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Pan J, Zhou R, Yao LL, Zhang J, Zhang N, Cao QJ, Sun S, Li XD. Identification of a third myosin-5a-melanophilin interaction that mediates the association of myosin-5a with melanosomes. eLife 2024; 13:RP93662. [PMID: 38900147 PMCID: PMC11189624 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Transport and localization of melanosome at the periphery region of melanocyte are depended on myosin-5a (Myo5a), which associates with melanosome by interacting with its adaptor protein melanophilin (Mlph). Mlph contains four functional regions, including Rab27a-binding domain, Myo5a GTD-binding motif (GTBM), Myo5a exon F-binding domain (EFBD), and actin-binding domain (ABD). The association of Myo5a with Mlph is known to be mediated by two specific interactions: the interaction between the exon-F-encoded region of Myo5a and Mlph-EFBD and that between Myo5a-GTD and Mlph-GTBM. Here, we identify a third interaction between Myo5a and Mlph, that is, the interaction between the exon-G-encoded region of Myo5a and Mlph-ABD. The exon-G/ABD interaction is independent from the exon-F/EFBD interaction and is required for the association of Myo5a with melanosome. Moreover, we demonstrate that Mlph-ABD interacts with either the exon-G or actin filament, but cannot interact with both of them simultaneously. Based on above findings, we propose a new model for the Mlph-mediated Myo5a transportation of melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Pan
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Rui Zhou
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lin-Lin Yao
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ning Zhang
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qing-Juan Cao
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shaopeng Sun
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiang-dong Li
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Kim DH, Lee J, Ko JK, Lee K. Melanophilin regulates dendritogenesis in melanocytes for feather pigmentation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:592. [PMID: 38760591 PMCID: PMC11101434 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Limited studies using animal models with a few natural mutations in melanophilin (Mlph) provided partial functions of Mlph in melanosome trafficking. To investigate cellular functions of Mlph, especially ZnF motif of Mlph, we analyzed all three Mlph knockout (KO) quail lines, one and two base pair (bp) deletions as models for total KO, and three bp deletion causing deletion of one Cysteine (C84del) in the ZnF motif. All quail lines had diluted feather pigmentation with impaired dendritogenesis and melanosome transport in melanocytes. In vitro studies revealed capability of binding of the ZnF motif to PIP3, and impairment of PI3P binding and mislocalization of MLPH proteins with ZnF motif mutations. The shortened melanocyte dendrites by the C84del mutation were rescued by introducing WT Mlph in vitro. These results revealed the diluted feather pigmentation by Mlph mutations resulted from congregation of melanosomes in the cell bodies with impairment of the dendritogenesis and the transport of melanosomes to the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jae-Kyun Ko
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit (PATRU), Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Zhang X, Wang S, Zhang J, Wang H. Memory induced-mechanism of noise attenuator of myosin V molecular motors. Biosystems 2024; 237:105139. [PMID: 38336223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Depending on the chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis, myosin V can drive the multistep and continuous coupled cycling process to transport cellular cargo to targeted regions. However, it is still obscure how the molecular memory induced by the multistep coupled transported process could regulate the dynamic behavior of the motor state of myosin V. Here, we propose a novel non-Markovian polymorphic mechanochemical model to investigate the effect of the molecular memory on the mechanic of noise attenuation of myosin V system. We first define an effective transition rate for a multistep coupled reaction process which is the function of memory and system states to transform equivalently the non-Markovian process into the classical Markov process. By noise decomposition technology, it is observed that both the intrinsic and extrinsic noises of the ADP-myosin V bound state (AM ⋅ ADP) exhibit a monotonically decreasing trend with lengthening the molecular memory. Molecular memory as a regulation factor can amplify the contribution of intrinsic noise to the overall noise while reducing the influence of extrinsic noise on the AM ⋅ ADP. Moreover, the modulation of molecular memory could induce stochastic focusing. These results indicate that the role of molecular memory in the myosin V state transition can not only offer a handle to maintain the robustness of the motion system but also serve as a paradigm for studying more complex molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Statistical Computation of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sizhe Wang
- The School of Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Statistical Computation of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohua Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Statistical Computation of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
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Carew JA, Cristofaro V, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. Differential Myosin 5a splice variants in innervation of pelvic organs. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1304537. [PMID: 38148903 PMCID: PMC10749955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1304537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Myosin proteins interact with filamentous actin and translate the chemical energy generated by ATP hydrolysis into a wide variety of mechanical functions in all cell types. The classic function of conventional myosins is mediation of muscle contraction, but myosins also participate in processes as diverse as exocytosis/endocytosis, membrane remodeling, and cytokinesis. Myosin 5a (Myo5a) is an unconventional motor protein well-suited to the processive transport of diverse molecular cargo within cells and interactions with multiprotein membrane complexes that facilitate exocytosis. Myo5a includes a region consisting of six small alternative exons which can undergo differential splicing. Neurons and skin melanocytes express characteristic splice variants of Myo5a, which are specialized for transport processes unique to those cell types. But less is known about the expression of Myo5a splice variants in other tissues, their cargos and interactive partners, and their regulation. Methods: In visceral organs, neurotransmission-induced contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle is mediated by Myo5a. Axons within urogenital organs and distal colon of rodents arise from cell bodies located in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). However, in contrast to urogenital organs, the distal colon also contains soma of the enteric nervous system. Therefore, the rodent pelvic organs provide an opportunity to compare the expression of Myo5a splice variants, not only in different tissues innervated by the pelvic nerves, but also in different subcellular compartments of those nerves. This study examines the expression and distribution of Myo5a splice variants in the MPG, compared to the bladder, corpus cavernosum of the penis (CCP) and distal colon using immunohistochemistry and mRNA analyses. Results/discussion: We report detection of characteristic Myo5a variants in these tissues, with bladder and CCP displaying a similar variant pattern but one which differed from that of distal colon. In all three organs, Myo5a variants were distinct compared to the MPG, implying segregation of one variant within nerve soma and its exclusion from axons. The expression of distinct Myo5a variant arrays is likely to be adaptive, and to underlie specific functions fulfilled by Myo5a in those particular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A. Carew
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raj K. Goyal
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Kaushik H, Kumar V, Parsad D. Mitochondria-Melanocyte cellular interactions: An emerging mechanism of vitiligo pathogenesis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:2196-2207. [PMID: 36897230 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria has emerged as a potential modulator of melanocyte function other than just meeting its cellular ATP demands. Mitochondrial DNA defects are now an established cause of maternal inheritance diseases. Recent cellular studies have highlighted the mitochondrial interaction with other cellular organelles that lead to disease conditions such as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where defective mitochondria was found in melanocytes of these patients. Vitiligo, a depigmentory ailment of the skin, is another such disorder whose pathogenesis is now found to be associated with mitochondria. The complete absence of melanocytes at the lesioned site in vitiligo is a fact; however, the precise mechanism of this destruction is still undefined. In this review we have tried to discuss and link the emerging facts of mitochondrial function or its inter- and intra-organellar communications in vitiligo pathogenesis. Mitochondrial close association with melanosomes, molecular involvement in melanocyte-keratinocyte communication and melanocyte survival are new paradigm of melanogenesis that could ultimately account for vitiligo. This definitely adds the new dimensions to our understanding of vitiligo, its management and designing of future mitochondrial targeted therapy for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitaishi Kaushik
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Davinder Parsad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Lederer I, Shahid B, Dao U, Brogdon A, Byrtus H, Delva M, Deva O, Hatfield P, Hertz M, Justice J, Mavor S, Pilbeam E, Rice Z, Simpson A, Temar H, Wynn R, Xhangolli J, Graves C, Seidel H. A frameshift variant in the melanophilin gene is associated with loss of pigment from shed skin in ball pythons ( Python regius ). MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000896. [PMID: 37637270 PMCID: PMC10448248 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Melanophilin is a myosin adaptor required for transporting the pigment melanin within cells. Loss of melanophilin in fish, birds, and mammals causes pigmentation defects, but little is known about the role of melanophilin in non-avian reptiles. Here we show that a frameshift in the melanophilin gene in ball python ( P. regius ) is associated with loss of pigment from shed skin. This variant is predicted to remove the myosin-binding domain of melanophilin and thereby impair transport of melanin-containing organelles. Our study represents the first description of a melanophilin variant in a non-avian reptile and confirms the role of melanophilin across vertebrates.
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Brauer N, Maruta Y, Lisci M, Strege K, Oschlies I, Nakamura H, Böhm S, Lehmberg K, Brandhoff L, Ehl S, Parvaneh N, Klapper W, Fukuda M, Griffiths GM, Hennies HC, Niehues T, Ammann S. Immunodeficiency with susceptibility to lymphoma with complex genotype affecting energy metabolism ( FBP1, ACAD9) and vesicle trafficking (RAB27A). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151166. [PMID: 37388727 PMCID: PMC10303925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are characterized by a dysfunction of the immune system leading to increased susceptibility to infections, impaired immune regulation and cancer. We present a unique consanguineous family with a history of Hodgkin lymphoma, impaired EBV control and a late onset hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Methods and results Overall, family members presented with variable impairment of NK cell and cytotoxic T cell degranulation and cytotoxicity. Exome sequencing identified homozygous variants in RAB27A, FBP1 (Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1) and ACAD9 (Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 9). Variants in RAB27A lead to Griscelli syndrome type 2, hypopigmentation and HLH predisposition. Discussion Lymphoma is frequently seen in patients with hypomorphic mutations of genes predisposing to HLH. We hypothesize that the variants in FBP1 and ACAD9 might aggravate the clinical and immune phenotype, influence serial killing and lytic granule polarization by CD8 T cells. Understanding of the interplay between the multiple variants identified by whole exome sequencing (WES) is essential for correct interpretation of the immune phenotype and important for critical treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Brauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Klinikum, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Yuto Maruta
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miriam Lisci
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Strege
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ilske Oschlies
- Department of Pathology, Haematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hikari Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Svea Böhm
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Brandhoff
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Pathology, Haematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gillian M. Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Christian Hennies
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Niehues
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Klinikum, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Salehian-Dehkordi H, Huang JH, Pirany N, Mehrban H, Lv XY, Sun W, Esmailizadeh A, Lv FH. Genomic Landscape of Copy Number Variations and Their Associations with Climatic Variables in the World's Sheep. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1256. [PMID: 37372436 PMCID: PMC10298528 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep show characteristics of phenotypic diversity and adaptation to diverse climatic regions. Previous studies indicated associations between copy number variations (CNVs) and climate-driven adaptive evolution in humans and other domestic animals. Here, we constructed a genomic landscape of CNVs (n = 39,145) in 47 old autochthonous populations genotyped at a set of high-density (600 K) SNPs to detect environment-driven signatures of CNVs using a multivariate regression model. We found 136 deletions and 52 duplications that were significantly (Padj. < 0.05) associated with climatic variables. These climate-mediated selective CNVs are involved in functional candidate genes for heat stress and cold climate adaptation (e.g., B3GNTL1, UBE2L3, and TRAF2), coat and wool-related traits (e.g., TMEM9, STRA6, RASGRP2, and PLA2G3), repairing damaged DNA (e.g., HTT), GTPase activity (e.g., COPG), fast metabolism (e.g., LMF2 and LPIN3), fertility and reproduction (e.g., SLC19A1 and CCDC155), growth-related traits (e.g., ADRM1 and IGFALS), and immune response (e.g., BEGAIN and RNF121) in sheep. In particular, we identified significant (Padj. < 0.05) associations between probes in deleted/duplicated CNVs and solar radiation. Enrichment analysis of the gene sets among all the CNVs revealed significant (Padj. < 0.05) enriched gene ontology terms and pathways related to functions such as nucleotide, protein complex, and GTPase activity. Additionally, we observed overlapping between the CNVs and 140 known sheep QTLs. Our findings imply that CNVs can serve as genomic markers for the selection of sheep adapted to specific climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Salehian-Dehkordi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.S.-D.); (J.-H.H.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran; (N.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Jia-Hui Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.S.-D.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Nasrollah Pirany
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran; (N.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Hossein Mehrban
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran; (N.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Xiao-Yang Lv
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.-Y.L.); (W.S.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.-Y.L.); (W.S.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ali Esmailizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
| | - Feng-Hua Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.S.-D.); (J.-H.H.)
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Yeh AR, Hoeprich GJ, Goode BL, Martin AC. Bitesize bundles F-actin and influences actin remodeling in syncytial Drosophila embryo development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537198. [PMID: 37131807 PMCID: PMC10153138 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Actin networks undergo rearrangements that influence cell and tissue shape. Actin network assembly and organization is regulated in space and time by a host of actin binding proteins. The Drosophila Synaptotagmin-like protein, Bitesize (Btsz), is known to organize actin at epithelial cell apical junctions in a manner that depends on its interaction with the actin-binding protein, Moesin. Here, we showed that Btsz functions in actin reorganization at earlier, syncytial stages of Drosophila embryo development. Btsz was required for the formation of stable metaphase pseudocleavage furrows that prevented spindle collisions and nuclear fallout prior to cellularization. While previous studies focused on Btsz isoforms containing the Moesin Binding Domain (MBD), we found that isoforms lacking the MBD also function in actin remodeling. Consistent with this, we found that the C-terminal half of BtszB cooperatively binds to and bundles F-actin, suggesting a direct mechanism for Synaptotagmin-like proteins regulating actin organization during animal development.
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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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11
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Ye Z, Xiong Y, Peng W, Wei W, Huang L, Yue J, Zhang C, Lin G, Huang F, Zhang L, Zheng S, Yue J. Manipulation of PD-L1 Endosomal Trafficking Promotes Anticancer Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206411. [PMID: 36567273 PMCID: PMC9951344 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant regulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells remains poorly understood. Here, the authors systematically investigate the endosomal trafficking of plasma membrane PD-L1 in tumor cells. They show that plasma membrane PD-L1 is continuously internalized, and then trafficked from early endosomes to multivesicular bodies/late endosomes, recycling endosomes, lysosomes, and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs). This constitutive endocytic trafficking of PD-L1 is Rab5- and clathrin-dependent. Triazine compound 6J1 blocks the endosomal trafficking of PD-L1 and induces its accumulation in endocytic vesicles by activating Rab5. 6J1 also promotes exosomal PD-L1 secretion by activating Rab27. Together, these effects result in a decrease in the membrane level of PD-L1 in 6J1-treated tumor cells and enables tumor cells to be more susceptible to the tumor-killing activity of T cells in vitro. 6J1 also increases tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells and promotes chemokines secretion in the tumor microenvironment. Rab27 knockdown abolishes 6J1-induced PD-L1 secretion in EVs and revokes the exhausted tumor-infiltrating T cells in tumors, thereby improving the anticancer efficacy of 6J1. Furthermore, a combination of 6J1 and an anti-PD-1 antibody significantly improves the anticancer immune response. Therefore, manipulating PD-L1 endosomal trafficking provides a promising means to promote an anticancer immune response in addition to the immune checkpoint-blocking antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Ye
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Yiding Xiong
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyThird Affiliated hospital at the Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Wang Peng
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Research Core FacilitiesSouth University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen518052China
| | - Lihong Huang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Juliana Yue
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUT84602USA
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyThird Affiliated hospital at the Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Liang Zhang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Songguo Zheng
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyThird Affiliated hospital at the Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Division of Natural and Applied SciencesSynear Molecular Biology LabDuke Kunshan UniversityKunshan215316China
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12
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A Network of MicroRNAs and mRNAs Involved in Melanosome Maturation and Trafficking Defines the Lower Response of Pigmentable Melanoma Cells to Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030894. [PMID: 36765859 PMCID: PMC9913661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to increase their degree of pigmentation is an adaptive response that confers pigmentable melanoma cells higher resistance to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) compared to non-pigmentable melanoma cells. METHODS Here, we compared the miRNome and the transcriptome profile of pigmentable 501Mel and SK-Mel-5 melanoma cells vs. non-pigmentable A375 melanoma cells, following treatment with the BRAFi vemurafenib (vem). In depth bioinformatic analyses (clusterProfiler, WGCNA and SWIMmeR) allowed us to identify the miRNAs, mRNAs and biological processes (BPs) that specifically characterize the response of pigmentable melanoma cells to the drug. Such BPs were studied using appropriate assays in vitro and in vivo (xenograft in zebrafish embryos). RESULTS Upon vem treatment, miR-192-5p, miR-211-5p, miR-374a-5p, miR-486-5p, miR-582-5p, miR-1260a and miR-7977, as well as GPR143, OCA2, RAB27A, RAB32 and TYRP1 mRNAs, are differentially expressed only in pigmentable cells. These miRNAs and mRNAs belong to BPs related to pigmentation, specifically melanosome maturation and trafficking. In fact, an increase in the number of intracellular melanosomes-due to increased maturation and/or trafficking-confers resistance to vem. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the ability of pigmentable cells to increase the number of intracellular melanosomes fully accounts for their higher resistance to vem compared to non-pigmentable cells. In addition, we identified a network of miRNAs and mRNAs that are involved in melanosome maturation and/or trafficking. Finally, we provide the rationale for testing BRAFi in combination with inhibitors of these biological processes, so that pigmentable melanoma cells can be turned into more sensitive non-pigmentable cells.
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Chen X, Li J, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Wang X, Leung EL, Ma L, Wong VKW, Liu L, Neher E, Yu H. Suppression of PD-L1 release from small extracellular vesicles promotes systemic anti-tumor immunity by targeting ORAI1 calcium channels. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12279. [PMID: 36482876 PMCID: PMC9732629 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of immune checkpoints as a strategy of cancer cells to overcome the immune response has received ample attention in cancer research recently. In particular, expression of PD-L1 by various cancer cells has become a paradigm in this respect. Delivery of PD-L1 to its site of action occurs either by local diffusion, or else by transport via small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, commonly referred to as exosomes). Many steps of sEVs formation, their packaging with PD-L1 and their release into the extracellular space have been studied in detail. The likely dependence of release on Ca2+ -signaling, however, has received little attention. This is surprising, since the intracellular Ca2+ -concentration is known as a prominent regulator of many secretory processes. Here, we report on the roles of three Ca2+ -dependent proteins in regulating release of PD-L1-containing sEVs, as well as on the growth of tumors in mouse models. We show that sEVs release in cancer cell lines is Ca2+ -dependent and the knockdown of the gene coding the Ca2+ -channel protein ORAI1 reduces Ca2+ -signals and release of sEVs. Consequently, the T cell response is reinvigorated and tumor progression in mouse models is retarded. Furthermore, analysis of protein expression patterns in samples from human cancer tissue shows that the ORAI1 gene is significantly upregulated. Such upregulation is identified as an unfavorable prognostic factor for survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. We show that reduced Ca2+ -signaling after knockdown of ORAI1 gene also compromises the activity of melanophilin and Synaptotagmin-like protein 2, two proteins, which are important for correct localization of secretory organelles within cancer cells and their transport to sites of exocytosis. Thus, the Ca2+ -channel ORAI1 and Ca2+ -dependent proteins of the secretion pathway emerge as important targets for understanding and manipulating immune checkpoint blockade by PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Ren Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Yao Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Elaine Lai‐Han Leung
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Liang Liu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Erwin Neher
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina,Emeritus Laboratory of Membrane BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Haijie Yu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
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14
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Rab32/38-Dependent and -Independent Transport of Tyrosinase to Melanosomes in B16-F1 Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214144. [PMID: 36430618 PMCID: PMC9695596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B16-F1 melanoma cells have often been used as a model to investigate melanogenesis, but the evidence that melanosome biogenesis and transport occur by the same mechanisms in normal melanocytes and B16-F1 cells is insufficient. In this study, we established knockout B16-F1 cells for each of several key factors in melanogenesis, i.e., tyrosinase (Tyr), Hps4, Rab27A, and Rab32·Rab38 (Rab32/38), and then compared their phenotypes with the phenotypes of corresponding mutant mouse melanocyte cell lines, i.e., melan-c, melan-le, melan-ash, and Rab32-deficient melan-cht cells, respectively. The results showed that Tyr and Rab27A are also indispensable for melanin synthesis and peripheral melanosome distribution, respectively, in B16-F1 cells, but that Hps4 or its downstream targets Rab32/38 are not essential for Tyr transport in B16-F1 cells, suggesting the existence of a Rab32/38-independent Tyr transport mechanism in B16-F1 cells. We then performed comprehensive knockdown screening of Rab small GTPases and identified Rab10 and Rab24, previously uncharacterized Rabs in melanocytes, as being involved in Tyr transport under Rab32/38-null conditions. Our findings indicate a difference between the Tyr transport mechanism in melanocytes and B16-F1 cells in terms of Rab32/38-dependency and a limitation in regard to using melanoma cells as a model for melanocytes, especially when investigating the mechanism of endosomal Tyr transport.
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15
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Hong C, Yang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wu H. Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. Extract exhibits pigmentation by melanin biosynthesis and melanosome biogenesis/transfer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:963160. [PMID: 36249817 PMCID: PMC9557186 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.963160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. (Epimedii Folium) is a traditional medicine widely utilized in China for sexual dysfunction and osteoporosis treatment. Recently, studies have reported that Epimedium flavonoid icariin displayed hair growth and melanogenic ability by targeting tyrosinase activity. Nevertheless, icariin hydrolysate icariside II and icaritin cause depigmentation due to their tyrosinase inhibition. These pigment functional discrepancies from Epimedium constituents arouse our great interest. Then, this study focused on the pigmentation effects of Epimedii Folium extract (EFE) on melanin synthesis and melanosome biogenesis/transfer, and further identified the bioactive constituents. First, in in vitro systemic studies, we discovered that the potent melanogenic and repigmented effects of EFE were dependent on concentration and amount of time in multi-melanocytes, normal human skin tissue, and vitiligo perilesional areas. In vivo, EFE exhibited repigmented effect on two kinds of depigmented models of N-phenylthiourea-induced zebrafish and hydroquinone-induced mice. Mechanistically, EFE strongly promoted tyrosinase activity and upregulated the protein expression of tyrosinase families which finally contribute to melanin biosynthesis by activating the MAPK/ERK1/2 signal pathway. In addition, EFE effectively increased melanosome number, accelerated melanosome maturity and cytoplasmic transport through the growth/extension of melanocyte dendrites, and induced melanosome transfer from melanocyte to keratinocyte for pigmentation. The six main flavonoid ingredients were identified among EFE. Compared to others, epimedin B (EB) was confirmed as a high-content, low-toxicity, and effective melanogenic compound in EFE. Taking all these together, this study systematically demonstrates the potential pigmentation effect of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim., and clarifies its related molecular mechanisms and melanogenesis basis. These results give additional insight into Epimedium herb pharmacology and may provide a novel therapy basis for hypopigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huali Wu, ; Yiming Li,
| | - Huali Wu
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huali Wu, ; Yiming Li,
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16
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Maruta Y, Fukuda M. Large Rab GTPase Rab44 regulates microtubule-dependent retrograde melanosome transport in melanocytes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102508. [PMID: 36126775 PMCID: PMC9586991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanin-containing organelles in melanocytes, and they are responsible for skin and hair pigmentation in mammals. The intracellular distribution of melanosomes is mainly determined by the balance between their anterograde transport on actin filaments and retrograde transport on microtubules. Although we have shown previously that melanoregulin and Rab36 serve as cargo receptors on melanosomes for retrograde transport, their knockdown does not completely inhibit retrograde melanosome transport, suggesting the existence of an additional cargo receptor(s) in melanocytes. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of an atypical large Rab, Rab44, which also contains EF-hand domains and a coiled-coil domain, in retrograde melanosome transport in mouse melanocytes (Rab27A-deficient melan-ash cells). Our results showed that Rab44 localizes on mature melanosomes through lipidation of its C-terminal Rab-like GTPase domain, and that its knockdown results in suppression of retrograde melanosome transport. In addition, our biochemical analysis indicated that Rab44 interacts with the dynein–dynactin motor complex via its coiled-coil domain–containing middle region. Since simultaneous depletion of Rab44, melanoregulin, and Rab36 resulted in almost complete inhibition of retrograde melanosome transport, we propose that Rab44 is the third cargo receptor. We also showed that the N-terminal region of Rab44, which contains EF-hand domains, is required for both retrograde melanosome transport and its Ca2+-modulated activities. Our findings indicated that Rab44 is a third melanosomal cargo receptor, and that, unlike other cargo receptors previously described, its transport function is regulated by Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Maruta
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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17
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5G Electromagnetic Radiation Attenuates Skin Melanogenesis In Vitro by Suppressing ROS Generation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081449. [PMID: 35892650 PMCID: PMC9331092 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the impacts of 5G electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with 28 GHz on human health have been attracting public attention with the advent of 5G wireless communication. Here, we report that 5G (28 GHz) EMR can attenuate the skin pigmentation in murine melanoma cells (B16F10) and a 3D pigmented human epidermis model (Melanoderm™). B16 cells were exposed to 5G (28 GHz) with or without α-MSH for 4 h per day. Interestingly, 5G attenuated α-MSH-induced melanin synthesis. Fontana-Masson staining confirmed that the dendritic formation of α-MSH stimulated B16 cells was diminished by 5G exposure. To confirm the anti-melanogenic effect of 5G EMR, MelanoDerm™ was irradiated with 5G at a power intensity of 10 W/m2 for 4 h a day for 16 days and melanin distribution was detected with Fontana-Masson staining, which supported the anti-melanogenic effect of 5G EMR. Consistently, 5G EMR suppressed α-MSH induced upregulation of melanogenic enzymes; tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2. Of note, 5G EMR attenuated ROS production stimulated by α-MSH and H2O2, suggesting that 5G EMR may dissipate ROS generation, which is pivotal for the melanin synthesis. Collectively, we demonstrated that 5G EMR can attenuate skin pigmentation by attenuating ROS generation.
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18
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Carew JA, Cristofaro V, Dasari SP, Carey S, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. Myosin 5a in the Urinary Bladder: Localization, Splice Variant Expression, and Functional Role in Neurotransmission. Front Physiol 2022; 13:890102. [PMID: 35845995 PMCID: PMC9284544 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.890102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of neurotransmission is a feature of several prevalent lower urinary tract conditions, but the mechanisms regulating neurotransmitter release in the bladder are not completely understood. The unconventional motor protein, Myosin 5a, transports neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles along actin fibers towards the varicosity membrane, tethering them at the active zone prior to reception of a nerve impulse. Our previous studies indicated that Myosin 5a is expressed and functionally relevant in the peripheral nerves of visceral organs such as the stomach and the corpora cavernosa. However, its potential role in bladder neurotransmission has not previously been investigated. The expression of Myosin 5a was examined by quantitative PCR and restriction analyses in bladders from DBA (dilute-brown-nonagouti) mice which express a Myosin 5a splicing defect and in control mice expressing the wild-type Myosin 5a allele. Functional differences in contractile responses to intramural nerve stimulation were examined by ex vivo isometric tension analysis. Data demonstrated Myosin 5a localized in cholinergic nerve fibers in the bladder and identified several Myosin 5a splice variants in the detrusor. Full-length Myosin 5a transcripts were less abundant and the expression of splice variants was altered in DBA bladders compared to control bladders. Moreover, attenuation of neurally-mediated contractile responses in DBA bladders compared to control bladders indicates that Myosin 5a facilitates excitatory neurotransmission in the bladder. Therefore, the array of Myosin 5a splice variants expressed, and the abundance of each, may be critical parameters for efficient synaptic vesicle transport and neurotransmission in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A. Carew
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Josephine A. Carew,
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suhas P. Dasari
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean Carey
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raj K. Goyal
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Huang Q, Yuan Y, Gong J, Zhang T, Qi Z, Yang X, Li W, Wei A. Identification of a Novel MLPH Missense Mutation in a Chinese Griscelli Syndrome 3 Patient. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:896943. [PMID: 35602484 PMCID: PMC9120966 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.896943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanophilin (MLPH) functions as a linker between RAB27A and myosin Va (MYO5A) in regulating skin pigmentation during the melanosome transport process. The MYO5A-MLPH-RAB27A ternary protein complex is required for anchoring mature melanosomes in the peripheral actin filaments of melanocytes for subsequent transfer to adjacent keratinocytes. Griscelli syndrome type 3 (GS3) is caused by mutations in the MLPH gene. So far, only five variants of MLPH associated with GS3 have been reported. Here, we reported the first patient with GS3 in a Chinese population. The proband carried a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.73G>C; p.D25H), residing in the conserved Slp homology domain of MLPH, and presented with hypopigmentation of the hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes. Light microscopy revealed the presence of abnormal pigment clumping in his hair shaft. In silico tools predicted this MLPH variant to be likely pathogenic. Using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis, we demonstrated that the MLPH (D25H) variant had an inhibitory effect on melanosome transport by exhibiting perinuclear melanosome aggregation in melanocytes, and greatly reduced its binding to RAB27A, although the protein level of MLPH in the patient was not changed. Our findings suggest that MLPH (D25H) is a pathogenic variant that expands the genetic spectrum of the MLPH gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorong Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yefeng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Juanjuan Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Rare Disease Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Rare Disease Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Rare Disease Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Wei Li
| | - Aihua Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Aihua Wei
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20
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Thankachan JM, Setty SRG. KIF13A—A Key Regulator of Recycling Endosome Dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:877532. [PMID: 35547822 PMCID: PMC9081326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.877532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors of the kinesin superfamily (KIF) are a class of ATP-dependent motor proteins that transport cargo, including vesicles, along the tracks of the microtubule network. Around 45 KIF proteins have been described and are grouped into 14 subfamilies based on the sequence homology and domain organization. These motors facilitate a plethora of cellular functions such as vesicle transport, cell division and reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Current studies suggest that KIF13A, a kinesin-3 family member, associates with recycling endosomes and regulates their membrane dynamics (length and number). KIF13A has been implicated in several processes in many cell types, including cargo transport, recycling endosomal tubule biogenesis, cell polarity, migration and cytokinesis. Here we describe the recent advances in understanding the regulatory aspects of KIF13A motor in controlling the endosomal dynamics in addition to its structure, mechanism of its association to the membranes, regulators of motor activity, cell type-specific cargo/membrane transport, methods to measure its activity and its association with disease. Thus, this review article will provide our current understanding of the cell biological roles of KIF13A in regulating endosomal membrane remodeling.
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21
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Yin G, Lv G, Zhang J, Jiang H, Lai T, Yang Y, Ren Y, Wang J, Yi C, Chen H, Huang Y, Xiao C. Early-stage structure-based drug discovery for small GTPases by NMR spectroscopy. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108110. [PMID: 35007659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPase or Ras superfamily, including Ras, Rho, Rab, Ran and Arf, are fundamental in regulating a wide range of cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. They share structural and functional similarities for binding guanine nucleotides and hydrolyzing GTP. Dysregulations of Ras proteins are involved in the pathophysiology of multiple human diseases, however there is still a stringent need for effective treatments targeting these proteins. For decades, small GTPases were recognized as 'undruggable' targets due to their complex regulatory mechanisms and lack of deep pockets for ligand binding. NMR has been critical in deciphering the structural and dynamic properties of the switch regions that are underpinning molecular switch functions of small GTPases, which pave the way for developing new effective inhibitors. The recent progress of drug or lead molecule development made for small GTPases profoundly delineated how modern NMR techniques reshape the field of drug discovery. In this review, we will summarize the progress of structural and dynamic studies of small GTPases, the NMR techniques developed for structure-based drug screening and their applications in early-stage drug discovery for small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Yin
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Guohua Lv
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Jerry Zhang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Tianqi Lai
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Yushan Yang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yong Ren
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, PR China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311215, PR China
| | - Yun Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase 20815, MD, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10065, NY, USA.
| | - Chaoni Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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22
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Dhankar N, Gupta I, Dayal S, Chhabra S. Griscelli syndrome type 3 in siblings. Int J Trichology 2022; 14:38-40. [PMID: 35300101 PMCID: PMC8923144 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_42_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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23
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Izumi T. In vivo Roles of Rab27 and Its Effectors in Exocytosis. Cell Struct Funct 2021; 46:79-94. [PMID: 34483204 PMCID: PMC10511049 DOI: 10.1247/csf.21043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomeric GTPase Rab27 regulates exocytosis of a broad range of vesicles in multicellular organisms. Several effectors bind GTP-bound Rab27a and/or Rab27b on secretory vesicles to execute a series of exocytic steps, such as vesicle maturation, movement along microtubules, anchoring within the peripheral F-actin network, and tethering to the plasma membrane, via interactions with specific proteins and membrane lipids in a local milieu. Although Rab27 effectors generally promote exocytosis, they can also temporarily restrict it when they are involved in the rate-limiting step. Genetic alterations in Rab27-related molecules cause discrete diseases manifesting pigment dilution and immunodeficiency, and can also affect common diseases such as diabetes and cancer in complex ways. Although the function and mechanism of action of these effectors have been explored, it is unclear how multiple effectors act in coordination within a cell to regulate the secretory process as a whole. It seems that Rab27 and various effectors constitutively reside on individual vesicles to perform consecutive exocytic steps. The present review describes the unique properties and in vivo roles of the Rab27 system, and the functional relationship among different effectors coexpressed in single cells, with pancreatic beta cells used as an example.Key words: membrane trafficking, regulated exocytosis, insulin granules, pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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24
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Carew JA, Cristofaro V, Siegelman NA, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. Expression of Myosin 5a splice variants in murine stomach. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14162. [PMID: 33939222 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The motor protein, Myosin 5a (Myo5a) is known to play a role in inhibitory neurotransmission in gastric fundus. However, there is no information regarding the relative expression of total Myo5a, or of its alternative exon splice variants, across the stomach. This study investigated the differential distribution of Myo5a variants expressed within distinct anatomical regions of murine stomach. METHODS The distribution of Myo5a protein and mRNA in the stomach was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Quantitative PCR, restriction enzyme analysis, and electrophoresis were used to identify Myo5a splice variants and quantify their expression levels in the fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus. KEY RESULTS Myo5a protein colocalized with βIII-Tubulin in the myenteric plexus, and with synaptophysin in nerve fibers. Total Myo5a mRNA expression was lower in pylorus than in antrum, body, or fundus (p < 0.001), which expressed equivalent amounts of Myo5a. However, Myo5a splice variants were differentially expressed across the stomach. While the ABCE splice variant predominated in the antrum and body regions, the ACEF/ACDEF variants were enriched in fundus and pylorus. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Myo5a splice variants varied in their relative expression across anatomically distinguishable stomach regions and might mediate distinct physiological functions in gastric neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Carew
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Raj K Goyal
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Myung CH, Lee JE, Jo CS, Park JI, Hwang JS. Regulation of Melanophilin (Mlph) gene expression by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Sci Rep 2021; 11:16813. [PMID: 34413386 PMCID: PMC8376885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mlph plays a crucial role in regulating skin pigmentation through the melanosome transport process. Although Mlph is a major component involved in melanosome transport, the mechanism that regulates the expression of the Mlph gene has not been identified. In this study, we demonstrate that Mlph expression is regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Alteration of GR activity using a specific GR agonist or antagonist only regulated the expression of Mlph among the 3 key melanosome transport proteins. Translocation of GR from the cytosol into the nucleus following Dex treatment was confirmed by separating the cytosol and nuclear fractions and by immunofluorescence staining. In ChIP assays, Dex induced GR binding to the Mlph promoter and we determined that Dex induced the GR binding motif on the Mlph promoter. Our findings contribute to understanding the regulation of Mlph expression and to the novel role of GR in Mlph gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hwan Myung
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Song Jo
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Il Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Decoding the Evolution of Melanin in Vertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:430-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Castaño-Jaramillo LM, Lugo-Reyes SO, Cruz Muñoz ME, Scheffler-Mendoza SC, Duran McKinster C, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Saez-de-Ocariz Gutierrez MDM. Diagnostic and therapeutic caveats in Griscelli syndrome. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13034. [PMID: 33660295 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease with characteristic pigment distribution, and there are currently 3 types according to the underlying genetic defect and clinical features. We present the case of a girl born from consanguineous parents who presented with predominant neurologic symptoms, silvery hair and granulomatous skin lesions. Cerebral magnetic resonance revealed diffuse white matter lesions, and central nervous system (CNS) lymphocytic infiltration was suspected. The patient underwent haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with graft failure and autologous reconstitution. She developed elevated liver enzyme with a cholestatic pattern. Multiple liver biopsies revealed centrilobular cholestasis and unspecific portal inflammation that improved with immunomodulatory treatment. She was revealed to have an impaired cytotoxicity in NK cells and a decreased expression of RAB27A. However, no variants were found in the gene. All types of GS present with pigment dilution and irregular pigment clumps that can be seen through light microscopy in hair and skin biopsy. Dermic granulomas and immunodeficiency with infectious and HLH predisposition have been described in GS type 2 (GS2). Neurologic alterations might be seen in GS type 1 (GS1) and GS type 2 (GS2), due to different mechanisms. GS1 presents with neurologic impairment secondary to myosin Va role in neuronal development and synapsis. Meanwhile, GS2 can present with neurologic impairment secondary to SNC HLH. Clinical features and cytotoxicity might aid in differentiating GS1 and GS2, especially since treatment differs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saul O Lugo-Reyes
- Immunodeficiencies Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario E Cruz Muñoz
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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28
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Dhekne HS, Yanatori I, Vides EG, Sobu Y, Diez F, Tonelli F, Pfeffer SR. LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10 sequesters Myosin Va with RILPL2 during ciliogenesis blockade. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/5/e202101050. [PMID: 33727250 PMCID: PMC7994366 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic LRRK2 phosphorylation of Rab10 GTPase dramatically redistributes Myosin Va and RILPL2 proteins to the mother centriole and sequesters Myosin Va at that location in a manner that likely interferes with its role in ciliogenesis. Activating mutations in LRRK2 kinase causes Parkinson’s disease. Pathogenic LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases and blocks ciliogenesis. Thus, defining novel phospho-Rab interacting partners is critical to our understanding of the molecular basis of LRRK2 pathogenesis. RILPL2 binds with strong preference to LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab8A and Rab10. RILPL2 is a binding partner of the motor protein and Rab effector, Myosin Va. We show here that the globular tail domain of Myosin Va also contains a high affinity binding site for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10. In the presence of pathogenic LRRK2, RILPL2 and MyoVa relocalize to the peri-centriolar region in a phosphoRab10-dependent manner. PhosphoRab10 retains Myosin Va over pericentriolar membranes as determined by fluorescence loss in photobleaching microscopy. Without pathogenic LRRK2, RILPL2 is not essential for ciliogenesis but RILPL2 over-expression blocks ciliogenesis in RPE cells independent of tau tubulin kinase recruitment to the mother centriole. These experiments show that LRRK2 generated-phosphoRab10 dramatically redistributes a significant fraction of Myosin Va and RILPL2 to the mother centriole in a manner that likely interferes with Myosin Va’s role in ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herschel S Dhekne
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edmundo G Vides
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Federico Diez
- Medical Research Council Lab of Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Medical Research Council Lab of Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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29
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Chen Y, Hu S, Liu M, Zhao B, Yang N, Li J, Chen Q, Zhou J, Bao G, Wu X. Analysis of Genome DNA Methylation at Inherited Coat Color Dilutions of Rex Rabbits. Front Genet 2021; 11:603528. [PMID: 33552123 PMCID: PMC7859435 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.603528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The dilution of color in rabbits is associated with many different genetic mechanisms that form different color groups. A number of previous studies have revealed potential regulatory mechanisms by which epigenetics regulate pigmentation. However, the genome-wide DNA methylation involved in animal coat color dilution remains unknown. Results: We compared genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in Rex rabbit hair follicles in a Chinchilla group (Ch) and a diluted Chinchilla group (DCh) through whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Approximately 3.5% of the cytosine sites were methylated in both groups, of which the CG methylation type was in greatest abundance. In total, we identified 126,405 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the two groups, corresponding to 11,459 DMR-associated genes (DMGs). Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that these DMGs were principally involved in developmental pigmentation and Wnt signaling pathways. In addition, two DMRs were randomly selected to verify that the WGBS data were reliable using bisulfite sequencing PCR, and seven DMGs were analyzed to establish the relationship between the level of DNA methylation and mRNA expression using qRT-PCR. Due to the limitation of small sample size, replication of the results with a larger sample size would be important in future studies. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that there is an association between inherited color dilution and DNA methylation alterations in hair follicles, greatly contributing to our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of rabbit pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bohao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Naisu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiuran Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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30
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Ohishi Y, Ammann S, Ziaee V, Strege K, Groß M, Amos CV, Shahrooei M, Ashournia P, Razaghian A, Griffiths GM, Ehl S, Fukuda M, Parvaneh N. Griscelli Syndrome Type 2 Sine Albinism: Unraveling Differential RAB27A Effector Engagement. Front Immunol 2020; 11:612977. [PMID: 33362801 PMCID: PMC7758216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS-2) is an inborn error of immunity characterized by partial albinism and episodes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It is caused by RAB27A mutations that encode RAB27A, a member of the Rab GTPase family. RAB27A is expressed in many tissues and regulates vesicular transport and organelle dynamics. Occasionally, GS-2 patients with RAB27A mutation display normal pigmentation. The study of such variants provides the opportunity to map distinct binding sites for tissue-specific effectors on RAB27A. Here we present a new case of GS-2 without albinism (GS-2 sine albinism) caused by a novel missense mutation (Val143Ala) in the RAB27A and characterize its functional cellular consequences. Using pertinent animal cell lines, the Val143Ala mutation impairs both the RAB27A–SLP2-A interaction and RAB27A–MUNC13-4 interaction, but it does not affect the RAB27A–melanophilin (MLPH)/SLAC2-A interaction that is crucial for skin and hair pigmentation. We conclude that disruption of the RAB27A–MUNC13-4 interaction in cytotoxic lymphocytes leads to the HLH predisposition of the GS-2 patient with the Val143Ala mutation. Finally, we include a review of GS-2 sine albinism cases reported in the literature, summarizing their genetic and clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ohishi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vahid Ziaee
- Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Pediatric Rheumatology Research Group, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Katharina Strege
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Groß
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carla Vazquez Amos
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Parisa Ashournia
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Razaghian
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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31
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Wang H, Mizuno K, Takahashi N, Kobayashi E, Shirakawa J, Terauchi Y, Kasai H, Okunishi K, Izumi T. Melanophilin Accelerates Insulin Granule Fusion without Predocking to the Plasma Membrane. Diabetes 2020; 69:2655-2666. [PMID: 32994278 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct observation of fluorescence-labeled secretory granule exocytosis in living pancreatic β-cells has revealed heterogeneous prefusion behaviors: some granules dwell beneath the plasma membrane before fusion, while others fuse immediately once they are recruited to the plasma membrane. Although the former mode seems to follow sequential docking-priming-fusion steps as found in synaptic vesicle exocytosis, the latter mode, which is unique to secretory granule exocytosis, has not been explored well. Here, we show that melanophilin, one of the effectors of the monomeric guanosine-5'-triphosphatase Rab27 on the granule membrane, is involved in such an accelerated mode of exocytosis. Melanophilin-mutated leaden mouse and melanophilin-downregulated human pancreatic β-cells both exhibit impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, with a specific reduction in fusion events that bypass stable docking to the plasma membrane. Upon stimulus-induced [Ca2+]i rise, melanophilin mediates this type of fusion by dissociating granules from myosin-Va and actin in the actin cortex and by associating them with a fusion-competent, open form of syntaxin-4 on the plasma membrane. These findings provide the hitherto unknown mechanism to support sustainable exocytosis by which granules are recruited from the cell interior and fuse promptly without stable predocking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kouichi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Okunishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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32
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Fukuda M. Rab GTPases: Key players in melanosome biogenesis, transport, and transfer. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:222-235. [PMID: 32997883 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized intracellular organelles that produce and store melanin pigments in melanocytes, which are present in several mammalian tissues and organs, including the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanosomes form and mature stepwise (stages I-IV) in melanocytes and then are transported toward the plasma membrane along the cytoskeleton. They are subsequently transferred to neighboring keratinocytes by a largely unknown mechanism, and incorporated melanosomes are transported to the perinuclear region of the keratinocytes where they form melanin caps. Melanocytes also extend several dendrites that facilitate the efficient transfer of the melanosomes to the keratinocytes. Since the melanosome biogenesis, transport, and transfer steps require multiple membrane trafficking processes, Rab GTPases that are conserved key regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes are crucial for skin and hair pigmentation. Dysfunctions of two Rab isoforms, Rab27A and Rab38, are known to cause a hypopigmentation phenotype in human type 2 Griscelli syndrome patients and in chocolate mice (related to Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome), respectively. In this review article, I review the literature on the functions of each Rab isoform and its upstream and downstream regulators in mammalian melanocytes and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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33
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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34
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Oguchi ME, Okuyama K, Homma Y, Fukuda M. A comprehensive analysis of Rab GTPases reveals a role for Rab34 in serum starvation-induced primary ciliogenesis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12674-12685. [PMID: 32669361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensors of chemical and mechanical signals in the extracellular environment. The formation of primary cilia (i.e. ciliogenesis) requires dynamic membrane trafficking events, and several Rab small GTPases, key regulators of membrane trafficking, have recently been reported to participate in ciliogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms of Rab-mediated membrane trafficking during ciliogenesis remain largely unknown. In the present study, we used a collection of siRNAs against 62 human Rabs to perform a comprehensive knockdown screening for Rabs that regulate serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis in human telomerase reverse transcriptase retinal pigment epithelium 1 (hTERT-RPE1) cells and succeeded in identifying Rab34 as an essential Rab. Knockout (KO) of Rab34, but not of Rabs previously reported to regulate ciliogenesis (e.g. Rab8 and Rab10) in hTERT-RPE1 cells, drastically impaired serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis. Rab34 was also required for serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis in NIH/3T3 cells and MCF10A cells but not for ciliogenesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-II cysts. We then attempted to identify a specific region(s) of Rab34 that is essential for ciliogenesis by performing deletion and mutation analyses of Rab34. Unexpectedly, instead of a specific sequence in the switch II region, which is generally important for recognizing effector proteins (e.g. Rab interacting lysosomal protein [RILP]), a unique long N-terminal region of Rab34 before the conserved GTPase domain was found to be essential. These findings suggest that Rab34 is an atypical Rab that regulates serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis through its unique N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai E Oguchi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koki Okuyama
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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RAB27A/Melanophilin Blocker Inhibits Melanoma Cell Motility and Invasion. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1470-1473.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bowman SL, Bi-Karchin J, Le L, Marks MS. The road to lysosome-related organelles: Insights from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and other rare diseases. Traffic 2020; 20:404-435. [PMID: 30945407 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) comprise a diverse group of cell type-specific, membrane-bound subcellular organelles that derive at least in part from the endolysosomal system but that have unique contents, morphologies and functions to support specific physiological roles. They include: melanosomes that provide pigment to our eyes and skin; alpha and dense granules in platelets, and lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, which release effectors to regulate hemostasis and immunity; and distinct classes of lamellar bodies in lung epithelial cells and keratinocytes that support lung plasticity and skin lubrication. The formation, maturation and/or secretion of subsets of LROs are dysfunctional or entirely absent in a number of hereditary syndromic disorders, including in particular the Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LROs in humans and model organisms and presents our current understanding of how the products of genes that are defective in heritable diseases impact their formation, motility and ultimate secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Bowman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Bi-Karchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linh Le
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Posbergh CJ, Staiger EA, Huson HJ. A Stop-Gain Mutation within MLPH Is Responsible for the Lilac Dilution Observed in Jacob Sheep. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060618. [PMID: 32512769 PMCID: PMC7349772 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A coat color dilution, called lilac, was observed within the Jacob sheep breed. This dilution results in sheep appearing gray, where black would normally occur. Pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance. Whole-genome sequencing of a dilute case, a known carrier, and sixteen non-dilute sheep was used to identify the molecular variant responsible for the coat color change. Through investigation of the genes MLPH, MYO5A, and RAB27A, we discovered a nonsynonymous mutation within MLPH, which appeared to match the reported autosomal recessive nature of the lilac dilution. This mutation (NC_019458.2:g.3451931C>A) results in a premature stop codon being introduced early in the protein (NP_001139743.1:p.Glu14*), likely losing its function. Validation testing of additional lilac Jacob sheep and known carriers, unrelated to the original case, showed a complete concordance between the mutation and the dilution. This stop-gain mutation is likely the causative mutation for dilution within Jacob sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Posbergh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.); (H.J.H.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Staiger
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Heather J. Huson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.); (H.J.H.)
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Canclini L, Cal K, Bardier C, Ruiz P, Mercer JA, Calliari A. Calcium triggers the dissociation of myosin-Va from ribosomes in ribonucleoprotein complexes. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2311-2321. [PMID: 32412091 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The sorting of RNAs to specific regions of the cell for local translation represents an important mechanism directing protein distribution and cell compartmentalization. While significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the transport and localization of mRNAs, the mechanisms governing ribosome mobilization are less well understood. Ribosomes present in the cytoplasm of multiple cell types can form ribonucleoprotein complexes that also contain myosin-Va (Myo5a), a processive, actin-dependent molecular motor. Here, we report that Myo5a can be disassociated from ribosomes when ribonucleoprotein complexes are exposed to calcium, both in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that Myo5a may act as a molecular switch able to anchor or release ribosomes from the actin cytoskeleton in response to intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Canclini
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas 'Clemente Estable' (MEC), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karina Cal
- Department of Biosciences, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camila Bardier
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas 'Clemente Estable' (MEC), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paul Ruiz
- Department of Biosciences, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Aldo Calliari
- Department of Biosciences, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Al-Saad RZ, Kerr I, Hume AN. In Vitro Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Assay Used to Determine the Rab27-Effector-Binding Affinity. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 18:180-194. [PMID: 32384245 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2019.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rab27 subfamily consists of Rab27a/b isoforms that have similar but not identical functions. Those functions include the regulation of trafficking, docking, and fusion of various lysosome-related organelles and secretory granules; such as melanosomes in melanocytes and lytic granules in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Rab27a/b exert their specific and versatile functions by interacting with 11 effector proteins, preferentially in their GTP-bound state. In recent years, a number of studies have identified roles for Rab27 proteins and their effectors in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, immune response, inflammation, and allergic responses. These findings suggest that Rab27-effector protein interaction inhibitors could contribute to the development of effective strategies to treat these diseases. To facilitate inhibitor identification, in this study we developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based protein-protein interaction assay that reports Rab27-effector interactions. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-mouse (m) synaptotagmin-like protein (Slp)1 and GFP-mSlp2 (N-terminus Rab27-binding domains) recombinant proteins were used as donor fluorophores, whereas mCherry-human (h) Rab27a/b recombinant proteins were used as acceptor fluorophores. The in vitro binding affinity of mSlp2 to Rab27 was found to be higher compared with mSlp1 and was evidenced by the effective concentration 50 value differences (mSlp2-hRab27b = 0.15 μM < mSlp2-hRab27a = 0.2 μM < mSlp1-hRab27a = 0.32 μM < mSlp1-hRab27b = 0.33 μM). The specificity of the assay was assessed using unlabeled rat (r) Rab27a and hRab27b recombinant proteins as typical competitive inhibitors for Rab27-effector interactions and was evidenced by the inhibitory concentration 50 value differences. Accordingly, this in vitro assay can be employed in identification of candidate inhibitors of Rab27-effector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghdan Z Al-Saad
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Kerr
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair N Hume
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Li J, Chen Y, Liu M, Chen Q, Zhou J, Bao G, Wu X. Association of Melanophilin (MLPH) gene polymorphism with coat colour in Rex rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2020.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Rex rabbit, with multiple phenotypes and colourful fur, is an interesting model for assessing the effect of coat colour gene mutations on characteristic pigmentation phenotype. Based on previous study, the <em>melanophilin</em> (<em>MLPH</em>) gene is a positional candidate gene related coat colour dilution. The fur colours are a lighter shade, e.g. grey instead of black. We sequenced 1689 base pairs of the <em>MLPH</em> gene in Chinchilla and black Rex rabbit. A total of 13 polymorphisms were identified, including seven missense mutations. The rabbit <em>MLPH</em> gene has a very high GC content and the protein shows 64.87% identity to the orthologous human protein (lack of homologous amino acids encoded by human MLPH exon 9). Hardy-Weinberg test showed that, except for the g.606C>A single nucleotid polymorphism (SNP), all other SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Haplotype analysis revealed that the seven missense mutation SNPs of two strains of Rex rabbits formed 10 haplotypes, but there were only seven major types of haplotypes (haplotype frequency <em>P</em>>0.05). The major haplotypes of the Chinchilla and black Rex rabbits were H1/H2/H3/H4/H5 and H1/H2/H3/H6/H8, respectively. The special haplotypes of Chinchilla Rex rabbit (H4, H5, H7) were consistently associated with the Chinchilla phenotype. This study provides evidence that different coat colour formation may be caused by one or more mutations within <em>MLPH</em> gene in several Rex rabbit strains. The data on polymorphisms that are associated with the Chinchilla phenotype facilitate the breeding of rabbits with defined coat colours.
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Fu WF, Li JJ, Kang SH, Song CG. The Expression, Clinicopathologic Characteristics, and Prognostic Value of Androgen Receptor in Breast Cancer: A Bioinformatics Analysis Using Public Databases. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:864-874. [PMID: 32181676 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of androgen receptor (AR) in breast cancer has been unveiled in succession for the past few years. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis based on four online public databases of data from many previous studies. We found that the expression of AR is significantly related to age, histological grade, and subtype but not to lymph node status. The low expression level of AR is strongly associated with poor recurrence-free survival, especially with poor distance metastasis-free survival in luminal A patients, but inverse in HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) enriched patients. AR might be a biomarker of chemosensitivity in the basal subtype. Besides, the expression of melanophilin (MLPH) is distinctly in accordance with that of AR. AR could play diverse roles in different subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fen Fu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Hong Kang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Gui Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Jo CS, Park HI, Jung HJ, Park JI, Lee JE, Myung CH, Hwang JS. A novel function of Prohibitin on melanosome transport in melanocytes. Theranostics 2020; 10:3880-3891. [PMID: 32226526 PMCID: PMC7086355 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin (PHB, also known as PHB1 or BAP32), is a highly conserved 31kDa protein that expressed in many cellular compartments, such as mitochondria, nucleus, cytosol, and plasma membrane, and plays roles in regulating the transcription of genes, apoptosis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. There is a report that Prohibitin expression is required for the stimulation of pigmentation by melanogenin. However, no studies have been published on the function of PHB in melanocytes, especially in melanosome transport. Methods: Immunofluorescence was performed to confirm the localization of PHB. siRNA transfections, Co-immunoprecipitation, western blotting and proximity ligation assay were performed to find binding state between proteins and demonstrate functions of PHB on melanosome transport. Results: PHB is located in the melanosome and perinuclear aggregation of melanosome is induced when expression of PHB is reduced with no influence on melanin contents. PHB binds directly to Rab27a and Mlph but not Myosin-Va. Rab27a and Mlph bind to specific domains of PHB. Reduced expression of PHB led to the impaired binding affinity between Rab27a and Mlph. Conclusion: PHB regulates melanosome transport by linking to Rab27a and Mlph in melanocytes. Targeting and regulating PHB not only manages pigmentation in melanocytes, but also controls hyperpigmentation in melanoma
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Catz SD, McLeish KR. Therapeutic targeting of neutrophil exocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:393-408. [PMID: 31990103 PMCID: PMC7044074 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0120-645r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of neutrophil activation causes disease in humans. Neither global inhibition of neutrophil functions nor neutrophil depletion provides safe and/or effective therapeutic approaches. The role of neutrophil granule exocytosis in multiple steps leading to recruitment and cell injury led each of our laboratories to develop molecular inhibitors that interfere with specific molecular regulators of secretion. This review summarizes neutrophil granule formation and contents, the role granule cargo plays in neutrophil functional responses and neutrophil-mediated diseases, and the mechanisms of granule release that provide the rationale for development of our exocytosis inhibitors. We present evidence for the inhibition of granule exocytosis in vitro and in vivo by those inhibitors and summarize animal data indicating that inhibition of neutrophil exocytosis is a viable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D. Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kenneth R. McLeish
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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Phatarpekar PV, Billadeau DD. Molecular regulation of the plasma membrane-proximal cellular steps involved in NK cell cytolytic function. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs240424. [PMID: 32086255 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, cytolytic lymphocytes of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in the immune response against infection and cancer. NK cells kill target cells through exocytosis of lytic granules that contain cytotoxic proteins, such as perforin and granzymes. Formation of a functional immune synapse, i.e. the interface between the NK cell and its target cell enhances lysis through accumulation of polymerized F-actin at the NK cell synapse, leading to convergence of lytic granules to the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and its subsequent polarization along microtubules to deliver the lytic granules to the synapse. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms regulating the cellular processes that occur after the lytic granules are delivered to the cytotoxic synapse. We outline how - once near the synapse - the granules traverse the clearings created by F-actin remodeling to dock, tether and fuse with the plasma membrane in order to secrete their lytic content into the synaptic cleft through exocytosis. Further emphasis is given to the role of Ca2+ mobilization during degranulation and, whenever applicable, we compare these mechanisms in NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as adaptive immune system effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad V Phatarpekar
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dolce LG, Ohbayashi N, Silva DFD, Ferrari AJ, Pirolla RA, Schwarzer ACDA, Zanphorlin LM, Cabral L, Fioramonte M, Ramos CH, Gozzo FC, Fukuda M, Giuseppe POD, Murakami MT. Unveiling the interaction between the molecular motor Myosin Vc and the small GTPase Rab3A. J Proteomics 2020; 212:103549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Myung CH, Kim K, Park JI, Lee JE, Lee JA, Hong SC, Lim KM, Hwang JS. 16-Kauren-2-beta-18,19-triol inhibits melanosome transport in melanocytes by down-regulation of melanophilin expression. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 97:101-108. [PMID: 31892452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rab27a, Mlph, and MyoVa form a tripartite complex and relate to melanosome distribution. Melanophilin (Mlph) acts as a linker protein between Rab27a and MyoVa. The biological activity and function of 16-kauren on the expression of Mlph has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of 16-kauren on melanosome transport and skin pigmentation. METHODS Murine Melan-a melanocytes and SP-1 keratinocytes were used for in vitro analysis. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, luciferase assay and immunohistochemical staining in 3D pigmented human skin model were performed. RESULTS We found that 16-kauren inhibits melanosome transport in Melan-a melanocytes without affecting melanin synthesis. Treatment with 16-kauren reduced melanophilin (Mlph), a key protein in melanosome transport, in Melan-a melanocytes, at both the protein and mRNA levels while it did not affect the expression of Rab27a and MyoVa, the other two key proteins for melanosome transport. Notably, the expression of melanogenic proteins, including tyrosinase, trp1, trp2, and MITF, was not affected by 16-kauren. However, 16-kauren attenuated melanosome distribution in co-culture of Melan-a melanocytes and SP-1 keratinocytes as well as in Melan-a monolayer culture. In further confirmation of the depigmenting effects of 16-kauren on Melanoderm™, a 3D pigmented human skin model, treatment with 16-kauren for 12 days increased the brightness of the tissue as determined by lightness value and reduced the distribution of melanosomes as shown in histological examination. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that 16-kauren is a selective modulator of a melangenic target, Mlph expression, and can be employed as a new depigmenting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hwan Myung
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Il Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chan Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Unconventional Myosins: How Regulation Meets Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010067. [PMID: 31861842 PMCID: PMC6981383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional myosins are multi-potent molecular motors that are assigned important roles in fundamental cellular processes. Depending on their mechano-enzymatic properties and structural features, myosins fulfil their roles by acting as cargo transporters along the actin cytoskeleton, molecular anchors or tension sensors. In order to perform such a wide range of roles and modes of action, myosins need to be under tight regulation in time and space. This is achieved at multiple levels through diverse regulatory mechanisms: the alternative splicing of various isoforms, the interaction with their binding partners, their phosphorylation, their applied load and the composition of their local environment, such as ions and lipids. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how unconventional myosins are regulated, how these regulatory mechanisms can adapt to the specific features of a myosin and how they can converge with each other in order to ensure the required tight control of their function.
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Li Y, Huang J, Lu J, Ding Y, Jiang L, Hu S, Chen J, Zeng Q. The role and mechanism of Asian medicinal plants in treating skin pigmentary disorders. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112173. [PMID: 31445129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chloasma, senile plaques, vitiligo and other pigmentary disorders seriously affect patients' appearance and life quality. Medicinal plant is the product of long-term medical practice worldwide, with the advantages of outstanding curative properties and less side effects. Recently, research were made to explore the value of medicinal plants in the treatment of pigmentary disorders, and remarkable results were achieved. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review outlines the current understanding of the role and potential mechanisms of medicinal plants (including active ingredients, extracts and prescriptions) in pigmentary disorders, especially Chinese medicinal plants, provides the preclinical evidence for the clinical benefits. This study hopes to provide comprehensive information and reliable basis for exploring new therapeutic strategies of plant drugs in the treatment of skin pigmented diseases. METHODS The literature information was obtained from the scientific databases (up to Oct, 2017), mainly from the PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases, and was to identify the experimental studies on the regulating melanogenesis role of the active agents from herbal medicine and the involved mechanisms. The search keywords for such work included: "pigmentary" or "pigmentation", "melanogenesis", and "traditional Chinese medicine" or "Chinese herbal medicine", "herb", "medicinal plant". RESULTS We summarized the function of medicinal plants involved in melanogenesis, especially Chinese medicine. It was reported that the active ingredients, extracts, or prescriptions of medicinal plants can regulate the expression of genes related to melanogenesis by affecting the signaling pathways such as MAPK and PKA, thereby regulating pigment synthesis. Some of them can promote melanogenesis (such as isoliquiritigenin, geniposide; Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; the Bairesi complex prescription, etc.). While others have the opposite effect (such as biochanin A, Gomisin N; Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Nardostachys chinensis Bat.; Sanbaitang, etc.). CONCLUSION Asian medicinal plants, especially their active ingredients, have multilevel effects on melanogenesis by regulating melanogenesis-related genes or signaling pathways. They are of great clinical value for the treatment of skin pigmentary disorders. However, the experimental effect, safety, and functional mechanism of the medicinal plants require further determination before studying their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Yufang Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Shuanghai Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China.
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China.
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49
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Lambert MW, Maddukuri S, Karanfilian KM, Elias ML, Lambert WC. The physiology of melanin deposition in health and disease. Clin Dermatol 2019; 37:402-417. [PMID: 31896398 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is the major pigment responsible for human skin color. This black/brown pigment is localized in membrane-bound organelles (melanosomes) found in specialized cells (melanocytes) in the basal layer of the epidermis. This review highlights the steps involved in melanogenesis in the epidermis and the disorders in skin pigmentation that occur when specific steps critical for this process are defective. Melanosomes, which contain tyrosinase, a major enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, develop through a series of steps in the melanocyte. They are donated from the melanocyte dendrites to the surrounding keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the keratinocytes, the melanosomes are found singly or packaged into groups, and as the keratinocytes move upward in the epidermis, the melanosomes start to degrade. This sequence of events is critical for melanin pigmentation in the skin and can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, which all play a role in levels of melanization of the epidermis. The effects these factors have on skin pigmentation can be due to different underlying mechanisms involved in the melanization process leading to either hypo- or hyperpigmentary disorders. These disorders highlight the importance of mechanistic studies on the specific steps involved in the melanization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel W Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Spandana Maddukuri
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katrice M Karanfilian
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marcus L Elias
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - W Clark Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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50
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Cao QJ, Zhang N, Zhou R, Yao LL, Li XD. The cargo adaptor proteins RILPL2 and melanophilin co-regulate myosin-5a motor activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11333-11341. [PMID: 31175157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate myosin-5a is an ATP-utilizing processive motor associated with the actin network and responsible for the transport and localization of several vesicle cargoes. To transport cargo efficiently and prevent futile ATP hydrolysis, myosin-5a motor function must be tightly regulated. The globular tail domain (GTD) of myosin-5a not only functions as the inhibitory domain but also serves as the binding site for a number of cargo adaptor proteins, including melanophilin (Mlph) and Rab-interacting lysosomal protein-like 2 (RILPL2). In this study, using various biochemical approaches, including ATPase, single-molecule motility, GST pulldown assays, and analytical ultracentrifugation, we demonstrate that the binding of both Mlph and RILPL2 to the GTD of myosin-5a is required for the activation of myosin-5a motor function under physiological ionic conditions. We also found that this activation is regulated by the small GTPase Rab36, a binding partner of RILPL2. In summary, our results indicate that RILPL2 is required for Mlph-mediated activation of Myo5a motor activity under physiological conditions and that Rab36 promotes this activation. We propose that Rab36 stimulates RILPL2 to interact with the myosin-5a GTD; this interaction then induces exposure of the Mlph-binding site in the GTD, enabling Mlph to interact with the GTD and activate myosin-5a motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Juan Cao
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin-Lin Yao
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Group of Cell Motility and Muscle Contraction, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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