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Sirca TB, Mureșan ME, Pallag A, Marian E, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, Tunduc IP, Manole F, Ștefan L. The Role of Polyphenols in Modulating PON1 Activity Regarding Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2962. [PMID: 38474211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases are still rising. The principal mechanism that drives them is atherosclerosis, an affection given by dyslipidemia and a pro-inflammatory state. Paraoxonase enzymes have a protective role due to their ability to contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, especially paraoxonase 1 (PON1). PON1 binds with HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and high serum levels lead to a protective state against dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stroke, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and many others. Modulating PON1 expression might be a treatment objective with significant results in limiting the prevalence of atherosclerosis. Lifestyle including diet and exercise can raise its levels, and some beneficial plants have been found to influence PON1 levels; therefore, more studies on herbal components are needed. Our purpose is to highlight the principal roles of Praoxonase 1, its implications in dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and other diseases, and to emphasize plants that can modulate PON1 expression, targeting the potential of some flavonoids that could be introduced as supplements in our diet and to validate the hypothesis that flavonoids have any effects regarding PON1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Bianca Sirca
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, No. 1 University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mariana Eugenia Mureșan
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, No. 1 University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Annamaria Pallag
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Eleonora Marian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Tunde Jurca
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Laura Grațiela Vicaș
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga Street, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Ioana Paula Tunduc
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital of Bihor, Gheorghe Doja Street 65-67, 410169 Oradea, Romania
| | - Felicia Manole
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st December Square 10, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Liana Ștefan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st December Square 10, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Kovács P, Pushparaj PN, Takács R, Mobasheri A, Matta C. The clusterin connectome: Emerging players in chondrocyte biology and putative exploratory biomarkers of osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103097. [PMID: 37033956 PMCID: PMC10081159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionClusterin is amoonlighting protein that hasmany functions. It is amultifunctional Q6 holdase chaperone glycoprotein that is present intracellularly and extracellularly in almost all bodily fluids. Clusterin is involved in lipid transport, cell differentiation, regulation of apoptosis, and clearance of cellular debris, and plays a protective role in ensuring cellular survival. However, the possible involvement of clusterin in arthritic disease remains unclear. Given the significant potential of clusterin as a biomarker of osteoarthritis (OA), a more detailed analysis of its complex network in an inflammatory environment, specifically in the context of OA, is required. Based on the molecular network of clusterin, this study aimed to identify interacting partners that could be developed into biomarker panels for OA.MethodsThe STRING database and Cytoscape were used to map and visualize the clusterin connectome. The Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was used to analyze and study clusterinassociated signaling networks in OA. We also analyzed transcription factors known to modulate clusterin expression, which may be altered in OA.ResultsThe top hits in the clusterin network were intracellular chaperones, aggregate-forming proteins, apoptosis regulators and complement proteins. Using a text-mining approach in Cytoscape, we identified additional interacting partners, including serum proteins, apolipoproteins, and heat shock proteins.DiscussionBased on known interactions with proteins, we predicted potential novel components of the clusterin connectome in OA, including selenoprotein R, semaphorins, and meprins, which may be important for designing new prognostic or diagnostic biomarker panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- FibroHealth Interdisciplinary Research Programme, Fibrobesity Cluster, Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Csaba Matta, ; Ali Mobasheri,
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Csaba Matta, ; Ali Mobasheri,
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Karpouzas GA, Bui VL, Ronda N, Hollan I, Ormseth SR. Biologics and atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: a review of evidence and mechanistic insights. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:355-374. [PMID: 33673792 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1899809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is a leading comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis. Timely introduction of biologic therapies in a treat-to-target approach has optimized disease-related outcomes and attenuated accrual of comorbidities, including cardiovascular risk.Areas covered: A literature search in MEDLINE (via PubMed) was performed between January 2009 and November 2020. This manuscript explores recent developments in atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in RA compared with non-RA individuals; it synopsizes differences in vascular function and inflammation, prevalence, burden, vulnerability, and progression of atherosclerotic plaque and their underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Finally, it reviews the recent literature on cardioprotective benefits of biologics and draws mechanistic links with inhibition of new plaque formation, stabilization of high-risk lesions and improvement in endothelial function, arterial stiffness, lipid metabolism, and traditional cardiac risk factors.Expert opinion: Increasing evidence points to a solid cardioprotective influence of earlier, longer, and ongoing use of biologic treatments in RA. Nevertheless, the precise mechanistic effects of plaque progression and remodeling, vascular stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, and traditional cardiac risk factors are less rigorously characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Karpouzas
- Division of Rheumatology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Viet L Bui
- Division of Rheumatology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ivana Hollan
- The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway.,Beitostølen Sport and Health Centre, Beitostølen, Norway
| | - Sarah R Ormseth
- Division of Rheumatology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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Grzegorzewska AE, Adamska P, Iwańczyk-Skalska E, Ostromecka K, Niepolski L, Marcinkowski W, Mostowska A, Warchoł W, Żaba C, Jagodziński PP. Paraoxonase 1 concerning dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6773. [PMID: 33762698 PMCID: PMC7990965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is known for preventing atherosclerosis through lipid-modifying features, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-thrombosis, and anti-adhesion properties. Uremic patients requiring haemodialysis (HD) are especially prone to atherosclerosis and its complications. We analysed the PON1 gene (PON1) polymorphisms and serum PON1 (paraoxonase) activity concerning dyslipidaemia and related cardiovascular diseases and mortality to show how they associate under uremic conditions modified by maintenance HD treatment. The rs662 AA + AG (OR 1.76, 95%CI 1.10-2.80, P = 0.018), rs854560 TT (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.04-2.11, P = 0.031), and rs854560 AT + TT (OR 1.28, 95%CI 1.01-1.63, P = 0.040) contributed to the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidaemia diagnosed by the triglyceride (TG)/HDL-cholesterol ratio ≥ 3.8. The normalized serum PON1 activity positively correlated with atherogenic dyslipidaemia (ẞ 0.67 ± 0.25, P = 0.008). The PON1 rs854560 allele T was involved in the higher prevalence of ischemic cerebral stroke (OR 1.38, 1.02-1.85, P = 0.034). The PON1 rs705379 TT genotype contributed to cardiovascular (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03-1.57, P = 0.025) and cardiac (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.05-1.71, P = 0.018) mortality. All P-values were obtained in multiple regression analyses, including clinical variables. Multifaceted associations of PON1 with dyslipidaemia, ischemic cerebral stroke, and cardiovascular mortality in HD patients provide arguments for the consideration of PON1 and its protein product as therapeutic targets in the prevention of atherosclerosis and its complications in uremic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja E. Grzegorzewska
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina Adamska
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Iwańczyk-Skalska
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamila Ostromecka
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Nephrology Research Group, Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Leszek Niepolski
- B. Braun Avitum Poland, Dialysis Center, 64-300 Nowy Tomyśl, Poland
| | | | - Adrianna Mostowska
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Warchoł
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Czesław Żaba
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Forensic Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł P. Jagodziński
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
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The effect of curcumin and exercise rehabilitation on liver paraoxonase-1 and NF-kβ gene expression in the rat induced by forced drinking of ethanol. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 6:49-54. [PMID: 32166124 PMCID: PMC7062120 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2020.93057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Binge ethanol drinking causes liver damage and decreased paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) gene expression. On the other hand, regular physical activity and curcumin consumption as non-invasive interventions can have liver protective effects through enhancing antioxidant defense, and improving PON-1 and NF-kβ (nuclear factor kappa B) gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of exercise rehabilitation and curcumin consumption on hepatocyte damage as well as NF-kβ and PON-1 gene expression in rats. Material and methods Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly selected and equally divided into seven groups: dextrose-control (Dext-Con), ethanol-control (Eth-Con), ethanol-saline (Eth-sal), ethanol-DMSO (Eth-DMSO), ethanol-curcumin (Eth-Cur), ethanol-swimming training (Eth-SWT) and ethanol-SWT + curcumin (Eth-SWT + Cur). After four days of the binge drinking protocol followed by six days of quitting, the interventions of SWT and curcumin (50 mg/kg) were employed for 14 days. Afterwards, the rats’ liver tissues were collected and sent to the laboratory for biochemical assays. Results The interaction of SWT and curcumin caused an increase in PON-1 gene expression (p = 0.02). In addition, curcumin consumption (p = 0.003) and its interaction with SWT (p = 0.004) resulted in a reduction in NF-kβ gene expression. Also, liver tissue damage was observed in the Eth-Con group compared to other groups. Conclusions The combination of curcumin and SWT may be used to reduce the side effects of binge ethanol drinking and improve recovery in the quitting period.
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Kotur-Stevuljević J, Vekić J, Stefanović A, Zeljković A, Ninić A, Ivanišević J, Miljković M, Sopić M, Munjas J, Mihajlović M, Spasić S, Jelić-Ivanović Z, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V. Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Biofactors 2020; 46:193-205. [PMID: 31400246 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A direct and an indirect relationship between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and atherosclerosis exists. Given PON1's physical location within high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and its recognized enzyme activity, it is certainly reasonable to suggest that PON1 facilitates the antiatherogenic nature of HDL particles. PON1 also plays a role in regulating reverse cholesterol transport, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasodilative, and antithrombotic activities and several endothelial cell functions. HDL dysfunctionality is a more recent issue and seems to be centered on pathological conditions affecting HDL structure and size profiles. This review is focused on the role of PON1 status in different atherosclerosis-related diseases that we have studied over the last twenty years (coronary heart disease, acute ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus type 2, end-stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sarcoidosis) with the aim to determine the true value of PON1 as a biomarker. The role of PON1 in cancer is also covered, as risk factors and mechanisms underlying both atherosclerosis and cancer share common features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Ninić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Ivanišević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Miljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miron Sopić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Munjas
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Spasić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Jelić-Ivanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
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Sun X, Seidman JS, Zhao P, Troutman TD, Spann NJ, Que X, Zhou F, Liao Z, Pasillas M, Yang X, Magida JA, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Downes M, Evans RM, Saltiel AR, Tsimikas S, Glass CK, Witztum JL. Neutralization of Oxidized Phospholipids Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2020; 31:189-206.e8. [PMID: 31761566 PMCID: PMC7028360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), which arise due to oxidative stress, are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, but their roles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown. Here, we show that OxPLs accumulate in human and mouse NASH. Using a transgenic mouse that expresses a functional single-chain variable fragment of E06, a natural antibody that neutralizes OxPLs, we demonstrate the causal role of OxPLs in NASH. Targeting OxPLs in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice improved multiple aspects of NASH, including steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, hepatocyte death, and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, we found that OxPLs promote ROS accumulation to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. Neutralizing OxPLs in AMLN-diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice reduced oxidative stress, improved hepatic and adipose-tissue mitochondrial function, and fatty-acid oxidation. These results suggest targeting OxPLs may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fangli Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhongji Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason A Magida
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Luo Q, Ji S, Li Z, Huang T, Fan S, Xi Q. Effects of ultrasound therapy on the synovial fluid proteome in a rabbit surgery-induced model of knee osteoarthritis. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:18. [PMID: 30795769 PMCID: PMC6387552 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasound (US) therapy may improve osteoarthritis symptoms. We investigated the effects of US on the synovial fluid (SF) proteome in a rabbit knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model to explore its therapeutic mechanisms. Methods Sixteen healthy 6-month-old New Zealand white rabbits (eight male, eight female), weighing 2.5–3.0 kg, were randomly divided into groups A and B with eight rabbits per group. Both groups were subjected to right anterior cruciate ligament transaction. Six weeks after surgery, we treated the operated knee joint of group A rabbits with US and of group B rabbits with sham US for 2 weeks. The proteomes of knee joint SF from groups A and B rabbits were then analyzed using a label-free mass spectrometry (MS) quantification method. Results We identified 19 protein sequences annotated by 361 Gene Ontology (GO) items. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database of rabbit protein sequences, we then annotated the KO numbers of homologous/similar proteins to 32 relevant KEGG pathways. We extracted 10 significantly differentially expressed proteins among the 32 relevant KEGG messages/metabolism pathways. The proteins whose levels were decreased were apolipoprotein A-I (AopA-1), transferrin (TF), carboxypeptidase B2 (CBP2), arylesterase/paraoxonase (PON), fibrinogen alpha chain, and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). The proteins whose levels were increased were molecular chaperone HtpG/heat shock proteins (htpG, HSP90A), decorin (DCN), pyruvate kinase (PK, pyk), and fatty acid-binding protein 4/adipocyte (FABP4, aP2). Conclusions US therapy can alter protein levels in SF, which can decrease AopA-1, TF, CBP2, PON, fibrinogen alpha chain and A2M protein levels, and increase HtpG/HSP90A, DCN, PK/PKY, and FABP4/aP2 protein levels in SF of KOA, suggesting that the therapeutic mechanisms of US therapy on KOA may occur through changes in the SF proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglu Luo
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medicine University, No. 621, GangWan Road, HuangPu District, Guangzhou, 510700, Guangdong Province, China.,College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Shuangquan Ji
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medicine University, No. 621, GangWan Road, HuangPu District, Guangzhou, 510700, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhimi Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medicine University, No. 621, GangWan Road, HuangPu District, Guangzhou, 510700, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medicine University, No. 621, GangWan Road, HuangPu District, Guangzhou, 510700, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siqin Fan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Xi
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medicine University, No. 621, GangWan Road, HuangPu District, Guangzhou, 510700, Guangdong Province, China.
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Liu Z, Li H, Zheng Y, Gao Z, Cong L, Yang L, Zhou Y. Association of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 with the Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Result from the APAC Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10127. [PMID: 29973631 PMCID: PMC6031645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a worldwide chronic liver disease. Few studies have investigated the association between NAFLD and Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a unique enzyme correlated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between Lp-PLA2 and NAFLD in a Chinese community-based cohort. A total of 1587 adults aged ≥40 years were enrolled in the current study. Participants underwent a standardized evaluation. The serum Lp-PLA2 concentration was measured by ELISA and NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between Lp-PLA2 and NAFLD. Increased Lp-PLA2 levels were significantly associated with decreased NAFLD prevalence after adjusting for other potential confounders. The adjusted ORs of NAFLD in Q2, Q3 and Q4 compared with Q1 were 0.88 (0.64–1.21), 0.71 (0.51–0.98) and 0.67 (0.48–0.95), respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the adjusted ORs of moderate and heavy NAFLD in Q2, Q3 and Q4 compared to Q1 were 0.64 (0.41–1.01), 0.48 (0.29–0.80) and 0.47 (0.28–0.79), respectively (P < 0.01). In conclusions, increased Lp-PLA2 levels were independently associated with decreased NAFLD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongni Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinghong Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyu Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Dai X, Zhang D, Wang C, Wu Z, Liang C. The Pivotal Role of Thymus in Atherosclerosis Mediated by Immune and Inflammatory Response. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1555-1563. [PMID: 30443178 PMCID: PMC6216065 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one kind of chronic inflammatory disease, in which multiple types of immune cells or factors are involved. Data from experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in such process. The thymus as a key organ in T lymphocyte ontogenesis has an important role in optimizing immune system function throughout the life, and dysfunction of thymus has been proved to be associated with severity of atherosclerosis. Based on previous research, we begin with the hypothesis that low density lipoprotein or cholesterol reduces the expression of the thymus transcription factor Foxn1 via low density lipoprotein receptors on the membrane surface and low density lipoprotein receptor related proteins on the cell surface, which cause the thymus function decline or degradation. The imbalance of T cell subgroups and the decrease of naive T cells due to thymus dysfunction cause the increase or decrease in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, which in turn aggravates or inhibits atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. Hence, thymus may be the pivotal role in coronary heart disease mediated by atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and it can imply a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with atherosclerosis in addition to different commercial drugs. Modulation of immune system by inducing thymus function may be a therapeutic approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent advances about the impact of thymus function on atherosclerosis by the data from animal or human studies and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Cardiology, 101 Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu province 214041, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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11
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Pedersen BK. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:600-611. [PMID: 28722106 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). AIMS The aim of this review was to provide the reader with an update of the mechanisms whereby exercise-induced cytokines may impact cardiometabolic diseases. RESULTS Evidence exists that interleukin (IL)-1β is involved in pancreatic β-cell damage, whereas TNF-α is a key molecule in peripheral insulin resistance. In addition, TNF-α appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and heart failure. A marked increase in IL-6 and IL-10 is provoked by exercise and exerts direct anti-inflammatory effects by an inhibition of TNF-α and by stimulating IL-1ra, thereby limiting IL-1β signalling. Moreover, muscle-derived IL-6 appears to have direct anti-inflammatory effects and serves as a mechanism to improve glucose tolerance. In addition, indirect anti-inflammatory effects of long-term exercise are mediated via improvements in body composition. CONCLUSION Physical activity represents a natural, strong anti-inflammatory strategy with minor side effects and should be integrated in the management of patients with cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Medina-Díaz IM, Ponce-Ruiz N, Ramírez-Chávez B, Rojas-García AE, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Elizondo G, Bernal-Hernández YY. Downregulation of human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) by organophosphate pesticides in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:490-500. [PMID: 26948828 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a calcium-dependent esterase synthesized primarily in the liver and secreted into the plasma where it is associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). PON1 hydrolyzes and detoxifies some toxic metabolites of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) such as methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos. Thus, PON1 activity and expression levels are important for determining susceptibility against OPs poisoning. Some studies have demonstrated that OPs can modulate gene expression through interactions with nuclear receptors. In this study, we evaluated the effects of methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos on the modulation of PON1 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) cells by real-time PCR, PON1 activity assay, and western blot. The results showed that the treatments with methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos decreased PON1 mRNA and immunoreactive protein and increased inflammatory cytokines in HepG2 cells. The effects of methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos on the downregulation of PON1 gene expression in HepG2 cells may provide evidence of OPs cytotoxicity related to oxidative stress and an inflammatory response. A decrease in the expression of the PON1 gene may increase the susceptibility to OPs intoxication and the risk of diseases related to inflammation and oxidative stress. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 490-500, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado
| | - Néstor Ponce-Ruiz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit
| | | | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado
| | - Briscia S Barrón-Vivanco
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, D.F., México
| | - Yael Y Bernal-Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado
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13
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Harwardt T, Lukas S, Zenger M, Reitberger T, Danzer D, Übner T, Munday DC, Nevels M, Paulus C. Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early 1 Protein Rewires Upstream STAT3 to Downstream STAT1 Signaling Switching an IL6-Type to an IFNγ-Like Response. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005748. [PMID: 27387064 PMCID: PMC4936752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) major immediate-early 1 protein (IE1) is best known for activating transcription to facilitate viral replication. Here we present transcriptome data indicating that IE1 is as significant a repressor as it is an activator of host gene expression. Human cells induced to express IE1 exhibit global repression of IL6- and oncostatin M-responsive STAT3 target genes. This repression is followed by STAT1 phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 target genes normally induced by IFNγ. The observed repression and subsequent activation are both mediated through the same region (amino acids 410 to 445) in the C-terminal domain of IE1, and this region serves as a binding site for STAT3. Depletion of STAT3 phenocopies the STAT1-dependent IFNγ-like response to IE1. In contrast, depletion of the IL6 receptor (IL6ST) or the STAT kinase JAK1 prevents this response. Accordingly, treatment with IL6 leads to prolonged STAT1 instead of STAT3 activation in wild-type IE1 expressing cells, but not in cells expressing a mutant protein (IE1dl410-420) deficient for STAT3 binding. A very similar STAT1-directed response to IL6 is also present in cells infected with a wild-type or revertant hCMV, but not an IE1dl410-420 mutant virus, and this response results in restricted viral replication. We conclude that IE1 is sufficient and necessary to rewire upstream IL6-type to downstream IFNγ-like signaling, two pathways linked to opposing actions, resulting in repressed STAT3- and activated STAT1-responsive genes. These findings relate transcriptional repressor and activator functions of IE1 and suggest unexpected outcomes relevant to viral pathogenesis in response to cytokines or growth factors that signal through the IL6ST-JAK1-STAT3 axis in hCMV-infected cells. Our results also reveal that IE1, a protein considered to be a key activator of the hCMV productive cycle, has an unanticipated role in tempering viral replication. Our previous work has shown that the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) major immediate-early 1 protein (IE1) modulates host cell signaling pathways involving proteins of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family. IE1 has also long been known to facilitate viral replication by activating transcription. In this report we demonstrate that IE1 is as significant a repressor as it is an activator of host gene expression. Many genes repressed by IE1 are normally induced via STAT3 signaling triggered by interleukin 6 (IL6) or related cytokines, whereas many genes activated by IE1 are normally induced via STAT1 signaling triggered by interferon gamma (IFNγ). Our results suggest that the repression of STAT3- and the activation of STAT1-responsive genes by IE1 are coupled. By targeting STAT3, IE1 rewires upstream STAT3 to downstream STAT1 signaling. Consequently, genes normally induced by IL6 are repressed while genes normally induced by IFNγ become responsive to IL6 in the presence of IE1. We also demonstrate that, by switching an IL6 to an IFNγ-like response, IE1 tempers viral replication. These results suggest an unanticipated dual role for IE1 in either promoting or limiting hCMV propagation and demonstrate how a key viral regulatory protein merges two central cellular signaling pathways to divert cytokine responses relevant to hCMV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harwardt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simone Lukas
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Zenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Reitberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Danzer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Übner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diane C. Munday
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nevels
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MN); (CP)
| | - Christina Paulus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MN); (CP)
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14
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Nus M, Mallat Z. Immune-mediated mechanisms of atherosclerosis and implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1217-1237. [PMID: 27253721 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1195686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A large body of evidence supports the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis, and both innate and adaptive immune responses play important roles in all disease stages. Areas covered: Here, we review our understanding of the role of the immune response in atherosclerosis, focusing on the pathways currently amenable to therapeutic modulation. We also discuss the advantages or undesirable effects that may be foreseen from targeting the immune response in patients at high cardiovascular risk, suggesting new avenues for research. Expert commentary: There is an extraordinary opportunity to directly test the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis in the clinic using currently available therapeutics. However, a more balanced interpretation of the experimental and translational data is needed, which may help address and identify in more detail the appropriate settings where an immune pathway can be targeted with minimal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Nus
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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15
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Khan R, Spagnoli V, Tardif JC, L'Allier PL. Novel anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:497-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by activation of the innate immune system, with macrophages as the main players, as well as the adaptive immune system, characterized by a Th1-dominant immune response. Cytokines play a major role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of these molecules in experimental models of atherosclerosis. While some cytokines such as TNF or IFNγ clearly had atherogenic effects, others such as IL-10 were found to be atheroprotective. However, studies investigating the different cytokines in experimental atherosclerosis revealed that the cytokine system is complex with both disease stage-dependent and site-specific effects. In this review, we strive to provide an overview of the main cytokines involved in atherosclerosis and to shed light on their individual role during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, L01-146.1, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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17
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Kahvecioglu S, Ersoy A, Gullulu M, Dirican M. Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on paraoxonase and arylesterase activity after a kidney transplant. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2014; 12:334-42. [PMID: 24447269 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2013.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney failure, before and after a kidney transplant. Oxidation of lipoproteins that contain apolipoprotein B may contribute to the initiation of atherosclerosis. Paraoxonase may prevent cardiovascular disease. We compared the effects of different calcineurin inhibitors on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in kidney transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 16 kidney transplant recipients, treatment included tacrolimus in 8 patients and cyclosporine in 8 patients. Hemoglobin, glucose, renal function, lipid parameters, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, homocysteine, malondialdehyde, paraoxonase activity, and arylesterase activity were measured before transplant and at 1, 6, and 12 months after the transplant. RESULTS The levels of homocysteine and malondialdehyde did not change significantly in patients who received either tacrolimus or cyclosporine. The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was decreased (tacrolimus group, 1 mo) and increased (cyclosporine group, 6 and 12 mo) after the kidney transplant. Paraoxonase activity was increased (tacrolimus group, 1 mo). Arylesterase activity was increased (tacrolimus group, 1, 6, and 12 mo; cyclosporine group, 1 and 6 mo). The percentage of change in arylesterase activity was higher at 12 months in the tacrolimus than in the cyclosporine group. CONCLUSIONS Tacrolimus may be more effective than cyclosporine in improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease after kidney transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Kahvecioglu
- Department of Nephrology, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
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18
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Desai S, Baker SS, Liu W, Moya DA, Browne RW, Mastrandrea L, Baker RD, Zhu L. Paraoxonase 1 and oxidative stress in paediatric non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Int 2014; 34:110-7. [PMID: 24028323 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in children is a significant public health concern. Oxidative stress is an important component in the pathophysiology of NASH. Several enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms protect the liver from oxidative injury. Examination of the expression of these enzymes in NASH livers may provide insight on the roles for these antioxidant mechanisms in the pathophysiology of NASH. METHODS The mRNA expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione reductase (GSR), paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and other reactive oxygen species-related genes was evaluated by microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. The PON1 protein levels were evaluated in liver and serum by Western blot analyses. Serum enzymatic activities of GPX, GSR and PON1 (paraoxonase and arylesterase activities) were examined. RESULTS NASH livers exhibited elevated mRNA expression of catalase and PON1, but not GPX1 or GSR. No difference in serum GPX or GSR activity was detected between NASH patients and controls. Elevated expression of PON1 mRNA and protein was detected in NASH livers, but serum PON1 protein and activities were not elevated. CONCLUSIONS Elevated expression of catalase and PON1 suggests protective roles for these antioxidants in NASH livers. Given the importance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of NASH, future studies focusing on these enzymes could identify important targets for therapeutic or preventive interventions for NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Desai
- Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Department of Pediatrics, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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19
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Wildhagen KCAA, Schrijver R, Beckers L, ten Cate H, Reutelingsperger CPM, Lutgens E, Nicolaes GAF. Effects of exogenous recombinant APC in mouse models of ischemia reperfusion injury and of atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101446. [PMID: 25032959 PMCID: PMC4102480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease that has both anticoagulant and cytoprotective properties. The cytoprotective effects are protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) dependent and likely underlie protective effects of APC in animal models of sepsis, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. S360A-(A)PC, a variant (A)PC that has no catalytic activity, binds EPCR and shifts pro-inflammatory signaling of the thrombin-PAR-1 complex to anti-inflammatory signaling. In this study we investigated effects of human (h)wt-PC, hS360A-PC, hwt-APC and hS360A-APC in acute (mouse model of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury) and chronic inflammation (apoE-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis). All h(A)PC variants significantly reduced myocardial infarct area (p<0.05) following I/R injury. IL-6 levels in heart homogenates did not differ significantly between sham, placebo and treatment groups in I/R injury. None of the h(A)PC variants decreased number and size of atherosclerotic plaques in apoE-/- mice. Only hS360A-APC slightly affected phenotype of plaques. IL-6 levels in plasma were significantly (p<0.001) decreased in hwt-APC and hS360A-PC treated mice. In the last group levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly increased (p<0.05). In this study we show that both hwt and hS360A-(A)PC protect against acute myocardial I/R injury, which implies that protection from I/R injury is independent of the proteolytic activity of APC. However, in the chronic atherosclerosis model hwt and hS360-(A)PC had only minor effects. When the dose, species and mode of (A)PC administration will be adjusted, we believe that (A)PC will have potential to influence development of chronic inflammation as occurring during atherosclerosis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin C. A. A. Wildhagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Schrijver
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P. M. Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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20
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Cheng CC, Hsueh CM, Chen CY, Chen TH, Hsu SL. Interleukin-6 upregulates paraoxonase 1 gene expression via an AKT/NF-κB-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:55-61. [PMID: 23791833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and atherosclerosis-related inflammation. In this study, human hepatoma HepG2 cell line was used as a hepatocyte model to examine the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines on PON1 expression. The results showed that IL-6, but not TNF-α and IL-1β, significantly increased both the function and protein level of PON1; data from real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the IL-6-induced PON1 expression occurred at the transcriptional level. Increase of IκB kinase activity and IκB phosphorylation, and reduction of IκB protein level were also observed in IL-6-treated HepG2 cells compared with untreated culture. This event was accompanied by increase of NF-κB-p50 and -p65 nuclear translocation. Moreover, treatment with IL-6 augmented the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activation by PDTC and BAY 11-7082, markedly suppressed the IL-6-mediated PON1 expression. In addition, IL-6 increased the levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B (PKB, AKT). An AKT inhibitor LY294002 effectively suppressed IKK/IκB/NF-κB signaling and PON1 gene expression induced by IL-6. Our findings demonstrate that IL-6 upregulates PON1 gene expression through an AKT/NF-κB signaling axis in human hepatocyte-derived HepG2 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chih Cheng
- Department of Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Martinelli N, García-Heredia A, Roca H, Aranda N, Arija V, Mackness B, Mackness M, Busti F, Aragonès G, Pedro-Botet J, Pedica F, Cataldo I, Marsillach J, Joven J, Girelli D, Camps J. Paraoxonase-1 status in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1484-92. [PMID: 23471031 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is characterized by accumulation of iron, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in liver tissue. In this setting, research on the protection afforded by intracellular antioxidants is of clinical relevance. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an enzyme that degrades lipid peroxides. This study investigates the alterations in serum PON1 status, PON1 gene polymorphisms, and PON1 hepatic expression in patients with HH. We performed a case-control study in 77 patients with HH (80.5% men, 22-70 years of age) and 408 healthy individuals (43.1% men, 26-74 years of age). Serum PON1 activities against different substrates and PON1192 and PON155 polymorphisms were analyzed. PON1 protein expression was investigated in 20 liver biopsies. HH patients had significantly lower serum PON1 activity, which was inversely correlated with ferritin (marker of iron stores) and serum 8-isoprostane concentrations (index of oxidative stress). PON1 protein expression in liver tissue was higher in patients and showed stronger staining in hepatocytes surrounding the areas of inflammation. Our study provides preliminary evidence that PON1 may play a role in protecting against iron-induced oxidative stress in hereditary hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HDL cholesterol concentration is inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease and has a wide range of functions involved in many systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize HDL functionality, its relevance to atherosclerosis and factors affecting HDL functions. RECENT FINDINGS The contribution of HDL to reverse cholesterol transport may not be as great as first envisaged. However, it still plays an important role in cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues. The capacity of HDL to promote cellular cholesterol efflux in an ex-vivo model has been reported to correlate more closely with carotid intima-media thickness than HDL cholesterol concentration. Recently, a variety of other functions of HDL have been described including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiglycation, anti-inflammatory, nitric oxide--inducing, antithrombotic and antiatherogenic activity and immune modulation as well as a potential role in glucose homeostasis, diabetes pathophysiology and complications. SUMMARY HDL has a wide range of functions some of which are independent of its cholesterol content. Its cargo of apolipoproteins, various proteins and phospholipids contributes most to its various functions. These functions are affected by a number of genetic, physiological and pathological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handrean Soran
- University Department of Medicine, Central Manchester and Manchester Children University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Vaisberg M, Bachi ALL, Latrilha C, Dioguardi GS, Bydlowski SP, Maranhão RC. Lipid transfer to HDL is higher in marathon runners than in sedentary subjects, but is acutely inhibited during the run. Lipids 2012; 47:679-86. [PMID: 22684913 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although exercise increases HDL-cholesterol, exercise-induced changes in HDL metabolism have been little explored. Lipid transfer to HDL is essential for HDL's role in reverse cholesterol transport. We investigated the effects of acute exhaustive exercise on lipid transfer to HDL. We compared plasma lipid, apolipoprotein and cytokine levels and in vitro transfer of four lipids from a radioactively labeled lipid donor nanoemulsion to HDL in sedentary individuals (n = 28) and in marathon runners (n = 14) at baseline, immediately after and 72 h after a marathon. While HDL-cholesterol concentrations and apo A1 levels were higher in marathon runners, LDL-cholesterol, apo B and triacylglycerol levels were similar in both groups. Transfers of non-esterified cholesterol [6.8 (5.7-7.2) vs. 5.2 (4.5-6), p = 0.001], phospholipids [21.7 (20.4-22.2) vs. 8.2 (7.7-8.9), p = 0.0001] and triacylglycerol [3.7 (3.1-4) vs. 1.3 (0.8-1.7), p = 0.0001] were higher in marathon runners, but esterified-cholesterol transfer was similar. Immediately after the marathon, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations and apo A1 levels were unchanged, but apo B and triacylglycerol levels increased. Lipid transfer of non-esterified cholesterol [6.8 (5.7-7.2) vs. 5.8 (4.9-6.6), p = 0.0001], phospholipids [21.7 (20.4-22.2) vs. 19.1 (18.6-19.3), p = 0.0001], esterified-cholesterol [3.2 (2.2-3.8) vs. 2.3 (2-2.9), p = 0.02] and triacylglycerol [3.7 (3.1-4) vs. 2.6 (2.1-2.8), p = 0.0001] to HDL were all reduced immediately after the marathon but returned to baseline 72 h later. Running a marathon increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels, but after 72 h these values returned to baseline. Lipid transfer, except esterified-cholesterol transfer, was higher in marathon runners than in sedentary individuals, but the marathon itself acutely inhibited lipid transfer. In light of these novel observations, further study is required to clarify how these metabolic changes can influence HDL composition and anti-atherogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Vaisberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Novel associations of nonstructural Loci with paraoxonase activity. J Lipids 2012; 2012:189681. [PMID: 22577559 PMCID: PMC3345224 DOI: 10.1155/2012/189681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-density-lipoprotein-(HDL-) associated esterase paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a likely contributor to the antioxidant and antiatherosclerotic capabilities of HDL. Two nonsynonymous mutations in the structural gene, PON1, have been associated with variation in activity levels, but substantial interindividual differences remain unexplained and are greatest for substrates other than the eponymous paraoxon. PON1 activity levels were measured for three substrates-organophosphate paraoxon, arylester phenyl acetate, and lactone dihydrocoumarin-in 767 Mexican American individuals from San Antonio, Texas. Genetic influences on activity levels for each substrate were evaluated by association with approximately one million single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) while conditioning on PON1 genotypes. Significant associations were detected at five loci including regions on chromosomes 4 and 17 known to be associated with atherosclerosis and lipoprotein regulation and loci on chromosome 3 that regulate ubiquitous transcription factors. These loci explain 7.8% of variation in PON1 activity with lactone as a substrate, 5.6% with the arylester, and 3.0% with paraoxon. In light of the potential importance of PON1 in preventing cardiovascular disease/events, these novel loci merit further investigation.
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25
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Regulation of hepatic paraoxonase-1 expression. J Lipids 2012; 2012:684010. [PMID: 22548179 PMCID: PMC3324161 DOI: 10.1155/2012/684010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a member of the paraoxonases family (PON1, PON2, and PON3). PON1 is synthesized and secreted by the liver, and in circulation it is associated with HDL. PON1 has antioxidative properties, which are associated with the enzyme's capability to decrease oxidative stress in atherosclerotic lesions and to attenuate atherosclerosis development. Epidemiological evidence demonstrates that low PON1 activity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular disease and is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Therefore, pharmacological modulation of PON1 activity or PON1 gene expression could constitute a useful approach for preventing atherosclerosis. A primary determinant of serum PON1 levels is the availability of the enzyme for release by the liver, the principal site of PON1 production. Together with the enzyme secretion rate, enzymatic turnover, and protein stability, the level of PON1 gene expression is a major determinant of PON1 status. This paper summarizes recent progress in understanding the regulation of PON1 expression in hepatocytes.
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She ZG, Chen HZ, Yan Y, Li H, Liu DP. The human paraoxonase gene cluster as a target in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:597-632. [PMID: 21867409 PMCID: PMC3270057 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene cluster contains three adjacent gene members, PON1, PON2, and PON3. Originating from the same fungus lactonase precursor, all of the three PON genes share high sequence identity and a similar β propeller protein structure. PON1 and PON3 are primarily expressed in the liver and secreted into the serum upon expression, whereas PON2 is ubiquitously expressed and remains inside the cell. Each PON member has high catalytic activity toward corresponding artificial organophosphate, and all exhibit activities to lactones. Therefore, all three members of the family are regarded as lactonases. Under physiological conditions, they act to degrade metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids and homocysteine (Hcy) thiolactone, among other compounds. By detoxifying both oxidized low-density lipoprotein and Hcy thiolactone, PONs protect against atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases, as has been illustrated by many types of in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence. Clinical observations focusing on gene polymorphisms also indicate that PON1, PON2, and PON3 are protective against coronary artery disease. Many other conditions, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and aging, have been shown to relate to PONs. The abundance and/or activity of PONs can be regulated by lipoproteins and their metabolites, biological macromolecules, pharmacological treatments, dietary factors, and lifestyle. In conclusion, both previous results and ongoing studies provide evidence, making the PON cluster a prospective target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang She
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Paraoxonase activity and expression is modulated by therapeutics in experimental rat nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:265305. [PMID: 22536512 PMCID: PMC3321281 DOI: 10.1155/2012/265305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of rosiglitazone, metformin, ezetimibe, and valsartan (alone or in combinations) on paraoxonase (PON) activity and PON-mRNA expression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods. 54 Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided to 9 groups: chow diet group (15 weeks); methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD) group (15 weeks); MCDD-treated groups for the last 6 weeks with either metformin (M), rosiglitazone (R), metformin plus rosiglitazone (M+R), ezetimibe (E), valsartan (V), or a combination of R+M+V or of R+M+V+E for a total period of 15 weeks. Results. PON activities in serum and liver were decreased in MCDD rats. PON activity in serum increased significantly in all treatment groups. PON activity in liver was also increased significantly, except only in groups R, E, V, R+M+V, and R+M+V+E. Liver PON3 mRNA expression increased significantly in groups R+M, E, V, R+M+V, and R+M+V+E whereas liver PON2 mRNA expression increased significantly in MCDD, R+M, E, V, R+M+V, and R+M+V+E. Conclusions. PON activities in serum and liver were decreased in NAFLD. Treatment with insulin sensitizers, ezetimibe, and valsartan increased PON activity and reduced oxidative stress both in serum and liver.
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Vladykovskaya E, Ozhegov E, Hoetker JD, Xie Z, Ahmed Y, Suttles J, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A, Barski OA. Reductive metabolism increases the proinflammatory activity of aldehyde phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2209-2225. [PMID: 21957201 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of oxidized phospholipids in lipoproteins has been linked to vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions. Products of phospholipid oxidation increase endothelial activation; however, their effects on macrophages are poorly understood, and it is unclear whether these effects are regulated by the biochemical pathways that metabolize oxidized phospholipids. We found that incubation of 1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) with THP-1-derived macrophages upregulated the expression of cytokine genes, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. In these cells, reagent POVPC was either hydrolyzed to lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) or reduced to 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-hydroxy-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PHVPC). Treatment with the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor, pefabloc, decreased POVPC hydrolysis and increased PHVPC accumulation. Pefabloc also increased the induction of cytokine genes in POVPC-treated cells. In contrast, PHVPC accumulation and cytokine production were decreased upon treatment with the aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor, tolrestat. In comparison with POVPC, lyso-PC led to 2- to 3-fold greater and PHVPC 10- to 100-fold greater induction of cytokine genes. POVPC-induced cytokine gene induction was prevented in bone-marrow derived macrophages from AR-null mice. These results indicate that although hydrolysis is the major pathway of metabolism, reduction further increases the proinflammatory responses to POVPC. Thus, vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions is likely to be regulated by metabolism of phospholipid aldehydes in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vladykovskaya
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Evgeny Ozhegov
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - J David Hoetker
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Yonis Ahmed
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jill Suttles
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Oleg A Barski
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202.
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Riedmaier S, Klein K, Winter S, Hofmann U, Schwab M, Zanger UM. Paraoxonase (PON1 and PON3) Polymorphisms: Impact on Liver Expression and Atorvastatin-Lactone Hydrolysis. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:41. [PMID: 21852972 PMCID: PMC3147178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin δ-lactone, a major, pharmacologically inactive metabolite, has been associated with toxicity. In a previous study we showed that polymorphisms of UGT1A3 influence atorvastatin δ-lactone formation. Here we investigated the reverse reaction, atorvastatin δ-lactone hydrolysis, in a human liver bank. Screening of microarray data revealed paraoxonases PON1 and PON3 among 17 candidate esterases. Microsomal δ-lactone hydrolysis was significantly correlated to PON1 and PON3 protein (r(s) = 0.60; r(s) = 0.62, respectively; P < 0.0001). PON1 and PON3 were strongly correlated to each other (r(s) = 0.60) but PON1 was shown to be more extensively glycosylated than PON3. In addition a novel splice-variant of PON3 was identified. Genotyping of 40 polymorphisms within the PON-locus identified PON1 promoter polymorphisms (-108T > C, -832G > A, -1741G > A) and a tightly linked group of PON3 polymorphisms (-4984A > G, -4105G > A, -1091A > G, -746C > T, and F21F) to be associated with changes in atorvastatin δ-lactone hydrolysis and expression of PON1 but not PON3. However, carriers of the common PON1 polymorphisms L55M or Q192R showed no difference in δ-lactone hydrolysis or PON expression. Haplotype analysis revealed decreased δ-lactone hydrolysis in carriers of the most common haplotype *1 compared to carriers of haplotypes *2, *3, *4, and *7. Analysis of non-genetic factors showed association of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma with decreased PON1 and PON3 expression, respectively. Increased C-reactive protein and γ-glutamyl transferase levels were associated with decreased protein expression of both enzymes, and increased bilirubin levels, cholestasis, and presurgical exposure to omeprazole or pantoprazole were related to decreased PON3 protein. In conclusion, PON-locus polymorphisms affect PON1 expression whereas non-genetic factors have an effect on PON1 and PON3 expression. This may influence response to therapy or adverse events in statin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Riedmaier
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tuebingen Stuttgart, Germany
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Frisdal E, Lesnik P, Olivier M, Robillard P, Chapman MJ, Huby T, Guerin M, Le Goff W. Interleukin-6 protects human macrophages from cellular cholesterol accumulation and attenuates the proinflammatory response. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30926-30936. [PMID: 21757719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.264325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-laden monocyte-derived macrophages are phagocytic cells characteristic of early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a macrophage secretory product that is abundantly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques but whose precise role in atherogenesis is unclear. The capacity of macrophages to clear apoptotic cells, through the efferocytosis mechanism, as well as to reduce cellular cholesterol accumulation contributes to prevent plaque progression and instability. By virtue of its capacity to promote cellular cholesterol efflux from phagocyte-macrophages, ABCA1 was reported to reduce atherosclerosis. We demonstrated that lipid loading in human macrophages was accompanied by a strong increase of IL-6 secretion. Interestingly, IL-6 markedly induced ABCA1 expression and enhanced ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from human macrophages to apoAI. Stimulation of ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux by IL-6 was, however, abolished by selective inhibition of the Jak-2/Stat3 signaling pathway. In addition, we observed that the expression of molecules described to promote efferocytosis, i.e. c-mer proto-oncogene-tyrosine kinase, thrombospondin-1, and transglutaminase 2, was significantly induced in human macrophages upon treatment with IL-6. Consistent with these findings, IL-6 enhanced the capacity of human macrophages to phagocytose apoptotic cells; moreover, we observed that IL-6 stimulates the ABCA1-mediated efflux of cholesterol derived from the ingestion of free cholesterol-loaded apoptotic macrophages. Finally, the treatment of human macrophages with IL-6 led to the establishment of an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, characterized by an increased secretion of IL-4 and IL-10 together with a decrease of that of IL-1β. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-6 favors the elimination of excess cholesterol in human macrophages and phagocytes by stimulation of ABCA1-mediated cellular free cholesterol efflux and attenuates the macrophage proinflammatory phenotype. Thus, high amounts of IL-6 secreted by lipid laden human macrophages may constitute a protective response from macrophages to prevent accumulation of cytotoxic-free cholesterol. Such a cellular recycling of free cholesterol may contribute to reduce both foam cell formation and the accumulation of apoptotic bodies as well as intraplaque inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Frisdal
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Olivier
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - M John Chapman
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Huby
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Guerin
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Association between paraoxonase-1 gene polymorphisms and risk of metabolic syndrome. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:937-43. [PMID: 21573798 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) associated enzyme, is involved in the metabolism and detoxification of insecticides and pesticides. Three polymorphisms within the PON1 gene affect the enzyme activity. Two of these (L55M and Q192R) are located at the coding region and the third (-107C/T) is in promoter region. We performed a case-control study in order to elucidate the possible contribution of variability within PON1 at three mentioned positions to the risk of MS in a South-East Iranian population. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of patients (N = 119) with MS and healthy controls (N = 201). Allelic polymorphisms at positions Q192R, L55M and -107C/T in the PON1 gene were studied by Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)-PCR. It was observed that genotypes RR and QR + RR of Q192R locus significantly increased the risk of MS (OR = 2; 95% CI: 1.17-3.40, P = 0.0001 and OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.0-2.63; P = 0.05, respectively). The risk in patients with MM and LM + MM genotypes at the L55M locus was marginal (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 0.68-1.85; P = 0.34 and OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.68-1.85; P = 0.73 respectively). The CC genotype at -107C/T locus also increased the risk of metabolic syndrome, but was not significant. This association was somewhat stronger when combined genotypes at Q192R and L55M loci were analyzed (OR = 3.30; 95% CI: 1.34-8.24; P = 0.007). Our results, in this first study, provide evidence for association of PON1 gene polymorphisms with the risk for metabolic syndrome.
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Moghtaderi A, Hashemi M, Sharafaddinzadeh N, Dabiri S, Moazeni-Roodi A, Ramroodi N, Zolfaghari M. Lack of association between paraoxonase 1 Q192R polymorphism and multiple sclerosis in relapse phase: A case-control study. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:795-8. [PMID: 21545792 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate the serum activity of paraoxonase 1(PON1) and assess the distribution of PON1 polymorphisms in MS patients in the relapse phase. DESIGN AND METHODS PON1 and arylesterase (ARE) serum activities were measured in two equal groups (each group 63 cases) of relapsing-remitting MS patients and healthy individuals. RESULTS Mean values for serum PON1 and ARE activities were 90.3±63.4 and 182.1±128.7IU/L for patients and 99.9±73.3 and 190.8±150.3IU/L for controls. Those values were not statistically significant (p=0.242 and p=0.378), respectively. Comparing genotype distributions and allele frequencies in both groups for PON1 Q192R and PON L55M polymorphisms did not show any statistical difference. CONCLUSION In a selected group of MS patients in relapsing phase no statistically significant difference in PON1 and ARE activities was detected but the mean values for the serum enzyme activities were lower in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moghtaderi
- Neurology Department, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with lacunar infarction: A case control study. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Précourt LP, Amre D, Denis MC, Lavoie JC, Delvin E, Seidman E, Levy E. The three-gene paraoxonase family: physiologic roles, actions and regulation. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:20-36. [PMID: 20934178 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family is composed of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share considerable structural homology and are located adjacently on chromosome 7 in humans. By far the most-studied member is PON1, a high-density lipoprotein-associated esterase/lactonase, also endowed with the capacity to hydrolyze organophosphates, but all the three proteins prevent oxidative stress and fight inflammation. They therefore seem central to a wide variety of human illnesses, including atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, mental disorders and inflammatory bowel disease. The major goal of this review is to highlight the regulation of each of the paraoxonase components by diverse nutritional molecules and pharmacological agents as well as a number of pathophysiological events, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. Considerable and detailed cell-based studies and animal model experiments have been provided to allow a thorough scrutiny of PON modulation, which will increase our understanding and ability to target these genes in order to efficiently increase their transcriptional activity and decrease the risks of developing different disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Précourt
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Ahmad S, Carter JJ, Scott JE. A homogeneous cell-based assay for measurement of endogenous paraoxonase 1 activity. Anal Biochem 2010; 400:1-9. [PMID: 20096260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme that plays an important role in organophosphate detoxification and prevention of atherosclerosis. Thus, there is significant interest in identifying nutritional and pharmacological enhancers of PON1 activity. To identify such compounds, we developed a rapid homogeneous assay to detect endogenous cell-associated PON1 activity. PON1 activity was measured by the simple addition of fluorigenic PON1 substrate DEPFMU to live Huh7 cells in medium and monitoring change in fluorescence. A specific PON1 inhibitor, 2-hydroxyquinoline, was used to confirm that the observed activity was due to PON1. The assay was optimized and characterized with regard to time course, substrate and sodium chloride concentration, number of cells, and tolerance to dimethyl sulfoxide and serum. Aspirin, quercetin, and simvastatin are compounds reported to increase PON1 expression. Consistent with the literature and Western blot data, these compounds enhanced PON1 activity in this assay with comparable efficacies and potencies. A known toxic compound did not increase assay signal. This assay method also detected PON1 activity in normal hepatocytes. Thus, a novel homogeneous assay for detection of endogenous PON1 expression has been developed and is amenable to high-throughput screening for the identification of small molecules that enhance PON1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Tseng W, Lu J, Bishop GA, Watson AD, Sage AP, Demer L, Tintut Y. Regulation of interleukin-6 expression in osteoblasts by oxidized phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1010-6. [PMID: 19965598 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease is associated with osteoporosis, independent of age. Bone resorptive surface is increased in mice on a high-fat diet, and osteoclastic differentiation of bone marrow preosteoclasts is promoted by oxidized phospholipids. Because osteoclastic differentiation requires cytokines produced by osteoblasts, we hypothesized that the stimulatory mechanism of oxidized phospholipids is via induction of osteoclast-regulating cytokines in osteoblasts. To investigate the effects of oxidized phospholipids on expression of such cytokines, murine calvarial preosteoblasts, MC3T3-E1, were treated with oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ox-PAPC), an active component of oxidized lipoproteins. Results showed that ox-PAPC increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. IL-6 expression was also elevated in calvarial tissues from hyperlipidemic but not in wild-type mice. Ox-PAPC also induced IL-6 protein levels in both MC3T3-E1 and primary calvarial cells. Promoter-reporter assay analysis showed that ox-PAPC, but not PAPC, induced murine IL-6 promoter activity. Effects of ox-PAPC on IL-6 expression and the promoter activity were attenuated by H89, a PKA inhibitor. Analysis of deletion and mutant IL-6 promoter constructs suggested that CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) partly mediates the ox-PAPC effects. Taken together, the data suggest that oxidized phospholipids induce IL-6 expression in osteoblasts in part via C/EBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Tseng
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Aksoy H, Aksoy AN, Ozkan A, Polat H. Serum lipid profile, oxidative status, and paraoxonase 1 activity in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Clin Lab Anal 2009; 23:105-9. [PMID: 19288455 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate lipid profile, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, and oxidative stress status in the serum of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) patients. Thirty-six HG cases and 36 normal pregnants were included in the study. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoproteins A1 (apo A1) and B (apo B), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant activity (TAO) values and PON1 and arylesterase activities were determined. Although serum TC, TG, LDL-C, and apo B levels were not different among; the groups (P>0.05), HDL-C (P=0.01) and apo A1 (P=0.007) levels were lower in HG patients than in normal pregnants. HG group had significantly lower serum PON1 (P=0.03) and arylesterase activities (P=0.03) compared with the control group. Additionally, mean TAO values were lower (P=0.01) and MDA levels were higher (P=0.02) in HG group than in the healthy pregnants. A significant negative correlation between PON1 and MDA was found in HG group (r=-0.33, P<0.05). The findings of this study have revealed that HG may be one of the conditions in which oxidant and antioxidant balance is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Aksoy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Paraoxonase-1 55/192 genotypes in schizophrenic patients and their relatives in Turkish population. Psychiatr Genet 2009; 18:289-94. [PMID: 19018234 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283060f94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and free radical-induced toxicity have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this study, we examined paraoxonase (PON1)-55/192 polymorphisms and PON1 activity in patients with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients, and healthy controls. METHODS This study consisted of 292 healthy participants, 267 unrelated patients with schizophrenia and 311 first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. PON1 55 (rs 854560) and PON1 192 (rs 662) polymorphisms were performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS The frequencies of the QQ and LL genotypes were significantly overpresented in controls compared with those of schizophrenic patients and their relatives. In contrast, the RR genotype was more prevalent in patients than their relatives and healthy controls. The frequencies of the LM and QR genotypes in relatives were higher than controls. Serum PON1 activities of controls were significantly higher when compared with both schizophrenic patients and their relatives. The RR and LL genotypes were associated with a significantly increased PON1 activity as compared with QR or QQ and MM or LM genotypes, respectively, in all groups. CONCLUSION This is the first study that shows the association between PON1-55/192 polymorphisms and schizophrenia. Our data suggest that the subjects carrying R allele or RR genotype might be susceptible to schizophrenia and subjects with QQ or LL might be protected against schizophrenia. First-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients have higher heterozygote genotypes, suggesting that this group can shift either to patient or control group depending on their allele types and environmental factors. PON1 genetic variations are also associated with PON1 activities. Reduced PON1 activity in patients and their relatives might result from the combined effects of more than one polymorphic variant in PON1 or other genes and/or increased oxidative stress, supporting the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular damage might contribute to the neuropathology of schizophrenia.
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Boehm D, Krzystek-Korpacka M, Neubauer K, Matusiewicz M, Berdowska I, Zielinski B, Paradowski L, Gamian A. Paraoxonase-1 status in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:93-9. [PMID: 18626964 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an extracellular enzyme, which in the gastrointestinal tract may act as a local detoxifier, antioxidant, immunomodulator, and/or quorum-quenching factor. There are no data on PON1 activity in Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS PON1 phenotype and activity were determined spectrophotometrically in 52 subjects with CD, 67 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 99 healthy individuals, and related to lipid peroxidation and disease phenotype, clinical and biochemical activity, and therapeutic strategy. Diagnostic utility of PON1 was evaluated by ROC analysis and compared with C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS In comparison with controls (166 U), PON1 was reduced only in active CD (110 U, P < 0.0001) and UC (126 U, P < 0.0001), and correlated with disease activity (r = -0.47, P = 0.001 in CD and r = -0.50, P < 0.001 in UC). PON1 significantly correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (r = -0.36), platelets (r = -0.35), interleukin-6 (r = -0.45), hemoglobin (r = 0.29), transferrin (r = 0.46), albumin (r = 0.60) in CD, and CRP (r = -0.29), ESR (r = -0.37), platelets (r = -0.43), leukocytes (r = -0.50), interleukin-6 (r = -0.45), hemoglobin (r = 0.34), transferrin (r = 0.54), and albumin (r = 0.50) in UC. PON1 correlated positively with lipids but not with their peroxidation markers (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, ox-LDL, and ox-LDL autoantibodies). PON1 phenotype B (protective against IBD) tended to be less frequent in IBD patients than controls, and associated with lower concentration of inflammatory indices. PON1 was a poorer indicator of CD or UC than CRP. CONCLUSIONS PON1 was reduced in IBD, despite treatment with antioxidant 5'-aminosalicylate derivatives. PON1 reflected disease activity, inflammation severity, and anemia but not lipid peroxidation. The diagnostic power of PON1 was insufficient for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Boehm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Oxidative Modification of LDL: Its Pathological Role in Atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 37:4-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Krzystek-Korpacka M, Boehm D, Matusiewicz M, Diakowska D, Grabowski K, Gamian A. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) status in gastroesophageal malignancies and associated paraneoplastic syndromes — Connection with inflammation. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:804-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kleemann R, Zadelaar S, Kooistra T. Cytokines and atherosclerosis: a comprehensive review of studies in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:360-76. [PMID: 18487233 PMCID: PMC2492729 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, inflammation has emerged as a major driving force of atherosclerotic lesion development. It is now well-established that from early lesion to vulnerable plaque formation, numerous cellular and molecular inflammatory components participate in the disease process. The most prominent cells that invade in evolving lesions are monocyte-derived macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Both cell types produce a wide array of soluble inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines) which are critically important in the initiation and perpetuation of the disease. This review summarizes the currently available information from mouse studies on the contribution of a specified group of cytokines expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, viz. interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-20) and macrophage-associated cytokines [tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF); interferon-γ (IFN-γ); colony stimulating factors G-CSF,-M-CSF,-GM-CSF) to atherogenesis. Emphasis is put on the consistency of the effects of these cytokines, i.e. inasmuch an effect depends on the experimental approach applied (overexpression/deletion, strain, gender, dietary conditions, and disease stage). An important outcome of this survey is (i) that only for a few cytokines there is sufficient consistent data allowing classifying them as typically proatherogenic (IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, MIF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and M-CSF) or antiatherogenic (IL-10) and (ii) that some cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and GM-CSF) can exert pro- or anti-atherogenic effects depending on the experimental conditions. This knowledge can be used for improved early detection, prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kleemann
- TNO-BioSciences, Gaubius-Laboratory, Department of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Franco-Pons N, Marsillach J, Joven J, Camps J, Closa D. Serum paraoxonase undergoes inhibition and proteolysis during experimental acute pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:891-9. [PMID: 18330656 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a primary role in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis. Then, the antioxidant capacity is a critical factor in the progression of this disease. Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an esterase associated with high-density lipoprotein, which clinical interest resides in its ability to prevent or limit the lipid oxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in PON1 activity in the early stages of acute pancreatitis and to find out if its alteration is related with the severity of the disease. To this purpose, we used an experimental model of taurocholate-induced mild and severe acute pancreatitis. Our results showed that serum activity and PON1 concentration decreased 18 h after the induction of a severe acute pancreatitis. In vitro analysis revealed that incubation with oxidized lipids obtained from pancreatitis samples results in the inactivation of the enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition to oxidative inactivation, we observed by Western blot, an immunoreactive band suggestive of proteolytic degradation of the enzyme, altogether indicating that during severe acute pancreatitis, there is a significant decrease in serum PON1 activity. This decrease is related with inactivation of the enzyme by oxidized lipids, probably followed by proteolytic degradation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Franco-Pons
- Department of Ischemia and Inflammation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Desai MS, Mariscalco MM, Tawil A, Vallejo JG, Smith CW. Atherogenic diet-induced hepatitis is partially dependent on murine TLR4. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83:1336-44. [PMID: 18334542 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets high in cholesterol and cholate such as the Paigen diet have been used to study atherogenesis, lithogenesis, and proinflammatory microvascular changes induced by nutritional hypercholesterolemia. Although these diets lead to chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, the early inflammatory changes have been poorly characterized. TLR4, a known receptor for LPS, is also a receptor for a variety of endogenous ligands and has been implicated in atheroma formation. Here, we specifically examined the early inflammatory response of the liver to the atherogenic (ATH) diet and the possible contribution of TLR4. Animals fed the high-cholesterol/cholate diet for 3 weeks developed a significant, predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltration in the liver, hepatic steatosis, elevated hepatic expression of MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-2, and increased serum levels of liver enzymes. In TLR4-deleted animals, there was a 30% attenuation in the serum alanine transaminase levels and a 50% reduction in the leukocyte infiltration with a fourfold reduction in chemokine expression. In contrast, hepatic steatosis did not differ from wild-type controls. TLR2 deletion had no effect on diet-induced hepatitis but increased the amount of steatosis. We conclude that the early inflammatory liver injury but not hepatic lipid loading induced by the ATH diet in mice is mediated in part by TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreshwar S Desai
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA
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Neuroprotection: VEGF, IL-6, and clusterin: the dark side of the moon. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008; 173:555-73. [PMID: 18929134 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)01138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and their respective receptors are key regulators in development and homeostasis of the nervous system, and changes in the function, expression, or downstream signaling of growth factors are involved in many neuropathological disorders. Recently, research has yielded a rich harvest of information about molecules and gene, and currently the assumption "a gene-a protein", where each gene encodes the structure of a single protein, is becoming a paradox. In the past years, the discovery of synergic or antagonistic proteins deriving from the same gene is a novelty upsetting. In some way, the conventional function of proteins involved in DNA repair, cell death/growth induction, vascularization, and metabolism is inhibited or shifted toward other pathways by soluble mediators that orchestrate such change depending on the microenvironment conditions. In this chapter, we focus on the antithetic properties that proteins could exert, depending on the microenvironment that orchestrates the complex networks among proteins and their respective partners.
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Ofek K, Krabbe KS, Evron T, Debecco M, Nielsen AR, Brunnsgaad H, Yirmiya R, Soreq H, Pedersen BK. Cholinergic status modulations in human volunteers under acute inflammation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:1239-51. [PMID: 17657467 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic Status, the total soluble circulation capacity for acetylcholine hydrolysis, was tested for putative involvement in individual variabilities of the recruitment of immune cells in response to endotoxin challenge. Young (average age 26) and elderly (average age 70) volunteers injected with either Escherichia coli endotoxin or saline on two different occasions were first designated Enhancers and Suppressors if they showed increase or decrease, respectively, in plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity 1.5 h after endotoxin administration compared to saline. Enhancers showed significant co-increases in plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase (PON1) activities, accompanied by rapid recovery of lymphocyte counts. Young Enhancers alone showed pronounced post-exposure increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and upregulation of the normally rare, stress-induced AChE-R variant, suggesting age-associated exhaustion of the cholinergic effects on recruiting innate immune reactions to endotoxin challenge. Importantly, IL-6 injected to young volunteers or administered in vitro to primary mononuclear blood cells caused upregulation of AChE, but not BChE or PON1, excluding it from being the sole cause for this extended response. Interestingly, Suppressors but not Enhancers showed improved post-exposure working memory performance, indicating that limited cholinergic reactions may be beneficial for cognition. Our findings establish Cholinergic Status modulations as early facilitators and predictors of individual variabilities in the peripheral response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Ofek
- The Institute of Life sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Schepeler T, Mansilla F, Christensen LL, Ørntoft TF, Andersen CL. Clusterin expression can be modulated by changes in TCF1-mediated Wnt signaling. J Mol Signal 2007; 2:6. [PMID: 17634137 PMCID: PMC1976611 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clusterin (CLU) is an enigmatic molecule associated with various physiological processes and disease states. Different modes of cellular stress lead to increased CLU levels, and additionally numerous growth factors and cytokines affect the expression of the CLU gene. APC and c-MYC, both intimately linked to the Wnt signaling pathway have previously been shown to influence CLU levels, and we therefore investigated if changes in Wnt signaling activity in vitro could regulate the expression of one, or more, of several CLU mRNA and protein variants. Results Over-expression of the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin tagged with GFP was used to abrogate Wnt signaling activity in LS174T and HCT116 colon carcinoma cells. This fusion construct sequestered signaling competent β-catenin whereby Wnt signaling was abrogated, and consequently cytoplasmic CLU protein levels increased as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. To determine which branch of the Wnt pathway was mediating the CLU response, we over-expressed dominant negative (dn) TCF1 and TCF4 transcription factors in stably transfected LS174T cells. We observed both intra- and extracellular levels of CLU protein to be induced by dnTCF1 but not dnTCF4. Subsequent analysis of the expression levels of three CLU mRNA variants by real time RT-PCR revealed only one CLU mRNA variant to be responsive to dnTCF1 over-expression. 5'-end RACE indicated that this CLU mRNA variant was shorter at the 5'-end than previously reported, and accordingly the translated protein was predicted to be shorter at the N-terminus and destined to the secretory pathway which fit our observations. Examination of the immediate expression kinetics of CLU after dnTCF1 over-expression using real time RT-PCR indicated that CLU might be a secondary Wnt target. Conclusion In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the Wnt signaling pathway specifically regulates one out of three CLU mRNA variants via TCF1. This CLU transcript is shorter at the 5' end than reported by the RefSeq database, and produces the intracellular 60 kDa CLU protein isoform which is secreted as a ~80 kDa protein after post-translational processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Schepeler
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francisco Mansilla
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise L Christensen
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben F Ørntoft
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus L Andersen
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Wilund KR. Is the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise responsible for reduced cardiovascular disease? Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:543-55. [PMID: 17459004 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Engaging in regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing CVD (cardiovascular disease), but it is not certain to what degree this may be due to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. Following acute exercise, there is a transient increase in circulating levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas chronic exercise reduces basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exercise training also induces the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediators in the vascular wall that may directly inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. Limited studies in humans and more comprehensive assessments in animal models have confirmed that exercise is atheroprotective and helped identify a number of the mechanisms to explain these effects. This review explores the relationship between systemic and vascular wall inflammation and the role that the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise have on the development and progression of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Wilund
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Beer S, Moren X, Ruiz J, James RW. Postprandial modulation of serum paraoxonase activity and concentration in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 16:457-465. [PMID: 17015182 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the HDL associated anti-oxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1, during postprandial hyperlipaemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Type 2 diabetic patients (n=72), glucose intolerant patients (n=10) and controls (n=38) consumed a high fat:high carbohydrate meal. Blood samples were collected up to 4h and analysed for lipids and paraoxonase-1. In vitro studies examined HDL function with respect to the enzyme. There were significant postprandial increases in serum triglycerides. Paraoxonase-1 activity decreased significantly throughout the postprandial phase. Concentrations of the enzyme initially decreased significantly, but returned to fasting concentrations at 4h. Specific activities were significantly lower at 4h, compared to fasting. The decrease in specific activity was linked to the dynamic phase of postprandial lipoprotein metabolism. Apo AI limited loss of paraoxonase-1. HDL isolated after being subjected to postprandial conditions in vitro had reduced capacity to associate with and stabilise PON1. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial hyperlipaemia was associated with changes to serum paraoxonase-1, consistent with a reduced anti-oxidant potential of HDL. No differences were observed between diabetic and non-diabetic patients, suggesting that the effect was linked to postprandial hyperlipaemia. Modifications to paraoxonase-1 could contribute to increased risk of vascular disease associated with postprandial lipaemia, particularly in diabetic patients, who are already deficient in serum paraoxonase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Beer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gargalovic PS, Gharavi NM, Clark MJ, Pagnon J, Yang WP, He A, Truong A, Baruch-Oren T, Berliner JA, Kirchgessner TG, Lusis AJ. The unfolded protein response is an important regulator of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2490-6. [PMID: 16931790 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000242903.41158.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-3-glycero-phosphorylcholine (oxPAPC) accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions and in vitro studies suggest that it mediates chronic inflammatory response in endothelial cells (ECs). The goal of our studies was to identify pathways mediating the induction of inflammatory genes by oxPAPC. METHODS AND RESULTS Using expression arrays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunoblotting we demonstrate that oxPAPC leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in human aortic ECs. Immunohistochemistry analysis of human atherosclerotic lesions indicated that UPR is induced in areas containing oxidized phospholipids. Using the UPR inducing agent tunicamycin and selective siRNA targeting of the ATF4 and XBP1 branches of the UPR, we demonstrate that these transcription factors are essential mediators of IL8, IL6, and MCP1 expression in human aortic ECs required for maximal inflammatory gene expression in the basal state and after oxPAPC treatment. We also identify a novel oxPAPC-induced chemokine, the CXC motif ligand 3 (CXCL3), and show that its expression requires XBP1. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the UPR pathway is a general mediator of vascular inflammation and EC dysfunction in atherosclerosis, and, likely, other inflammatory disorders.
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