. Lavrik, B. Gumbiner, and D. Leckband. 1999. PROC: Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:11820-11824; Sivasankar, S., B. Gumbiner, and D. Leckband. 2001. Biophys J. 80:1758-68). We propose new models for how the cadherin extracellular repeats may contribute to adhesive specificity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chappuis-Flament
- Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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38
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Lange R, Peng X, Wimmer E, Lipp M, Bernhardt G. The poliovirus receptor CD155 mediates cell-to-matrix contacts by specifically binding to vitronectin. Virology 2001; 285:218-27. [PMID: 11437656 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human receptor for poliovirus (CD155) is an immunoglobulin-like molecule with unknown normal function(s). Here we provide evidence that CD155 binds specifically to vitronectin with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 72 nM as determined by surface plasmon resonance. Based on sequence homology to the CD155 gene, three poliovirus receptor-related genes (PRR1, PRR2, and PRR3) were cloned recently. PRR proteins were reported by others to mediate homophilic cell adhesion. Neither PRR1 nor PRR2 binds poliovirus and it is assumed that their physiological functions differ from that of CD155. Indeed, mPRR2 was found to bind to vitronectin only weakly, while its self-adhesion activity is characterized by a K(d) of 310 nM. Moreover, there is no evidence for CD155 self-adhesion. Both CD155 and vitronectin colocalize to follicular dendritic cells and B cells inside the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissue (tonsils)-an observation suggesting that the CD155/vitronectin interaction is required for the establishment of a proper immune response in this particular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lange
- Department of Tumor and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, Berlin, 13092, Germany
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39
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Kurazono S, Okamoto M, Sakiyama J, Mori S, Nakata Y, Fukuoka J, Amano S, Oohira A, Matsui H. Expression of brain specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan and phosphacan, in the developing and adult hippocampus of Ihara's epileptic rats. Brain Res 2001; 898:36-48. [PMID: 11292447 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ihara's epileptic rats (IER) is an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy with mycrodysgenesis, that exhibit abnormal migration of hippocampal neurons and recurrent spontaneous seizures. As an attempt to elucidate the roles of extracellular matrix molecules in the epileptogenecity and mossy fiber sprouting, immunohistochemical localization of brain specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), neurocan and phosphacan, was examined in the hippocampus of postnatal IER and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using monoclonal antibodies 1G2 against neurocan and 6B4 against phosphacan. There was no difference in the expression of these two CSPGs between IER and SD rats in the 1st postnatal week. However, the expression of neurocan was poor in the hippocampus of IER in the 2nd and 3rd weeks whereas intense labeling of neurocan was present throughout the hippocampus of SD rats. Labeling of neurocan was almost absent in the hippocampus, while phosphacan was diffusely expressed in the stratum oriens and radiatum of Ammon's horn, and in the hilus and inner one-third molecular layer of the dentate gyrus at the 2nd month after birth. There was no difference in the expression of neurocan and phosphacan between IER and SD rats at the 2nd month after birth. By contrast, phosphacan was reduced in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in 8-month-old IER, while neurocan was reexpressed in the outer molecular layer and hilus in 3- and 8-month-old IER. It was suggested that the insufficient expression of neurocan may affect the development of neuronal organization in the hippocampus, and that the remodeling of extracellular matrix in the dentate gyrus may contribute to the mossy fiber sprouting into the inner molecular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kurazono
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Medical School, 5-1 Shikatacho, 700-8558, Okayama, Japan
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40
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Huston JP, Weth K, De Souza Silva A, Junghans U, Müller HW, Hasenöhrl RU. Facilitation of learning and long-term ventral pallidal-cortical cholinergic activation by proteoglycan biglycan and chondroitin sulfate C. Neuroscience 2001; 100:355-61. [PMID: 11008173 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously in the rat that biglycan, a recently discovered chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, has neurotrophic effects which are mediated by its chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chains. Here we report that biglycan has neurochemical effects when injected into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of the ventral pallidum, a site of dense cholinergic cell bodies. The effects on the cholinergic output in the frontal cortex are long lasting, indicating profound neuroactive function akin to that expected of a long-acting hormone. Injected into the same area of the brain, as well as into the ventricles in behaviorally impaired old animals, we found that biglycan can improve learning and memory in several behavioral paradigms. Furthermore, we show that both the neurochemical effectiveness as well as the promotion of learning is carried not by the proteoglycan per se, but rather by its chondroitin sulfate moiety, thus, demonstrating for the first time memory-promoting and neuroactive effects of a glycosaminoglycan, namely, chondroitin sulfate C. The results suggest that biglycan and other extracellular matrix molecules can have neurobehavioral and pharmacological functions for beyond those traditionally attributed to this class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Huston
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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41
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Oleszewski M, Gutwein P, von der Lieth W, Rauch U, Altevogt P. Characterization of the L1-neurocan-binding site. Implications for L1-L1 homophilic binding. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34478-85. [PMID: 10934197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004147200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The L1 adhesion molecule is a 200-220-kDa membrane glycoprotein of the Ig superfamily implicated in important neural processes including neuronal cell migration, axon outgrowth, learning, and memory formation. L1 supports homophilic L1-L1 binding that involves several Ig domains but can also bind with high affinity to the proteoglycan neurocan. It has been reported that neurocan can block homophilic binding; however, the mechanism of inhibition and the precise binding sites in both molecules have not been determined. By using fusion proteins, site-directed mutagenesis, and peptide blocking experiments, we have characterized the neurocan-binding site in the first Ig-like domain of human L1. Results from molecular modeling suggest that the sequences involved in neurocan binding are localized on the surface of the first Ig domain and largely overlap with the G-F-C beta-strands proposed to interact with the fourth Ig domain during homophilic binding. This suggests that neurocan may sterically hinder a proper alignment of L1 domains. We find that the C-terminal portion of neurocan is sufficient to mediate binding to the first Ig domain of L1, and we suggest that the sushi domain cooperates with a glycosaminoglycan side chain in forming the binding site for L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oleszewski
- Tumor Immunology Programme, G0100, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Talts U, Kuhn U, Roos G, Rauch U. Modulation of extracellular matrix adhesiveness by neurocan and identification of its molecular basis. Exp Cell Res 2000; 259:378-88. [PMID: 10964505 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurocan is one of the major chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of perinatal rodent brain. HEK-293 cells producing neurocan recombinantly show changes in their behavior. The expression of full-length neurocan led to a detachment of the secreting cells and the formation of floating spheroids. This occurred in the continuous presence of 10% fetal bovine serum in the culture medium. Cells secreting fragments of neurocan-containing chondroitin sulfate chains and the C-terminal domain of the molecule showed a similar behavior, whereas cells expressing fragments of neurocan-containing chondroitin sulfate chains but lacking parts of the C-terminal domain did not show spheroid formation. Cells secreting the hyaluronan-binding N-terminal domain of neurocan showed an enhanced adhesiveness. When untransfected HEK-293 cells were plated on a surface conditioned by spheroid-forming cells, they also formed spheroids. This effect could be abolished by chondroitinase treatment of the conditioned surface. The observations indicate that the ability of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan to modulate the adhesive character of extracellular matrices is dependent on the structural integrity of the C-terminal domain of the core protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Talts
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
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43
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Wilson MT, Snow DM. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression pattern in hippocampal development: potential regulation of axon tract formation. J Comp Neurol 2000; 424:532-46. [PMID: 10906718 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20000828)424:3<532::aid-cne10>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of molecular influences in the extracellular matrix (ECM) interact with developing axons to guide the formation of hippocampal axon pathways. One of these influences may be chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are known to inhibit axonal extension during development and following central nervous system injury. In this study, we examined the role of CSPGs and cell adhesion molecules in the regulation of axon tract formation during hippocampal development. We used indirect immunofluorescence to examine the developmental pattern of CSPG expression relative to axon tracts that express the cell adhesion molecule L1. Additionally, we used dissociated and explant cell cultures to examine the effects of CSPGs on hippocampal axon development in vitro. In vivo, we found that the CSPG neurocan is expressed throughout the alveus, neuropil layers, and parts of the dentate gyrus from E16 to P2. The CSPG phosphacan is expressed primarily in the neuropil layers at postnatal stages. After E18, intense labeling of neurocan was observed in regions of the alveus surrounding L1-expressing axon fascicles. In vitro, axons from brain regions that project through the alveus during development would not grow across CSPG substrata, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, hippocampal axons from dissociated neuron cultures only traveled across CSPG substrata as fasciculated axon bundles. These findings implicate CSPG in the regulation of axon trajectory and fasciculation during hippocampal axon tract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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44
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Clarris HJ, Rauch U, Key B. Dynamic spatiotemporal expression patterns of neurocan and phosphacan indicate diverse roles in the developing and adult mouse olfactory system. J Comp Neurol 2000; 423:99-111. [PMID: 10861539 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20000717)423:1<99::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan are believed to modulate neurite outgrowth by binding to cell adhesion molecules, tenascin, and the differentiation factors heparin-binding growth-associated molecule and amphoterin. To assess the role of these chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the olfactory system, we describe here their expression patterns during both embryonic and postnatal development in the mouse. Immunoreactivity for neurocan was first detected in primary olfactory neurons at embryonic day 11. 5 (E11.5). Neurocan was expressed by primary olfactory axons as they extended toward the rostral pole of the telencephalon as well as by their arbors in glomeruli after they contacted the olfactory bulb. The role of neurocan was examined by growing olfactory neurons on an extracellular matrix substrate containing neurocan or on extracellular matrix in the presence of soluble neurocan. In both cases, neurocan strongly promoted neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that neurocan supports the growth of primary olfactory axons through the extracellular matrix as they project to the olfactory bulb during development. Phosphacan, unlike neurocan, was present within the mesenchyme surrounding the E11.5 and E12.5 nasal cavity. This expression decreased at E13.5, concomitant with a transient appearance of phosphacan in nerve fascicles. Within the embryonic olfactory bulb, phosphacan was localised to the external and internal plexiform layers. However, during early postnatal development phosphacan was concentrated in the glomerular layer. These results suggest that phosphacan may play a role in delineating the pathway of growing olfactory axons as well as defining the laminar organization of the bulb. Together, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of neurocan and phosphacan indicate that these chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans have diverse in situ roles, which are dependent on context-specific interactions with extracellular and cell adhesion molecules within the developing olfactory nerve pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Clarris
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Thon N, Haas CA, Rauch U, Merten T, Fässler R, Frotscher M, Deller T. The chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan brevican is upregulated by astrocytes after entorhinal cortex lesions in adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:2547-58. [PMID: 10947829 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan brevican is one of the most abundant extracellular matrix molecules in the adult rat brain. It is primarily synthesized by astrocytes and is believed to influence astroglial motility during development and under certain pathological conditions. In order to study a potential role of brevican in the glial reaction after brain injury, its expression was analysed following entorhinal cortex lesion in rats (12 h, 1, 2, 4, 10, 14 and 28 days and 6 months post lesion). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were employed to study brevican mRNA and protein, respectively, in the denervated outer molecular layer of the fascia dentata and at the lesion site. In both regions brevican mRNA was upregulated between 1 and 4 days post lesion. The combination of in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated that many brevican mRNA-expressing cells are astrocytes. In the denervated zone of the fascia dentata, immunostaining for brevican was increased by 4 days, reached a maximum by 4 weeks and remained detectable up to 6 months post lesion. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry showed that brevican is a component of the extracellular matrix compartment. At the lesion site a similar time course of brevican upregulation was observed. These data demonstrate that brevican is upregulated in areas of brain damage as well as in areas denervated by a lesion. They suggest a role of brevican in reactive gliosis and are compatible with the hypothesis that brevican is involved in the synaptic reorganization of denervated brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thon
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Li H, Leung TC, Hoffman S, Balsamo J, Lilien J. Coordinate regulation of cadherin and integrin function by the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan. J Cell Biol 2000; 149:1275-88. [PMID: 10851024 PMCID: PMC2175121 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.149.6.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin and beta1-integrins play decisive roles in morphogenesis and neurite extension and are often present on the same cell. Therefore, the function of these two types of adhesion systems must be coordinated in time and space to achieve the appropriate cell and tissue organization. We now show that interaction of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan with its GalNAcPTase receptor coordinately inhibits both N-cadherin- and beta1-integrin-mediated adhesion and neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity is localized to an NH(2)-terminal fragment of neurocan containing an Ig loop and an HA-binding domain. The effect of neurocan on beta1-integrin function is dependent on a signal originating from the cadherin cytoplasmic domain, possibly mediated by the nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Fer, indicating that cadherin and integrin engage in direct cross-talk. In the developing chick, neural retina neurocan is present in the inner plexiform layer from day 7 on, and the GalNAcPTase receptor becomes restricted to the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer (as well as the fiber layer), the two forming a sandwich. These data suggest that the coordinate inhibition of cadherin and integrin function on interaction of neurocan with its receptor may prevent cell and neurite migration across boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Tin-Chung Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Stanley Hoffman
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425-2229
| | - Janne Balsamo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Jack Lilien
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000; 218:235-59. [PMID: 10842355 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2<235::aid-dvdy2>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of animal form depends on the coordination of events that lead to the morphological patterning of cells. This epigenetic view of development suggests that embryonic structures arise as a consequence of environmental influences acting on the properties of cells, rather than an unfolding of a completely genetically specified and preexisting invisible pattern. Specialized cells of developing multicellular organisms are surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix (ECM), comprised largely of different collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. This ECM is a substrate for tissue morphogenesis, lends support and flexibility to mature tissues, and acts as an epigenetic informational entity in the sense that it transduces and integrates intracellular signals via distinct cell surface receptors. Consequently, ECM-receptor interactions have a profound influence on major cellular programs including growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. In contrast to many other ECM proteins, the tenascin (TN) family of glycoproteins (TN-C, TN-R, TN-W, TN-X, and TN-Y) display highly restricted and dynamic patterns of expression in the embryo, particularly during neural development, skeletogenesis, and vasculogenesis. These molecules are reexpressed in the adult during normal processes such as wound healing, nerve regeneration, and tissue involution, and in pathological states including vascular disease, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In concert with a multitude of associated ECM proteins and cell surface receptors that include members of the integrin family, TN proteins impart contrary cellular functions, depending on their mode of presentation (i.e., soluble or substrate-bound) and the cell types and differentiation states of the target tissues. Expression of tenascins is regulated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, vasoactive peptides, ECM proteins, and biomechanical factors. The signals generated by these factors converge on particular combinations of cis-regulatory elements within the recently identified TN gene promoters via specific transcriptional activators or repressors. Additional complexity in regulating TN gene expression is achieved through alternative splicing, resulting in variants of TN polypeptides that exhibit different combinations of functional protein domains. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in TN biology that provide insights into the complex way in which the ECM is regulated and how it functions to regulate tissue morphogenesis and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: Structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2%3c235::aid-dvdy2%3e3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Wu YP, Siao CJ, Lu W, Sung TC, Frohman MA, Milev P, Bugge TH, Degen JL, Levine JM, Margolis RU, Tsirka SE. The tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin extracellular proteolytic system regulates seizure-induced hippocampal mossy fiber outgrowth through a proteoglycan substrate. J Cell Biol 2000; 148:1295-304. [PMID: 10725341 PMCID: PMC2174310 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.148.6.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short seizure episodes are associated with remodeling of neuronal connections. One region where such reorganization occurs is the hippocampus, and in particular, the mossy fiber pathway. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show here a critical role in vivo for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), an extracellular protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin, to induce mossy fiber sprouting. We identify DSD-1-PG/phosphacan, an extracellular matrix component associated with neurite reorganization, as a physiological target of plasmin. Mice lacking tPA displayed decreased mossy fiber outgrowth and an aberrant band at the border of the supragranular region of the dentate gyrus that coincides with the deposition of unprocessed DSD-1-PG/phosphacan and excessive Timm-positive, mossy fiber termini. Plasminogen-deficient mice also exhibit the laminar band and DSD- 1-PG/phosphacan deposition, but mossy fiber outgrowth through the supragranular region is normal. These results demonstrate that tPA functions acutely, both through and independently of plasmin, to mediate mossy fiber reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ping Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Chia-Jen Siao
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Weiquan Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Tsung-Chang Sung
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Michael A. Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Peter Milev
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Jay L. Degen
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Joel M. Levine
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Richard U. Margolis
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
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Entorhinal cortex lesion in adult rats induces the expression of the neuronal chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan in reactive astrocytes. J Neurosci 1999. [PMID: 10559403 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.19-22-09953.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan is a major component of brain extracellular matrix during development. Neurocan is primarily synthesized by neurons and has the ability to interact with cell adhesion molecules involved in the regulation of cell migration and axonal growth. Within the first weeks postnatally, neurocan expression is strongly downregulated. To test whether neurocan is reexpressed in areas of axonal growth (sprouting) after brain injury, the time course of neurocan expression was analyzed in the denervated fascia dentata of the rat after entorhinal cortex lesion (12 hr; 1, 2, 4, and 10 d; 2 and 4 weeks; and 6 months after lesion). In the denervated zone, immunohistochemistry revealed neurocan-positive astrocytes by 2 d after lesion and a diffuse labeling of the extracellular matrix at all later time points. Electron microscopy confirmed the deposition of neurocan in the extracellular matrix compartment. In situ hybridization demonstrated a strong upregulation of neurocan mRNA within the denervated outer molecular layer 1 and 4 d after lesion. The combination of in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated that the neurocan mRNA-expressing cells are astrocytes. These data demonstrate that neurocan is reexpressed in the injured brain. In contrast to the situation during development, astrocytes, but not neurons, express neurocan and enrich the extracellular matrix with this molecule. Similar to the situation during development, neurocan is expressed in an area of active axon growth, and it is suggested that neurocan acts to maintain the boundaries of the denervated fascia dentata after entorhinal cortex lesion.
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