1
|
Lim D, Semyanov A, Genazzani A, Verkhratsky A. Calcium signaling in neuroglia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 362:1-53. [PMID: 34253292 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells exploit calcium (Ca2+) signals to perceive the information about the activity of the nervous tissue and the tissue environment to translate this information into an array of homeostatic, signaling and defensive reactions. Astrocytes, the best studied glial cells, use several Ca2+ signaling generation pathways that include Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane, release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and from mitochondria. Activation of metabotropic receptors on the plasma membrane of glial cells is coupled to an enzymatic cascade in which a second messenger, InsP3 is generated thus activating intracellular Ca2+ release channels in the ER endomembrane. Astrocytes also possess store-operated Ca2+ entry and express several ligand-gated Ca2+ channels. In vivo astrocytes generate heterogeneous Ca2+ signals, which are short and frequent in distal processes, but large and relatively rare in soma. In response to neuronal activity intracellular and inter-cellular astrocytic Ca2+ waves can be produced. Astrocytic Ca2+ signals are involved in secretion, they regulate ion transport across cell membranes, and are contributing to cell morphological plasticity. Therefore, astrocytic Ca2+ signals are linked to fundamental functions of the central nervous system ranging from synaptic transmission to behavior. In oligodendrocytes, Ca2+ signals are generated by plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx, or by release from intracellular stores, or by combination of both. Microglial cells exploit Ca2+ permeable ionotropic purinergic receptors and transient receptor potential channels as well as ER Ca2+ release. In this contribution, basic morphology of glial cells, glial Ca2+ signaling toolkit, intracellular Ca2+ signals and Ca2+-regulated functions are discussed with focus on astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Armando Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bantle CM, Hirst WD, Weihofen A, Shlevkov E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Astrocytes: A Role in Parkinson's Disease? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:608026. [PMID: 33537300 PMCID: PMC7849831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type in the brain and are thought to play a pivotal role in the progression of PD. Emerging evidence suggests that many astrocytic functions, including glutamate metabolism, Ca2+ signaling, fatty acid metabolism, antioxidant production, and inflammation are dependent on healthy mitochondria. Here, we review how mitochondrial dysfunction impacts astrocytes, highlighting translational gaps and opening new questions for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin M Bantle
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Andreas Weihofen
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Evgeny Shlevkov
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Erneux C, Ghosh S, Koenig S. Inositol(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase isoenzymes: Catalytic properties and importance of targeting to F-actin to understand function. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 60:135-143. [PMID: 26446452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) 3-kinases (Itpks) catalyze the phosphorylation of inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate into inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4). Three isoenzymes Itpka/b and c have been identified in human, rat and mouse. They share a catalytic domain relatively well conserved at the C-terminal end and a quite isoenzyme specific regulatory domain at the N-terminal end of the protein. Activity determined in cell homogenates with Ins(1,4,5)P3 and ATP as substrate is generally very low compared to Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase, except in a few tissues such as brain, testis, thymus or intestine. Activity is very much Ca(2+) sensitive and increased in the presence of Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) as compared to EGTA alone. When challenged after receptor activation, activity could be further activated several fold, e.g. in rat brain cortical slices stimulated by carbachol or in human astrocytoma cells stimulated by purinergic agonists. Two of the three isoenzymes show an unexpected cytoskeletal localization for Itpka/b or at the leading edge for Itpkb. This is explained by the presence of an F-actin binding site at the N-terminal part of the two isoenzymes. This interaction confers to Itpka the properties of an F-actin bundling protein with two major consequences: i) it can reorganize the cytoskeletal network, particularly in dendritic spines, and ii) can provide an opportunity for Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 to act very locally as second messenger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Erneux
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Bldg C, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Somadri Ghosh
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Bldg C, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Koenig
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Bldg C, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miller AT, Dahlberg C, Sandberg ML, Wen BG, Beisner DR, Hoerter JAH, Parker A, Schmedt C, Stinson M, Avis J, Cienfuegos C, McPate M, Tranter P, Gosling M, Groot-Kormelink PJ, Dawson J, Pan S, Tian SS, Seidel HM, Cooke MP. Inhibition of the Inositol Kinase Itpkb Augments Calcium Signaling in Lymphocytes and Reveals a Novel Strategy to Treat Autoimmune Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131071. [PMID: 26121493 PMCID: PMC4488288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging approaches to treat immune disorders target positive regulatory kinases downstream of antigen receptors with small molecule inhibitors. Here we provide evidence for an alternative approach in which inhibition of the negative regulatory inositol kinase Itpkb in mature T lymphocytes results in enhanced intracellular calcium levels following antigen receptor activation leading to T cell death. Using Itpkb conditional knockout mice and LMW Itpkb inhibitors these studies reveal that Itpkb through its product IP4 inhibits the Orai1/Stim1 calcium channel on lymphocytes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of Itpkb results in elevated intracellular Ca2+ and induction of FasL and Bim resulting in T cell apoptosis. Deletion of Itpkb or treatment with Itpkb inhibitors blocks T-cell dependent antibody responses in vivo and prevents T cell driven arthritis in rats. These data identify Itpkb as an essential mediator of T cell activation and suggest Itpkb inhibition as a novel approach to treat autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Miller
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol Dahlberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Sandberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ben G. Wen
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Beisner
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John A. H. Hoerter
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Parker
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Schmedt
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Monique Stinson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Avis
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Cienfuegos
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark McPate
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Tranter
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gosling
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Groot-Kormelink
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janet Dawson
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomed. Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shifeng Pan
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shin-Shay Tian
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Cooke
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schell MJ. Inositol trisphosphate 3-kinases: focus on immune and neuronal signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1755-78. [PMID: 20066467 PMCID: PMC11115942 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The localized control of second messenger levels sculpts dynamic and persistent changes in cell physiology and structure. Inositol trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P(3)] 3-kinases (ITPKs) phosphorylate the intracellular second messenger Ins(1,4,5)P(3). These enzymes terminate the signal to release Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum and produce the messenger inositol tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)]. Independent of their enzymatic activity, ITPKs regulate the microstructure of the actin cytoskeleton. The immune phenotypes of ITPK knockout mice raise new questions about how ITPKs control inositol phosphate lifetimes within spatial and temporal domains during lymphocyte maturation. The intense concentration of ITPK on actin inside the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons suggests a role in signal integration and structural plasticity in the dendrite, and mice lacking neuronal ITPK exhibit memory deficits. Thus, the molecular and anatomical features of ITPKs allow them to regulate the spatiotemporal properties of intracellular signals, leading to the formation of persistent molecular memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Schell
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glutamate regulation of calcium and IP3 oscillating and pulsating dynamics in astrocytes. J Biol Phys 2009; 35:383-411. [PMID: 19669422 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-009-9155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in neuron-glia communication. This interest stems from the realization that glia participate in cognitive functions and information processing and are involved in many brain disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. An important process in neuron-glia communications is astrocyte encoding of synaptic information transfer-the modulation of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) dynamics in astrocytes in response to synaptic activity. Here, we derive and investigate a concise mathematical model for glutamate-induced astrocytic intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics that captures the essential biochemical features of the regulatory pathway of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)). Starting from the well-known two-variable (intracellular Ca(2+) and inactive IP(3) receptors) Li-Rinzel model for calcium-induced calcium release, we incorporate the regulation of IP(3) production and phosphorylation. Doing so, we extend it to a three-variable model (which we refer to as the ChI model) that could account for Ca(2+) oscillations with endogenous IP(3) metabolism. This ChI model is then further extended into the G-ChI model to include regulation of IP(3) production by external glutamate signals. Compared with previous similar models, our three-variable models include a more realistic description of IP(3) production and degradation pathways, lumping together their essential nonlinearities within a concise formulation. Using bifurcation analysis and time simulations, we demonstrate the existence of new putative dynamical features. The cross-couplings between IP(3) and Ca(2+) pathways endow the system with self-consistent oscillatory properties and favor mixed frequency-amplitude encoding modes over pure amplitude-modulation ones. These and additional results of our model are in general agreement with available experimental data and may have important implications for the role of astrocytes in the synaptic transfer of information.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lloyd-Burton SM, Yu JCH, Irvine RF, Schell MJ. Regulation of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate 3-Kinases by Calcium and Localization in Cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9526-9535. [PMID: 17284449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610253200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P(3)) 3-kinases (IP(3)Ks) are a group of calmodulin-regulated inositol polyphosphate kinases (IPKs) that convert the second messenger Ins(1,4,5)P(3) into inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. However, what they contribute to the complexities of Ca(2+) signaling, and how, is still not fully understood. In this study, we have used a simple Ca(2+) imaging assay to compare the abilities of various Ins (1,4,5)P(3)-metabolizing enzymes to regulate a maximal histamine-stimulated Ca(2+) signal in HeLa cells. Using transient transfection, we overexpressed green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of all three mammalian IP(3)K isoforms, including mutants with disrupted cellular localization or calmodulin regulation, and then imaged the Ca(2+) release stimulated by 100 microm histamine. Both localization to the F-actin cytoskeleton and calmodulin regulation enhance the efficiency of mammalian IP(3)Ks to dampen the Ins (1,4,5)P(3)-mediated Ca(2+) signals. We also compared the effects of the these IP(3)Ks with other enzymes that metabolize Ins(1,4,5)P(3), including the Type I Ins(1,4,5)P(3) 5-phosphatase, in both membrane-targeted and soluble forms, the human inositol polyphosphate multikinase, and the two isoforms of IP(3)K found in Drosophila. All reduce the Ca(2+) signal but to varying degrees. We demonstrate that the activity of only one of two IP(3)K isoforms from Drosophila is positively regulated by calmodulin and that neither isoform associates with the cytoskeleton. Together the data suggest that IP(3)Ks evolved to regulate kinetic and spatial aspects of Ins (1,4,5)P(3) signals in increasingly complex ways in vertebrates, consistent with their probable roles in the regulation of higher brain and immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Lloyd-Burton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Jowie C H Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Robin F Irvine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael J Schell
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fortin Y, De Léan A. Role of cyclic GMP and calcineurin in homologous and heterologous desensitization of natriuretic peptide receptor-A. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:539-46. [PMID: 16902599 DOI: 10.1139/y05-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) mediates natriuretic, hypotensive, and antihypertrophic effects of natriuretic peptides through the production of cGMP. In pathological conditions such as heart failure, these effects are attenuated by homologous and heterologous desensitization mechanisms resulting in the dephosphorylation of the cytosolic portion of the receptor. In contrast with natriuretic peptide-induced desensitization, pressor hormone-induced desensitization is dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation and (or) cytosolic calcium elevation. Mechanisms by which PKC and Ca(2+) promote NPR-A desensitization are not known. The role of cGMP and of the cytosolic Ca(2+) pathways in NPR-A desensitization were therefore studied. In contrast with the activation of NPR-A by its agonist, activation of soluble guanylyl cyclases of LLC-PK1 cells by sodium nitroprusside also leads to a production of cGMP but without altering NPR-A activation. Consequently, cGMP elevation per se does not appear to mediate homologous desensitization of NPR-A. In addition, cytosolic calcium increase is required only for the heterologous desensitization pathway since the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM blocks only PMA or ionomycin-induced desensitization. Calcineurin inhibitors block the NPR-A guanylyl cyclase heterologous desensitization induced by ionomycin, suggesting an essential role for this Ca(2+)-stimulated phosphatase in NPR-A desensitization. In summary, the present report demonstrates that neither cGMP nor Ca(2+) cytosolic elevation cause NPR-A homologous desensitization. Our results also indicate for the first time a role for calcineurin in NPR-A heterologous desensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Fortin
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 boul. Edouard-Montpetit, Pavillon Principal, V-437-1, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Irvine RF, Lloyd-Burton SM, Yu JCH, Letcher AJ, Schell MJ. The regulation and function of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 46:314-23. [PMID: 16857241 PMCID: PMC1820747 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin F Irvine
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aromolaran AAS, Blatter LA. Modulation of intracellular Ca2+ release and capacitative Ca2+ entry by CaMKII inhibitors in bovine vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C1426-36. [PMID: 16093279 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00262.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of inhibitors of CaMKII on intracellular Ca2+ signaling were examined in single calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells using indo-1 microfluorometry to measure cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The three CaMKII inhibitors, KN-93, KN-62, and autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (AIP), all reduced the plateau phase of the [Ca2+]i transient evoked by stimulation with extracellular ATP. Exposure to KN-93 or AIP alone in the presence of 2 mM extracellular Ca2+ resulted in a dose-dependent increase of [Ca2+]i consisting of a rapid and transient Ca2+ spike followed by a small sustained plateau phase of elevated [Ca2+]i. Exposure to KN-93 in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ caused a transient rise of [Ca2+]i, suggesting that exposure to CaMKII inhibitors directly triggered release of Ca2+ from intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores. Repetitive stimulation with KN-93 and ATP, respectively, revealed that both components released Ca2+ largely from the same store. Pretreatment of CPAE cells with the membrane-permeable inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor blocker 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate caused a significant inhibition of the KN-93-induced Ca2+ response, suggesting that exposure to KN-93 affects Ca2+ release from an IP3-sensitive store. Depletion of Ca2+ stores by exposure to ATP or to the ER Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin triggered robust capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) signals in CPAE cells that could be blocked effectively with KN-93. The data suggest that in CPAE cells, CaMKII modulates Ca2+ handling at different levels. The use of CaMKII inhibitors revealed that in CPAE cells, the most profound effects of CaMKII are inhibition of release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and activation of CCE.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pattni K, Banting G. Ins(1,4,5)P3 metabolism and the family of IP3-3Kinases. Cell Signal 2005; 16:643-54. [PMID: 15093605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores is triggered by the second messenger inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3). The regulation of this process is critically important for cellular homeostasis. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is rapidly metabolised, either to inositol (1,4)-bisphosphate (Ins(1,4)P2) by inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases or to inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4) by one of a family of inositol (1,4,5)P3 3-kinases (IP3-3Ks). Three isoforms of IP3-3K have now been identified in mammals; they have a conserved C-terminal catalytic domain, but divergent N-termini. This review discusses the metabolism of Ins(1,4,5)P3, compares the IP3-3K isoforms and addresses potential mechanisms by which their activity might be regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Pattni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hascakova-Bartova R, Pouillon V, Dewaste V, Moreau C, Jacques C, Banting G, Schurmans S, Erneux C. Identification and subcellular distribution of endogenous Ins(1,4,5)P(3) 3-kinase B in mouse tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323:920-5. [PMID: 15381088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase (IP(3)-3K) catalyses the phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. cDNAs encoding three mammalian isoforms have been reported and referred to as IP(3)-3KA, IP(3)-3KB, and IP(3)-3KC. IP(3)-3KB is particularly sensitive to proteolysis at the N-terminus, a mechanism known to generate active fragments of lower molecular mass. Endogenous IP(3)-3KB has therefore not been formally identified in tissues. We have probed a series of murine tissues with an antibody directed against the C-terminus of IP(3)-3KB and used IP(3)-3KB deficient mouse tissues as negative controls. IP(3)-3KB was shown to be particularly well expressed in brain, lung, and thymus with molecular masses of 110-120kDa. The identification of the native IP(3)-3KB by Western blotting for the first time will facilitate further studies of regulation of its activity by specific proteases and/or phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Hascakova-Bartova
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wen BG, Pletcher MT, Warashina M, Choe SH, Ziaee N, Wiltshire T, Sauer K, Cooke MP. Inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate 3 kinase B controls positive selection of T cells and modulates Erk activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:5604-9. [PMID: 15064401 PMCID: PMC397439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306907101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing positive selection of T cells in the thymus are still incompletely understood. Here, we describe a N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea induced recessive mouse mutant, Ms. T-less, which lacks T cells in the peripheral blood because of a complete block of thymocyte development at the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage. Single nucleotide polymorphism mapping and candidate gene sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation in the inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate 3 kinase B (Itpkb) gene in Ms. T-less mice. Accordingly, Ms. T-less thymocytes do not show detectable expression of Itpkb protein and have drastically reduced basal inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate kinase activity. Itpkb converts inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate to inositol (1,3,4,5) tetrakisphosphate, soluble second messengers that have been implicated in Ca(2+) signaling. Surprisingly, Ca(2+) responses show no significant differences between wild type (WT) and mutant thymocytes. However, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activation in response to suboptimal antigen receptor stimulation is attenuated in Ms. T-less thymocytes, suggesting a role for Itpkb in linking T cell receptor signaling to efficient and sustained Erk activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben G Wen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cavaliere F, Amadio S, Sancesario G, Bernardi G, Volonté C. Synaptic P2X7 and oxygen/glucose deprivation in organotypic hippocampal cultures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:392-8. [PMID: 15087708 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200404000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP is the main candidate, among P2 receptors, inducing cell death in the immune system. Here, we demonstrate the direct participation of this receptor to cell damage induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation, in the ex vivo model of organotypic hippocampal cultures. By pharmacological and immunological approaches, we show that P2X7 is rapidly and transiently up regulated in hippocampal areas eliciting metabolism impairment. Moreover, the P2 antagonists 2',3',-dialdehyde ATP and reactive blue 2 prevent both up regulation of this receptor and hypoxic/hypoglycemic damage. By confocal laser microscopy, we show that P2X7 is present at the synaptic level of fibers extending from the CA1-2 pyramidal cell layer throughout the strata oriens and radiatum, but absent on oligodendrocytes, astrocytes or neuronal cell bodies. Colocalization of P2X7 is obtained with neurofilament-L protein and with synaptophysin, not with myelin basic protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein or a marker for neuronal nuclei. P2X7 up regulation and diffuse cellular damage are also induced by 3'-O-(4-benzoyl) benzoyl-ATP, an agonist selective but not exclusive for P2X7. In summary, our study demonstrates that P2X7 not only directly participates to the hypoxic/hypoglycemic process, but also owns specific phenotypic localization. We do not exclude that it might serve as a sensor of dysregulated neuronal activity and ATP release, both occurring during oxygen/glucose deprivation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pattni K, Millard TH, Banting G. Calpain cleavage of the B isoform of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase separates the catalytic domain from the membrane anchoring domain. Biochem J 2003; 375:643-51. [PMID: 12906709 PMCID: PMC1223724 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Revised: 07/24/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] is one of the key intracellular second messengers in cells and mobilizes Ca2+ stores in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). Ins(1,4,5)P3 has a short half-life within the cell, and is rapidly metabolized through one of two pathways, one of which involves further phosphorylation of the inositol ring: Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase (IP3-3K) phosphorylates Ins(1,4,5)P3, resulting in the formation of inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P4]. There are three known isoforms of IP3-3K, designated IP3-3KA, IP3-3KB and IP3-3KC. These have differing N-termini, but highly conserved C-termini harbouring the catalytic domain. The three IP3-3K isoforms have different subcellular locations and the B-kinase is uniquely present in both cytosolic and membrane-bound pools. As it is the N-terminus of the B-kinase that differs most from the A- and C-kinases, we have hypothesized that this portion of the protein may be responsible for membrane localization. Although there are no known membrane-targeting protein motifs within the sequence of IP3-3KB, it is found to be tightly associated with the ER membrane. Here, we show that specific regions of the N-terminus of IP3-3KB are necessary and sufficient for efficient membrane localization of the protein. We also report that, in the presence of Ca2+, the kinase domain of IP3-3KB is cleaved from the membrane-anchoring region by calpain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Pattni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kucharski R, Maleszka R. Molecular profiling of behavioural development: differential expression of mRNAs for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase isoforms in naive and experienced honeybees (Apis mellifera). BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 99:92-101. [PMID: 11978400 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In seeking genetic factors that may control the extended behavioural maturation of adult honeybees we found that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) 3-kinase, a key enzyme in the IP(3)-mediated signalling cascade, is differentially expressed in brains of naive, newly emerged bees and experienced foragers. DNA sequencing yielded a contig of 21.5 kb spanning the honeybee IP(3)K locus and a 3' flanking gene similar to a transcription factor NFR-kappa-B. The IP(3)K locus gives rise to three differentially expressed major transcripts produced by alternative splicing that encode proteins with identical, highly conserved C-termini and distinct, non-conserved N-terminal domains. The type A transcript is dominant in the adult brain and its level of expression increases threefold during the first 4 days of adult development. The type B message is expressed in brains of naive bees, but is also found in the thorax and abdomen, whereas transcript C is expressed largely in non-neural tissues and in the antenna. In contrast to type A message, the brain levels of transcript B decrease during the first 4 days of adult life. Our data are evaluated in the context of the contrasting behavioural phenotypes of immature and experienced worker honeybees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kucharski
- Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Communi D, Gevaert K, Demol H, Vandekerckhove J, Erneux C. A novel receptor-mediated regulation mechanism of type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38738-47. [PMID: 11517225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105640200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P(3)) and D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)) are both substrates of the 43-kDa type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. Transient and okadaic acid-sensitive inhibition by 70-85% of Ins(1,4,5)P(3) and Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) 5-phosphatase activities was observed in homogenates from rat cortical astrocytes, human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells, and rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells after incubation with carbachol. The effect was reproduced in response to UTP in rat astrocytic cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human type I 5-phosphatase. Immunodetection as well as mass spectrometric peptide mass fingerprinting and post-source decay (PSD) sequence data analysis after immunoprecipitation permitted unambiguous identification of the major native 5-phosphatase isoform hydrolyzing Ins(1,4,5)P(3) and Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) as type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. In ortho-(32)P-preincubated cells, the phosphorylated 43 kDa-enzyme could be identified after receptor activation by immunoprecipitation followed by electrophoretic separation. Phosphorylation of type I 5-phosphatase was blocked after cell preincubation in the presence of Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II inhibitors (i.e. KN-93 and KN-62). In vitro phosphorylation of recombinant type I enzyme by Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II resulted in an inhibition (i.e. 60-80%) of 5-phosphatase activity. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time a novel regulation mechanism of type I 5-phosphatase by phosphorylation in intact cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Communi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Free University of Brussels, Campus Erasme, Bldg. C, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schell MJ, Erneux C, Irvine RF. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A associates with F-actin and dendritic spines via its N terminus. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37537-46. [PMID: 11468283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of the rapid 3-phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) to produce inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP(4)) via the action of IP(3) 3-kinases involve the control of calcium signals. Using green fluorescent protein constructs of full-length and truncated IP(3) 3-kinase isoform A expressed in HeLa cells, COS-7 cells, and primary neuronal cultures, we have defined a novel N-terminal 66-amino acid F-actin-binding region that localizes the kinase to dendritic spines. The region is necessary and sufficient for binding F-actin and consists of a proline-rich stretch followed by a predicted alpha-helix. We also localized endogenous IP(3) 3-kinase A to the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons in primary hippocampal cultures, where it is co-localized postsynaptically with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Our experiments suggest a link between inositol phosphate metabolism, calcium signaling, and the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spines. The phosphorylation of IP(3) in dendritic spines to produce IP(4) is likely to be important for modulating the compartmentalization of calcium at synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Schell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Following the discovery of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate as a second messenger, many other inositol phosphates were discovered in quick succession, with some understanding of their synthesis pathways and a few guesses at their possible functions. But then it all seemed to go comparatively quiet, with an explosion of interest in the inositol lipids. Now the water-soluble phase is once again becoming a focus of interest. Old and new data point to a new vista of inositol phosphates, with functions in many diverse aspects of cell biology, such as ion-channel physiology, membrane dynamics and nuclear signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F Irvine
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hermosura MC, Takeuchi H, Fleig A, Riley AM, Potter BV, Hirata M, Penner R. InsP4 facilitates store-operated calcium influx by inhibition of InsP3 5-phosphatase. Nature 2000; 408:735-40. [PMID: 11130077 DOI: 10.1038/35047115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) initiates Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and the subsequent activation of store-operated calcium influx. InsP3 is metabolized within seconds by 5-phosphatase and 3-kinase, yielding Ins(1,4)P2 and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4), respectively. Some studies have suggested that InsP4 controls Ca2+ influx in combination with InsP3 (refs 3 and 4), but another study did not find the same result. Some of the apparent conflicts between these previous studies have been resolved; however, the physiological function of InsP4 remains elusive. Here we have investigated the function of InsP4 in Ca2+ influx in the mast cell line RBL-2H3, and we show that InsP4 inhibits InsP3 metabolism through InsP3 5-phosphatase, thereby facilitating the activation of the store-operated Ca2+ current I(CRAC) (ref. 9). Physiologically, this mechanism opens a discriminatory time window for coincidence detection that enables selective facilitation of Ca2+ influx by appropriately timed low-level receptor stimulation. At higher concentrations, InsP4 acts as an inhibitor of InsP3 receptors, enabling InsP4 to act as a potent bi-modal regulator of cellular sensitivity to InsP3, which provides both facilitatory and inhibitory feedback on Ca2+ signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Hermosura
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Signaling, Center for Biomedical Research and John A Burns School of Medicine at The University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vallano ML, Beaman-Hall CM, Mathur A, Chen Q. Astrocytes express specific variants of CaM KII delta and gamma, but not alpha and beta, that determine their cellular localizations. Glia 2000; 30:154-64. [PMID: 10719357 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(200004)30:2<154::aid-glia5>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Multiple isoforms of type II Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaM KII) are composed of two major neuron-specific subunits, designated alpha and beta, and two less well-characterized subunits that are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues, designated delta and gamma. Regulated expression of these 4 gene products, and several variants produced by alternative splicing, shows temporal and regional specificity and influences intracellular targeting. We used immunoblotting and RT-PCR to analyze subunit and variant expression and distribution in cultured cerebellar astrocytes and neurons, and whole cerebellar cortex from rodent brain. The data indicate that: (i) astrocytes express a single splice variant of delta, namely delta(2); (ii) like neurons, astrocytes express two forms of CaM KII gamma; gamma(B) and gamma(A); (iii) these CaM KII variants are enriched in the supernate fraction in astrocytes, and the particulate fraction in neurons; (iv) unlike neurons, astrocytes do not express detectable levels of alpha or beta subunits or their respective splice variants. The results indicate that neurons and astrocytes express distinct CaM KII subunits and variants that localize to distinct subcellular compartments and, by inference, exert distinct cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Vallano
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY/Health Science Center, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|