1
|
Hong JM, Munna AN, Moon JH, Kim JH, Seol JW, Eo SK, Park SY. Antiviral activity of prion protein against Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2023; 338:199249. [PMID: 37858731 PMCID: PMC10598702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a major cause of viral diseases worldwide, for which effective treatments have yet to be discovered. The prion protein (PrPc) is abundantly expressed in brain cells and has been shown to play a variety of roles, including neuroprotection, cell homeostasis, and regulation of cellular signaling. However, it is still unclear whether PrPc can protect against flaviviruses. In this study, we investigated the role of PrPc in regulating autophagy flux and its potential antiviral activity during Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Our in vivo experiment showed that JEV was more lethal to the PrPc knocked out mice which was further supported by histological analysis, western blot and rtPCR results from infected mice brain samples. Role of PrPc against viral propagation in vitro was verified through cell survival study, protein expression and RNA replication analysis, and adenoviral vector assay by overexpressing PrPc. Further analysis indicated that after virus entry, PrPc inhibited autophagic flux that prevented JEV replication inside the host cell. Our results from in vivo and in vitro investigations demonstrate that prion protein effectively inhibited JEV propagation by regulating autophagy flux which is used by JEV to release its genetic material and replication after entering the host cell, suggesting that prion protein may be a promising therapeutic target for flavivirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Hong
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Ali Newaz Munna
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Seol
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo C, He J, Deng X, Wang D, Yuan G. Potential therapeutic value of melatonin in diabetic nephropathy: improvement beyond anti-oxidative stress. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:1250-1261. [PMID: 34048666 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1933539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes, and it is also the main cause of chronic renal failure. Physiological/pathological changes mediated by high glucose are the main factors causing injury of DN, including the enhancement of polyol pathway, the accumulation of advanced glycation products (AGEs), and the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signals. In addition, the abnormal activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and oxidative stress are also involved. Melatonin is a physiological hormone mainly secreted by the pineal gland which has been proved to be related to diabetes. Studies have shown that exogenous melatonin intervention can reduce blood glucose and alleviate high glucose mediated pathological damage. At the same time, melatonin also has a strong antioxidant effect, and can inhibit the activation of RAS. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the therapeutic effect and value of melatonin on DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianqiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sołtys K, Tarczewska A, Bystranowska D. Modulation of biomolecular phase behavior by metal ions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119567. [PMID: 37582439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) appears to be a newly appreciated aspect of the cellular organization of biomolecules that leads to the formation of membraneless organelles (MLOs). MLOs generate distinct microenvironments where particular biomolecules are highly concentrated compared to those in the surrounding environment. Their thermodynamically driven formation is reversible, and their liquid nature allows them to fuse with each other. Dysfunctional biomolecular condensation is associated with human diseases. Pathological states of MLOs may originate from the mutation of proteins or may be induced by other factors. In most aberrant MLOs, transient interactions are replaced by stronger and more rigid interactions, preventing their dissolution, and causing their uncontrolled growth and dysfunction. For these reasons, there is great interest in identifying factors that modulate LLPS. In this review, we discuss an enigmatic and mostly unexplored aspect of this process, namely, the regulatory effects of metal ions on the phase behavior of biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołtys
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aneta Tarczewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Bystranowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
do Amaral MJ, Mohapatra S, Passos AR, Lopes da Silva TS, Carvalho RS, da Silva Almeida M, Pinheiro AS, Wegmann S, Cordeiro Y. Copper drives prion protein phase separation and modulates aggregation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7347. [PMID: 37922348 PMCID: PMC10624353 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by prion protein (PrP) transmissible aggregation and neurodegeneration, which has been linked to oxidative stress. The physiological function of PrP seems related to sequestering of redox-active Cu2+, and Cu2+ dyshomeostasis is observed in prion disease brain. It is unclear whether Cu2+ contributes to PrP aggregation, recently shown to be mediated by PrP condensation. This study indicates that Cu2+ promotes PrP condensation in live cells at the cell surface and in vitro through copartitioning. Molecularly, Cu2+ inhibited PrP β-structure and hydrophobic residues exposure. Oxidation, induced by H2O2, triggered liquid-to-solid transition of PrP:Cu2+ condensates and promoted amyloid-like PrP aggregation. In cells, overexpression of PrPC initially protected against Cu2+ cytotoxicity but led to PrPC aggregation upon extended copper exposure. Our data suggest that PrP condensates function as a buffer for copper that prevents copper toxicity but can transition into PrP aggregation at prolonged oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Juliani do Amaral
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Aline Ribeiro Passos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- Plataforma Avançada de Biomoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá Pinheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hara H, Miyata H, Chida J, Sakaguchi S. Strain-dependent role of copper in prion disease through binding to histidine residues in the N-terminal domain of prion protein. J Neurochem 2023; 167:394-409. [PMID: 37777338 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, PrPC , is a copper-binding protein abundantly expressed in the brain, particularly by neurons, and its conformational conversion into the amyloidogenic isoform, PrPSc , plays a key pathogenic role in prion diseases. However, the role of copper binding to PrPC in prion diseases remains unclear. Here, we fed mice with a low-copper or regular diet and intracerebrally inoculated them with two different mouse-adapted RML scrapie and BSE prions. Mice with a low-copper diet developed disease significantly but only slightly later than those with a regular diet after inoculation with BSE prions, but not with RML prions, suggesting that copper could play a minor role in BSE prion pathogenesis, but not in RML prion pathogenesis. We then generated two lines of transgenic mice expressing mouse PrP with copper-binding histidine (His) residues in the N-terminal domain replaced with alanine residues, termed TgPrP(5H > A)-7342/Prnp0/0 and TgPrP(5H > A)-7524/Prnp0/0 mice, and similarly inoculated RML and BSE prions into them. Due to 2-fold higher expression of PrP(5H > A) than PrPC in wild-type (WT) mice, TgPrP(5H > A)-7524/Prnp0/0 mice were highly susceptible to these prions, compared to WT mice. However, TgPrP(5H > A)-7342/Prnp0/0 mice, which express PrP(5H > A) 1.2-fold as high as PrPC in WT mice, succumbed to disease slightly, but not significantly, later than WT mice after inoculation with RML prions, but significantly so after inoculation with BSE prions. Subsequent secondary inoculation experiments revealed that amino acid sequence differences between PrP(5H > A) and WT PrPSc created no prion transmission barrier to BSE prions. These results suggest that copper-binding His residues in PrPC are dispensable for RML prion pathogenesis but have a minor effect on BSE prion pathogenesis. Taken together, our current results suggest that copper could have a minor effect on prion pathogenesis in a strain-dependent manner through binding to His residues in the N-terminal domain of PrPC .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hara
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Miyata
- Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han J. Copper trafficking systems in cells: insights into coordination chemistry and toxicity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15277-15296. [PMID: 37702384 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal ions, such as copper, are indispensable components in the biological system. Copper ions which primarily exist in two major oxidation states Cu(I) and Cu(II) play crucial roles in various cellular processes including antioxidant defense, biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, and energy metabolism, owing to their inherent redox activity. The disturbance in copper homeostasis can contribute to the development of copper metabolism disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the significance of understanding the copper trafficking system in cellular environments. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of copper homeostatic machinery, with an emphasis on the coordination chemistry of copper transporters and trafficking proteins. While copper chaperones and the corresponding metalloenzymes are thoroughly discussed, we also explore the potential existence of low-molecular-mass metal complexes within cellular systems. Furthermore, we summarize the toxicity mechanisms originating from copper deficiency or accumulation, which include the dysregulation of oxidative stress, signaling pathways, signal transduction, and amyloidosis. This perspective review delves into the current knowledge regarding the intricate aspects of the copper trafficking system, providing valuable insights into potential treatment strategies from the standpoint of bioinorganic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Esmaili M, Eldeeb M. Cellular toxicity of scrapie prions in prion diseases; a biochemical and molecular overview. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1743-1752. [PMID: 36446981 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases consist of a broad range of fatal neurological disorders affecting humans and animals. Contrary to Watson and Crick's 'central dogma', prion diseases are caused by a protein, devoid of DNA involvement. Herein, we briefly review various cellular and biological aspects of prions and prion pathogenesis focusing mainly on historical milestones, biosynthesis, degradation, structure-function of cellular and scrapie forms of prions .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansoore Esmaili
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Eldeeb
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alves Conceição C, Assis de Lemos G, Barros CA, Vieira TCRG. What is the role of lipids in prion conversion and disease? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1032541. [PMID: 36704327 PMCID: PMC9871914 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1032541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) involves the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its pathogenic form, called prion scrapie (PrPSc), which is prone to the formation of amorphous and amyloid aggregates found in TSE patients. Although the mechanisms of conversion of PrPC into PrPSc are not entirely understood, two key points are currently accepted: (i) PrPSc acts as a seed for the recruitment of native PrPC, inducing the latter's conversion to PrPSc; and (ii) other biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or lipids, can act as cofactors, mediating the conversion from PrPC to PrPSc. Interestingly, PrPC is anchored by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol molecule in the outer cell membrane. Therefore, interactions with lipid membranes or alterations in the membranes themselves have been widely investigated as possible factors for conversion. Alone or in combination with RNA molecules, lipids can induce the formation of PrP in vitro-produced aggregates capable of infecting animal models. Here, we discuss the role of lipids in prion conversion and infectivity, highlighting the structural and cytotoxic aspects of lipid-prion interactions. Strikingly, disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease also seem to be caused by changes in protein structure and share pathogenic mechanisms with TSEs. Thus, we posit that comprehending the process of PrP conversion is relevant to understanding critical events involved in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders and will contribute to developing future therapeutic strategies for these devastating conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia Alves Conceição
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Assis de Lemos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Augusto Barros
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Tuane C. R. G. Vieira, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Amyloids are protein aggregates bearing a highly ordered cross β structural motif, which may be functional but are mostly pathogenic. Their formation, deposition in tissues and consequent organ dysfunction is the central event in amyloidogenic diseases. Such protein aggregation may be brought about by conformational changes, and much attention has been directed toward factors like metal binding, post-translational modifications, mutations of protein etc., which eventually affect the reactivity and cytotoxicity of the associated proteins. Over the past decade, a global effort from different groups working on these misfolded/unfolded proteins/peptides has revealed that the amino acid residues in the second coordination sphere of the active sites of amyloidogenic proteins/peptides cause changes in H-bonding pattern or protein-protein interactions, which dramatically alter the structure and reactivity of these proteins/peptides. These second sphere effects not only determine the binding of transition metals and cofactors, which define the pathology of some of these diseases, but also change the mechanism of redox reactions catalyzed by these proteins/peptides and form the basis of oxidative damage associated with these amyloidogenic diseases. The present review seeks to discuss such second sphere modifications and their ramifications in the etiopathology of some representative amyloidogenic diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ishita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khadka A, Spiers JG, Cheng L, Hill AF. Extracellular vesicles with diagnostic and therapeutic potential for prion diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:247-267. [PMID: 35394216 PMCID: PMC10113352 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases (PrD) or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are invariably fatal and pathogenic neurodegenerative disorders caused by the self-propagated misfolding of cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the neurotoxic pathogenic form (PrPTSE) via a yet undefined but profoundly complex mechanism. Despite several decades of research on PrD, the basic understanding of where and how PrPC is transformed to the misfolded, aggregation-prone and pathogenic PrPTSE remains elusive. The primary clinical hallmarks of PrD include vacuolation-associated spongiform changes and PrPTSE accumulation in neural tissue together with astrogliosis. The difficulty in unravelling the disease mechanisms has been related to the rare occurrence and long incubation period (over decades) followed by a very short clinical phase (few months). Additional challenge in unravelling the disease is implicated to the unique nature of the agent, its complexity and strain diversity, resulting in the heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations and potentially diverse disease mechanisms. Recent advances in tissue isolation and processing techniques have identified novel means of intercellular communication through extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contribute to PrPTSE transmission in PrD. This review will comprehensively discuss PrPTSE transmission and neurotoxicity, focusing on the role of EVs in disease progression, biomarker discovery and potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of PrD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Khadka
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Metal Ions Bound to Prion Protein Affect its Interaction with Plasminogen Activation System. Protein J 2022; 41:88-96. [PMID: 35038117 PMCID: PMC8863686 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases, which can progress rapidly. Previous data have demonstrated that prion protein (PrP) stimulates activation of plasminogen (Plg) by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). In this study, using spectroscopic method, we aimed to determine whether PrP’s role in activating Plg is influenced by metal binding. We also investigated the region in PrP involved in binding to tPA and Plg, and whether PrP in fibrillar form behaves the same way as PrP unbound to any metal ion i.e., apo-PrP. We investigated the effect of recombinant mouse PrP (residues 23-231) refolded with nickel, manganese, copper, and a variant devoid of any metal ions, on tPA-catalyzed Plg activation. Using mutant PrP (H95A, H110A), we also investigated whether histidine residues outside the octarepeat region in PrP, which is known to bind tPA and Plg, are also involved in their binding. We demonstrated that apo-PrP is most effective at stimulating Plg. PrP refolded with nickle or manganese behave similar to apo-PrP, and PrP refolded with copper is least effective. The mutant form of PrP did not stimulate Plg activation to the same degree as apo-PrP indicating that the histidine residues outside the octarepeat region are also involved in binding to tPA and Plg. Similarly, the fibrillar form of PrP was ineffective at stimulating Plg activation. Our data suggest that upon loss of copper specifically, a structural rearrangement of PrP occurs that exposes binding sites to Plg and tPA, enhancing the stimulation of Plg activation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gielnik M, Taube M, Zhukova L, Zhukov I, Wärmländer SKTS, Svedružić Ž, Kwiatek WM, Gräslund A, Kozak M. Zn(II) binding causes interdomain changes in the structure and flexibility of the human prion protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21703. [PMID: 34737343 PMCID: PMC8568922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a mainly α-helical 208-residue protein located in the pre- and postsynaptic membranes. For unknown reasons, PrPC can undergo a structural transition into a toxic, β-sheet rich scrapie isoform (PrPSc) that is responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Metal ions seem to play an important role in the structural conversion. PrPC binds Zn(II) ions and may be involved in metal ion transport and zinc homeostasis. Here, we use multiple biophysical techniques including optical and NMR spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and small angle X-ray scattering to characterize interactions between human PrPC and Zn(II) ions. Binding of a single Zn(II) ion to the PrPC N-terminal domain via four His residues from the octarepeat region induces a structural transition in the C-terminal α-helices 2 and 3, promotes interaction between the N-terminal and C-terminal domains, reduces the folded protein size, and modifies the internal structural dynamics. As our results suggest that PrPC can bind Zn(II) under physiological conditions, these effects could be important for the physiological function of PrPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gielnik
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lilia Zhukova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Željko Svedružić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Wojciech M Kwiatek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
- National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS, Jagiellonian University, 30-392, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Falcone E, Okafor M, Vitale N, Raibaut L, Sour A, Faller P. Extracellular Cu2+ pools and their detection: From current knowledge to next-generation probes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
M Passos Y, J do Amaral M, C Ferreira N, Macedo B, Chaves JAP, E de Oliveira V, P B Gomes M, L Silva J, Cordeiro Y. The interplay between a GC-rich oligonucleotide and copper ions on prion protein conformational and phase transitions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:34-43. [PMID: 33476618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) misfolding to its infectious form is critical to the development of prion diseases, whereby various ligands are suggested to participate, such as copper and nucleic acids (NA). The PrP globular domain was shown to undergo NA-driven liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS); this latter may precede pathological aggregation. Since Cu(II) is a physiological ligand of PrP, we argue whether it modulates phase separation altogether with nucleic acids. Using recombinant PrP, we investigate the effects of Cu(II) (at 6 M equivalents) and a previously described PrP-binding GC-rich DNA (equimolarly to protein) on PrP conformation, oligomerization, and phase transitions using a range of biophysical techniques. Raman spectroscopy data reveals the formation of the ternary complex. Microscopy suggests that phase separation is mainly driven by DNA, whereas Cu(II) has no influence. Our results show that DNA can be an adjuvant, leading to the structural conversion of PrP, even in the presence of an endogenous ligand, copper. These results provide new insights into the role of Cu(II) and NA on the phase separation, structural conversion, and aggregation of PrP, which are critical events leading to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulli M Passos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana J do Amaral
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia C Ferreira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MT, USA
| | - Bruno Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana A P Chaves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa E de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio das Ostras 28890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana P B Gomes
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Jerson L Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mustazza C, Sbriccoli M, Minosi P, Raggi C. Small Molecules with Anti-Prion Activity. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5446-5479. [PMID: 31560283 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190927121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prion pathologies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the misfolding of the physiological Prion Protein (PrPC) into a β-structure-rich isoform called PrPSc. To date, there is no available cure for prion diseases and just a few clinical trials have been carried out. The initial approach in the search of anti-prion agents had PrPSc as a target, but the existence of different prion strains arising from alternative conformations of PrPSc, limited the efficacy of the ligands to a straindependent ability. That has shifted research to PrPC ligands, which either act as chaperones, by stabilizing the native conformation, or inhibit its interaction with PrPSc. The role of transition-metal mediated oxidation processes in prion misfolding has also been investigated. Another promising approach is the indirect action via other cellular targets, like membrane domains or the Protein- Folding Activity of Ribosomes (PFAR). Also, new prion-specific high throughput screening techniques have been developed. However, so far no substance has been found to be able to extend satisfactorily survival time in animal models of prion diseases. This review describes the main features of the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of the various chemical classes of anti-prion agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mustazza
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Minosi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Raggi
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kriegler T, Lang S, Notari L, Hessa T. Prion Protein Translocation Mechanism Revealed by Pulling Force Studies. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4447-4465. [PMID: 32502491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian prion protein (PrP) engages with the ribosome-Sec61 translocation channel complex to generate different topological variants that are either physiological, or involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe cotranslational folding and translocation mechanisms of PrP coupled to an Xbp1-based arrest peptide as folding sensor, to measure forces acting on PrP nascent chain. Our data reveal two main pulling events followed by a minor third one exerted on the nascent chains during their translocation. Using those force landscapes, we show that a specific sequence within an intrinsically disordered region, containing a polybasic and glycine-proline rich residues, modulates the second pulling event by interacting with TRAP complex. This work also delineates the sequence of events involved in generation of PrP toxic transmembrane topologies during its synthesis. Our results shed new insight into the folding of such a topological complex protein, where marginal pulling by the signal sequence, together with the flanking downstream sequence in the mature domain, primarily drives an overall inefficient translocation resulting in the nascent chain to adopt alternative topologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kriegler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Lang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Notari
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design Unit, CMM, L8:02, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Tara Hessa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Magrì A, Tabbì G, Cucci LM, Satriano C, Pietropaolo A, Malgieri G, Isernia C, La Mendola D. The curious case of opossum prion: a physicochemical study on copper(ii) binding to the bis-decarepeat fragment from the protein N-terminal domain. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17533-17543. [PMID: 31748763 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The opossum is a peculiar model of immunity to prion diseases. Here we scrutinised the bis-decarepeat peptide sequence of the opossum prion (Op_bis-deca) protein by a multitechnique approach, with a combined experimental (potentiometry, UV-visible, circular dichroism, NMR and EPR spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and confocal microscopy) and simulation (DFT calculations) approach. Results showed that the macrochelate structures formed upon the binding to Cu(ii) by the analogous bis-octarepeat peptide sequence of human prion (Hu_bis-octa) are not found in the case of Op_bis-deca. At physiological pH and equimolar amount of copper ions, the [CuLH-2] is the major species formed by Op_bis-deca. In this species one imidazole and two amide nitrogen atoms are involved in metal coordination and its stability constant value is lower than that of the analogous species formed by Hu_bis-octa, due to the presence of an extra proline residue. Moreover, the study on the interaction of the peptides or the peptide/Cu(ii) complexes with the model cell membranes made of supported lipid bilayers disclosed different levels of interaction, monitored by the viscoelastic changes of the membranes, which exhibited a similar viscoelastic response at the interface of the two complexes, while in the absence of Cu(ii), the Hu_bis-octa/SLB interface was more viscoelastic than the Op_bis-deca one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Magrì
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), S.S. Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baral PK, Yin J, Aguzzi A, James MNG. Transition of the prion protein from a structured cellular form (PrP C ) to the infectious scrapie agent (PrP Sc ). Protein Sci 2019; 28:2055-2063. [PMID: 31583788 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases in mammals are caused by a conformational transition of the cellular prion protein from its native conformation (PrPC ) to a pathological isoform called "prion protein scrapie" (PrPSc ). A molecular level of understanding of this conformational transition will be helpful in unveiling the disease etiology. Experimental structural biological techniques (NMR and X-ray crystallography) have been used to unravel the atomic level structural information for the prion and its binding partners. More than one hundred three-dimensional structures of the mammalian prions have been deposited in the protein databank. Structural studies on the prion protein and its structural transitions will deepen our understanding of the molecular basis of prion pathogenesis and will provide valuable guidance for future structure-based drug discovery endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravas K Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiang Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael N G James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kepp KP, Squitti R. Copper imbalance in Alzheimer’s disease: Convergence of the chemistry and the clinic. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
20
|
Structural Consequences of Copper Binding to the Prion Protein. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080770. [PMID: 31349611 PMCID: PMC6721516 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion, or PrPSc, is the pathological isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and it is the etiological agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) affecting humans and animal species. The most relevant function of PrPC is its ability to bind copper ions through its flexible N-terminal moiety. This review includes an overview of the structure and function of PrPC with a focus on its ability to bind copper ions. The state-of-the-art of the role of copper in both PrPC physiology and in prion pathogenesis is also discussed. Finally, we describe the structural consequences of copper binding to the PrPC structure.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gielnik M, Pietralik Z, Zhukov I, Szymańska A, Kwiatek WM, Kozak M. PrP (58-93) peptide from unstructured N-terminal domain of human prion protein forms amyloid-like fibrillar structures in the presence of Zn 2+ ions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22211-22219. [PMID: 35519468 PMCID: PMC9066832 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many transition metal ions modulate the aggregation of different amyloid peptides. Substoichiometric zinc concentrations can inhibit aggregation, while an excess of zinc can accelerate the formation of cytotoxic fibrils. In this study, we report the fibrillization of the octarepeat domain to amyloid-like structures. Interestingly, this self-assembling process occurred only in the presence of Zn(ii) ions. The formed peptide aggregates are able to bind amyloid specific dyes thioflavin T and Congo red. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of long, fibrillar structures. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of the formed assemblies confirmed the presence of cross-β structure. Two-component analysis of synchrotron radiation SAXS data provided the evidence for a direct decrease in monomeric peptide species content and an increase in the fraction of aggregates as a function of Zn(ii) concentration. These results could shed light on Zn(ii) as a toxic agent and on the metal ion induced protein misfolding in prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gielnik
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2 PL 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Zuzanna Pietralik
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2 PL 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences PL 02-106 Warszawa Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University PL 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Aneta Szymańska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University PL 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Wojciech M Kwiatek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences PL 31-342 Krakow Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2 PL 61-614 Poznań Poland
- Joint Laboratory for SAXS Studies, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University PL 61-614 Poznań Poland
- National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS, Jagiellonian University PL 30-392 Kraków Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kouadri A, El Khatib M, Cormenier J, Chauvet S, Zeinyeh W, El Khoury M, Macari L, Richaud P, Coraux C, Michaud-Soret I, Alfaidy N, Benharouga M. Involvement of the Prion Protein in the Protection of the Human Bronchial Epithelial Barrier Against Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:59-74. [PMID: 30569742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Bronchial epithelium acts as a defensive barrier against inhaled pollutants and microorganisms. This barrier is often compromised in inflammatory airway diseases that are characterized by excessive oxidative stress responses, leading to bronchial epithelial shedding, barrier failure, and increased bronchial epithelium permeability. Among proteins expressed in the junctional barrier and participating to the regulation of the response to oxidative and to environmental stresses is the cellular prion protein (PrPC). However, the role of PrPC is still unknown in the bronchial epithelium. Herein, we investigated the cellular mechanisms by which PrPC protein participates into the junctional complexes formation, regulation, and oxidative protection in human bronchial epithelium. Results: Both PrPC messenger RNA and mature protein were expressed in human epithelial bronchial cells. PrPC was localized in the apical domain and became lateral, at high degree of cell polarization, where it colocalized and interacted with adherens (E-cadherin/γ-catenin) and desmosomal (desmoglein/desmoplakin) junctional proteins. No interaction was detected with tight junction proteins. Disruption of such interactions induced the loss of the epithelial barrier. Moreover, we demonstrated that PrPC protection against copper-associated oxidative stress was involved in multiple processes, including the stability of adherens and desmosomal junctional proteins. Innovation: PrPC is a pivotal protein in the protection against oxidative stress that is associated with the degradation of adherens and desmosomal junctional proteins. Conclusion: Altogether, these results demonstrate that the loss of the integrity of the epithelial barrier by oxidative stress is attenuated by the activation of PrPC expression, where deregulation might be associated with respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Kouadri
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Mariam El Khatib
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna Cormenier
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Chauvet
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Wael Zeinyeh
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Micheline El Khoury
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Macari
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Richaud
- 2 University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS, CEA, Institute of Bisosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille (BIAM), UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, France
| | - Christelle Coraux
- 3 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-S 903, Reims, France
| | | | - Nadia Alfaidy
- 4 University of Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1036, CEA, BIG, BCI, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen K, Li W, Wang J, Wang W. Binding of Copper Ions with Octapeptide Region in Prion Protein: Simulations with Charge Transfer Model. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5216-5228. [PMID: 31242743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper ions are important cofactors of many metalloproteins. The binding dynamics of proteins to the copper ion is important for biological functions but is less understood at the microscopic level. What are the key factors determining the recognition and the stabilization of the copper ion during the binding? Our work investigates the binding dynamics of the copper ion with a simple system (the N-terminus of PrP) using simulation methods. To precisely characterize the protein?ion interaction, we build up an effective copper?peptide force field based on quantum chemistry calculations. In our model, the effects of charge transfer, protonation/deprotonation, and induced polarization are considered. With this force field, we successfully characterize the local structures and the complex interactions of the octapeptide around the copper ion. Furthermore, using an enhanced sampling method, the binding/unbinding processes of the copper ion with the octapeptide are simulated. Free-energy landscapes are generated in consequence, and multiple binding pathways are characterized. It is observed that various native ligands contribute differently to the binding processes. Some residues are related to the capture of the ion (behaving like ?arm?s), and some others contribute to the stabilization of the coordination structure (acting like ?core?s). These different interactions induce various pathways. Besides, a nonnative binding ligand is determined, and it has essential contributions and modulations to the binding pathways. With all these results, the picture of copper?octapeptide binding is outlined. These features are believed to happen in many ion?peptide interactions, such as the cooperative stabilization between the coordinations with neighboring backbone nitrogens and an auxiliary intermediate coordination with the neighboring oxygen from the N-terminal direction. We believe that our studies are valuable to understand the complicated ion?peptide binding processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
McDonald AJ, Leon DR, Markham KA, Wu B, Heckendorf CF, Schilling K, Showalter HD, Andrews PC, McComb ME, Pushie MJ, Costello CE, Millhauser GL, Harris DA. Altered Domain Structure of the Prion Protein Caused by Cu 2+ Binding and Functionally Relevant Mutations: Analysis by Cross-Linking, MS/MS, and NMR. Structure 2019; 27:907-922.e5. [PMID: 30956132 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cellular isoform of the prion protein (PrPC) serves as precursor to the infectious isoform (PrPSc), and as a cell-surface receptor, which binds misfolded protein oligomers as well as physiological ligands such as Cu2+ ions. PrPC consists of two domains: a flexible N-terminal domain and a structured C-terminal domain. Both the physiological and pathological functions of PrP depend on intramolecular interactions between these two domains, but the specific amino acid residues involved have proven challenging to define. Here, we employ a combination of chemical cross-linking, mass spectrometry, NMR, molecular dynamics simulations, and functional assays to identify residue-level contacts between the N- and C-terminal domains of PrPC. We also determine how these interdomain contacts are altered by binding of Cu2+ ions and by functionally relevant mutations. Our results provide a structural basis for interpreting both the normal and toxic activities of PrP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Deborah R Leon
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kathleen A Markham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Christian F Heckendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kevin Schilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Philip C Andrews
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark E McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - David A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Le NTT, Wu B, Harris DA. Prion neurotoxicity. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:263-277. [PMID: 30588688 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanisms underlying prion propagation and infectivity are now well established, the processes accounting for prion toxicity and pathogenesis have remained mysterious. These processes are of enormous clinical relevance as they hold the key to identification of new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we will discuss two broad areas of investigation relevant to understanding prion neurotoxicity. The first is the use of in vitro experimental systems that model key events in prion pathogenesis. In this context, we will describe a hippocampal neuronal culture system we developed that reproduces the earliest pathological alterations in synaptic morphology and function in response to PrPSc . This system has allowed us to define a core synaptotoxic signaling pathway involving the activation of NMDA and AMPA receptors, stimulation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and collapse of the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spines. The second area concerns a striking and unexpected phenomenon in which certain structural manipulations of the PrPC molecule itself, including introduction of N-terminal deletion mutations or binding of antibodies to C-terminal epitopes, unleash powerful toxic effects in cultured cells and transgenic mice. We will describe our studies of this phenomenon, which led to the recognition that it is related to the induction of large, abnormal ionic currents by the structurally altered PrP molecules. Our results suggest a model in which the flexible N-terminal domain of PrPC serves as a toxic effector which is regulated by intramolecular interactions with the globular C-terminal domain. Taken together, these two areas of study have provided important clues to underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of prion neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, much remains to be done on this next frontier of prion science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhat T T Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - David A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Structural Determinants of the Prion Protein N-Terminus and Its Adducts with Copper Ions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010018. [PMID: 30577569 PMCID: PMC6337743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminus of the prion protein is a large intrinsically disordered region encompassing approximately 125 amino acids. In this paper, we review its structural and functional properties, with a particular emphasis on its binding to copper ions. The latter is exploited by the region’s conformational flexibility to yield a variety of biological functions. Disease-linked mutations and proteolytic processing of the protein can impact its copper-binding properties, with important structural and functional implications, both in health and disease progression.
Collapse
|
27
|
Garza-Lombó C, Posadas Y, Quintanar L, Gonsebatt ME, Franco R. Neurotoxicity Linked to Dysfunctional Metal Ion Homeostasis and Xenobiotic Metal Exposure: Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1669-1703. [PMID: 29402131 PMCID: PMC5962337 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Essential metals such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc play a role as cofactors in the activity of a wide range of processes involved in cellular homeostasis and survival, as well as during organ and tissue development. Throughout our life span, humans are also exposed to xenobiotic metals from natural and anthropogenic sources, including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. It is well recognized that alterations in the homeostasis of essential metals and an increased environmental/occupational exposure to xenobiotic metals are linked to several neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental alterations. Recent Advances: The redox activity of essential metals is key for neuronal homeostasis and brain function. Alterations in redox homeostasis and signaling are central to the pathological consequences of dysfunctional metal ion homeostasis and increased exposure to xenobiotic metals. Both redox-active and redox-inactive metals trigger oxidative stress and damage in the central nervous system, and the exact mechanisms involved are starting to become delineated. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we aim to appraise the role of essential metals in determining the redox balance in the brain and the mechanisms by which alterations in the homeostasis of essential metals and exposure to xenobiotic metals disturb the cellular redox balance and signaling. We focus on recent literature regarding their transport, metabolism, and mechanisms of toxicity in neural systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Delineating the specific mechanisms by which metals alter redox homeostasis is key to understand the pathological processes that convey chronic neuronal dysfunction in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1669-1703.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garza-Lombó
- 1 Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska.,2 Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Yanahi Posadas
- 3 Departamentos de Farmacología y de, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México .,4 Departamentos de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México
| | - Liliana Quintanar
- 4 Departamentos de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- 2 Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- 1 Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lu B, Zhao L, Qin K. Copper induces structural changes in N-terminus of human prion protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:470-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
29
|
T. Islam AM, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Lewis V, Biggi S, Biasini E, Collins SJ. Acute Neurotoxicity Models of Prion Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:431-445. [PMID: 29393619 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are phenotypically diverse, transmissible, neurodegenerative disorders affecting both animals and humans. Misfolding of the normal prion protein (PrPC) into disease-associated conformers (PrPSc) is considered the critical etiological event underpinning prion diseases, with such misfolded isoforms linked to both disease transmission and neurotoxicity. Although important advances in our understanding of prion biology and pathogenesis have occurred over the last 3-4 decades, many fundamental questions remain to be resolved, including consensus regarding the principal pathways subserving neuronal dysfunction, as well as detailed biophysical characterization of PrPSc species transmitting disease and/or directly associated with neurotoxicity. In vivo and in vitro models have been, and remain, critical to furthering our understanding across many aspects of prion disease patho-biology. Prion animal models are arguably the most authentic in vivo models of neurodegeneration that exist and have provided valuable and multifarious insights into pathogenesis; however, they are expensive and time-consuming, and it can be problematic to clearly discern evidence of direct PrPSc neurotoxicity in the overall context of pathogenesis. In vitro models, in contrast, generally offer greater tractability and appear more suited to assessments of direct acute neurotoxicity but have until recently been relatively simplistic, and overall there remains a relative paucity of validated, biologically relevant models with heightened reliability as far as translational insights, contributing to difficulties in redressing our knowledge gaps in prion disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the spectrum and methodological diversity of in vivo and in vitro models of prion acute toxicity, as well as the pathogenic insights gained from these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S. Biggi
- CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - E. Biasini
- CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that certain misfolded amyloids composed of tau, β-amyloid or α-synuclein can be transferred from cell to cell, suggesting the contribution of mechanisms reminiscent of those by which infective prions spread through the brain. This process of a 'prion-like' spreading between cells is also relevant as a novel putative therapeutic target that could block the spreading of proteinaceous aggregates throughout the brain which may underlie the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases. The relevance of β-amyloid oligomers and cellular prion protein (PrPC) binding has been a focus of interest in Alzheimer's disease (AD). At the molecular level, β-amyloid/PrPC interaction takes place in two differently charged clusters of PrPC. In addition to β-amyloid, participation of PrPC in α-synuclein binding and brain spreading also appears to be relevant in α-synucleopathies. This review summarizes current knowledge about PrPC as a putative receptor for amyloid proteins and the physiological consequences of these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Senior Consultant Neuropathology, Service of Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Eigenbrod S, Frick P, Bertsch U, Mitteregger-Kretzschmar G, Mielke J, Maringer M, Piening N, Hepp A, Daude N, Windl O, Levin J, Giese A, Sakthivelu V, Tatzelt J, Kretzschmar H, Westaway D. Substitutions of PrP N-terminal histidine residues modulate scrapie disease pathogenesis and incubation time in transgenic mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188989. [PMID: 29220360 PMCID: PMC5722314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases have been linked to impaired copper homeostasis and copper induced-oxidative damage to the brain. Divalent metal ions, such as Cu2+ and Zn2+, bind to cellular prion protein (PrPC) at octapeptide repeat (OR) and non-OR sites within the N-terminal half of the protein but information on the impact of such binding on conversion to the misfolded isoform often derives from studies using either OR and non-OR peptides or bacterially-expressed recombinant PrP. Here we created new transgenic mouse lines expressing PrP with disrupted copper binding sites within all four histidine-containing OR's (sites 1-4, H60G, H68G, H76G, H84G, "TetraH>G" allele) or at site 5 (composed of residues His-95 and His-110; "H95G" allele) and monitored the formation of misfolded PrP in vivo. Novel transgenic mice expressing PrP(TetraH>G) at levels comparable to wild-type (wt) controls were susceptible to mouse-adapted scrapie strain RML but showed significantly prolonged incubation times. In contrast, amino acid replacement at residue 95 accelerated disease progression in corresponding PrP(H95G) mice. Neuropathological lesions in terminally ill transgenic mice were similar to scrapie-infected wt controls, but less severe. The pattern of PrPSc deposition, however, was not synaptic as seen in wt animals, but instead dense globular plaque-like accumulations of PrPSc in TgPrP(TetraH>G) mice and diffuse PrPSc deposition in (TgPrP(H95G) mice), were observed throughout all brain sections. We conclude that OR and site 5 histidine substitutions have divergent phenotypic impacts and that cis interactions between the OR region and the site 5 region modulate pathogenic outcomes by affecting the PrP globular domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Eigenbrod
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Frick
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Bertsch
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Janina Mielke
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marko Maringer
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Piening
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Daude
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Otto Windl
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Vignesh Sakthivelu
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry/Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry/Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Kretzschmar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sakaguchi S, Uchiyama K. Novel amplification mechanism of prions through disrupting sortilin-mediated trafficking. Prion 2017; 11:398-404. [PMID: 29099278 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1391435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, into the abnormally folded isoform of prion protein, PrPSc, which leads to marked accumulation of PrPSc in brains, is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases, a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by prions. However, the exact mechanism of PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons remains unknown. We recently reported a novel cellular mechanism to support PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons, in which PrPSc itself promotes its accumulation by evading the cellular inhibitory mechanism, which is newly identified in our recent study. We showed that the VPS10P sorting receptor sortilin negatively regulates PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons, by interacting with PrPC and PrPSc and trafficking them to lysosomes for degradation. However, PrPSc stimulated lysosomal degradation of sortilin, disrupting the sortilin-mediated degradation of PrPC and PrPSc and eventually evoking further accumulation of PrPSc in prion-infected neurons. These findings suggest a positive feedback amplification mechanism for PrPSc accumulation in prion-infected neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suehiro Sakaguchi
- a Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- a Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Copper- and Zinc-Promoted Interdomain Structure in the Prion Protein: A Mechanism for Autoinhibition of the Neurotoxic N-Terminus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:35-56. [PMID: 28838668 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The function of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), while still poorly understood, is increasingly linked to its ability to bind physiological metal ions at the cell surface. PrPC binds divalent forms of both copper and zinc through its unstructured N-terminal domain, modulating interactions between PrPC and various receptors at the cell surface and ultimately tuning downstream cellular processes. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the molecular features of copper and zinc uptake by PrPC and summarize evidence implicating these metal ions in PrP-mediated physiology. We then focus our review on recent biophysical evidence revealing a physical interaction between the flexible N-terminal and globular C-terminal domains of PrPC. This interdomain cis interaction is electrostatic in nature and is promoted by the binding of Cu2+ and Zn2+ to the N-terminal octarepeat domain. These findings, along with recent cellular studies, suggest a mechanism whereby NC interactions serve to regulate the activity and/or toxicity of the PrPC N-terminus. We discuss this potential mechanism in relation to familial prion disease mutations, lethal deletions of the PrPC central region, and neurotoxicity induced by certain globular domain ligands, including bona fide prions and toxic amyloid-β oligomers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wu B, McDonald AJ, Markham K, Rich CB, McHugh KP, Tatzelt J, Colby DW, Millhauser GL, Harris DA. The N-terminus of the prion protein is a toxic effector regulated by the C-terminus. eLife 2017; 6:e23473. [PMID: 28527237 PMCID: PMC5469617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PrPC, the cellular isoform of the prion protein, serves to transduce the neurotoxic effects of PrPSc, the infectious isoform, but how this occurs is mysterious. Here, using a combination of electrophysiological, cellular, and biophysical techniques, we show that the flexible, N-terminal domain of PrPC functions as a powerful toxicity-transducing effector whose activity is tightly regulated in cis by the globular C-terminal domain. Ligands binding to the N-terminal domain abolish the spontaneous ionic currents associated with neurotoxic mutants of PrP, and the isolated N-terminal domain induces currents when expressed in the absence of the C-terminal domain. Anti-PrP antibodies targeting epitopes in the C-terminal domain induce currents, and cause degeneration of dendrites on murine hippocampal neurons, effects that entirely dependent on the effector function of the N-terminus. NMR experiments demonstrate intramolecular docking between N- and C-terminal domains of PrPC, revealing a novel auto-inhibitory mechanism that regulates the functional activity of PrPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Alex J McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Kathleen Markham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Celeste B Rich
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Kyle P McHugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, United States
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - David W Colby
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, United States
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - David A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Iglesia RP, Prado MB, Cruz L, Martins VR, Santos TG, Lopes MH. Engagement of cellular prion protein with the co-chaperone Hsp70/90 organizing protein regulates the proliferation of glioblastoma stem-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:76. [PMID: 28412969 PMCID: PMC5392955 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive brain tumor, contains a subpopulation of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) that play roles in tumor maintenance, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. GSCs are therefore a promising target for GBM treatment. Our group identified the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and its partner, the co-chaperone Hsp70/90 organizing protein (HOP), as potential target candidates due to their role in GBM tumorigenesis and in neural stem cell maintenance. Methods GSCs expressing different levels of PrPC were cultured as neurospheres with growth factors, and characterized with stem cells markers and adhesion molecules markers through immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We than evaluated GSC self-renewal and proliferation by clonal density assays and BrdU incorporation, respectively, in front of recombinant HOP treatment, combined or not with a HOP peptide which mimics the PrPC binding site. Stable silencing of HOP was also performed in parental and/or PrPC-depleted cell populations, and proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were evaluated. Migration assays were performed on laminin-1 pre-coated glass. Results We observed that, when GBM cells are cultured as neurospheres, they express specific stemness markers such as CD133, CD15, Oct4, and SOX2; PrPC is upregulated compared to monolayer culture and co-localizes with CD133. PrPC silencing downregulates the expression of molecules associated with cancer stem cells, upregulates markers of cell differentiation and affects GSC self-renewal, pointing to a pivotal role for PrPC in the maintenance of GSCs. Exogenous HOP treatment increases proliferation and self-renewal of GSCs in a PrPC-dependent manner while HOP knockdown disturbs the proliferation process. In vivo, PrPC and/or HOP knockdown potently inhibits the growth of subcutaneously implanted glioblastoma cells. In addition, disruption of the PrPC-HOP complex by a HOP peptide, which mimics the PrPC binding site, affects GSC self-renewal and proliferation indicating that the HOP-PrPC complex is required for GSC stemness. Furthermore, PrPC-depleted GSCs downregulate cell adhesion-related proteins and impair cell migration indicating a putative role for PrPC in the cell surface stability of cell adhesion molecules and GBM cell invasiveness, respectively. Conclusions In conclusion, our results show that the modulation of HOP-PrPC engagement or the decrease of PrPC and HOP expression may represent a potential therapeutic intervention in GBM, regulating glioblastoma stem-like cell self-renewal, proliferation, and migration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0518-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Piatniczka Iglesia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária "Armando Salles Oliveira", Butanta - Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandão Prado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária "Armando Salles Oliveira", Butanta - Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cruz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária "Armando Salles Oliveira", Butanta - Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vilma Regina Martins
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, SP, 02056-070, Brazil
| | - Tiago Góss Santos
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, SP, 02056-070, Brazil
| | - Marilene Hohmuth Lopes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária "Armando Salles Oliveira", Butanta - Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Toni M, Massimino ML, De Mario A, Angiulli E, Spisni E. Metal Dyshomeostasis and Their Pathological Role in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases: The Basis for a Nutritional Approach. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:3. [PMID: 28154522 PMCID: PMC5243831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are key elements in organisms' life acting like cofactors of many enzymes but they can also be potentially dangerous for the cell participating in redox reactions that lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Any factor inducing or limiting a metal dyshomeostasis, ROS production and cell injury may contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases or play a neuroprotective action. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of human and other mammalian species. The causative agent of TSEs is believed to be the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, the β sheet-rich pathogenic isoform produced by the conformational conversion of the α-helix-rich physiological isoform PrPC. The peculiarity of PrPSc is its ability to self-propagate in exponential fashion in cells and its tendency to precipitate in insoluble and protease-resistance amyloid aggregates leading to neuronal cell death. The expression “prion-like diseases” refers to a group of neurodegenerative diseases that share some neuropathological features with prion diseases such as the involvement of proteins (α-synuclein, amyloid β, and tau) able to precipitate producing amyloid deposits following conformational change. High social impact diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's belong to prion-like diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the exposure to environmental metals is a risk factor for the development of prion and prion-like diseases and that metal ions can directly bind to prion and prion-like proteins affecting the amount of amyloid aggregates. The diet, source of metal ions but also of natural antioxidant and chelating agents such as polyphenols, is an aspect to take into account in addressing the issue of neurodegeneration. Epidemiological data suggest that the Mediterranean diet, based on the abundant consumption of fresh vegetables and on low intake of meat, could play a preventive or delaying role in prion and prion-like neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, metal role in the onset of prion and prion-like diseases is dealt with from a nutritional, cellular, and molecular point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Toni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Massimino
- National Research Council (CNR), Neuroscience Institute c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Agnese De Mario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Angiulli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Peggion C, Bertoli A, Sorgato MC. Almost a century of prion protein(s): From pathology to physiology, and back to pathology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1148-1155. [PMID: 27581199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prions are one of the few pathogens whose name is renowned at all population levels, after the dramatic years pervaded by the fear of eating prion-infected food. If now this, somehow irrational, scare of bovine meat inexorably transmitting devastating brain disorders is largely subdued, several prion-related issues are still unsolved, precluding the design of therapeutic approaches that could slow, if not halt, prion diseases. One unsolved issue is, for example, the role of the prion protein (PrPC), whole conformational misfolding originates the prion but whose physiologic reason d'etre in neurons, and in cells at large, remains enigmatic. Preceded by a historical outline, the present review will discuss the functional pleiotropicity ascribed to PrPC, and whether this aspect could fall, at least in part, into a more concise framework. It will also be devoted to radically different perspectives for PrPC, which have been recently brought to the attention of the scientific world with unexpected force. Finally, it will discuss the possible reasons allowing an evolutionary conserved and benign protein, as PrPC is, to turn into a high affinity receptor for pathologic misfolded oligomers, and to transmit their toxic message into neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bertoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Catia Sorgato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; C.N.R. Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Narayanan SP, Nair DG, Schaal D, Barbosa de Aguiar M, Wenzel S, Kremer W, Schwarzinger S, Kalbitzer HR. Structural transitions in full-length human prion protein detected by xenon as probe and spin labeling of the N-terminal domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28419. [PMID: 27341298 PMCID: PMC4920026 DOI: 10.1038/srep28419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal neurodegenerative disorders termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are associated with the accumulation of fibrils of misfolded prion protein PrP. The noble gas xenon accommodates into four transiently enlarged hydrophobic cavities located in the well-folded core of human PrP(23–230) as detected by [1H, 15N]-HSQC spectroscopy. In thermal equilibrium a fifth xenon binding site is formed transiently by amino acids A120 to L125 of the presumably disordered N-terminal domain and by amino acids K185 to T193 of the well-folded domain. Xenon bound PrP was modelled by restraint molecular dynamics. The individual microscopic and macroscopic dissociation constants could be derived by fitting the data to a model including a dynamic opening and closing of the cavities. As observed earlier by high pressure NMR spectroscopy xenon binding influences also other amino acids all over the N-terminal domain including residues of the AGAAAAGA motif indicating a structural coupling between the N-terminal domain and the core domain. This is in agreement with spin labelling experiments at positions 93 or 107 that show a transient interaction between the N-terminus and the start of helix 2 and the end of helix 3 of the core domain similar to that observed earlier by Zn2+-binding to the octarepeat motif.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunilkumar Puthenpurackal Narayanan
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine (CMRCB), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Divya Gopalakrishnan Nair
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine (CMRCB), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schaal
- Research Center for Bio-Macromolecules and Department of Biopolymers, NW1/BGI, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marisa Barbosa de Aguiar
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine (CMRCB), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wenzel
- Research Center for Bio-Macromolecules and Department of Biopolymers, NW1/BGI, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Werner Kremer
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine (CMRCB), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schwarzinger
- Research Center for Bio-Macromolecules and Department of Biopolymers, NW1/BGI, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans Robert Kalbitzer
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine (CMRCB), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Evans EGB, Pushie MJ, Markham KA, Lee HW, Millhauser GL. Interaction between Prion Protein's Copper-Bound Octarepeat Domain and a Charged C-Terminal Pocket Suggests a Mechanism for N-Terminal Regulation. Structure 2016; 24:1057-67. [PMID: 27265848 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper plays a critical role in prion protein (PrP) physiology. Cu(2+) binds with high affinity to the PrP N-terminal octarepeat (OR) domain, and intracellular copper promotes PrP expression. The molecular details of copper coordination within the OR are now well characterized. Here we examine how Cu(2+) influences the interaction between the PrP N-terminal domain and the C-terminal globular domain. Using nuclear magnetic resonance and copper-nitroxide pulsed double electron-electron resonance, with molecular dynamics refinement, we localize the position of Cu(2+) in its high-affinity OR-bound state. Our results reveal an interdomain cis interaction that is stabilized by a conserved, negatively charged pocket of the globular domain. Interestingly, this interaction surface overlaps an epitope recognized by the POM1 antibody, the binding of which drives rapid cerebellar degeneration mediated by the PrP N terminus. The resulting structure suggests that the globular domain regulates the N-terminal domain by binding the Cu(2+)-occupied OR within a complementary pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric G B Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Kate A Markham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hsiau-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
PrP C expression and calpain activity independently mediate the effects of closed head injury in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 340:29-40. [PMID: 27188531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a sialoglycoprotein with a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor and expressed in highest levels within the CNS particularly at neuronal synapses. This membrane-bound protein is involved with many cell functions including cell signaling and neuroprotection. Calpains are calcium-activated cysteine proteases that typically undergo controlled activation. PrPC is a calpain substrate and is neurotoxic if it undergoes aberrant processing with cytosol accumulation. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is an abnormal influx of Ca+2 and overactivation of calpains resulting in neuronal dysfunction and cell death. We investigated whether PrPC expression and calpain activity have an effect on, or are affected by, TBI. PrPC expression in the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of WT and Tga20 (PrPC overexpression) mice were unchanged after closed head injury (CHI). Further, PrPC in WT and Tga20 mice was resistant to TBI-induced calpain proteolysis. CHI-induced calpain activation resulted in breakdown products (BDPs) of αII-spectrin (SBDPs) and GFAP (GBDP-44K) in all brain regions and mouse lines. CHI caused significant increases in SBDP145, GFAP and GBDP-44K when compared to sham. With few exceptions, the calpain inhibitor, SNJ-1945, reduced SBDP145 and GBDP-44K levels. Behavioral studies suggested that PrPC and calpain independently affect learning and memory. Overall, we conclude that: (i) there is SNJ-1945-sensitive calpain activation in both neuron and glial cells following CHI, (ii) closed head trauma is not affected by, nor does it have an influence on, PrPC expression, and (iii) PrPC expression plays a minor role, if any, in CHI-induced calpain activation in vivo.
Collapse
|
41
|
Copper and Zinc Interactions with Cellular Prion Proteins Change Solubility of Full-Length Glycosylated Isoforms and Induce the Occurrence of Heterogeneous Phenotypes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153931. [PMID: 27093554 PMCID: PMC4836684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized biochemically by protein aggregation of infectious prion isoforms (PrPSc), which result from the conformational conversion of physiological prion proteins (PrPC). PrPC are variable post-translationally modified glycoproteins, which exist as full length and as aminoterminally truncated glycosylated proteins and which exhibit differential detergent solubility. This implicates the presence of heterogeneous phenotypes, which overlap as protein complexes at the same molecular masses. Although the biological function of PrPC is still enigmatic, evidence reveals that PrPC exhibits metal-binding properties, which result in structural changes and decreased solubility. In this study, we analyzed the yield of PrPC metal binding affiliated with low solubility and changes in protein banding patterns. By implementing a high-speed centrifugation step, the interaction of zinc ions with PrPC was shown to generate large quantities of proteins with low solubility, consisting mainly of full-length glycosylated PrPC; whereas unglycosylated PrPC remained in the supernatants as well as truncated glycosylated proteins which lack of octarepeat sequence necessary for metal binding. This effect was considerably lower when PrPC interacted with copper ions; the presence of other metals tested exhibited no effect under these conditions. The binding of zinc and copper to PrPC demonstrated differentially soluble protein yields within distinct PrPC subtypes. PrPC–Zn2+-interaction may provide a means to differentiate glycosylated and unglycosylated subtypes and offers detailed analysis of metal-bound and metal-free protein conversion assays.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterised by long incubation period, short clinical duration, and transmissibility to susceptible species. Neuronal loss, spongiform changes, gliosis and the accumulation in the brain of the misfolded version of a membrane-bound cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), termed PrP(TSE), are diagnostic markers of these diseases. Compelling evidence links protein misfolding and its accumulation with neurodegenerative changes. Accordingly, several mechanisms of prion-mediated neurotoxicity have been proposed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent knowledge on the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, the neurotoxic PrP species and the possible therapeutic approaches to treat these devastating disorders.
Collapse
|
43
|
Arcos-López T, Qayyum M, Rivillas-Acevedo L, Miotto MC, Grande-Aztatzi R, Fernández CO, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Vela A, Solomon EI, Quintanar L. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of Cu(I) Binding to His111 in the Human Prion Protein Fragment 106-115. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2909-22. [PMID: 26930130 PMCID: PMC4804749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) to bind copper in vivo points to a physiological role for PrP(C) in copper transport. Six copper binding sites have been identified in the nonstructured N-terminal region of human PrP(C). Among these sites, the His111 site is unique in that it contains a MKHM motif that would confer interesting Cu(I) and Cu(II) binding properties. We have evaluated Cu(I) coordination to the PrP(106-115) fragment of the human PrP protein, using NMR and X-ray absorption spectroscopies and electronic structure calculations. We find that Met109 and Met112 play an important role in anchoring this metal ion. Cu(I) coordination to His111 is pH-dependent: at pH >8, 2N1O1S species are formed with one Met ligand; in the range of pH 5-8, both methionine (Met) residues bind to Cu(I), forming a 1N1O2S species, where N is from His111 and O is from a backbone carbonyl or a water molecule; at pH <5, only the two Met residues remain coordinated. Thus, even upon drastic changes in the chemical environment, such as those occurring during endocytosis of PrP(C) (decreased pH and a reducing potential), the two Met residues in the MKHM motif enable PrP(C) to maintain the bound Cu(I) ions, consistent with a copper transport function for this protein. We also find that the physiologically relevant Cu(I)-1N1O2S species activates dioxygen via an inner-sphere mechanism, likely involving the formation of a copper(II) superoxide complex. In this process, the Met residues are partially oxidized to sulfoxide; this ability to scavenge superoxide may play a role in the proposed antioxidant properties of PrP(C). This study provides further insight into the Cu(I) coordination properties of His111 in human PrP(C) and the molecular mechanism of oxygen activation by this site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94395, United States
| | | | - Marco C. Miotto
- Max Planck
Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics
of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones
para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Claudio O. Fernández
- Max Planck
Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics
of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones
para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Keith O. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94395, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alberto Vela
- Departamento
de Química, Cinvestav, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 México
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94395, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Synthetic fluorescent probes to map metallostasis and intracellular fate of zinc and copper. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Atkinson CJ, Zhang K, Munn AL, Wiegmans A, Wei MQ. Prion protein scrapie and the normal cellular prion protein. Prion 2016; 10:63-82. [PMID: 26645475 PMCID: PMC4981215 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1110293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious proteins and over the past few decades, some prions have become renowned for their causative role in several neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. Since their discovery, the mechanisms and mode of transmission and molecular structure of prions have begun to be established. There is, however, still much to be elucidated about prion diseases, including the development of potential therapeutic strategies for treatment. The significance of prion disease is discussed here, including the categories of human and animal prion diseases, disease transmission, disease progression and the development of symptoms and potential future strategies for treatment. Furthermore, the structure and function of the normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and its importance in not only in prion disease development, but also in diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Atkinson
- Division of Molecular and Gene Therapies, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Kai Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Gene Therapies, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan L. Munn
- Laboratory of Yeast Cell Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian Wiegmans
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Ming Q. Wei
- Division of Molecular and Gene Therapies, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang L, Gao Z, Hu L, Wu G, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Wong BS, Xin W, Sy MS, Li C. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Modification Machinery Deficiency Is Responsible for the Formation of Pro-Prion Protein (PrP) in BxPC-3 Protein and Increases Cancer Cell Motility. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3905-17. [PMID: 26683373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. However, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines, such as BxPC-3, PrP exists as a pro-PrP retaining its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) peptide signaling sequence. Here, we report the identification of another pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, AsPC-1, which expresses a mature GPI-anchored PrP. Comparison of the 24 genes involved in the GPI anchor modification pathway between AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 revealed 15 of the 24 genes, including PGAP1 and PIG-F, were down-regulated in the latter cells. We also identified six missense mutations in DPM2, PIG-C, PIG-N, and PIG-P alongside eight silent mutations. When BxPC-3 cells were fused with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack endogenous PrP, pro-PrP was successfully converted into mature GPI-anchored PrP. Expression of the individual gene, such as PGAP1, PIG-F, or PIG-C, into BxPC-3 cells does not result in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C sensitivity of PrP. However, when PIG-F but not PIG-P is expressed in PGAP1-expressing BxPC-3 cells, PrP on the surface of the cells becomes phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-sensitive. Thus, low expression of PIG-F and PGAP1 is the major factor contributing to the accumulation of pro-PrP. More importantly, BxPC-3 cells expressing GPI-anchored PrP migrate much slower than BxPC-3 cells bearing pro-PrP. In addition, GPI-anchored PrP-bearing AsPC-1 cells also migrate slower than pro-PrP bearing BxPC-3 cells, although both cells express filamin A. "Knocking out" PRNP in BxPC-3 cell drastically reduces its migration. Collectively, these results show that multiple gene irregularity in BxPC-3 cells is responsible for the formation of pro-PrP, and binding of pro-PrP to filamin A contributes to enhanced tumor cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Yang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guiru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- the Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- the Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boon-Seng Wong
- the Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Xin
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Chaoyang Li
- the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Urso E, Maffia M. Behind the Link between Copper and Angiogenesis: Established Mechanisms and an Overview on the Role of Vascular Copper Transport Systems. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:172-96. [PMID: 26484858 DOI: 10.1159/000438485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis critically sustains the progression of both physiological and pathological processes. Copper behaves as an obligatory co-factor throughout the angiogenic signalling cascades, so much so that a deficiency causes neovascularization to abate. Moreover, the progress of several angiogenic pathologies (e.g. diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy and ischaemia) can be tracked by measuring serum copper levels, which are being increasingly investigated as a useful prognostic marker. Accordingly, the therapeutic modulation of body copper has been proven effective in rescuing the pathological angiogenic dysfunctions underlying several disease states. Vascular copper transport systems profoundly influence the activation and execution of angiogenesis, acting as multi-functional regulators of apparently discrete pro-angiogenic pathways. This review concerns the complex relationship among copper-dependent angiogenic factors, copper transporters and common pathological conditions, with an unusual accent on the multi-faceted involvement of the proteins handling vascular copper. Functions regulated by the major copper transport proteins (CTR1 importer, ATP7A efflux pump and metallo-chaperones) include the modulation of endothelial migration and vascular superoxide, known to activate angiogenesis within a narrow concentration range. The potential contribution of prion protein, a controversial regulator of copper homeostasis, is discussed, even though its angiogenic involvement seems to be mainly associated with the modulation of endothelial motility and permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Urso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cingaram PKR, Nyeste A, Dondapati DT, Fodor E, Welker E. Prion Protein Does Not Confer Resistance to Hippocampus-Derived Zpl Cells against the Toxic Effects of Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ Not Supporting a General Protective Role for PrP in Transition Metal Induced Toxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139219. [PMID: 26426582 PMCID: PMC4591282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of transition metals with the prion protein (PrP) are well-documented and characterized, however, there is no consensus on their role in either the physiology of PrP or PrP-related neurodegenerative disorders. PrP has been reported to protect cells from the toxic stimuli of metals. By employing a cell viability assay, we examined the effects of various concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ on Zpl (Prnp-/-) and ZW (Prnp+/+) hippocampus-derived mouse neuronal cells. Prnp-/- Zpl cells were more sensitive to all four metals than PrP-expressing Zw cells. However, when we introduced PrP or only the empty vector into Zpl cells, we could not discern any protective effect associated with the presence of PrP. This observation was further corroborated when assessing the toxic effect of metals by propidium-iodide staining and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. Thus, our results on this mouse cell culture model do not seem to support a strong protective role for PrP against transition metal toxicity and also emphasize the necessity of extreme care when comparing cells derived from PrP knock-out and wild type mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antal Nyeste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Divya Teja Dondapati
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elfrieda Fodor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ervin Welker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
The effects of the cellular and infectious prion protein on the neuronal adaptor protein X11α. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2213-21. [PMID: 26297964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal adaptor protein X11α is a multidomain protein with a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, two PDZ (PSD_95, Drosophila disks-large, ZO-1) domains, a Munc Interacting (MI) domain and a CASK interacting region. Amongst its functions is a role in the regulation of the abnormal processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). It also regulates the activity of Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) through binding with its chaperone the copper chaperone for SOD1. How X11α production is controlled has remained unclear. METHODS Using the neuroblastoma cell line, N2a, and knockdown studies, the effect of the cellular and infectious prion protein, PrP(C) and PrP(Sc), on X11α is examined. RESULTS We show that X11α expression is directly proportional to the expression of PrP(C), whereas its levels are reduced by PrP(Sc). We also show PrP(Sc) to affect X11α at a functional level. One of the effects of prion infection is lowered cellular SOD1 levels, here by knockdown of X11α we identify that the effect of PrP(Sc) on SOD1 can be reversed indicating that X11α is involved in prion disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS A role for the cellular and infectious prion protein, PrP(C) and PrP(Sc), respectively, in regulating X11α is identified in this work. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Due to the multiple interacting partners of X11α, dysfunction or alteration in X11α will have a significant cellular effect. This work highlights the role of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) in the regulation of X11α, and provides a new target pathway to control X11α and its related functions.
Collapse
|
50
|
Bulcke F, Dringen R. Handling of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:33-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|