1
|
Dijk W, Di Filippo M, Kooijman S, van Eenige R, Rimbert A, Caillaud A, Thedrez A, Arnaud L, Pronk A, Garçon D, Sotin T, Lindenbaum P, Ozcariz Garcia E, Pais de Barros JP, Duvillard L, Si-Tayeb K, Amigo N, Le Questel JY, Rensen PC, Le May C, Moulin P, Cariou B. Identification of a Gain-of-Function LIPC Variant as a Novel Cause of Familial Combined Hypocholesterolemia. Circulation 2022; 146:724-739. [PMID: 35899625 PMCID: PMC9439636 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality worldwide and is strongly influenced by circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Only a few genes causally related to plasma LDL cholesterol levels have been identified so far, and only 1 gene, ANGPTL3, has been causally related to combined hypocholesterolemia. Here, our aim was to elucidate the genetic origin of an unexplained combined hypocholesterolemia inherited in 4 generations of a French family. METHODS Using next-generation sequencing, we identified a novel dominant rare variant in the LIPC gene, encoding for hepatic lipase, which cosegregates with the phenotype. We characterized the impact of this LIPC-E97G variant on circulating lipid and lipoprotein levels in family members using nuclear magnetic resonance-based lipoprotein profiling and lipidomics. To uncover the mechanisms underlying the combined hypocholesterolemia, we used protein homology modeling, measured triglyceride lipase and phospholipase activities in cell culture, and studied the phenotype of APOE*3.Leiden.CETP mice after LIPC-E97G overexpression. RESULTS Family members carrying the LIPC-E97G variant had very low circulating levels of LDL cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL particle numbers, and phospholipids. The lysophospholipids/phospholipids ratio was increased in plasma of LIPC-E97G carriers, suggestive of an increased lipolytic activity on phospholipids. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that the LIPC-E97G variant specifically increases the phospholipase activity of hepatic lipase through modification of an evolutionarily conserved motif that determines substrate access to the hepatic lipase catalytic site. Mice overexpressing human LIPC-E97G recapitulated the combined hypocholesterolemic phenotype of the family and demonstrated that the increased phospholipase activity promotes catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by different extrahepatic tissues but not the liver. CONCLUSIONS We identified and characterized a novel rare variant in the LIPC gene in a family who presents with dominant familial combined hypocholesterolemia. This gain-of-function variant makes LIPC the second identified gene, after ANGPTL3, causally involved in familial combined hypocholesterolemia. Our mechanistic data highlight the critical role of hepatic lipase phospholipase activity in LDL cholesterol homeostasis and suggest a new LDL clearance mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Mathilde Di Filippo
- UF Dyslipidémies, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale MultiStites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France (M.D.F.).,CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (M.D.F., P.M.)
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Amandine Caillaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Aurélie Thedrez
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Lucie Arnaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Amanda Pronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Damien Garçon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Thibaud Sotin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Pierre Lindenbaum
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | | | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Lipidomic Platform, INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France (J.-P.P.d.B.)
| | - Laurence Duvillard
- University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France (L.D.).,CHU Dijon, Department of Biochemistry, Dijon, France (L.D.)
| | - Karim Si-Tayeb
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Nuria Amigo
- Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain (E.O.G., N.A.).,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Rovira I Virgili University, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain (N.A.)
| | | | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., R.v.E., A.P., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Cédric Le May
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| | - Philippe Moulin
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (M.D.F., P.M.).,Fédération d’endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France (P.M.)
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, France (W.D., A.R., A.C., A.T., L.A., D.G., T.S., P.L., K.S.-T., C.L.M., B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen Y, Gu HM, Zhai L, Wang B, Qin S, Zhang DW. The role of hepatic Surf4 in lipoprotein metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis in apoE -/- mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159196. [PMID: 35803528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulating LDL is derived from very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolism and cleared by LDL receptor (LDLR). We have previously demonstrated that cargo receptor Surfeit 4 (Surf4) mediates VLDL secretion. Inhibition of hepatic Surf4 impairs VLDL secretion, significantly reduces plasma LDL-C levels, and markedly mitigates the development of atherosclerosis in LDLR knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice. Here, we investigated the role of Surf4 in lipoprotein metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis in another commonly used mouse model of atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice. Adeno-associated viral shRNA was used to silence Surf4 expression mainly in the liver of apoE-/- mice. In apoE-/- mice fed a regular chow diet, knockdown of Surf4 expression significantly reduced triglyceride secretion and plasma levels of non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides without causing hepatic lipid accumulation or liver damage. When Surf4 was knocked down in apoE-/- mice fed the Western-type diet, we observed a significant reduction in plasma levels of non-HDL cholesterol, but not triglycerides. Knockdown of Surf4 did not increase hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels or cause liver damage, but significantly diminished atherosclerosis lesions. Therefore, our findings indicate the potential of hepatic Surf4 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Shen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lei Zhai
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Binxiang Wang
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China.
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen PY, Chao TY, Hsu HJ, Wang CY, Lin CY, Gao WY, Wu MJ, Yen JH. The Lipid-Modulating Effect of Tangeretin on the Inhibition of Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) Gene Expression through Regulation of LXRα Activation in Hepatic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189853. [PMID: 34576019 PMCID: PMC8471037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of TG-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) in plasma is associated with dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs). Tangeretin is a bioactive pentamethoxyflavone mainly found in citrus peels, and it has been reported to protect against hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the lipid-modulating effects and the underlying mechanisms of tangeretin action in hepatic cells. Transcriptome and bioinformatics analyses with the Gene Ontology (GO) database showed that tangeretin significantly regulated a set of 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Among these DEGs, angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3), an essential inhibitor of LPL catalytic activity that regulates TGRL metabolism in plasma, was markedly downregulated by tangeretin. We demonstrated that tangeretin significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of ANGPTL3 in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Tangeretin treatment of hepatic cells also reduced the levels of both intracellular and secreted ANGPTL3 proteins. Moreover, we found that inhibition of ANGPTL3 production by tangeretin augmented LPL activity. We further demonstrated that the transcriptional activity of the ANGPTL3 promoter was significantly attenuated by tangeretin, and we identified a DNA element located between the −250 and −121 positions that responded to tangeretin. Furthermore, we found that tangeretin did not alter the levels of the nuclear liver X receptor α (LXRα) protein, an essential transcription factor that binds to the tangeretin-responsive element, but it can counteract LXRα-mediated ANGPTL3 transcription. On the basis of molecular docking analysis, tangeretin was predicted to bind to the ligand-binding domain of LXRα, which would result in suppression of LXRα activation. Our findings support the hypothesis that tangeretin exerts a lipid-lowering effect by modulating the LXRα-ANGPTL3-LPL pathway, and thus, it can be used as a potential phytochemical for the prevention or treatment of dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
| | - Tzu-Ya Chao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yen Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
| | - Wan-Yun Gao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +88-63-856-5301 (ext. 2683)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martínez-Beamonte R, Sánchez-Marco J, Felices MJ, Barranquero C, Gascón S, Arnal C, Burillo JC, Lasheras R, Busto R, Lasunción MA, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Osada J. Dietary squalene modifies plasma lipoproteins and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in rabbits. Food Funct 2021; 12:8141-8153. [PMID: 34291245 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of squalene, the main unsaponifiable component of virgin olive oil, on lipid metabolism, two groups of male New Zealand rabbits were fed a 1% sunflower oil-enriched regular diet or the same diet containing 0.5% squalene for 4 weeks. Plasma triglycerides, total- and HDL-cholesterol and their lipoproteins were assayed. Analyses of hepatic lipid droplets, triglycerides, total- and non-esterified cholesterol, squalene, protein and gene expression, and cholesterol precursors were carried out. In the jejunum, the squalene content and mRNA and protein APOB expressions were measured. Finally, we studied the effect of cholesterol precursors in AML12 cells. Squalene administration significantly increased plasma total cholesterol, mainly carried as non-esterified cholesterol in IDL and large LDL, and corresponded to an increased number of APOB100-containing particles without accumulation of triglycerides and decreased reactive oxygen species. Despite no significant changes in the APOB content in the jejunum, the latter displayed increased APOB mRNA and squalene levels. Increases in the amounts of non-esterified cholesterol, squalene, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, lathosterol, cholestanol, zymostenol, desmosterol and caspase 1 were also observed in the liver. Incubation of AML12 cells in the presence of lanosterol increased caspase 1. In conclusion, squalene administration in rabbits increases the number of modified APOB-containing lipoproteins, and hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis is linked to caspase 1 probably through lanosterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guerra-García MT, Moreno-Macías H, Ochoa-Guzmán A, Ordoñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Guillen R, Vázquez-Cárdenas P, Ortíz-Ortega VM, Peimbert-Torres M, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tusié-Luna MT. The -514C>T polymorphism in the LIPC gene modifies type 2 diabetes risk through modulation of HDL-cholesterol levels in Mexicans. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:557-565. [PMID: 32617858 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are very prevalent conditions among Mexicans. Genetic variants in the LIPC gene have been associated with both conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the -514C < T (rs1800588) LIPC gene polymorphism with different metabolic traits, particularly the effects of this polymorphism on HDL-C plasma levels and T2D risk. METHODS Mediation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of the -514C>T LIPC gene variant on HDL-C levels, T2D risk, and body mass index (BMI), in 2105 Mexican mestizo participants. We also assessed the functional effect of the -514C>T LIPC variant on the promoter activity of a reporter gene in the HepG2 cell line. RESULTS Direct effects show that the -514C>T LIPC polymorphism is significantly associated with increased HDL-C plasma levels (β = 0.03; p < 0.001). The -514C>T variant resulted in an indirect protective effect on T2D risk through increasing HDL-C levels (β = - 0.03; p < 0.001). Marginal direct association between -514C>T and T2D was found (β = 0.08; p = 0.06). Variables directly influencing T2D status were European ethnicity (β = - 7.20; p < 0.001), age (β = 0.04; p < 0.001), gender (β = - 0.15; p = 0.017) and HDL-C (β = - 1.07; p < 0.001). In addition, we found that the -514C>T variant decreases the activity of LIPC promoter by 90% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The -514C>T polymorphism was not directly associated with T2D risk. HDL-C acts as a mediator between -514C>T LIPC gene variant and T2D risk in the Mexican population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Guerra-García
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Moreno-Macías
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
- Economy Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Ochoa-Guzmán
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M L Ordoñez-Sánchez
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Rodríguez-Guillen
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Vázquez-Cárdenas
- Obesity Clinic, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - V M Ortíz-Ortega
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Peimbert-Torres
- Nature Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C A Aguilar-Salinas
- Division of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M T Tusié-Luna
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Univesidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen S, Wang Y, Pan Y, Liu Y, Zheng S, Ding K, Mu K, Yuan Y, Li Z, Song H, Jin Y, Fu J. Novel Role for Tranilast in Regulating NLRP3 Ubiquitination, Vascular Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015513. [PMID: 32476536 PMCID: PMC7429049 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Aberrant activation of the NLRP3 (nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain, leucine‐rich repeat–containing receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3) inflammasome is thought to play a causative role in atherosclerosis. NLRP3 is kept in an inactive ubiquitinated state to avoid unwanted NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that pharmacologic manipulating of NLRP3 ubiquitination blunts the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and protects against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Since genetic studies yielded mixed results about the role for this inflammasome in atherosclerosis in low‐density lipoprotein receptor– or apolipoprotein E–deficient mice, this study attempted to clarify the discrepancy with the pharmacologic approach using both models. Methods and Results We provided the first evidence demonstrating that tranilast facilitates NLRP3 ubiquitination. We showed that tranilast restricted NLRP3 oligomerization and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Tranilast markedly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in low‐density lipoprotein receptor– and apolipoprotein E–deficient macrophages. Through reconstitution of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, we found that tranilast directly limited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By adopting different regimens for tranilast treatment of low‐density lipoprotein receptor– and apolipoprotein E–deficient mice, we demonstrated that tranilast blunted the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Mice receiving tranilast displayed a significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesion size, concomitant with a pronounced decline in macrophage content and expression of inflammatory molecules in the plaques compared with the control group. Moreover, tranilast treatment of mice substantially hindered the expression and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the atherosclerotic lesions. Conclusions Tranilast potently enhances NLRP3 ubiquitination, blunts the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and ameliorates vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in both low‐density lipoprotein receptor– and apolipoprotein E–deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Chen
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Yadong Wang
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Yamu Pan
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Yao Liu
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Ke Ding
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Kaiyu Mu
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Ye Yuan
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Hongxian Song
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| | - Ying Jin
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China.,Renmin Hospital Hubei University of Medicine Hubei China
| | - Jian Fu
- The Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Department of Cardiology Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kobayashi J. Which is the Best Predictor for the Development of Atherosclerosis Among Circulating Lipoprotein Lipase, Hepatic Lipase, and Endothelial Lipase? J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 26:758-759. [PMID: 30814386 PMCID: PMC6753242 DOI: 10.5551/jat.ed108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
9
|
|
10
|
Getz GS, Reardon CA. Do the Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- Mice Yield the Same Insight on Atherogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1734-41. [PMID: 27386935 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine models of atherosclerosis are useful for investigating the environmental and genetic influences on lesion formation and composition. Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) mice are the 2 most extensively used models. The models differ in important ways with respect to the precise mechanism by which their absence enhances atherosclerosis, including differences in plasma lipoproteins. The majority of the gene function studies have utilized only 1 model, with the results being generalized to atherogenic mechanisms. In only a relatively few cases have studies been conducted in both atherogenic murine models. This review will discuss important differences between the 2 atherogenic models and will point out studies that have been performed in the 2 models where results are comparable and those where different results were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Andrés-Blasco I, Herrero-Cervera A, Vinué Á, Martínez-Hervás S, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ, Burks DJ, González-Navarro H. Hepatic lipase deficiency produces glucose intolerance, inflammation and hepatic steatosis. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:179-91. [PMID: 26423094 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus constitute a major problem to global health, and their incidence is increasing at an alarming rate. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which affects up to 90% of obese people and nearly 70% of the overweight, is commonly associated with MetS characteristics such as obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. In the present study, we demonstrate that hepatic lipase (HL)-inactivation in mice fed with a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet produced dyslipidemia including hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and increased non-esterified fatty acid levels. These changes were accompanied by glucose intolerance, pancreatic and hepatic inflammation and steatosis. In addition, compared with WT mice, HL(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced circulating MCP1 levels, monocytosis and higher percentage of CD4+Th17+ cells. Consistent with increased inflammation, livers from HL(-/-) mice had augmented activation of the stress SAPK/JNK- and p38-pathways compared with the activation levels of the kinases in livers from WT mice. Analysis of HL(-/-) and WT mice fed regular chow diet showed dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance in HL(-/-) mice without any other changes in inflammation or hepatic steatosis. Altogether, these results indicate that dyslipidemia induced by HL-deficiency in combination with a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet promotes hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice which are, at least in part, mediated by the activation of the stress SAPK/JNK- and p38-pathways. Future studies are warranted to asses the viability of therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of these kinases to reduce hepatic steatosis associated to lipase dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Andrés-Blasco
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Herrero-Cervera
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Ángela Vinué
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Sanz
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Deborah Jane Burks
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kobayashi J, Miyashita K, Nakajima K, Mabuchi H. Hepatic Lipase: a Comprehensive View of its Role on Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015. [PMID: 26194979 DOI: 10.5551/jat.31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipase (HL) is a key enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG) and phospholipids (PLs) in several lipoproteins. It is generally recognized that HL is involved in the remodeling of remnant, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the production of small, dense low-density lipoproteins (sd-LDLs).On the other hand, it is unclear whether HL accelerates or retards atherosclerosis. From the clinical point of view, HL deficiency may provide useful information on answering this question, but the rarity of this disease makes it impossible to conduct epidemiological study.In this review, we describe a comprehensive and updated view of the clinical significance of HL on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
Collapse
|
13
|
Goeritzer M, Vujic N, Schlager S, Chandak PG, Korbelius M, Gottschalk B, Leopold C, Obrowsky S, Rainer S, Doddapattar P, Aflaki E, Wegscheider M, Sachdev V, Graier WF, Kolb D, Radovic B, Kratky D. Active autophagy but not lipophagy in macrophages with defective lipolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1304-1316. [PMID: 26143381 PMCID: PMC4562370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During autophagy, autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes to degrade damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Breakdown products are released into the cytosol and contribute to energy and metabolic building block supply, especially during starvation. Lipophagy has been defined as the autophagy-mediated degradation of lipid droplets (LDs) by lysosomal acid lipase. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the major enzyme catalyzing the initial step of lipolysis by hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs) in cytosolic LDs. Consequently, most organs and cells, including macrophages, lacking ATGL accumulate TGs, resulting in reduced intracellular free fatty acid concentrations. Macrophages deficient in hormone-sensitive lipase (H0) lack TG accumulation albeit reduced in vitro TG hydrolase activity. We hypothesized that autophagy is activated in lipase-deficient macrophages to counteract their energy deficit. We therefore generated mice lacking both ATGL and HSL (A0H0). Macrophages from A0H0 mice showed 73% reduced neutral TG hydrolase activity, resulting in TG-rich LD accumulation. Increased expression of cathepsin B, accumulation of LC3-II, reduced expression of p62 and increased DQ-BSA dequenching suggest intact autophagy and functional lysosomes in A0H0 macrophages. Markedly decreased acid TG hydrolase activity and lipid flux independent of bafilomycin A1 treatment, however, argue against effective lysosomal degradation of LDs in A0H0 macrophages. We conclude that autophagy of proteins and cell organelles but not of LDs is active as a compensatory mechanism to circumvent and balance the reduced availability of energy substrates in A0H0 macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Goeritzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefanie Schlager
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash G Chandak
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin Gottschalk
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Leopold
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Rainer
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash Doddapattar
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wegscheider
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Center for Medical Research/Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Branislav Radovic
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mak ACY, Pullinger CR, Tang LF, Wong JS, Deo RC, Schwarz JM, Gugliucci A, Movsesyan I, Ishida BY, Chu C, Poon A, Kim P, Stock EO, Schaefer EJ, Asztalos BF, Castellano JM, Wyss-Coray T, Duncan JL, Miller BL, Kane JP, Kwok PY, Malloy MJ. Effects of the absence of apolipoprotein e on lipoproteins, neurocognitive function, and retinal function. JAMA Neurol 2015; 71:1228-36. [PMID: 25111166 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The identification of a patient with a rare form of severe dysbetalipoproteinemia allowed the study of the consequences of total absence of apolipoprotein E (apoE). OBJECTIVES To discover the molecular basis of this rare disorder and to determine the effects of complete absence of apoE on neurocognitive and visual function and on lipoprotein metabolism. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the patient's DNA. He underwent detailed neurological and visual function testing and lipoprotein analysis. Lipoprotein analysis was also performed in the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, on blood samples from the proband's mother, wife, 2 daughters, and normolipidemic control participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Whole-exome sequencing, lipoprotein analysis, and neurocognitive function. RESULTS The patient was homozygous for an ablative APOE frameshift mutation (c.291del, p.E97fs). No other mutations likely to contribute to the phenotype were discovered, with the possible exception of two, in ABCC2 (p.I670T) and LIPC (p.G137R). Despite complete absence of apoE, he had normal vision, exhibited normal cognitive, neurological, and retinal function, had normal findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and had normal cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid and tau proteins. He had no significant symptoms of cardiovascular disease except a suggestion of myocardial ischemia on treadmill testing and mild atherosclerosis noted on carotid ultrasonography. He had exceptionally high cholesterol content (760 mg/dL; to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259) and a high cholesterol to triglycerides ratio (1.52) in very low-density lipoproteins with elevated levels of small-diameter high-density lipoproteins, including high levels of prebeta-1 high-density lipoprotein. Intermediate-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins contained elevated apoA-I and apoA-IV levels. The patient's apoC-III and apoC-IV levels were decreased in very low-density lipoproteins. Electron microscopy revealed large lamellar particles having electron-opaque cores attached to electron-lucent zones in intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein particle diameters were distributed bimodally. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite a profound effect on lipoprotein metabolism, detailed neurocognitive and retinal studies failed to demonstrate any defects. This suggests that functions of apoE in the brain and eye are not essential or that redundant mechanisms exist whereby its role can be fulfilled. Targeted knockdown of apoE in the central nervous system might be a therapeutic modality in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel C Y Mak
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ling Fung Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jinny S Wong
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California
| | - Rahul C Deo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jean-Marc Schwarz
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo
| | | | - Irina Movsesyan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Catherine Chu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Annie Poon
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Phillip Kim
- Darin M. Camarena Health Centers, Madera, California
| | - Eveline O Stock
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | - Joseph M Castellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California7Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John P Kane
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Mary J Malloy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zannis VI, Fotakis P, Koukos G, Kardassis D, Ehnholm C, Jauhiainen M, Chroni A. HDL biogenesis, remodeling, and catabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:53-111. [PMID: 25522986 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review how HDL is generated, remodeled, and catabolized in plasma. We describe key features of the proteins that participate in these processes, emphasizing how mutations in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and the other proteins affect HDL metabolism. The biogenesis of HDL initially requires functional interaction of apoA-I with the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and subsequently interactions of the lipidated apoA-I forms with lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Mutations in these proteins either prevent or impair the formation and possibly the functionality of HDL. Remodeling and catabolism of HDL is the result of interactions of HDL with cell receptors and other membrane and plasma proteins including hepatic lipase (HL), endothelial lipase (EL), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), apolipoprotein M (apoM), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), the F1 subunit of ATPase (Ecto F1-ATPase), and the cubulin/megalin receptor. Similarly to apoA-I, apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-IV were shown to form discrete HDL particles containing these apolipoproteins which may have important but still unexplored functions. Furthermore, several plasma proteins were found associated with HDL and may modulate its biological functions. The effect of these proteins on the functionality of HDL is the topic of ongoing research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis I Zannis
- Molecular Genetics, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kapourchali FR, Surendiran G, Chen L, Uitz E, Bahadori B, Moghadasian MH. Animal models of atherosclerosis. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:126-132. [PMID: 24868511 PMCID: PMC4023305 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i5.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review several commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis have been discussed. Among them, emphasis has been made on mice, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates. Although these animal models have played a significant role in our understanding of induction of atherosclerotic lesions, we still lack a reliable animal model for regression of the disease. Researchers have reported several genetically modified and transgenic animal models that replicate human atherosclerosis, however each of current animal models have some limitations. Among these animal models, the apolipoprotein (apo) E-knockout (KO) mice have been used extensively because they develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Furthermore, atherosclerotic lesions developed in this model depending on experimental design may resemble humans’ stable and unstable atherosclerotic lesions. This mouse model of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been also used to investigate the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on atherogenesis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-r-KO mice are a model of human familial hypercholesterolemia. However, unlike apo E-KO mice, the LDL-r-KO mice do not develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Both apo E-KO and LDL-r-KO mice have been employed to generate other relevant mouse models of cardiovascular disease through breeding strategies. In addition to mice, rabbits have been used extensively particularly to understand the mechanisms of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. The present review paper details the characteristics of animal models that are used in atherosclerosis research.
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Oldoni
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Sinke
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kawaguchi H, Yamada T, Miura N, Ayaori M, Uto-Kondo H, Ikegawa M, Noguchi M, Wang KY, Izumi H, Tanimoto A. Rapid development of atherosclerosis in the world's smallest Microminipig fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 21:186-203. [PMID: 24257467 DOI: 10.5551/jat.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Experimental studies of human atherogenesis require an appropriate animal model that mimics human physiology and pathology. Because swine physiology is similar to human physiology, we developed a hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis model using the recently developed world's smallest Microminipig(TM). METHODS These animals weigh only 5kg at 3months of age, much smaller than any other miniature pig. We found that the administration of a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet containing at least 0.2% cholesterol without cholic acid for as little as eight weeks induces hypercholesterolemia and subsequent atherosclerosis in these animals. RESULTS The serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) and the percent distribution of cholesterol in the LDL fractions were markedly increased. The hepatic expression of LDL receptor and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase was coordinately decreased. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, which plays a role in reverse cholesterol transport, was detected in the serum of the Microminipigs. Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein was expressed in both the liver and small intestine; however, hepatic apoB mRNA editing enzyme was not expressed. As in humans, and in contrast to that observed in mice, most of the hepatic lipase activity was localized in the liver. These results suggest that the hyperlipidemia-induced gene expression profile linked to cholesterol homeostasis and atherogenesis is similar in Microminipigs and humans. CONCLUSION We conclude that the characteristics of the Microminipig, including its easy handling size, make it an appropriate model for studies of atherosclerosis and related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hepatic lipase- and endothelial lipase-deficiency in mice promotes macrophage-to-feces RCT and HDL antioxidant properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:691-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Stylianou IM, Bauer RC, Reilly MP, Rader DJ. Genetic basis of atherosclerosis: insights from mice and humans. Circ Res 2012; 110:337-55. [PMID: 22267839 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.230854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex and heritable disease involving multiple cell types and the interactions of many different molecular pathways. The genetic and molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis have, in part, been elucidated by mouse models; at least 100 different genes have been shown to influence atherosclerosis in mice. Importantly, unbiased genome-wide association studies have recently identified a number of novel loci robustly associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Here, we review the genetic data elucidated from mouse models of atherosclerosis, as well as significant associations for human coronary artery disease. Furthermore, we discuss in greater detail some of these novel human coronary artery disease loci. The combination of mouse and human genetics has the potential to identify and validate novel genes that influence atherosclerosis, some of which may be candidates for new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M Stylianou
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 654 BRBII/III Labs, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6160, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Both cells of the vessel wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is heavily influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of small and large animal models have been used to study the atherogenic process. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis or lipoprotein profile. Useful large animal models include pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Due in large part to the relative ease of genetic manipulation and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis, murine models are currently the most extensively used. Although not all aspects of murine atherosclerosis are identical to humans, studies using murine models have suggested potential biological processes and interactions that underlie this process. As it becomes clear that different factors may influence different stages of lesion development, the use of mouse models with the ability to turn on or delete proteins or cells in tissue specific and temporal manner will be very valuable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Role of hepatic lipase and endothelial lipase in high-density lipoprotein-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:257-65. [PMID: 21424685 PMCID: PMC3085744 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) constitutes a key part of the atheroprotective properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Hepatic lipase (HL) and endothelial lipase (EL) are negative regulators of plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Although overexpression of EL decreases overall macrophage-to-feces RCT, knockout of both HL and EL leaves RCT essentially unaffected. With respect to important individual steps of RCT, current data on the role of EL and HL in cholesterol efflux are not conclusive. Both enzymes increase hepatic selective cholesterol uptake; however, this does not translate into altered biliary cholesterol secretion, which is regarded the final step of RCT. Also, the impact of HL and EL on atherosclerosis is not clear cut; rather it depends on respective experimental conditions and chosen models. More mechanistic insights into the diverse biological properties of these enzymes are therefore required to firmly establish EL and HL as targets for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Xiangdong L, Yuanwu L, Hua Z, Liming R, Qiuyan L, Ning L. Animal models for the atherosclerosis research: a review. Protein Cell 2011; 2:189-201. [PMID: 21468891 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its mechanisms are still unclear. However, various animal models have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis and have allowed the evaluation of therapeutic options. The aim of this paper is to review those animal models (i.e., rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, avian, carnivores, swine, and, non-human primates) that have been used to study atherosclerosis. Though there is no single perfect animal model that completely replicates the stages of human atherosclerosis, cholesterol feeding and mechanical endothelial injury are two common features shared by most models of atherosclerosis. Further, with the development of genetically modified animals, these models are significantly broadening our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Santos-Gallego CG, Torres F, Badimón JJ. The beneficial effects of HDL-C on atherosclerosis: rationale and clinical results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
26
|
Bamji-Mirza M, Sundaram M, Zhong S, Yao EF, Parks RJ, Yao Z. Secretion of triacylglycerol-poor VLDL particles from McA-RH7777 cells expressing human hepatic lipase. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:540-8. [PMID: 21189265 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m012476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipase (HL) plays a role in the catabolism of apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins through its lipolytic and ligand-binding properties. We describe a potential intracellular role of HL in the assembly and secretion of VLDL. Transient or stable expression of HL in McA-RH7777 cells resulted in decreased (by 40%) incorporation of [(3)H]glycerol into cell-associated and secreted triacylglycerol (TAG) relative to control cells. However, incorporation of [(35)S]methionine/cysteine into cell and medium apoB-100 was not decreased by HL expression. The decreased (3)H-TAG synthesis/secretion in HL expressing cells was not attributable to decreased expression of genes involved in lipogenesis. Fractionation of medium revealed that the decreased [(3)H]TAG from HL expressing cells was mainly attributable to decreased VLDL. Expression of catalytically-inactive HL (HL(SG)) (Ser-145 at the catalytic site was substituted with Gly) in the cells also resulted in decreased secretion of VLDL-[(3)H]TAG. Examination of lumenal contents of microsomes showed a 40% decrease in [(3)H]TAG associated with lumenal lipid droplets in HL or HL(SG) expressing cells as compared with control. The microsomal membrane-associated [(3)H]TAG was decreased by 50% in HL expressing cells but not in HL(SG) expressing cells. Thus, expression of HL, irrespective of its lipolytic function, impairs formation of VLDL precursor [(3)H]TAG in the form of lumenal lipid droplets. These results suggest that HL expression in McA-RH7777 cells result in secretion of [(3)H]TAG-poor VLDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bamji-Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brown RJ, Lagor WR, Sankaranaravanan S, Yasuda T, Quertermous T, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ. Impact of combined deficiency of hepatic lipase and endothelial lipase on the metabolism of both high-density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Circ Res 2010; 107:357-64. [PMID: 20558822 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.219188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hepatic lipase (HL) and endothelial lipase (EL) are extracellular lipases that both hydrolyze triglycerides and phospholipids and display potentially overlapping or complementary roles in lipoprotein metabolism. OBJECTIVE We sought to dissect the overlapping roles of HL and EL by generating mice deficient in both HL and EL (HL/EL-dko) for comparison with single HL-knockout (ko) and EL-ko mice, as well as wild-type mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Reproduction and viability of the HL/EL-dko mice were impaired compared with the single-knockout mice. The plasma levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and phospholipids in the HL/EL-dko mice were markedly higher than those in the single-knockout mice. Most notably, the HL/EL-dko mice exhibited an unexpected substantial increase in small low-density lipoproteins. Kinetic studies with [(3)H]cholesteryl ether-labeled very-low-density lipoproteins demonstrated that the HL/EL-dko mice accumulated counts in the smallest low-density lipoprotein-sized fractions, as assessed by size exclusion chromatography, suggesting that it arises from lipolysis of very-low-density lipoproteins. HDL from all 3 lipase knockout models had an increased cholesterol efflux capacity but reduced clearance of HDL cholesteryl esters versus control mice. Despite their higher HDL cholesterol levels, neither HL-ko, EL-ko, nor HL/EL-dko mice demonstrated an increased rate of macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal an additive effect of HL and EL on HDL metabolism but not macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice and an unexpected redundant role of HL and EL in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vergeer M, Holleboom AG, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA. The HDL hypothesis: does high-density lipoprotein protect from atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2058-73. [PMID: 20371550 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is unequivocal evidence of an inverse association between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and the risk of cardiovascular disease, a finding that has led to the hypothesis that HDL protects from atherosclerosis. This review details the experimental evidence for this "HDL hypothesis". In vitro studies suggest that HDL has a wide range of anti-atherogenic properties but validation of these functions in humans is absent to date. A significant number of animal studies and clinical trials support an atheroprotective role for HDL; however, most of these findings were obtained in the context of marked changes in other plasma lipids. Finally, genetic studies in humans have not provided convincing evidence that HDL genes modulate cardiovascular risk. Thus, despite a wealth of information on this intriguing lipoprotein, future research remains essential to prove the HDL hypothesis correct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menno Vergeer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yasuda T, Ishida T, Rader DJ. Update on the Role of Endothelial Lipase in High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism, Reverse Cholesterol Transport, and Atherosclerosis. Circ J 2010; 74:2263-70. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yasuda
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate school of Medicine
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate school of Medicine
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pratt SM, Chiu S, Espinal GM, Shibata NM, Wong H, Warden CH. Mouse hepatic lipase alleles with variable effects on lipoprotein composition and size. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1035-48. [PMID: 19965617 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural features responsible for the activities of hepatic lipase (HL) can be clarified by in vivo comparisons of naturally occurring variants. The coding sequence of HL from C57BL/6J (B6) and SPRET/EiJ (SPRET) mice differs by four amino acids (S106N, A156V, L416V, S480T); however, these changes are not predicted to influence HL function. To test for allelic effects, we generated SPRET-HL transgenics with physiological levels of HL mRNA and HL activity that was parallel in female transgenics and about 70% higher in male transgenics, toward tri-[3H]oleate, compared with B6 controls. We found no correlation between activity levels and plasma lipids. However, significant allelic effects on plasma lipids were observed. Compared with B6-HL, SPRET-HL mediated reductions in total cholesterol (TC) and VLDL-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and HDL-triglyceride (TG) in fed males, and SPRET-HL decreased total TG and VLDL- and HDL-TG levels in fasted males. Fasted female transgenics had reduced TC compared with controls. We also found allele and sex effects on lipoprotein particle size. Male transgenic mice had increased VLDL and decreased LDL size, and female transgenic mice had decreased HDL size compared with control animals. These findings demonstrate highly divergent effects of naturally occurring HL coding sequence variants on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena M Pratt
- Section of Neurobiology, Physiology, Behavior, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
van Haperen R, Samyn H, van Gent T, Zonneveld AJ, Moerland M, Grosveld F, Jansen H, Dallinga-Thie GM, van Tol A, de Crom R. Novel roles of hepatic lipase and phospholipid transfer protein in VLDL as well as HDL metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:1031-6. [PMID: 19524061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) expression may increase atherosclerosis in mice by reducing plasma HDL and increasing hepatic VLDL secretion. Hepatic lipase (HL) is a lipolytic enzyme involved in several aspects of the same pathways of lipoprotein metabolism. We investigated whether the effects of elevated PLTP activity are compromised by HL deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS HL deficient mice were crossbred with PLTP transgenic (PLTPtg) mice and studied in the fasted state. Plasma triglycerides were decreased in HL deficiency, explained by reduced hepatic triglyceride secretion. In PLTPtg mice, a redistribution of HL activity between plasma and tissue was evident and plasma triglycerides were also decreased. HL deficiency mitigated or even abolished the stimulatory effect of elevated PLTP activity on hepatic triglyceride secretion. HL deficiency had a modest incremental effect on plasma HDL, which remained present in PLTP transgenic/HL(-/-) mice, thereby partially compensating the decrease in HDL caused by elevation of PLTP activity. HDL decay experiments showed that the fractional turnover rate of HDL cholesteryl esters was delayed in HL deficient mice, increased in PLTPtg mice and intermediate in PLTPtg mice in an HL(-/-) background. CONCLUSIONS HL affects hepatic VLDL. Elevated PLTP activity lowers plasma HDL-cholesterol by stimulating the plasma turnover and hepatic uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters. HL is not required for the increase in hepatic triglyceride secretion or for the lowering of HDL-cholesterol induced by PLTP overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li L, Weng W, Harrison EH, Fisher EA. Plasma carboxyl ester lipase activity modulates apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein metabolism in a transgenic mouse model. Metabolism 2008; 57:1361-8. [PMID: 18803939 PMCID: PMC2587065 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) is in the plasma of many mammals, including humans and rats, but not mice. In vitro, CEL hydrolyzes cholesterol esters of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (apo B-Lp). To study the effect of CEL on metabolism of apo B-Lp and atherosclerosis in vivo, apo E-knockout (EKO) mice, which have high plasma levels of apo B-Lp and are prone to atherosclerosis, were made to secrete CEL into plasma by introducing a transgene containing a liver-specific promoter and rat CEL complementary DNA. Plasma CEL activity in EKO-CEL mice was comparable with that found in rats. Evidence of modification of apo B-Lp by plasma CEL in vivo was an increase in the free cholesterol to cholesterol ester ratio of apo B-Lp from mice on chow or a Western-type diet. In addition, plasma total cholesterol levels were elevated in EKO-CEL mice, with the elevation found exclusively in the apo B-Lp fraction. Associated with the increase in steady-state apo B-Lp levels was an increase in the plasma half-life of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in EKO-CEL mice, measured by the clearance rate of injected VLDL. Interestingly, despite the increase of apo B-Lp, the atherosclerotic lesion did not differ between EKO and EKO-CEL mice on a Western-type diet. In summary, our results demonstrate that plasma CEL modulates apo B-Lp metabolism in vivo, resulting in reduced VLDL clearance and elevated plasma cholesterol levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Research, Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kapur NK, Ashen D, Blumenthal RS. High density lipoprotein cholesterol: an evolving target of therapy in the management of cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4:39-57. [PMID: 18629371 PMCID: PMC2464766 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2008.04.01.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the pioneering work of John Gofman in the 1950s, our understanding of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its relationship to coronary heart disease (CHD) has grown substantially. Numerous clinical trials since the Framingham Study in 1977 have demonstrated an inverse relationship between HDL-C and one’s risk of developing CHD. Over the past two decades, preclinical research has gained further insight into the nature of HDL-C metabolism, specifically regarding the ability of HDL-C to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Recent attempts to harness HDL’s ability to enhance RCT have revealed the complexity of HDL-C metabolism. This review provides a detailed update on HDL-C as an evolving therapeutic target in the management of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin K Kapur
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hime NJ, Black AS, Bulgrien JJ, Curtiss LK. Leukocyte-derived hepatic lipase increases HDL and decreases en face aortic atherosclerosis in LDLr-/- mice expressing CETP. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2113-23. [PMID: 18599739 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700564-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to hepatic expression, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and hepatic lipase (HL) are expressed by human macrophages. The combined actions of these proteins have profound effects on HDL structure and function. It is not known how these HDL changes influence atherosclerosis. To elucidate the role of leukocyte-derived HL on atherosclerosis in a background of CETP expression, we studied low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice expressing human CETP (CETPtgLDLr -/-) with a leukocyte-derived HL deficiency (HL -/- BM). HL(-/-) bone marrow (BM), CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice were generated via bone marrow transplantation. Wild-type bone marrow was transplanted into CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice to generate HL +/+ BM, CETPtgLDLr(-/-) controls. The chimeras were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 14 weeks to promote atherosclerosis. In female HL(-/-) BM, CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration during high-fat feeding was decreased 27% when compared with HL +/+ BM, CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice (P < 0.05), and this was associated with a 96% increase in en face aortic atherosclerosis (P < 0.05). In male CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice, leukocyte-derived HL deficiency was associated with a 16% decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and a 25% increase in aortic atherosclerosis. Thus, leukocyte-derived HL in CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice has an atheroprotective role that may involve increased HDL levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Hime
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Moerland M, Samyn H, van Gent T, Jauhiainen M, Metso J, van Haperen R, Grosveld F, van Tol A, de Crom R. Atherogenic, enlarged, and dysfunctional HDL in human PLTP/apoA-I double transgenic mice. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2622-31. [PMID: 17761633 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700020-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice, overexpression of human plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) results in increased atherosclerosis. PLTP strongly decreases HDL levels and might alter the antiatherogenic properties of HDL particles. To study the potential interaction between human PLTP and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), double transgenic animals (hPLTPtg/hApoAItg) were compared with hApoAItg mice. PLTP activity was increased 4.5-fold. Plasma total cholesterol and phospholipid were decreased. Average HDL size (analyzed by gel filtration) increased strongly, hPLTPtg/hApoAItg mice having very large, LDL-sized, HDL particles. Also, after density gradient ultracentrifugation, a substantial part of the apoA-I-containing lipoproteins in hPLTPtg/hApoAItg mice was found in the LDL density range. In cholesterol efflux studies from macrophages, HDL isolated from hPLTPtg/hApoAItg mice was less efficient than HDL isolated from hApoAItg mice. Furthermore, it was found that the largest subfraction of the HDL particles present in hPLTPtg/hApoAItg mice was markedly inferior as a cholesterol acceptor, as no labeled cholesterol was transferred to this fraction. In an LDLR-deficient background, the human PLTP-expressing mouse line showed a 2.2-fold increased atherosclerotic lesion area. These data demonstrate that the action of human PLTP in the presence of human apoA-I results in the formation of a dysfunctional HDL subfraction, which is less efficient in the uptake of cholesterol from cholesterol-laden macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Moerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Qian K, Agrawal N, Dichek HL. Reduced atherosclerosis in chow-fed mice expressing high levels of a catalytically inactive human hepatic lipase. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:66-74. [PMID: 17234195 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of catalytically inactive hepatic lipase (ciHL) lowers remnants and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and may reduce atherosclerosis in mice lacking both LDLreceptors (LDLR) and murine (m) HL. However, in a previous study, ciHL expression failed to reduce atherosclerosis but increased liver fat accumulation after a 3-month high-fat diet, suggesting that diet-induced metabolic changes compromised the antiatherogenic effects of ciHL. Therefore, we hypothesized that reduced dietary fat would reduce atherosclerosis in ciHL expressing mice. Mice lacking both LDLR and mHL, alone, or expressing ciHL were fed a low-fat (chow) diet for 9 months to match the cumulative cholesterol exposure resulting from a 3-month high-fat diet. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins as well as atherosclerosis were determined at sacrifice. Also, liver expression of receptors and proteins contributing to cholesterol delivery including the LDLreceptor related protein (LRP), scavenger receptor (SR)-B1 and apoE were determined. At 9 months, ciHL expression reduced plasma cholesterol by approximately 20% and atherosclerosis by 79% (from 2.67+/-0.61% of aortic surface, Ldlr-/-hl-/-, n=9, to 0.55+/-0.32% of aortic surface, Ldlr-/-hl-/-ciHL, n=7, P=0.01). Also, LRP-expression increased approximately 4-fold, whereas SR-B1 and apoE remained unchanged. These results demonstrate that ciHL expression reduces atherosclerosis. Also, these results demonstrate that ciHL increases LRP expression and suggest increased LRP-mediated lipoprotein clearance as a pathway for ciHL-mediated atherosclerosis reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, Box 356320, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hasham SN, Pillarisetti S. Vascular lipases, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 372:179-83. [PMID: 16765928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the lipase family that include lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and endothelial cell lipase play a central role in triglyceride and phospholipid hydrolysis. Because the site of action of these lipases is the endothelium, the endothelium is constantly exposed to products of lipolysis. These lipolysis products could elicit pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial as well as surrounding cells. These effects could be transient or long-term depending on the nutritional state. While lipolysis is per se anti-atherogenic due to its triglyceride lowering activity, it could also be pro-atherogenic due to prolonged exposure of endothelium to lipolysis products. In addition, lipoprotein lipase expressed in macrophages appears to be pro-atherogenic independent of plasma lipoproteins. In this review we summarize these pro- and anti-inflammatory consequences of lipolysis with respect to atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumera N Hasham
- Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Miyapur, Hyderabad-500049, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Freeman L, Amar MJA, Shamburek R, Paigen B, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S, González-Navarro H. Lipolytic and ligand-binding functions of hepatic lipase protect against atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2006; 48:104-13. [PMID: 17071916 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600321-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the separate contributions of the lipolytic versus ligand-binding functions of hepatic lipase (HL) to lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, and to investigate the role of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) in these processes, we compared mice expressing catalytically active HL (HL-WT) with mice expressing inactive HL (HL-S145G) in a background lacking endogenous HL and the LDLr (LDLr-KOxHL-KO). HL-WT and HL-S145G reduced (P < 0.05 for all) cholesterol (55% vs. 20%), non-HDL-cholesterol (63% vs. 22%), and apolipoprotein B (apoB; 34% vs. 16%) by enhancing the catabolism of autologous (125)I-apoB-intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)/LDL (fractional catabolic rate in day(-1): 6.07 +/- 0.25, LDLr-KOxHL-WT; 4.76 +/- 0.30, LDLr-KOxHL-S145G; 3.70 +/- 0.13, LDLr-KOxHL-KO); HL-WT had a greater impact on the concentration, composition, particle size, and catabolism of apoB-containing lipoproteins (apoB-Lps) and HDL. Importantly, consistent with the changes in apoB-Lps, atherosclerosis in LDLr-KOxHL-KO mice fed a regular chow diet (RCD) was reduced by both HL-WT and HL-S145G (by 71% and 51% in cross-sectional analysis, and by 85% and 67% in en face analysis; P < 0.05 for all). These data identify physiologically relevant but distinct roles for the lipolytic versus ligand-binding functions of HL in apoB-Lp metabolism and atherosclerosis and demonstrate that their differential effects on these processes are mediated by changes in catabolism via non-LDLr pathways. These changes, evident even in the presence of apoE, establish an antiatherogenic role of the ligand-binding function of HL in LDLr-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lita Freeman
- Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Karackattu SL, Trigatti B, Krieger M. Hepatic Lipase Deficiency Delays Atherosclerosis, Myocardial Infarction, and Cardiac Dysfunction and Extends Lifespan in SR-BI/Apolipoprotein E Double Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:548-54. [PMID: 16397139 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000202662.63876.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
SR-BI/apolipoprotein (apo) E double knockout (dKO) mice exhibit many features of human coronary heart disease (CHD), including occlusive coronary atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarctions, and premature death. Here we determined the effects on this pathology of hepatic lipase (HL) deficiency, which has been shown to significantly modulate atherosclerosis.
Method and Results—
The SR-BI/apoE/HL triple knockout (tKO) mice generated for this study lived significantly longer (37%) than corresponding dKO controls (average lifespans: 63.0±0.8 versus 46.0±0.3 days), despite their increased plasma cholesterol levels. At 6 weeks of age, compared with dKO mice, tKOs exhibited significantly less aortic root and coronary artery occlusive atherosclerosis, and improved cardiac structure and function. However, by 9 weeks of age the hearts of tKO mice exhibited lipid-rich coronary occlusions, myocardial infarctions, and cardiac dysfunction essentially identical to that of 6-week-old dKO mice.
Conclusions—
HL-deficiency delays the onset and/or progression of atherosclerosis via a SR-BI–independent mechanism. Extent of occlusive coronary arterial lesions was more closely associated with cardiac dysfunction and lifespan than the amount of aortic root atherosclerosis, suggesting that these occlusions in dKO mice are responsible for ischemia, myocardial infarctions, and premature death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Karackattu
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zannis VI, Chroni A, Krieger M. Role of apoA-I, ABCA1, LCAT, and SR-BI in the biogenesis of HDL. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:276-94. [PMID: 16501936 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concentration, composition, shape, and size of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are determined by numerous proteins that influence its biogenesis, remodeling, and catabolism. The discoveries of the HDL receptor (scavenger receptor class B type I, SR-BI) and the ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) lipid transporter provided two missing links that were necessary to understand the biogenesis and some of the functions of HDL. Existing data indicate that functional interactions between apoA-I and ABCA1 are necessary for the initial lipidation of apoA-I. Through a series of intermediate steps, lipidated apoA-I proceeds to form discoidal HDL particles that can be converted to spherical particles by the action of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Discoidal and spherical HDL can interact functionally with SR-BI and these interactions lead to selective lipid uptake and net efflux of cholesterol and thus remodel HDL. Defective apoA-I/ABCA1 interactions prevent lipidation of apoA-I that is necessary for the formation of HDL particles. In the same way, specific mutations in apoA-I or LCAT prevent the conversion of discoidal to spherical HDL particles. The interactions of lipid-bound apoA-I with SR-BI are affected in vitro by specific mutations in apoA-I or SR-BI. Furthermore, deficiency of SR-BI affects the lipid and apolipoprotein composition of HDL and is associated with increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Here we review the current status of the pathway of HDL biogenesis and mutations in apoA-I, ABCA1, and SR-BI that disrupt different steps of the pathway and may lead to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in mouse models. The phenotypes generated in experimental mouse models for apoA-I, ABCA1, LCAT, SR-BI, and other proteins of the HDL pathway may facilitate early diagnosis of similar phenotypes in the human population and provide guidance for proper treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis I Zannis
- Molecular Genetics, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ko KWS, Paul A, Ma K, Li L, Chan L. Endothelial lipase modulates HDL but has no effect on atherosclerosis development in apoE−/− and LDLR−/− mice. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:2586-94. [PMID: 16199802 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500366-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a determinant of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level, which is negatively correlated with atherosclerosis susceptibility. We found no difference in aortic atherosclerotic lesion areas between 26-week-old EL+/+ apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) and EL-/- apoE-/- mice. To more firmly establish the role of EL in atherosclerosis, we extended our study to EL-/- and EL+/+ low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice that were fed a Western diet. Morphometric analysis again revealed no difference in atherosclerosis lesion area between the two groups. Compared with EL+/+ mice, we found increased HDL-C in EL-/- mice with apoE-/- or LDLR-/- background but no difference in macrophage content between lesions of EL-/- and EL+/+ mice in apoE-/- or LDLR-/- background. EL inactivation had no effect on hepatic mRNAs of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport. A survey of lipid homeostasis in EL+/+ and EL-/- macrophages revealed that oxidized LDL-induced ABCA1 was attenuated in EL-/- macrophages. This potentially proatherogenic change may have nullified any minor protective increase of HDL in EL-/- mice. Thus, although EL modulated lipoprotein profile in mice, there was no effect of EL inactivation on atherosclerosis development in two hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis-prone mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry W S Ko
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Curtiss LK, Valenta DT, Hime NJ, Rye KA. What is so special about apolipoprotein AI in reverse cholesterol transport? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 26:12-9. [PMID: 16269660 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000194291.94269.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An initial step in reverse cholesterol transport is the movement of unesterified cholesterol from peripheral cells to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). This transfer usually occurs in extracellular spaces, such as the subendothelial space of a vessel wall, and is promoted by the interaction of lipid-free or lipid-poor apolipoprotein (apo)AI with ATP binding cassette A1 cellular transporters on macrophages (MPhi). Because HDL does not interact with MPhi ATP binding cassette A1 and apoAI is not synthesized by macrophages, this apoAI must be generated from spherical HDL. In this brief review, we propose that spherical apoAI is derived from HDL by remodeling events that are accomplished by proteins secreted by cholesteryl ester-loaded foam cells, including the lipid transfer proteins, phospholipid transfer protein, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and the triglyceride hydrolases hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Curtiss
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Berbée JFP, van der Hoogt CC, Sundararaman D, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in human APOC1 transgenic mice is caused by apoC-I-induced inhibition of LPL. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:297-306. [PMID: 15576844 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400301-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and mice have shown that increased expression of apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I) results in combined hyperlipidemia with a more pronounced effect on triglycerides (TGs) compared with total cholesterol (TC). The aim of this study was to elucidate the main reason for this effect using human apoC-I-expressing (APOC1) mice. Moderate plasma human apoC-I levels (i.e., 4-fold higher than human levels) caused a 12-fold increase in TG, along with a 2-fold increase in TC, mainly confined to VLDL. Cross-breeding of APOC1 mice on an apoE-deficient background resulted in a marked 55-fold increase in TG, confirming that the apoC-I-induced hyperlipidemia cannot merely be attributed to blockade of apoE-recognizing hepatic lipoprotein receptors. The plasma half-life of [3H]TG-VLDL-mimicking particles was 2-fold increased in APOC1 mice, suggesting that apoC-I reduces the lipolytic conversion of VLDL. Although total postheparin plasma LPL activity was not lower in APOC1 mice compared with controls, apoC-I was able to dose-dependently inhibit the LPL-mediated lipolysis of [3H]TG-VLDL-mimicking particles in vitro with a 60% efficiency compared with the main endogenous LPL inhibitor apoC-III. Finally, purified apoC-I impaired the clearance of [3H]TG-VLDL-mimicking particles independent of apoE-mediated hepatic uptake in lactoferrin-treated mice. Therefore, we conclude that apoC-I is a potent inhibitor of LPL-mediated TG-lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F P Berbée
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research-Prevention and Health, Gaubius Laboratory, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ishida T, Zheng Z, Dichek HL, Wang H, Moreno I, Yang E, Kundu RK, Talbi S, Hirata KI, Leung LL, Quertermous T. Molecular cloning of nonsecreted endothelial cell-derived lipase isoforms. Genomics 2004; 83:24-33. [PMID: 14667806 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To expand our knowledge of factors involved in lipid metabolism in the blood vessel wall, we have cloned unique molecular isoforms of endothelial cell-derived lipase (EDL) (HGMW-approved symbol/LIPG). One isoform encoded a truncated protein (EDL2a) lacking the first 80 amino acid residues of the previously characterized EDL1a isoform, including the signal peptide. A similar second clone (EDL2b) was identified that lacked not only the first 80 amino acids, but also a 74-amino-acid region that encodes a portion of the lid domain. RT-PCR analysis confirmed expression of EDL2a/2b isoforms in several human tissues and cultured cells, including endothelial cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence studies using stable transfectants revealed that EDL2a and EDL2b were localized in the cytosol, while, EDL1a was secreted into the culture medium. Cell extracts of EDL2a/2b transfectants did not have triglyceride or phospholipase activity. Thus endothelial cells express three EDL isoforms, two of which remain intracellular and do not function as lipases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Ishida
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ishida T, Choi SY, Kundu RK, Spin J, Yamashita T, Hirata KI, Kojima Y, Yokoyama M, Cooper AD, Quertermous T. Endothelial Lipase Modulates Susceptibility to Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein-E-deficient Mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:45085-92. [PMID: 15304490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406360200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) expression correlates inversely with circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in genetic mouse models, and human genetic variation in this locus has been linked to differences in HDL cholesterol levels. These data suggest a role for EL in the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease. To investigate this possibility, LIPG-null alleles were bred onto the apoE knockout background, and the homozygous double knockout animals were characterized. Both apoE knockout and double knockout mice had low HDL cholesterol levels when compared with wild-type mice, but the HDL cholesterol levels of the double knockout mice were higher than those of apoE knockout mice. Atherogenic very low density lipoprotein and intermediate density lipoprotein/low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of the double knockout mice were also greater than those of the apoE knockout animals. Despite this lipid profile, there was a significant approximately 70% decrease in atherosclerotic disease area in double knockout mice on a regular diet. Immunohistochemistry and protein blot studies revealed increased EL expression in the atherosclerotic aortas of the apoE knockout animals. An observed decrease in macrophage content in vessels lacking EL correlated with ex vivo vascular monocyte adhesion assays, suggesting that this protein can modulate monocyte adhesion and infiltration into diseased tissues. These data suggest that EL may have indirect atherogenic actions in vivo through its effect on circulating HDL cholesterol and direct atherogenic actions through vascular wall processes such as monocyte recruitment and cholesterol uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Ishida
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dichek HL, Qian K, Agrawal N. Divergent Effects of the Catalytic and Bridging Functions of Hepatic Lipase on Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1696-702. [PMID: 15205216 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000135981.61827.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased expression of human hepatic lipase (HL) or a catalytically inactive (ci) HL clears plasma cholesterol in mice deficient in low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLr) and murine HL. We hypothesized that increased expression of both HL and ciHL reduces atherosclerosis in these mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice deficient in both LDLr and murine HL, alone or transgenically expressing similar levels of either human HL or ciHL, were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-enriched "Western" diet for 3 months to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. Levels of plasma lipids, insulin, glucose, and liver enzymes were measured monthly, and aortic atherosclerosis was quantitated after 3 months. Plasma insulin, glucose, and liver enzyme levels did not differ significantly from controls. After 3 months, expression of HL reduced plasma cholesterol by 55% to 65% and reduced atherosclerosis by 40%. Surprisingly, expression of ciHL did not reduce plasma cholesterol or atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS High levels of HL, but not ciHL, delay the development of atherosclerosis in mice deficient in LDLr and mHL. These studies demonstrate that high levels of catalytically active human hepatic lipase (HL) reduce atherosclerosis, whereas high levels of a catalytically inactive HL do not affect atherosclerosis in mice genetically deficient in low-density lipoprotein receptor and mouse HL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helén L Dichek
- Department of Pediatrics, Box 356320, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Scharnagl H, Petersen G, Nauck M, Teichmann AT, Wieland H, März W. Double-blind, randomized study comparing the effects of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol (20 microg or 30 microg) and levonorgestrel (100 microg or 150 microg) on lipoprotein metabolism. Contraception 2004; 69:105-13. [PMID: 14759614 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 09/26/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol 20 microg in combination with levonorgestrel 100 microg (EE20/LNG100) or 30 microg and 150 microg (EE30/LNG150), respectively, on lipoprotein metabolism was investigated in a double-blind, randomized study of 12 treatment cycles in healthy female volunteers. Total triglycerides (+32% to +46%, p < 0.05 in comparison to baseline) increased significantly. Triglycerides were highest after six cycles of treatment, decreasing thereafter. Total cholesterol (+1% to +7%), apolipoprotein (apo) B (+21% to +29%) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (+7% to +17%) increased slightly. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased slightly (-11% and -5%), HDL triglycerides increased (+16% and +26%). Apo AI did not change during the study, suggesting that the molar concentration of HDL particles did not change. Apo E (-23% to -14%) decreased, and there was a transitory decrease of lipoprotein (a). Essentially, there was no difference regarding the changes in lipoprotein metabolism between the two treatment groups. The effects of the two combinations of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins appear less pronounced than those produced by preparations containing third-generation progestins. It is not likely that the changes in lipoprotein metabolism brought about by the two preparations will alter the risk of future cardiovascular disease in a clinically relevant fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University and General Hospital Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
González-Navarro H, Nong Z, Amar MJA, Shamburek RD, Najib-Fruchart J, Paigen BJ, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S. The ligand-binding function of hepatic lipase modulates the development of atherosclerosis in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:45312-21. [PMID: 15304509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406495200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the separate contributions of the lipolytic versus ligand-binding function of hepatic lipase (HL) to plasma lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, we compared mice expressing catalytically active wild-type HL (HL-WT) and inactive HL (HL-S145G) with no endogenous expression of mouse apoE or HL (E-KO x HL-KO, where KO is knockout). HL-WT and HL-S145G reduced plasma cholesterol (by 40 and 57%, respectively), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 48 and 61%, respectively), and apoB (by 36 and 44%, respectively) (p < 0.01), but only HL-WT decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 67%) and apoA-I (by 54%). Compared with E-KO x HL-KO mice, both active and inactive HL lowered the pro-atherogenic lipoproteins by enhancing the catabolism of autologous (125)I-apoB very low density/intermediate density lipoprotein (VLDL/IDL) (fractional catabolic rates of 2.87 +/- 0.04/day for E-KO x HL-KO, 3.77 +/- 0.03/day for E-KO x HL-WT, and 3.63 +/- 0.09/day for E-KO x HL-S145G mice) and (125)I-apoB-48 low density lipoprotein (LDL) (fractional catabolic rates of 5.67 +/- 0.34/day for E-KO x HL-KO, 18.88 +/- 1.72/day for E-KO x HL-WT, and 9.01 +/- 0.14/day for E-KO x HL-S145G mice). In contrast, the catabolism of apoE-free, (131)I-apoB-100 LDL was not increased by either HL-WT or HL-S145G. Infusion of the receptor-associated protein (RAP), which blocks LDL receptor-related protein function, decreased plasma clearance and hepatic uptake of (131)I-apoB-48 LDL induced by HL-S145G. Despite their similar effects on lowering pro-atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins, HL-WT enhanced atherosclerosis by up to 50%, whereas HL-S145G markedly reduced aortic atherosclerosis by up to 96% (p < 0.02) in both male and female E-KO x HL-KO mice. These data identify a major receptor pathway (LDL receptor-related protein) by which the ligand-binding function of HL alters remnant lipoprotein uptake in vivo and delineate the separate contributions of the lipolytic versus ligand-binding function of HL to plasma lipoprotein size and metabolism, identifying an anti-atherogenic role of the ligand-binding function of HL in vivo.
Collapse
|
50
|
Brown RJ, Gauthier A, Parks RJ, McPherson R, Sparks DL, Schultz JR, Yao Z. Severe hypoalphalipoproteinemia in mice expressing human hepatic lipase deficient in binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42403-9. [PMID: 15292235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike human hepatic lipase (hHL) that is mainly cell surface-anchored via binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), mouse HL (mHL) has a low affinity to HSPG and thus is largely blood-borne. The reduced HSPG binding of mHL is attributable to the C-terminal amino acids. To determine the functions of HSPG binding of hHL in vivo, we created adenovirus vectors encoding hHL or a chimeric protein (designated hHLmt) in which the C-terminal HSPG-binding sequences were replaced with the corresponding mouse sequences. Injecting hHLmt-expressing virus into C57BL/6J mice (1.8 x 10(10) virus particles/mouse) resulted in a 3-fold increase in pre-heparin HL activity, whereas infection with an identical dose of hHL virus did not change pre-heparin HL activity. In hHLmt-expressing mice, the concentration of total cholesterol and phospholipids was inversely related to the hHL activity in pre-heparin plasma in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the decrease was mainly attributable to high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol and HDL phospholipids. The expression of hHL exhibited no change in plasma total cholesterol or phospholipid levels as compared with control mice infected with luciferase or injected with saline. The reduced HDL lipids in the hHLmt-expressing mice were accompanied by markedly decreased plasma and hepatic apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. In primary hepatocytes isolated from hHLmt-expressing mice, the concentration of cell-associated and secreted apoA-I was decreased by 2-3-fold as compared with hepatocytes isolated from control mice, whereas the levels of apoB and apoE were unaltered. Infection of primary hepatocytes with hHLmt virus ex vivo also resulted in reduced apoA-I secretion but had no effect on cell-associated apoA-I. These results suggest that expression of HSPG binding-deficient hHL has a profound HDL-lowering effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|