1
|
Kawaguchi S, Moukette B, Sepúlveda MN, Hayasaka T, Aonuma T, Haskell AK, Mah J, Liangpunsakul S, Tang Y, Conway SJ, Kim IM. SPRR1A is a key downstream effector of MiR-150 during both maladaptive cardiac remodeling in mice and human cardiac fibroblast activation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:446. [PMID: 37468478 PMCID: PMC10356860 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-150 (miR-150) is conserved between rodents and humans, is significantly downregulated during heart failure (HF), and correlates with patient outcomes. We previously reported that miR-150 is protective during myocardial infarction (MI) in part by decreasing cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis and that proapoptotic small proline-rich protein 1a (Sprr1a) is a direct CM target of miR-150. We also showed that Sprr1a knockdown in mice improves cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis post-MI and that Sprr1a is upregulated in pathological mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) from ischemic myocardium. However, the direct functional relationship between miR-150 and SPRR1A during both post-MI remodeling in mice and human CF (HCF) activation was not established. Here, using a novel miR-150 knockout;Sprr1a-hypomorphic (Sprr1ahypo/hypo) mouse model, we demonstrate that Sprr1a knockdown blunts adverse post-MI effects caused by miR-150 loss. Moreover, HCF studies reveal that SPRR1A is upregulated in hypoxia/reoxygenation-treated HCFs and is downregulated in HCFs exposed to the cardioprotective β-blocker carvedilol, which is inversely associated with miR-150 expression. Significantly, we show that the protective roles of miR-150 in HCFs are directly mediated by functional repression of profibrotic SPRR1A. These findings delineate a pivotal functional interaction between miR-150 and SPRR1A as a novel regulatory mechanism pertinent to CF activation and ischemic HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bruno Moukette
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marisa N Sepúlveda
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Taiki Hayasaka
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatsuya Aonuma
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Pulmonology, and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Angela K Haskell
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jessica Mah
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Il-Man Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-U’datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Al-Husein B, Hiram R, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-shboul O, Jaradat S, Alqbelat J, Almajwal A. Involvement and possible role of transglutaminases 1 and 2 in mediating fibrotic signalling, collagen cross-linking and cell proliferation in neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281320. [PMID: 36848364 PMCID: PMC9970086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TG) isoforms control diverse normal and pathophysiologic processes through their capacity to cross-link extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Their functional and signalling roles in cardiac fibrosis remain poorly understood, despite some evidence of TG2 involvement in abnormal ECM remodelling in heart diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TG1 and TG2 in mediating fibrotic signalling, collagen cross-linking, and cell proliferation in healthy fibroblasts by siRNA-mediated knockdown. siRNA for TG1, TG2 or negative control was transfected into cultured neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. mRNA expression of TGs and profibrotic, proliferation and apoptotic markers was assessed by qPCR. Cell proliferation and soluble and insoluble collagen were determined by ELISA and LC-MS/MS, respectively. TG1 and TG2 were both expressed in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts before transfection. Other TGs were not detected before and after transfection. TG2 was predominantly expressed and more effectively silenced than TG1. Knocking down TG1 or TG2 significantly modified profibrotic markers mRNA expression in fibroblasts, decreasing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and increasing transforming growth factor-β1 compared to the negative siRNA control. Reduced expression of collagen 3A1 was found upon TG1 knockdown, while TG2 knockdown raised α-smooth muscle actin expression. TG2 knockdown further increased fibroblast proliferation and the expression of proliferation marker cyclin D1. Lower insoluble collagen content and collagen cross-linking were evidenced upon silencing TG1 or TG2. Transcript levels of collagen 1A1, fibronectin 1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, cyclin E2, and BCL-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio were strongly correlated with TG1 mRNA expression, whereas TG2 expression correlated strongly with CTGF mRNA abundance. These findings support a functional and signalling role for TG1 and TG2 from fibroblasts in regulating key processes underlying myocardial ECM homeostasis and dysregulation, suggesting that these isoforms could be potential and promising targets for the development of cardiac fibrosis therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doa’a G. F. Al-U’datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Carole C. Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Belal Al-Husein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Physiology Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Othman Al-shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jenan Alqbelat
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Emerging Therapy for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Practice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030662. [PMID: 36979641 PMCID: PMC10045486 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by abnormal myocardial structure or performance in the absence of coronary artery disease or significant valvular heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. The spectrum of diabetic cardiomyopathy ranges from subtle myocardial changes to myocardial fibrosis and diastolic function and finally to symptomatic heart failure. Except for sodium–glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors and possibly bariatric and metabolic surgery, there is currently no specific treatment for this distinct disease entity in patients with diabetes. The molecular mechanism of diabetic cardiomyopathy includes impaired nutrient-sensing signaling, dysregulated autophagy, impaired mitochondrial energetics, altered fuel utilization, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, advanced glycation end-products, inflammation, impaired calcium homeostasis, abnormal endothelial function and nitric oxide production, aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and sympathetic hyperactivity, and extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis. Here, we summarize several important emerging treatments for diabetic cardiomyopathy targeting specific molecular mechanisms, with evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials.
Collapse
|
4
|
Moon JJ, Choi Y, Kim KH, Seo A, Kwon S, Kim YC, Kim DK, Kim YS, Yang SH. Inhibiting Transglutaminase 2 Mediates Kidney Fibrosis via Anti-Apoptosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061345. [PMID: 35740367 PMCID: PMC9220123 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a calcium-dependent transamidating acyltransferase enzyme of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase family implicated in kidney injury. In this study, we identified associations between TG2 and chronic kidney disease (CKD) identified by visualizing TG2 in kidney biopsy samples derived from CKD patients using immunohistochemistry and measuring the plasma TG2 concentrations. Our study revealed a connection between TG2 and the pathological markers of kidney disease. We showed high plasma TG2 levels in samples from patients with advanced CKD. In addition, we observed an increase in TG2 expression in tissues concomitant with advanced CKD in human samples. Moreover, we investigated the effect of TG2 inhibition on kidney injury using cystamine, a well-known competitive inhibitor of TG2. TG2 inhibition reduced apoptosis and accumulation of extracellular molecules (ECM) such as fibronectin and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. Collectively, the increased expression of TG2 that was observed in advanced CKD, hence inhibiting TG2 activity, could protect kidney cells from ECM molecule accumulation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses, thereby preventing kidney fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Joo Moon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Yejin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Kyu-Hyeon Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Areum Seo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Soie Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Dong-Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yon-Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-1724
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-U'datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-Shboul O, Hiram R, Allen BG, Jaradat S, Alqbelat J, Abu-Zaiton AS. Implications of enigmatic transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in cardiac diseases and therapeutic developments. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115104. [PMID: 35617996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests that transglutaminases (TGs), tissue TG (TG2) in particular, are involved in numerous molecular responses underlying the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. The TG family has several intra- and extracellular functions in the human body, including collagen cross-linking, angiogenesis, cell growth, differentiation, migration, adhesion as well as survival. TGs are thiol- and calcium-dependent acyl transferases that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between the γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine residue and an amine group, thus increasing the stability, rigidity, and stiffness of the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM). Excessive accumulation of cross-linked collagen leads to increase myocardial stiffness and fibrosis. Beyond TG2 extracellular protein cross-linking action, mounting evidence suggests that this pleiotropic TG isozyme may also promote fibrotic diseases through cell survival and profibrotic pathway activation at the signaling, transcriptional and translational levels. Due to its multiple functions and localizations, TG2 fulfils critical yet incompletely understood roles in myocardial fibrosis and associated heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and age-related myocardial stiffness under several conditions. This review summarizes current knowledge and existing gaps regarding the ECM-dependent and ECM-independent roles of TG2 and highlights the therapeutic prospects of targeting TG2 to treat cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a G F Al-U'datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Carole C Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Jenan Alqbelat
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S Abu-Zaiton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Al al-bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen S, Ma J, Chi J, Zhang B, Zheng X, Chen J, Liu J. Roles and potential clinical implications of tissue transglutaminase in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106085. [PMID: 35033646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality and morbidity are among the most critical disease burdens worldwide. CVDs encompass many diseases and involve complex pathogenesis and pathological changes. While research on these diseases has advanced significantly, treatments and their efficacy remain rather limited. New therapeutic strategies and targets must, therefore, be explored. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is pivotal to the pathological development of CVDs, including participating in the cross-linking of extracellular proteins, activation of fibroblasts, hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and inflammatory reactions. Regulating TG2 activity and expression could ensure remarkable improvements in disorders like heart failure (HF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), hypertension, and coronary atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in TG2: we discuss its role and mechanisms in the progression of various CVDs and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bingxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tappia P, Elimban V, Dhalla N. Involvement of phospholipase C in the norepinephrine-induced hypertrophic response in Cardiomyocytes. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-36527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is known to mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the G protein coupled a1 -adrenoceptor (a1 -AR) and the activation of the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC). Since the by-products of PLC activity are important downstream signal transducers for cardiac hypertrophy, the role of and the regulatory mechanisms involved in the activation of PLC isozymes in cardiac hypertrophy are highlighted in this review. The discussion is focused to underscore PLC in different experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy, as well as in isolated adult and neonatal cardiomyocytes treated with NE. Particular emphasis is laid concerning the a1 -AR-PLC-mediated hypertrophic signalling pathway. From the information provided, it is evident that the specific activation of PLC isozymes is a primary signalling event in the a1 -AR mediated response to NE as well as initiation and progression of cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, the possibility of PLC involvement in the perpetuation of cardiac hypertrophy is also described. It is suggested that specific PLC isozymes may serve as viable targets for the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy in patient population at-risk for the development of heart failure.
Collapse
|
8
|
Maamra M, Benayad OM, Matthews D, Kettleborough C, Atkinson J, Cain K, Bon H, Brand H, Parkinson M, Watson PF, Johnson TS. Transglutaminase 2: Development of therapeutic antibodies reveals four inhibitory epitopes and confirms extracellular function in fibrotic remodelling. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2697-2712. [PMID: 34879432 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) catalyses formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine bonds between proteins, including those of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Elevated extracellular TG2 leads to accelerated ECM deposition and reduced clearance that underlies tissue scarring and fibrosis. Many transglutaminase inhibitors exist and allowed for proof-of-concept studies in disease models, but their lack of specificity for the TG2 isoform, and/or poor pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties have limited their clinical application. We hypothesised that a high affinity TG2-specific antibody could be developed to specifically inhibit extracellular TG2 activity, with characteristics suitable for therapeutic development. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Individual human TG2 domains were used to immunise mice and generate hybridomas. Supernatants were screened for inhibition of recombinant human TG2 activity, with TG2 specificity determined by ELISA. KEY RESULTS Thirteen TG2-specific supernatants inhibited human transamidation activity. Each hybridoma was cloned and antibody mapped to an epitope in the TG2 core domain, using phage display panning of a TG2 fragment library. Four distinct inhibitory epitopes were determined. The most effective antibodies (AB1, DC1 and BB7) bound to amino acids 313-327 (catalytic core), with an IC50 of approximately 10 nM. The antibodies inhibit TG2 in human cells and block ECM accumulation in a primary human proximal tubular epithelial cell model of fibrosis, only 7 antibodies inhibited rat TG2, and all with higher IC50 values. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We identified a preferred inhibitory epitope in human TG2, developed antibodies with required characteristics for clinical development, and established that targeted inhibition of extracellular TG2 transamidation activity is sufficient to modify fibrotic remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouka Maamra
- Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Osama Mehdi Benayad
- Academic Nephrology Unit (Sheffield Kidney Institute), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - John Atkinson
- Academic Nephrology Unit (Sheffield Kidney Institute), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip F Watson
- Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy S Johnson
- Academic Nephrology Unit (Sheffield Kidney Institute), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aonuma T, Moukette B, Kawaguchi S, Barupala NP, Sepulveda MN, Corr C, Tang Y, Liangpunsakul S, Payne RM, Willis MS, Kim IM. Cardiomyocyte microRNA-150 confers cardiac protection and directly represses pro-apoptotic small proline-rich protein 1A. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150405. [PMID: 34403363 PMCID: PMC8492334 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-150 (miR-150) is downregulated in patients with multiple cardiovascular diseases and in diverse mouse models of heart failure (HF). miR-150 is significantly associated with HF severity and outcome in humans. We previously reported that miR-150 is activated by β-blocker carvedilol (Carv) and plays a protective role in the heart using a systemic miR-150 KO mouse model. However, mechanisms that regulate cell-specific miR-150 expression and function in HF are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that potentially novel conditional cardiomyocyte–specific (CM-specific) miR-150 KO (miR-150 cKO) in mice worsens maladaptive cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis in miR-150 cKO mouse hearts identifies small proline–rich protein 1a (Sprr1a) as a potentially novel target of miR-150. Our studies further reveal that Sprr1a expression is upregulated in CMs isolated from ischemic myocardium and subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion, while its expression is downregulated in hearts and CMs by Carv. We also show that left ventricular SPRR1A is upregulated in patients with HF and that Sprr1a knockdown in mice prevents maladaptive post-MI remodeling. Lastly, protective roles of CM miR-150 are, in part, attributed to the direct and functional repression of proapoptotic Sprr1a. Our findings suggest a crucial role for the miR-150/SPRR1A axis in regulating CM function post-MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Aonuma
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Bruno Moukette
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Nipuni P Barupala
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Marisa N Sepulveda
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Christopher Corr
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, United States of America
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - R Mark Payne
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Il-Man Kim
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Markvardsen LK, Sønderskov LD, Wandall-Frostholm C, Pinilla E, Prat-Duran J, Aalling M, Mogensen S, Andersen CU, Simonsen U. Cystamine Treatment Fails to Prevent the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Hypoxic Rats. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:237-251. [PMID: 33910208 DOI: 10.1159/000515511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by vasoconstriction and remodeling of pulmonary arteries, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. We have previously found upregulation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in the right ventricle of chronic hypoxic rats. The hypothesis of the present study was that treatment with the transglutaminase inhibitor, cystamine, would inhibit the development of pulmonary arterial remodeling, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular hypertrophy. METHODS Effect of cystamine on transamidase activity was investigated in tissue homogenates. Wistar rats were exposed to chronic hypoxia and treated with vehicle, cystamine (40 mg/kg/day in mini-osmotic pumps), sildenafil (25 mg/kg/day), or the combination for 2 weeks. RESULTS Cystamine concentration-dependently inhibited TG2 transamidase activity in liver and lung homogenates. In contrast to cystamine, sildenafil reduced right ventricular systolic pressure and hypertrophy and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and muscularization in chronic hypoxic rats. Fibrosis in the lung tissue decreased in chronic hypoxic rats treated with cystamine. TG2 expression was similar in the right ventricle and lung tissue of drug and vehicle-treated hypoxic rats. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Cystamine inhibited TG2 transamidase activity, but cystamine failed to prevent pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary arterial muscularization in the chronic hypoxic rat.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arterial Pressure/drug effects
- Cystamine/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/enzymology
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/enzymology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/enzymology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/prevention & control
- Rats, Wistar
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Right/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
- Mice
- Rats
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars K Markvardsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene D Sønderskov
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christine Wandall-Frostholm
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Estéfano Pinilla
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Judit Prat-Duran
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Aalling
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susie Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte U Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Penumatsa KC, Falcão-Pires I, Leite S, Leite-Moreira A, Bhedi CD, Nasirova S, Ma J, Sutliff RL, Fanburg BL. Increased Transglutaminase 2 Expression and Activity in Rodent Models of Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome and Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:560019. [PMID: 33041859 PMCID: PMC7522548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.560019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction of the heart and decreased compliance of the vasculature and lungs (i.e., increased organ tissue stiffness) are known features of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, cardiac diastolic dysfunction is associated with aging. Elevation of the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) leads to protein cross-linking and enhanced collagen synthesis and participates as a candidate pathway for development of tissue stiffness. With these observations in mind we hypothesized that TG2 may be elevated in tissues of a rat model of obesity/metabolic syndrome (the ZSF 1 rat) and a mouse model of aging, i.e., the senescent SAMP8 mouse. In the experiments reported here, TG2 expression and activity were found for the first time to be spontaneously elevated in organs from both the ZSF1 rat and the SAMP8 mouse. These observations are consistent with a hypothesis that a TG2-related pathway may participate in the known tissue stiffness associated with cardiac diastolic dysfunction in these two rodent models. The potential TG2 pathway needs better correlation with physiologic dysfunction and may eventually provide novel therapeutic insights to improve tissue compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C. Penumatsa
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ines Falcão-Pires
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Leite
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chinmayee D. Bhedi
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabina Nasirova
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Roy L. Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Barry L. Fanburg
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Furini G, Burhan I, Huang L, Savoca MP, Atobatele A, Johnson T, Verderio EAM. Insights into the heparan sulphate-dependent externalisation of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) in glucose-stimulated proximal-like tubular epithelial cells. Anal Biochem 2020; 603:113628. [PMID: 32074489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is highly implicated in tissue fibrosis that precedes end-stage kidney failure. TG2 is unconventionally secreted through extracellular vesicles in a way that depends on the heparan sulphate (HS) proteoglycan syndecan-4 (Sdc4), the deletion of which reduces experimental kidney fibrosis as a result of lower extracellular TG2 in the tubule-interstitium. Here we establish a model of TG2 externalisation in NRK-52E tubular epithelial cells subjected to glucose stress. HS-binding TG2 mutants had reduced extracellular TG2 in transfected NRK-52E, suggesting that TG2-externalisation depends on an intact TG2 heparin binding site. Inhibition of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) vesicle-fusing ATPase, which was identified in the recently elucidated TG2 kidney membrane-interactome, led to significantly lower TG2-externalisation, thus validating the involvement of membrane fusion in TG2 secretion. As cyclin-G-associated kinase (GAK) had emerged as a further TG2-partner in the fibrotic kidney, we investigated whether glucose-induced TG2-externalisation was accompanied by TG2 phosphorylation in consensus sequences of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Glucose stress led to intense TG2 phosphorylation in serine/threonine CDK-target. TG2 phosphorylation by tyrosine kinases was also increased by glucose. Although the precise role of glucose-induced TG2 phosphorylation is unknown, these novel data suggest that phosphorylation may be involved in TG2 membrane-trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furini
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Izhar Burhan
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Linghong Huang
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pia Savoca
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Adeola Atobatele
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Tim Johnson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A M Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK; BiGeA, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Griffin KJ, Newell LM, Simpson KR, Beckers CML, Drinkhill MJ, Standeven KF, Cheah LT, Iismaa SE, Grant PJ, Jackson CL, Pease RJ. Transglutaminase 2 limits the extravasation and the resultant myocardial fibrosis associated with factor XIII-A deficiency. Atherosclerosis 2019; 294:1-9. [PMID: 31874419 PMCID: PMC7024992 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Transglutaminase (TG) 2 and Factor (F) XIII-A have both been implicated in cardiovascular protection and repair. This study was designed to differentiate between two competing hypotheses: that TG2 and FXIII-A mediate these functions in mice by fulfilling separate roles, or that they act redundantly in this respect. Methods Atherosclerosis was assessed in brachiocephalic artery plaques of fat-fed mixed strain apolipoprotein (Apo)e deficient mice that lacked either or both transglutaminases. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed both in the mixed strain mice and also in C57BL/6J Apoe expressing mice lacking either or both transglutaminases. Results No difference was found in the density of buried fibrous caps within brachiocephalic plaques from mice expressing or lacking these transglutaminases. Cardiac fibrosis developed in both Apoe/F13a1 double knockout and F13a1 single knockout mice, but not in Tgm2 knockout mice. However, concomitant Tgm2 knockout markedly increased fibrosis, as apparent in both Apoe/Tgm2/F13a1 knockout and Tgm2/F13a1 knockout mice. Amongst F13a1 knockout and Tgm2/F13a1 knockout mice, the extent of fibrosis correlated with hemosiderin deposition, suggesting that TG2 limits the extravasation of blood in the myocardium, which in turn reduces the pro-fibrotic stimulus. The resulting fibrosis was interstitial in nature and caused only minor changes in cardiac function. Conclusions These studies confirm that FXIII-A and TG2 fulfil different roles in the mouse myocardium. FXIII-A protects against vascular leakage while TG2 contributes to the stability or repair of the vasculature. The protective function of TG2 must be considered when designing clinical anti-fibrotic therapies based upon FXIII-A or TG2 inhibition. Double transglutaminase 2 and Factor XIII-A knockout exacerbates cardiac fibrosis. Double knockout does not promote the growth of, or destabilise, brachiocephalic plaques. FXIII-A in resident cardiac macrophages does not protect against cardiac fibrosis. FXIII-A in inflammatory macrophages may contribute to protection against fibrosis. Transglutaminase 2 and Factor XIII-A protect against extravasation of blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Griffin
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Laura M Newell
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Kingsley R Simpson
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Cora M L Beckers
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark J Drinkhill
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kristina F Standeven
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lih T Cheah
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Siiri E Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Peter J Grant
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Richard J Pease
- Discovery and Translational Science Division, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li J, Mao R, Kurada S, Wang J, Lin S, Chandra J, Rieder F. Pathogenesis of fibrostenosing Crohn's disease. Transl Res 2019; 209:39-54. [PMID: 30981697 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which could affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. A severe complication of CD is fibrosis-associated strictures, which can cause bowel obstruction. Unfortunately, there is no specific antifibrotic therapy available. More than 80% of the patients with CD will have to undergo at least 1 surgery in their life and recurrence of strictures after surgery is common. Investigations on the mechanism of fibrostenosing CD have revealed that fibrosis is mainly driven by expansion of mesenchymal cells including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Being exposed to a pro-fibrotic milieu, these cells increase the secretion of extracellular matrix, as well as crosslinking enzymes, which drive tissue stiffness and remodeling. Fibrogenesis can become independent of inflammation in later stages of disease, which offers unique therapeutic potential. Exciting new evidence suggests smooth muscle cell hyperplasia as a strong contributor to luminal narrowing in fibrostenotic CD. Approval of new drugs in other fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as new targets associated with fibrosis found in CD, such as cadherins or specific integrins, shed light on the development of novel antifibrotic approaches in CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ren Mao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Satya Kurada
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sinan Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jyotsna Chandra
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu C, Luo R, Wang W, Peng Z, Johnson GVW, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue Transglutaminase-Mediated AT1 Receptor Sensitization Underlies Pro-inflammatory Cytokine LIGHT-Induced Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:476-485. [PMID: 30715101 PMCID: PMC6475879 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous recent studies have shown a strong link between inflammation and hypertension, the underlying mechanisms by which inflammatory cytokines induce hypertension remain to be fully elucidated. Hypertensive disorders are also associated with elevated pressor sensitivity. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a potent cross-linking enzyme, is known to be transcriptionally activated by inflammatory cytokines and stabilize angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor AT1 (AT1R) via ubiquitination-preventing posttranslational modification. Here we sought to investigate the TG2-mediated AT1R stabilization in inflammation-induced hypertension and its functional consequences with a focus on receptor abundance and Ang II responsiveness. METHODS AND RESULTS Using an experimental model of inflammation-induced hypertension established by introducing the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor cytokine LIGHT, we provide pharmacologic and genetic evidence that TG2 is required for LIGHT-induced hypertension (systolic pressure on day 6: LIGHT = 152.3 ± 7.4 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E [TG2 inhibitor] = 105.8 ± 13.1 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 114.3 ± 4.3 mm Hg, P < 0.05, n = 4–5) and renal compromise (urine albumin/creatinine: LIGHT = 0.17 ± 0.05 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E = 0.03 ± 0.01 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 0.06 ± 0.01 mg/mg; plasma creatinine: LIGHT = 1.11 ± 0.04 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E = 0.94 ± 0.04 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 0.88 ± 0.09 mg/dl; urine volume: LIGHT = 0.23 ± 0.1 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E = 0.84 ± 0.13 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 1.02 ± 0.09 ml/24 hour on day 14, P < 0.05, n = 4–5). Our mechanistic studies showed that the TG2-mediated AT1R modification and accumulation (relative renal AT1R level: phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] = 1.23 ± 0.22, LIGHT = 3.49 ± 0.37, and LIGHT+ERW1041E = 1.77 ± 0.46, P < 0.05, n = 3; LIGHT+TG2+/+ = 85.28 ± 36.11 vs. LIGHT+TG2−/− = 7.01 ± 5.68, P < 0.05, n = 3) induced by LIGHT is associated with abrogated β-arrestin binding (AT1R/associated β-arrestin ratio: PBS = 2.62 ± 1.07, LIGHT = 38.60 ± 13.91, and LIGHT+ERW1041E = 6.97 ± 2.91, P < 0.05, n = 3; LIGHT+TG2+/+ = 66.43 ± 44.81 vs. LIGHT+TG2−/− = 2.45 ± 1.78, P < 0.01, n = 3) and could be found in renal medulla tubules of kidneys (relative tubular AT1R level: PBS = 5.91 ± 2.93, LIGHT = 92.82 ± 19.54, LIGHT+ERW1041E = 28.49 ± 11.65, and LIGHT+TG2−/− = 0.14 ± 0.10, P < 0.01, n = 5) and the blood vasculature (relative vascular AT1R level: PBS = 0.70 ± 0.30, LIGHT = 13.75 ± 2.49, and LIGHT+ERW1041E = 3.28 ± 0.87, P < 0.01, n = 3), 2 of the tissues highly related to the genesis of hypertension. Our in vitro cellular assays showed that LIGHT stimulation triggered a rapid TG2-dependent increase in the abundance of AT1Rs (relative AT1R level after 2-hour LIGHT treatment: AT1R (WT)+TG2 = 2.21 ± 0.23, AT1R (Q315A)+TG2 = 0.18 ± 0.23, P < 0.05 vs. starting point = 1, n = 2) and downstream calcium signaling (fold increase in NFAT-driven luciferase activity: Saline = 0.02 ± 0.03, Ang II = 0.17 ± 0.08, LIGHT = 0.05 ± 0.04, LIGHT+Ang II = 0.90 ± 0.04 (P < 0.01 vs. Ang II), and LIGHT+Ang II+ERW1041E = 0.15 ± 0.15 (P < 0.01 vs. LIGHT+Ang II), n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate an essential and systemic role for TG2 in bridging inflammation to hypertension via its posttranslational modifications stabilizing AT1 receptor and sensitizing Ang II. Our findings also suggest that TG2 inhibitors could be used as a novel group of cardiovascular agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Renna Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PRC
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110562. [PMID: 30715061 PMCID: PMC6265872 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments' quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Andenæs K, Lunde IG, Mohammadzadeh N, Dahl CP, Aronsen JM, Strand ME, Palmero S, Sjaastad I, Christensen G, Engebretsen KVT, Tønnessen T. The extracellular matrix proteoglycan fibromodulin is upregulated in clinical and experimental heart failure and affects cardiac remodeling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201422. [PMID: 30052659 PMCID: PMC6063439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure overload of the heart leads to cardiac remodeling that may progress into heart failure, a common, morbid and mortal condition. Increased mechanistic insight into remodeling is instrumental for development of novel heart failure treatment. Cardiac remodeling comprises cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth, extracellular matrix alterations including fibrosis, and inflammation. Fibromodulin is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan that regulates collagen fibrillogenesis. Fibromodulin is expressed in the cardiac extracellular matrix, however its role in the heart remains largely unknown. We investigated fibromodulin levels in myocardial biopsies from heart failure patients and mice, subjected fibromodulin knock-out (FMOD-KO) mice to pressure overload by aortic banding, and overexpressed fibromodulin in cultured cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts using adenovirus. Fibromodulin was 3-10-fold upregulated in hearts of heart failure patients and mice. Both cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts expressed fibromodulin, and its expression was increased by pro-inflammatory stimuli. Without stress, FMOD-KO mice showed no cardiac phenotype. Upon aortic banding, left ventricles of FMOD-KO mice developed mildly exacerbated hypertrophic remodeling compared to wild-type mice, with increased cardiomyocyte size and altered infiltration of leukocytes. There were no differences in mortality, left ventricle dilatation, dysfunction or expression of heart failure markers. Although collagen amount and cross-linking were comparable in FMOD-KO and wild-type, overexpression of fibromodulin in cardiac fibroblasts in vitro decreased their migratory capacity and expression of fibrosis-associated molecules, i.e. the collagen-cross linking enzyme lysyl oxidase, transglutaminase 2 and periostin. In conclusion, despite a robust fibromodulin upregulation in clinical and experimental heart failure, FMOD-KO mice showed a relatively mild hypertrophic phenotype. In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, fibromodulin has anti-fibrotic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kine Andenæs
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida G. Lunde
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Naiyereh Mohammadzadeh
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christen P. Dahl
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Magnus Aronsen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari E. Strand
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sheryl Palmero
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin V. T. Engebretsen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Vestre Viken Hospital, Drammen, Norway
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shinde AV, Dobaczewski M, de Haan JJ, Saxena A, Lee KK, Xia Y, Chen W, Su Y, Hanif W, Kaur Madahar I, Paulino VM, Melino G, Frangogiannis NG. Tissue transglutaminase induction in the pressure-overloaded myocardium regulates matrix remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:892-905. [PMID: 28371893 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is induced in injured and remodelling tissues, and modulates cellular phenotype, while contributing to matrix cross-linking. Our study tested the hypothesis that tTG may be expressed in the pressure-overloaded myocardium, and may regulate cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis and chamber remodelling. Methods and results In order to test the hypothesis, wild-type and tTG null mice were subjected to pressure overload induced through transverse aortic constriction. Moreover, we used isolated cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages to dissect the mechanisms of tTG-mediated actions. tTG expression was upregulated in the pressure-overloaded mouse heart and was localized in cardiomyocytes, interstitial cells, and in the extracellular matrix. In contrast, expression of transglutaminases 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and FXIII was not induced in the remodelling myocardium. In vitro, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulated tTG synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts and in macrophages through distinct signalling pathways. tTG null mice had increased mortality and enhanced ventricular dilation following pressure overload, but were protected from diastolic dysfunction. tTG loss was associated with a hypercellular cardiac interstitium, reduced collagen cross-linking, and with accentuated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 activity in the pressure-overloaded myocardium. In vitro, tTG did not modulate TGF-β-mediated responses in cardiac fibroblasts; however, tTG loss was associated with accentuated proliferative activity. Moreover, when bound to the matrix, recombinant tTG induced synthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 through transamidase-independent actions. Conclusions Following pressure overload, endogenous tTG mediates matrix cross-linking, while protecting the remodelling myocardium from dilation by exerting matrix-preserving actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arti V Shinde
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marcin Dobaczewski
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Judith J de Haan
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Amit Saxena
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kang-Kon Lee
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Waqas Hanif
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Inderpreet Kaur Madahar
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Victor M Paulino
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gerry Melino
- Biochemistry IDI-IRCCS Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cardiac fibrosis can be attenuated by blocking the activity of transglutaminase 2 using a selective small-molecule inhibitor. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:613. [PMID: 29795262 PMCID: PMC5966415 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is implicit in all forms of heart disease but there are no effective treatments. In this report, we investigate the role of the multi-functional enzyme Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in cardiac fibrosis and assess its potential as a therapeutic target. Here we describe the use a highly selective TG2 small-molecule inhibitor to test the efficacy of TG2 inhibition as an anti-fibrotic therapy for heart failure employing two different in vivo models of cardiac fibrosis: Progressively induced interstitial cardiac fibrosis by pressure overload using angiotensin II infusion: Acutely induced focal cardiac fibrosis through myocardial infarction by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (AMI model). In the AMI model, in vivo MRI showed that the TG2 inhibitor 1–155 significantly reduced infarct size by over 50% and reduced post-infarct remodelling at 20 days post insult. In both models, Sirius red staining for collagen deposition and levels of the TG2-mediated protein crosslink ε(γ-glutamyl)lysine were significantly reduced. No cardiac rupture or obvious signs of toxicity were observed. To provide a molecular mechanism for TG2 involvement in cardiac fibrosis, we show that both TGFβ1-induced transition of cardiofibroblasts into myofibroblast-like cells and TGFβ1-induced EndMT, together with matrix deposition, can be attenuated by the TG2 selective inhibitor 1–155, suggesting a new role for TG2 in regulating TGFβ1 signalling in addition to its role in latent TGFβ1 activation. In conclusion, TG2 has a role in cardiac fibrosis through activation of myofibroblasts and matrix deposition. TG2 inhibition using a selective small-molecule inhibitor can attenuate cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Koentges C, Pepin ME, Müsse C, Pfeil K, Alvarez SVV, Hoppe N, Hoffmann MM, Odening KE, Sossalla S, Zirlik A, Hein L, Bode C, Wende AR, Bugger H. Gene expression analysis to identify mechanisms underlying heart failure susceptibility in mice and humans. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 113:8. [PMID: 29288409 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are known to modulate cardiac susceptibility to ventricular hypertrophy and failure. To determine how strain influences the transcriptional response to pressure overload-induced heart failure (HF) and which of these changes accurately reflect the human disease, we analyzed the myocardial transcriptional profile of mouse strains with high (C57BL/6J) and low (129S1/SvImJ) susceptibility for HF development, which we compared to that of human failing hearts. Following transverse aortic constriction (TAC), C57BL/6J mice developed overt HF while 129S1/SvImJ did not. Despite a milder aortic constriction, impairment of ejection fraction and ventricular remodeling (dilation, fibrosis) was more pronounced in C57BL/6J mice. Similarly, changes in myocardial gene expression were more robust in C57BL/6J (461 genes) compared to 129S1/SvImJ mice (71 genes). When comparing these patterns to human dilated cardiomyopathy (1344 genes), C57BL/6J mice tightly grouped to human hearts. Overlay and bioinformatic analysis of the transcriptional profiles of C57BL/6J mice and human failing hearts identified six co-regulated genes (POSTN, CTGF, FN1, LOX, NOX4, TGFB2) with established link to HF development. Pathway enrichment analysis identified angiotensin and IGF-1 signaling as most enriched putative upstream regulator and pathway, respectively, shared between TAC-induced HF in C57BL/6J mice and in human failing hearts. TAC-induced heart failure in C57BL/6J mice more closely reflects the gene expression pattern of human dilated cardiomyopathy compared to 129S1/SvImJ mice. Unbiased as well as targeted gene expression and pathway analyses identified periostin, angiotensin signaling, and IGF-1 signaling as potential causes of increased HF susceptibility in C57BL/6J mice and as potentially useful drug targets for HF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koentges
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark E Pepin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, BMR2 Rm 506, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Carolyn Müsse
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Pfeil
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonia V Viteri Alvarez
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael M Hoffmann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja E Odening
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Sossalla
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, BMR2 Rm 506, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Heiko Bugger
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
β 2 -adrenoceptor-induced modulation of transglutaminase 2 transamidase activity in cardiomyoblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 813:105-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
22
|
Penumatsa KC, Toksoz D, Warburton RR, Kharnaf M, Preston IR, Kapur NK, Khosla C, Hill NS, Fanburg BL. Transglutaminase 2 in pulmonary and cardiac tissue remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L752-L762. [PMID: 28775095 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00170.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue matrix remodeling and fibrosis leading to loss of pulmonary arterial and right ventricular compliance are important features of both experimental and clinical pulmonary hypertension (PH). We have previously reported that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is involved in PH development while others have shown it to be a cross-linking enzyme that participates in remodeling of extracellular matrix in fibrotic diseases in general. In the present studies, we used a mouse model of experimental PH (Sugen 5416 and hypoxia; SuHypoxia) and cultured primary human cardiac and pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts to evaluate the relationship of TG2 to the processes of fibrosis, protein cross-linking, extracellular matrix collagen accumulation, and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation. We report here that TG2 expression and activity as measured by serotonylated fibronectin and protein cross-linking activity along with fibrogenic markers are significantly elevated in lungs and right ventricles of SuHypoxic mice with PH. Similarly, TG2 expression and activity, protein cross-linking activity, and fibrogenic markers are significantly increased in cultured cardiac and pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts in response to hypoxia exposure. Pharmacological inhibition of TG2 activity with ERW1041E significantly reduced hypoxia-induced cross-linking activity and synthesis of collagen 1 and α-smooth muscle actin in both the in vivo and in vitro studies. TG2 short interfering RNA had a similar effect in vitro. Our results suggest that TG2 plays an important role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary and right ventricular tissue matrix remodeling in the development of PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Penumatsa
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deniz Toksoz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rod R Warburton
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mousa Kharnaf
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioana R Preston
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navin K Kapur
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barry L Fanburg
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu C, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Hypertension: The Essential Role of Tissue Transglutaminase. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:756-764. [PMID: 28338973 PMCID: PMC5861548 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines cause hypertension when introduced into animals. Additional evidence indicates that cytokines induce the production of autoantibodies that activate the AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R). Extensive evidence shows that these autoantibodies, termed AT1-AA, contribute to hypertension. We review here recent studies showing that cytokine-induced hypertension and AT1-AA production require the ubiquitous enzyme, tissue transglutaminase (TG2). We consider 3 mechanisms by which TG2 may contribute to hypertension. (i) One involves the posttranslational modification (PTM) of AT1Rs at a glutamine residue that is present in the epitope sequence (AFHYESQ) recognized by AT1-AA. (ii) Another mechanism by which TG2 may contribute to hypertension is by PTM of AT1Rs at glutamine 315. Modification at this glutamine prevents ubiquitination-dependent proteasome degradation and allows AT1Rs to accumulate. Increased AT1R abundance is likely to account for increased sensitivity to Ang II activation and in this way contribute to hypertension. (iii) The increased TG2 produced as a result of elevated inflammatory cytokines is likely to contribute to vascular stiffness by modification of intracellular contractile proteins or by crosslinking vascular proteins in the extracellular matrix. This process, termed inward remodeling, results in reduced vascular lumen, vascular stiffness, and increased blood pressure. Based on the literature reviewed here, we hypothesize that TG2 is an essential participant in cytokine-induced hypertension. From this perspective, selective TG2 inhibitors have the potential to be pharmacologic weapons in the fight against hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodney E. Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Burhan I, Furini G, Lortat-Jacob H, Atobatele AG, Scarpellini A, Schroeder N, Atkinson J, Maamra M, Nutter FH, Watson P, Vinciguerra M, Johnson TS, Verderio EAM. Interplay between transglutaminases and heparan sulphate in progressive renal scarring. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31343. [PMID: 27694984 PMCID: PMC5046136 DOI: 10.1038/srep31343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) is a new anti-fibrotic target for chronic kidney disease, for its role in altering the extracellular homeostatic balance leading to excessive build-up of matrix in kidney. However, there is no confirmation that TG2 is the only transglutaminase involved, neither there are strategies to control its action specifically over that of the conserved family-members. In this study, we have profiled transglutaminase isozymes in the rat subtotal nephrectomy (SNx) model of progressive renal scarring. All transglutaminases increased post-SNx peaking at loss of renal function but TG2 was the predominant enzyme. Upon SNx, extracellular TG2 deposited in the tubulointerstitium and peri-glomerulus via binding to heparan sulphate (HS) chains of proteoglycans and co-associated with syndecan-4. Extracellular TG2 was sufficient to activate transforming growth factor-β1 in tubular epithelial cells, and this process occurred in a HS-dependent way, in keeping with TG2-affinity for HS. Analysis of heparin binding of the main transglutaminases revealed that although the interaction between TG1 and HS is strong, the conformational heparin binding site of TG2 is not conserved, suggesting that TG2 has a unique interaction with HS within the family. Our data provides a rationale for a novel anti-fibrotic strategy specifically targeting the conformation-dependent TG2-epitope interacting with HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Burhan
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Furini
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, F-38027, France
| | - Adeola G. Atobatele
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Scarpellini
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Schroeder
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - John Atkinson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mabrouka Maamra
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Faith H. Nutter
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Watson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S. Johnson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Expression of Transglutaminase in Foreskin of Children with Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091551. [PMID: 27649154 PMCID: PMC5037824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of unclear etiology. The etiology and the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are still unknown. The human transglutaminase (TG) family consists of several proteins with catalytic activity essential for biological processes. In the present research we investigated the transcript levels of three TGs in patients operated on for congenital phimosis without or with histologically confirmed BXO; Thirty children with acquired phimosis were enrolled. The removed foreskins were sent both for histological diagnosis and for quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate the transcript levels of keratinocyte (TG1), tissue (TG2), and epidermal (TG3) transglutaminase; We observed a decrease in TG1 and TG3 transcripts by about 70% (p < 0.001) in foreskins from patients with BXO (n = 15) in comparison with patients without BXO (n = 15) and an increase in TG2 mRNA levels by 2.9 folds (p < 0.001); Reduced expression of both TG1 and TG3 was associated with the altered structure of the foreskin in BXO and can be a consequence of damage to keratinocytes. Increased expression of TG2 can be the result of chronic inflammation. TG2 overexpression can play a pivotal role in triggering and maintaining the inflammatory response in BXO patients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Oh YJ, Pau VC, Steppan J, Sikka G, Bead VR, Nyhan D, Levine BD, Berkowitz DE, Santhanam L. Role of tissue transglutaminase in age-associated ventricular stiffness. Amino Acids 2016; 49:695-704. [PMID: 27438265 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased cardiomyocyte loss, left-ventricular hypertrophy, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix, which results in declining cardiac function. The role of the matrix crosslinking enzyme, tissue transglutaminase (TG2), in age-related myocardial stiffness, and contractile function remains incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the role of TG2 in cardiac function, and determined whether TG2 inhibition can prevent age-associated changes in cardiac function. Male Fisher rats (18-month-old) were administered the transglutaminase inhibitor cystamine (study group) or saline (age-matched controls) for 12 weeks via osmotic mini-pumps. Cardiac function was determined by echocardiography and invasive pressure-volume loops. Rat hearts were dissected out, and TG2 expression, activity, and S-nitrosation were determined. Young (6-month-old) males were used as controls. TG2 activity significantly increased in the saline-treated but not in the cystamine-treated aging rat hearts. TG2 expression also increased with age and was unaltered by cystamine treatment. Aged rats showed increased left ventricular (LV) end-systolic dimension and a decrease in fractional shortening compared with young, which was not affected by cystamine. However, cystamine treatment preserved the preload-independent index of LV filling pressure and restored end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships, and arterial elastance toward young. An increase in TG2 activity contributes to age-associated increase in diastolic stiffness, thereby contributing to age-associated diastolic dysfunction. TG2 may thus represent a novel target for age-associated diastolic heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Oh
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Vanessa C Pau
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jochen Steppan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gautam Sikka
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Valeriani R Bead
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Nyhan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tatsukawa H, Abe N, Ohashi S, Hitomi K. Distribution of transglutaminase family members in mouse whole body sections. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:1046-51. [PMID: 26456644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) comprise a protein family in which the members catalyze the formation of isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine residues in various proteins. Eight enzymes have been identified and designated as factor XIII (FXIII) and TG1-7. Expression studies of four major members, i.e., FXIII, TG1, TG2, and TG3, have been performed in a relatively large number of mammalian tissues in comparison with those on the other isozymes. The structural and biochemical characteristics of these individual isozymes and expression analyses of TG family in some tissue extracts have been reported, but there have been no simultaneous comparative analyses of both their mRNA and protein expression patterns in tissues distributions. Thus, we developed novel experimental systems for in situ hybridization using cryofilm attached to whole body sections of neonatal mice, thereby obtaining data regarding the tissue distributions of the major TG isozymes. In this study, we performed the first detailed comparative analysis of the mRNA and protein distribution studies of TG family members in a wide range of mouse tissues. These data will be helpful for elucidating the unknown physiological and pathological functions of TGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tatsukawa
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Natsumi Abe
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ohashi
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, Belkin AM, Colak G, Johnson GVW, Mehta K. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:383-417. [PMID: 24692352 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional proteins having enzymatic and scaffolding functions that participate in regulation of cell fate in a wide range of cellular systems and are implicated to have roles in development of disease. This review highlights the mechanism of action of these proteins with respect to their structure, impact on cell differentiation and survival, role in cancer development and progression, and function in signal transduction. We also discuss the mechanisms whereby TG level is controlled and how TGs control downstream targets. The studies described herein begin to clarify the physiological roles of TGs in both normal biology and disease states.
Collapse
|
29
|
Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Deasey S, Shanmugasundaram S, Nurminskaya M. Tissue-specific responses to loss of transglutaminase 2. Amino Acids 2011; 44:179-87. [PMID: 22194042 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Of the eight catalytic transglutaminases (TGs), transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been the most comprehensively studied due to its ubiquitous expression in multiple cell types. Despite the observed critical role for this enzyme in multiple biological processes in vitro, TG2 knockout mouse models have shown no severe developmental phenotypes, suggesting compensation by other TGs. To begin characterization of the compensating mechanisms, we analyzed total transamidating activity and expression patterns of all catalytically active TGs in seven different tissues/organs from wild-type and TG2 knockout mice. Inhibitory analysis with TG2-specific inhibitor KCC-009 suggests that relative contribution of TG2 in total transamidating activity differs in various tissues. Accordingly, our data indicate tissue-specific mechanisms of compensation for the loss of TG2, including transcriptional compensation in heart and liver versus functional compensation in aorta, kidney and skeletal/cartiagenous tissues. On the contrary, no compensation has been detected in skeletal muscle, suggesting a limited role for the TG2-mediated transamidation in normal development of this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Deasey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Transglutaminase 2: biology, relevance to neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:392-410. [PMID: 22212614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and the aggregation of disease-specific pathogenic proteins in hallmark neuropathologic lesions. Many of these proteins, including amyloid Αβ, tau, α-synuclein and huntingtin, are cross-linked by the enzymatic activity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Additionally, the expression and activity of TG2 is increased in affected brain regions in these disorders. These observations along with experimental evidence in cellular and mouse models suggest that TG2 can contribute to the abnormal aggregation of disease causing proteins and consequently to neuronal damage. This accumulating evidence has provided the impetus to develop inhibitors of TG2 as possible neuroprotective agents. However, TG2 has other enzymatic activities in addition to its cross-linking function and can modulate multiple cellular processes including apoptosis, autophagy, energy production, synaptic function, signal transduction and transcription regulation. These diverse properties must be taken into consideration in designing TG2 inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of TG2, its various physiologic functions and our current understanding about its role in degenerative diseases of the brain. We also describe the different approaches to designing TG2 inhibitors that could be developed as potential disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
|
32
|
The side chain of glutamine 13 is the acyl-donor amino acid modified by type 2 transglutaminase in subunit T of the native rabbit skeletal muscle troponin complex. Amino Acids 2011; 44:227-34. [PMID: 22086212 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Subunit T of the native muscle troponin complex is a recognised substrate of transglutaminase both in vitro and in situ with formation of isopeptide bonds. Using a proteomic approach, we have now determined the precise site of in vitro labelling of the protein. A preparation of troponin purified from ether powder from mixed rabbit skeletal muscles was employed as transglutaminase substrate. The only isoform TnT2F present in our preparation was recognised as acyl-substrate by human type 2 transglutaminase which specifically modified glutamine 13 in the N-terminal region. During the reaction, the troponin protein complex was polymerized. Results are discussed in relation to the structure of the troponin T subunit, in the light of the role of troponins in skeletal and cardiac muscle diseases, and to the rules governing glutamine side chain selection by tissue transglutaminase.
Collapse
|
33
|
Petrak J, Pospisilova J, Sedinova M, Jedelsky P, Lorkova L, Vit O, Kolar M, Strnad H, Benes J, Sedmera D, Cervenka L, Melenovsky V. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of heart failure due to volume overload in a rat aorto-caval fistula model provides support for new potential therapeutic targets - monoamine oxidase A and transglutaminase 2. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:69. [PMID: 22078724 PMCID: PMC3225319 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hemodynamic overloading leads to heart failure (HF) due to incompletely understood mechanisms. To gain deeper insight into the molecular pathophysiology of volume overload-induced HF and to identify potential markers and targets for novel therapies, we performed proteomic and mRNA expression analysis comparing myocardium from Wistar rats with HF induced by a chronic aorto-caval fistula (ACF) and sham-operated rats harvested at the advanced, decompensated stage of HF. Methods We analyzed control and failing myocardium employing iTRAQ labeling, two-dimensional peptide separation combining peptide IEF and nano-HPLC with MALDI-MS/MS. For the transcriptomic analysis we employed Illumina RatRef-12v1 Expression BeadChip. Results In the proteomic analysis we identified 2030 myocardial proteins, of which 66 proteins were differentially expressed. The mRNA expression analysis identified 851 differentially expressed mRNAs. Conclusions The differentially expressed proteins confirm a switch in the substrate preference from fatty acids to other sources in the failing heart. Failing hearts showed downregulation of the major calcium transporters SERCA2 and ryanodine receptor 2 and altered expression of creatine kinases. Decreased expression of two NADPH producing proteins suggests a decreased redox reserve. Overexpression of annexins supports their possible potential as HF biomarkers. Most importantly, among the most up-regulated proteins in ACF hearts were monoamine oxidase A and transglutaminase 2 that are both potential attractive targets of low molecular weight inhibitors in future HF therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Petrak
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gentile V. Physiopathological roles of human transglutaminase 2. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:47-95. [PMID: 22220472 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Gentile
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chou CY, Streets AJ, Watson PF, Huang L, Verderio EAM, Johnson TS. A crucial sequence for transglutaminase type 2 extracellular trafficking in renal tubular epithelial cells lies in its N-terminal beta-sandwich domain. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27825-35. [PMID: 21652693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.226340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) catalyzes the formation of an ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine isopeptide bond between adjacent peptides or proteins including those of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Elevated extracellular TG2 leads to accelerated ECM deposition and reduced clearance that underlie tissue scarring and fibrosis. The extracellular trafficking of TG2 is crucial to its role in ECM homeostasis; however, the mechanism by which TG2 escapes the cell is unknown as it has no signal leader peptide and therefore cannot be transported classically. Understanding TG2 transport may highlight novel mechanisms to interfere with the extracellular function of TG2 as isoform-specific TG2 inhibitors remain elusive. Mammalian expression vectors were constructed containing domain deletions of TG2. These were transfected into three kidney tubular epithelial cell lines, and TG2 export was assessed to identify critical domains. Point mutation was then used to highlight specific sequences within the domain required for TG2 export. The removal of β-sandwich domain prevented all TG2 export. Mutations of Asp(94) and Asp(97) within the N-terminal β-sandwich domain were identified as crucial for TG2 externalization. These form part of a previously identified fibronectin binding domain ((88)WTATVVDQQDCTLSLQLTT(106)). However, siRNA knockdown of fibronectin failed to affect TG2 export. The sequence (88)WTATVVDQQDCTLSLQLTT(106) within the β-sandwich domain of TG2 is critical to its export in tubular epithelial cell lines. The extracellular trafficking of TG2 is independent of fibronectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yi Chou
- Academic Nephrology Unit (Sheffield Kidney Institute), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chabot N, Moreau S, Mulani A, Moreau P, Keillor JW. Fluorescent probes of tissue transglutaminase reveal its association with arterial stiffening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:1143-50. [PMID: 21035737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) catalyzes the crosslinking of proteins. TG2 has been implicated in fibrosis and vascular calcification, both of which lead to a common feature of aging known as arterial stiffness. In order to probe the role of TG2 in arterial rigidification, we have prepared a fluorescent irreversible inhibitor as a probe for TG2 activity (RhodB-PGG-K(Acr)-LPF-OH). This probe was synthesized on solid support, characterized kinetically (k(inact) = 0.68 min⁻¹, K(I) = 79 μM), and then used to stain the aorta from rats used as a model of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). Interestingly, TG2 activity was thus shown to increase over 4 weeks of the hypertension model, corresponding with the previously observed increase in arterial stiffness. These results clearly suggest an association between TG2 and the phenomenon of arterial rigidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chabot
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C3J7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pressure load: the main factor for altered gene expression in right ventricular hypertrophy in chronic hypoxic rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15859. [PMID: 21246034 PMCID: PMC3016335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated whether changes in gene expression in the right ventricle following pulmonary hypertension can be attributed to hypoxia or pressure loading. Methodology/Principal Findings To distinguish hypoxia from pressure-induced alterations, a group of rats underwent banding of the pulmonary trunk (PTB), sham operation, or the rats were exposed to normoxia or chronic, hypobaric hypoxia. Pressure measurements were performed and the right ventricle was analyzed by Affymetrix GeneChip, and selected genes were confirmed by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Right ventricular systolic blood pressure and right ventricle to body weight ratio were elevated in the PTB and the hypoxic rats. Expression of the same 172 genes was altered in the chronic hypoxic and PTB rats. Thus, gene expression of enzymes participating in fatty acid oxidation and the glycerol channel were downregulated. mRNA expression of aquaporin 7 was downregulated, but this was not the case for the protein expression. In contrast, monoamine oxidase A and tissue transglutaminase were upregulated both at gene and protein levels. 11 genes (e.g. insulin-like growth factor binding protein) were upregulated in the PTB experiment and downregulated in the hypoxic experiment, and 3 genes (e.g. c-kit tyrosine kinase) were downregulated in the PTB and upregulated in the hypoxic experiment. Conclusion/Significance Pressure load of the right ventricle induces a marked shift in the gene expression, which in case of the metabolic genes appears compensated at the protein level, while both expression of genes and proteins of importance for myocardial function and remodelling are altered by the increased pressure load of the right ventricle. These findings imply that treatment of pulmonary hypertension should also aim at reducing right ventricular pressure.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang Z, Collighan RJ, Gross SR, Danen EHJ, Orend G, Telci D, Griffin M. RGD-independent cell adhesion via a tissue transglutaminase-fibronectin matrix promotes fibronectin fibril deposition and requires syndecan-4/2 α5β1 integrin co-signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40212-29. [PMID: 20929862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) deposition mediated by fibroblasts is an important process in matrix remodeling and wound healing. By monitoring the deposition of soluble biotinylated FN, we show that the stress-induced TG-FN matrix, a matrix complex of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) with its high affinity binding partner FN, can increase both exogenous and cellular FN deposition and also restore it when cell adhesion is interrupted via the presence of RGD-containing peptides. This mechanism does not require the transamidase activity of TG2 but is activated through an RGD-independent adhesion process requiring a heterocomplex of TG2 and FN and is mediated by a syndecan-4 and β1 integrin co-signaling pathway. By using α5 null cells, β1 integrin functional blocking antibody, and a α5β1 integrin targeting peptide A5-1, we demonstrate that the α5 and β1 integrins are essential for TG-FN to compensate RGD-induced loss of cell adhesion and FN deposition. The importance of syndecan-2 in this process was shown using targeting siRNAs, which abolished the compensation effect of TG-FN on the RGD-induced loss of cell adhesion, resulting in disruption of actin skeleton formation and FN deposition. Unlike syndecan-4, syndecan-2 does not interact directly with TG2 but acts as a downstream effector in regulating actin cytoskeleton organization through the ROCK pathway. We demonstrate that PKCα is likely to be the important link between syndecan-4 and syndecan-2 signaling and that TG2 is the functional component of the TG-FN heterocomplex in mediating cell adhesion via its direct interaction with heparan sulfate chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Iismaa SE, Mearns BM, Lorand L, Graham RM. Transglutaminases and disease: lessons from genetically engineered mouse models and inherited disorders. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:991-1023. [PMID: 19584319 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human transglutaminase (TG) family consists of a structural protein, protein 4.2, that lacks catalytic activity, and eight zymogens/enzymes, designated factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) and TG1-7, that catalyze three types of posttranslational modification reactions: transamidation, esterification, and hydrolysis. These reactions are essential for biological processes such as blood coagulation, skin barrier formation, and extracellular matrix assembly but can also contribute to the pathophysiology of various inflammatory, autoimmune, and degenerative conditions. Some members of the TG family, for example, TG2, can participate in biological processes through actions unrelated to transamidase catalytic activity. We present here a comprehensive review of recent insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of TG family members that have come from studies of genetically engineered mouse models and/or inherited disorders. The review focuses on FXIII-A, TG1, TG2, TG5, and protein 4.2, as mice deficient in TG3, TG4, TG6, or TG7 have not yet been reported, nor have mutations in these proteins been linked to human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siiri E Iismaa
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and Universityof New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li X, Wei XL, Meng LL, Chi MG, Yan JQ, Ma XY, Jia YS, Liang L, Yan HT, Zheng JQ. Involvement of tissue transglutaminase in endothelin 1-induced hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Hypertension 2009; 54:839-44. [PMID: 19635990 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.130161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A potential link between tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) and cardiac hypertrophy was suggested recently. However, whether tTG is implicated in hypertrophic agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy is not yet known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tTG on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by endothelin (ET) 1. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that ET-1 increased the expression of tTG mRNA and protein in cardiomyocytes by activating ET(A) receptors. ET-1 failed to cause increases in cell size and [(3)H]leucine uptake, sarcomere reorganization, and gene induction of the atrial natriuretic factor when cardiomyocytes were treated with monodansylcadaverine, a competitive inhibitor of tTG. Furthermore, the effects of ET-1 on multifunctional activities of tTG were determined by evaluating the incorporation of [(3)H]putrescine into N,N'-dimethylated casein and charcoal absorption, respectively. The results showed that ET-1 did not influence the basal transglutaminase activity of cardiomyocytes but significantly inhibited the 0.1-mmol/L Ca(2+)-stimulated transglutaminase activity. Otherwise, ET-1 elevated the activity of GTPase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In vivo, right ventricular hypertrophy induced by 2 weeks of chronic hypoxia was depressed by the tTG inhibitor cystamine (10 to 30 mg/kg, 2 times per day, IP) in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our data strongly supported the notion that tTG may act as a positive regulator of the hypertrophic program in response to ET-1. This is probably attributable to the signaling activity of tTG rather than transglutaminase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
MIYAMOTO Y, MYOMOTO A, SAKAGUCHI Y, YAMAGUCHI-YAMADA M, UCHIO-YAMDA K, MANABE N. Localization of Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) in Kidney of ICR-Derived Glomerulonephritis (ICGN) Mice. Exp Anim 2009; 58:375-82. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei MIYAMOTO
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc
| | - Akira MYOMOTO
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc
| | - Yuka SAKAGUCHI
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc
| | - Misuzu YAMAGUCHI-YAMADA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Kozue UCHIO-YAMDA
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
| | - Noboru MANABE
- Research Unit for Animal Life Sciences, Animal Resource Science Center, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hanada S, Strnad P, Brunt EM, Omary MB. The genetic background modulates susceptibility to mouse liver Mallory-Denk body formation and liver injury. Hepatology 2008; 48:943-52. [PMID: 18697208 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) are hepatocyte inclusions found in several liver diseases and consist primarily of keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18) and ubiquitin that are cross-linked by transglutaminase-2. We hypothesized that genetic variables contribute to the extent of MDB formation, because not all patients with an MDB-associated liver disease develop inclusions. We tested this hypothesis using five strains of mice (FVB/N, C3H/He, Balb/cAnN, C57BL/6, 129X1/Sv) fed for three months (eight mice per strain) the established MDB-inducing agent 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). MDB formation was compared using hematoxylin-and-eosin staining, or immunofluorescence staining with antibodies to K8/K18/ubiquitin, or biochemically by blotting with antibodies to transglutaminase-2/p62 proteins and to K8/K18/ubiquitin to detect keratin cross-linking. DDC feeding induced MDBs in all mouse strains, but there were dramatic strain differences that quantitatively varied 2.5-fold (P < 0.05). MDB formation correlated with hepatocyte ballooning, and most ballooned hepatocytes had MDBs. Immunofluorescence assessment was far more sensitive than hematoxylin-and-eosin staining in detecting small MDBs, which out-numbered (by approximately 30-fold to 90-fold) but did not parallel their large counterparts. MDB scores partially reflected the biochemical presence of cross-linked keratin-ubiquitin species but not the changes in liver size or injury in response to DDC. The extent of steatosis correlated with the total (large+small) number of MDBs, and there was a limited correlation between large MDBs and acidophil bodies. CONCLUSION Mouse MDB formation has important genetic contributions that do not correlate with the extent of DDC-induced liver injury. If extrapolated to humans, the genetic contributions help explain why some patients develop MDBs whereas others are less likely to do so. Detection and classification of MDBs using MDB-marker-selective staining may offer unique links to specific histological features of DDC-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Hanada
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shweke N, Boulos N, Jouanneau C, Vandermeersch S, Melino G, Dussaule JC, Chatziantoniou C, Ronco P, Boffa JJ. Tissue transglutaminase contributes to interstitial renal fibrosis by favoring accumulation of fibrillar collagen through TGF-beta activation and cell infiltration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:631-42. [PMID: 18688035 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is defined by the exaggerated accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) modifies the stability of extracellular matrix proteins and renders the extracellular matrix resistant to degradation. In addition, TG2 also activates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). We investigated the involvement of TG2 in the development of renal fibrosis using mice with a knockout of the TG2 gene (KO). These mice were studied at baseline and 12 days after unilateral ureteral obstruction, which induced a significant increase in interstitial TG2 expression in wild-type mice (P < 0.001). Interstitial fibrosis was evident in both groups, but total and fibrillar collagen was considerably lower in KO mice as compared with wild-type (P < 0.001). Similarly, mRNA and protein expression of collagen I were significantly lower in KO animals (P < 0.05). A statistically significant reduction in renal inflammation and fewer myofibroblasts were observed in KO mice (P < 0.01). Free active TGF-beta was decreased in KO mice (P < 0.05), although total (active + latent) TFG-beta concentration did not differ between groups. These results show that mice deficient in TG2 are protected against the development of fibrotic lesions in obstructive nephropathy. This protection results from reduced macrophage and myofibroblast infiltration, as well as from a decreased rate of collagen I synthesis because of decreased TGF-beta activation. Our results suggest that inhibition of TG2 may provide a new and important therapeutic target against the progression of renal fibrosis.
Collapse
|
45
|
Novel interactions of TG2 with heparan sulfate proteoglycans: reflection on physiological implications. Amino Acids 2008; 36:671-7. [PMID: 18607676 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review brings together information from publications and recent conference proceedings that have shed light on the biological interaction between transglutaminase-2 and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. We subsequently draw hypotheses of possible implications in the wound healing process. There is a substantial overlap in the action of transglutaminase-2 and the heparan sulphate proteoglycan syndecan-4 in normal and abnormal wound repair. Our latest findings have identified syndecan-4 as a possible binding and signalling partner of fibronectin-bound TG2 and support the idea that transglutaminase-2 and syndecan-4 act in synergy.
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Johnson TS, Fisher M, Haylor JL, Hau Z, Skill NJ, Jones R, Saint R, Coutts I, Vickers ME, El Nahas AM, Griffin M. Transglutaminase inhibition reduces fibrosis and preserves function in experimental chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:3078-88. [PMID: 18003782 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim S Johnson
- Melvyn Round Kidney Research Laboratories, Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Strnad P, Harada M, Siegel M, Terkeltaub RA, Graham RM, Khosla C, Omary MB. Transglutaminase 2 regulates mallory body inclusion formation and injury-associated liver enlargement. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1515-26. [PMID: 17408647 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mallory body (MB) inclusions are a characteristic feature of several liver disorders and share similarities with cytoplasmic inclusions observed in neural diseases and myopathies. MBs consist primarily of keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18), require a K8-greater-than-K18 ratio for their formation, and contain glutamine-lysine cross-links generated by transglutaminase (TG). We hypothesized that protein transamidation is essential for MB formation. METHODS Because TG2 is the most abundant hepatocyte TG, we tested our hypothesis using TG2(-/-) and their wild-type counterpart mice fed 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), an established MB inducer. Keratin cross-linking was further examined using recombinant proteins or transgenic mice that overexpress K8 or K18. RESULTS TG2(-/-) livers have markedly reduced TG2 activity as compared with TG2(+/+) livers. The DDC-fed TG2(-/-) mice have dramatic decreases in MB formation and liver hypertrophy response as contrasted with DDC-fed TG2(+/+) mice. Despite similar hepatocellular damage, TG2(-/-) mice had more gallstones, jaundice, and ductal proliferation than wild-type mice. Inhibition of MB formation in TG2(-/-) mice was associated with marked attenuation of ubiquitination and K8-containing protein cross-linking. MB formation and resolution paralleled the generation then disappearance of cross-linked K8, respectively. K8 is a preferential TG2 substrate when compared to K18, as examined in vitro or in DDC-fed transgenic mice that overexpress K8 or K18. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an essential role for TG2 in determining injury-mediated liver enlargement and the necessity of K8 and TG2 for generating cross-linked keratins and MBs. The role of TG in inclusion formation might extend to nonkeratin intermediate filament protein-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ientile R, Caccamo D, Griffin M. Tissue transglutaminase and the stress response. Amino Acids 2007; 33:385-94. [PMID: 17390097 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the protein crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2, tTG), the ubiquitous member of transglutaminase family, can be regulated by multiple factors. Although it has been suggested that TG2 can be involved in apoptotic cell death, high levels of enzyme have also been associated with cell survival in response to different stimuli. Furthermore, evidence indicates that increases in TG2 production cause enzyme translocation to cell membrane. Cell stress can also lead to TG2 accumulation on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix resulting in changes in cell-matrix interactions.Here, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of TG2 up-regulation induced by various stimuli including glutamate exposure, calcium influx, oxidative stress, UV, and inflammatory cytokines. These findings agree with a postulated role for transglutaminases in molecular mechanisms involved in several diseases suggesting that cross-linking reactions could be a relevant part of the biochemical changes observed in pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ientile
- Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sane DC, Kontos JL, Greenberg CS. Roles of transglutaminases in cardiac and vascular diseases. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2007; 12:2530-45. [PMID: 17127261 PMCID: PMC2762549 DOI: 10.2741/2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
All transglutaminases share the common enzymatic activity of transamidation, or the cross-linking of glutamine and lysine residues to form N epsilon (gamma-glutamyl) lysyl isopeptide bonds. The plasma proenzyme factor XIII is responsible for stabilizing the fibrin clot against physical and fibrinolytic disruption. Another member of the transglutaminase family, tissue transglutaminase or TG2 is abundantly expressed in cardiomyocytes, vascular cells and macrophages. The transglutaminases have a variety of functions independent of their transamidating activity. For example, TG2 binds and hydrolyzes GTP, thereby fostering signal transduction by several G protein coupled receptors. Accumulating evidence points to novel roles for factor XIII and TG2 in cardiovascular biology including: (a) modulating platelet activity, (b) regulating glucose control, (c) contributing to the development of hypertension, (d) influencing the progression of atherosclerosis, (e) regulating vascular permeability and angiogenesis (f) and contributing to myocardial signaling, contractile activity and ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this review, we summarize the cardiovascular biology of two members of the family of transglutaminases, Factor XIII and TG2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Sane
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1045, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|