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Ober-Reynolds B, Wang C, Ko JM, Rios EJ, Aasi SZ, Davis MM, Oro AE, Greenleaf WJ. Integrated single-cell chromatin and transcriptomic analyses of human scalp identify gene-regulatory programs and critical cell types for hair and skin diseases. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1288-1300. [PMID: 37500727 PMCID: PMC11190942 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified many loci associated with hair and skin disease, but identification of causal variants requires deciphering of gene-regulatory networks in relevant cell types. We generated matched single-cell chromatin profiles and transcriptomes from scalp tissue from healthy controls and patients with alopecia areata, identifying diverse cell types of the hair follicle niche. By interrogating these datasets at multiple levels of cellular resolution, we infer 50-100% more enhancer-gene links than previous approaches and show that aggregate enhancer accessibility for highly regulated genes predicts expression. We use these gene-regulatory maps to prioritize cell types, genes and causal variants implicated in the pathobiology of androgenetic alopecia (AGA), eczema and other complex traits. AGA genome-wide association studies signals are enriched in dermal papilla regulatory regions, supporting the role of these cells as drivers of AGA pathogenesis. Finally, we train machine learning models to nominate single-nucleotide polymorphisms that affect gene expression through disruption of transcription factor binding, predicting candidate functional single-nucleotide polymorphism for AGA and eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin M Ko
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eon J Rios
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Sumaira Z Aasi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Ma GW, Chu YK, Yang H, Yan XH, Rong EG, Li H, Wang N. Functional Analysis of Sheep POU2F3 Isoforms. Biochem Genet 2020; 58:335-347. [PMID: 31893322 PMCID: PMC7113193 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-019-09945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
POU domain class 2 transcription factor 3 (POU2F3) plays an important role in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Our previous study identified four sheep POU2F3 transcript variants (POU2F3-1, POU2F3-2, POU2F3-3, and POU2F3-4), encoding three POU2F3 protein isoforms (POU2F3-1, POU2F3-2, and POU2F3-3). However, the functional differences among the three POU2F3 isoforms remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the tissue expression pattern of the four POU2F3 transcript variants in sheep and to investigate the functional differences in cell proliferation among the three POU2F3 isoforms. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the four POU2F3 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all tested adult sheep tissues, and POU2F3-1 exhibited higher expression level than the other three POU2F3 transcript variants in skin (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation assay showed that overexpression of any one of the three POU2F3 isoforms significantly inhibited the proliferation of sheep fetal fibroblasts and HaCaT cells at 48 and 72 h after transfection (P < 0.05). POU2F3-3 had less inhibitory effect on cell proliferation than POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 (P < 0.05), and POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 had similar inhibitory effects (P > 0.05). Dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that overexpression of any one of the three POU2F3 isoforms significantly inhibited the promoter activities of keratin 14 (KRT14) and matrix metalloproteinase 19 (MMP19) genes (P < 0.05). POU2F3-3 had less inhibitory effect on the promoter activities of KRT14 and MMP19 genes than POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 (P < 0.05), and POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 had similar inhibitory effects (P > 0.05). These results suggest three sheep POU2F3 isoforms have similar functional effects, but to a different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breedings, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Kai Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breedings, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breedings, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - En-Guang Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breedings, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breedings, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
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CXXC5 is required for cardiac looping relating to TGFβ signaling pathway in zebrafish. Int J Cardiol 2016; 214:246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Characterization of the Promoter Regions of Two Sheep Keratin-Associated Protein Genes for Hair Cortex-Specific Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153936. [PMID: 27100288 PMCID: PMC4839604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) are the structural proteins of hair fibers and are thought to play an important role in determining the physical properties of hair fibers. These proteins are activated in a striking sequential and spatial pattern in the keratinocytes of hair fibers. Thus, it is important to elucidate the mechanism that underlies the specific transcriptional activity of these genes. In this study, sheep KRTAP 3–3 and KRTAP11-1 genes were found to be highly expressed in wool follicles in a tissue-specific manner. Subsequently, the promoter regions of the two genes that contained the 5′ flanking/5′ untranslated regions and the coding regions were cloned. Using an in vivo transgenic approach, we found that the promoter regions from the two genes exhibited transcriptional activity in hair fibers. A much stronger and more uniformly expressed green fluorescent signal was observed in the KRTAP11-1-ZsGreen1 transgenic mice. In situ hybridization revealed the symmetrical expression of sheep KRTAP11-1 in the entire wool cortex. Consistently, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the pattern of ZsGreen1 expression in the hair cortex of transgenic mice matches that of the endogenous KRTAP11-1 gene, indicating that the cloned promoter region contains elements that are sufficient to govern the wool cortex-specific transcription of KRTAP11-1. Furthermore, regulatory regions in the 5′ upstream sequence of the sheep KRTAP11-1 gene that may regulate the observed hair keratinocyte specificity were identified using in vivo reporter assays.
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Katayama S, Skoog T, Jouhilahti EM, Siitonen HA, Nuutila K, Tervaniemi MH, Vuola J, Johnsson A, Lönnerberg P, Linnarsson S, Elomaa O, Kankuri E, Kere J. Gene expression analysis of skin grafts and cultured keratinocytes using synthetic RNA normalization reveals insights into differentiation and growth control. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:476. [PMID: 26108968 PMCID: PMC4480911 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratinocytes (KCs) are the most frequent cells in the epidermis, and they are often isolated and cultured in vitro to study the molecular biology of the skin. Cultured primary cells and various immortalized cells have been frequently used as skin models but their comparability to intact skin has been questioned. Moreover, when analyzing KC transcriptomes, fluctuation of polyA+ RNA content during the KCs’ lifecycle has been omitted. Results We performed STRT RNA sequencing on 10 ng samples of total RNA from three different sample types: i) epidermal tissue (split-thickness skin grafts), ii) cultured primary KCs, and iii) HaCaT cell line. We observed significant variation in cellular polyA+ RNA content between tissue and cell culture samples of KCs. The use of synthetic RNAs and SAMstrt in normalization enabled comparison of gene expression levels in the highly heterogenous samples and facilitated discovery of differences between the tissue samples and cultured cells. The transcriptome analysis sensitively revealed genes involved in KC differentiation in skin grafts and cell cycle regulation related genes in cultured KCs and emphasized the fluctuation of transcription factors and non-coding RNAs associated to sample types. Conclusions The epidermal keratinocytes derived from tissue and cell culture samples showed highly different polyA+ RNA contents. The use of SAMstrt and synthetic RNA based normalization allowed the comparison between tissue and cell culture samples and thus proved to be valuable tools for RNA-seq analysis with translational approach. Transciptomics revealed clear difference both between tissue and cell culture samples and between primary KCs and immortalized HaCaT cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1671-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and Center for Innovative Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Tiina Skoog
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and Center for Innovative Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Eeva-Mari Jouhilahti
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and Center for Innovative Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - H Annika Siitonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kristo Nuutila
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mari H Tervaniemi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jyrki Vuola
- Helsinki Burn Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Johnsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Outi Elomaa
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and Center for Innovative Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
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Antonini D, Sirico A, Aberdam E, Ambrosio R, Campanile C, Fagoonee S, Altruda F, Aberdam D, Brissette JL, Missero C. A composite enhancer regulates p63 gene expression in epidermal morphogenesis and in keratinocyte differentiation by multiple mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:862-74. [PMID: 25567987 PMCID: PMC4333422 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p63 is a crucial regulator of epidermal development, but its transcriptional control has remained elusive. Here, we report the identification of a long-range enhancer (p63LRE) that is composed of two evolutionary conserved modules (C38 and C40), acting in concert to control tissue- and layer-specific expression of the p63 gene. Both modules are in an open and active chromatin state in human and mouse keratinocytes and in embryonic epidermis, and are strongly bound by p63. p63LRE activity is dependent on p63 expression in embryonic skin, and also in the commitment of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward an epithelial cell fate. A search for other transcription factors involved in p63LRE regulation revealed that the CAAT enhancer binding proteins Cebpa and Cebpb and the POU domain-containing protein Pou3f1 repress p63 expression during keratinocyte differentiation by binding the p63LRE enhancer. Collectively, our data indicate that p63LRE is composed of additive and partly redundant enhancer modules that act to direct robust p63 expression selectively in the basal layer of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Sirico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Edith Aberdam
- INSERM UMR-S 976, Paris, France Université Paris-Diderot, Hopital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute for Biostructures and Bioimages (CNR), c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM UMR-S 976, Paris, France Université Paris-Diderot, Hopital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Janice L Brissette
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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7
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Neumann C, Bigliardi-Qi M, Widmann C, Bigliardi PL. The δ-opioid receptor affects epidermal homeostasis via ERK-dependent inhibition of transcription factor POU2F3. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:471-480. [PMID: 25178105 PMCID: PMC4291683 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides and their receptors are present in human skin, and their importance for cutaneous homeostasis and during wound healing is increasingly appreciated. However, there is currently a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which their signaling modulates keratinocyte function. Here, we show that δ-opioid receptor (DOPr) activation inhibits proliferation of human keratinocytes, resulting in decreased epidermal thickness in an organotypic skin model. DOPr signaling markedly delayed induction of keratin intermediate filament (KRT10) during in vitro differentiation and abolished its induction in the organotypic skin model. This was accompanied by deregulation of involucrin (IVL), loricrin, and filaggrin. Analysis of the transcription factor POU2F3, which is involved in regulation of KRT10, IVL, and profilaggrin expression, revealed a DOPr-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent downregulation of this factor. We propose that DOPr signaling specifically activates the ERK 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to regulate keratinocyte functions. Complementing our earlier studies in DOPr-deficient mice, these data suggest that DOPr activation in human keratinocytes profoundly influences epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Neumann
- Experimental Dermatology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore; Doctoral School Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mei Bigliardi-Qi
- Experimental Dermatology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul L Bigliardi
- Experimental Dermatology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore; Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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8
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Yang Z, Cui K, Zhang Y, Deng X. Transcriptional regulation analysis and the potential transcription regulator site in the extended KAP6.1 promoter in sheep. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6089-96. [PMID: 24990691 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The high glycine/tyrosine type II keratin protein 6.1 (KAP6.1) is a member of the keratin-associated protein family, which is restricted to cells in hair follicles and is associated with fiber diameter and fiber curvature in Merino sheep. In this study, we obtained a series of progressive 5'-deletion fragments of the KAP6.1 gene promoter from ovine genomic DNA. The KAP6.1 5'-upstream region was fused to luciferase and transfected into sheep fetal fibroblast cells (sFFCs). We demonstrated that the sequence from -1,523 to -1 bp (taking the A of the initiator methionine ATG as the +1 nt position) gave rise to a higher luciferase activity comparing to the published region from -1,042 to -1 bp. Whereas, decreased transcriptional activity of the KAP6.1 promoter was observed when the sequence extended to -3,699 bp. To identify the DNA elements that are important for transcriptional activity, we performed structural analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Structural analysis of the KAP6.1 promoter showed that transcription factors NF-kappa-B, AP-1, and C/EBP-alpha synergistically activate KAP6.1 promoter, while POU2F1 might function as a strong negative regulator. The EMSA showed that NF-kappa-B element bound to the nuclear protein extracted from sFFCs. We conclude that NF-kappa-B binding site is an enhancer element of KAP6.1 promoter in vitro. The results are potentially useful for elucidating the regulator mechanisms of KAP6.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China,
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10
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Lineage tracing of mammary epithelial cells using cell-type-specific cre-expressing adenoviruses. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:770-9. [PMID: 24936465 PMCID: PMC4050356 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage tracing using Cre/lox transgenic mice provides a powerful tool for studying normal mammary epithelial cell (MEC) development and the cellular origins of mammary tumors under physiological settings. However, generation of new transgenic mice for lineage-tracing purposes is often time consuming. Here, we report a lineage-tracing tool for MECs based on intraductal injection of lineage-specific Cre-expressing adenovirus (Ad-Cre). Using well-characterized promoters for Keratin 8 and Keratin 14, we generated lineage-specific Ad-Cre lines for luminal and basal MECs, respectively. By pulse-chase lineage tracing using these Ad-Cre lines, we showed that luminal and basal lineages are largely self-sustained and that IRS1 and IRS2 are essential for maintaining the basal lineage; we also showed that heterogeneous mammary tumors can be induced from luminal MECs in mice carrying the Etv6-NTRK3 fusion gene. Overall, we validated the Ad-Cre system as a promising and efficient tool for fate mapping of normal and malignant cells in adult tissues. Adenovirus-Cre can be used for pulse-chase lineage tracing of adult stem cells Mammary luminal and basal lineages in adults are largely self-sustained IRS1 and IRS2 are essential for maintaining the adult mammary basal lineage Multiple adult mammary luminal cell types may serve as breast cancer cellular origins
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Kawachi Y, Ishitsuka Y, Maruyama H, Fujisawa Y, Furuta J, Nakamura Y, Ishii Y, Ichikawa E, Otsuka F. The POU domain transcription factors Oct-6 and Oct-11 negatively regulate loricrin gene expression in keratinocytes: association with AP-1 and Sp1/Sp3. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:371-8. [PMID: 23341029 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loricrin is a major component of the epidermal cornified cell envelope, and is expressed only in terminally differentiated keratinocytes. This cell differentiation-specific expression pattern suggests specific regulatory mechanisms for activation and suppression of loricrin gene transcription in differentiated keratinocytes. Here, we identified a regulatory element in the proximal promoter region of the loricrin gene involved in suppression of its expression in keratinocytes. A database search indicated that this sequence contained a POU transcription factor binding motif. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that Oct-1, Oct-6, and Oct-11 actually bind to the motif. Constructs with point mutations in the POU-binding motif showed increased reporter activity, indicating that the POU factors negatively regulate loricrin gene transcription. Cotransfection experiments suggested that Oct-6 and Oct-11 suppress loricrin gene transcription in a cooperative manner with AP-1 and Sp1. Furthermore, in vitro experiments indicated that the Oct-6 and Oct-11 can physically associate with both AP-1 factors and Sp1/Sp3. These findings indicate that Oct-6 and Oct-11 contribute to the regulation of loricrin gene transcription via interaction with AP-1 factors and Sp1/Sp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kawachi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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12
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Baxter SA, Cheung DY, Bocangel P, Kim HK, Herbert K, Douville JM, Jangamreddy JR, Zhang S, Eisenstat DD, Wigle JT. Regulation of the lymphatic endothelial cell cycle by the PROX1 homeodomain protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:201-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Takemoto H, Tamai K, Akasaka E, Rokunohe D, Takiyoshi N, Umegaki N, Nakajima K, Aizu T, Kaneko T, Nakano H, Sawamura D. Relation between the expression levels of the POU transcription factors Skn-1a and Skn-1n and keratinocyte differentiation. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 60:203-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Skn-1a/Oct-11 and ΔNp63α exert antagonizing effects on human keratin expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:568-73. [PMID: 20888799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a stratified epidermis requires a carefully controlled balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Here, we report the reciprocal effect on keratin expression of ΔNp63, pivotal in normal epidermal morphogenesis and maintenance, and Skn-1a/Oct-11, a POU transcription factor that triggers and regulates the differentiation of keratinocytes. The expression of Skn-1a markedly downregulated ΔNp63-driven K14 expression in luciferase reporter assays. The extent of downregulation was comparable to the inhibition of Skn-1a-mediated K10 expression upon expression of ΔNp63. ΔNp63, mutated in the protein-protein interaction domain (SAM domain; mutated in human ectodermal dysplasia syndrome), was significantly less effecting in downregulating K10, raising the possibility of a direct interaction among Skn-1a and ΔNp63. Immunolocalization in human skin biopsies revealed that the expression of the two transcription factors is partially overlapping. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments did not, however, demonstrate a direct interaction between ΔNp63 and Skn-1a, suggesting that the antagonistic effects of Skn-1a and p63 on keratin promoter transactivation is probably through competition for overlapping binding sites on target gene promoter or through an indirect interaction.
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A study of the expression of functional human coagulation factor IX in keratinocytes using a nonviral vector regulated by K14 promoter. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1599-611. [PMID: 20397061 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy requires a suitable bioreactor for production and delivery of the gene products into a target tissue, and keratinocyte is suitable model in this regard because of its potential for systemic release of proteins. To establish a keratinocyte-specific expression system, a mammalian-based expression plasmid equipped with a 2,240-bp fragment from the human keratin 14 (k14) gene enhancer/promoter region was constructed and used for the insertion of the human coagulation factor IX (hFIX)-cDNA downstream the K14-derived regulatory elements. The human epidermal keratinocytes isolated from neonatal foreskin were cultivated in keratinocyte serum-free media and transfected with the recombinant plasmid. The K14-promoter-driven expression of recombinant hFIX (rhFIX) was evaluated by performing coagulation test as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the cultured media collected from the transfected cells at various stages. The rhFIX corresponding transcript and protein were confirmed by performing reverse transcription PCR as well as immunoblotting experiments, respectively. Based on the coagulation activities obtained from the conditioned media of nine isolated clones, the hFIX expression levels vary from 5% to 39% of normal human plasma. Expression levels of the hFIX obtained in this study are comparable to those reported for viral systems. The obtained data supported the potential of keratinocyte for the expression and secretion of biologically active rhFIX and underscore the importance of the examined cis sequences for enhancing gene expression in a mammalian expression system. Besides, it has provided means for further bioengineering strategies to improve the expression efficiency of the hFIX in keratinocytes and other mammalian host cells.
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16
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Use of a Bacterially Expressed Human Factor IX Light Chain to Develop Polyclonal Antibody Anti-hFIX. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 159:404-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Cook AL, Sturm RA. POU domain transcription factors: BRN2 as a regulator of melanocytic growth and tumourigenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:611-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Di Nunzio F, Maruggi G, Ferrari S, Di Iorio E, Poletti V, Garcia M, Del Rio M, De Luca M, Larcher F, Pellegrini G, Mavilio F. Correction of laminin-5 deficiency in human epidermal stem cells by transcriptionally targeted lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1977-85. [PMID: 18813277 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the basement membrane component laminin-5 (LAM5) causes junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), a severe and often fatal skin adhesion defect. Autologous transplantation of epidermal stem cells genetically corrected with a Moloney leukemia virus (MLV)-derived retroviral vector reconstitutes LAM5 synthesis, and corrects the adhesion defect in JEB patients. However, MLV-derived vectors have genotoxic characteristics, and are unable to reproduce the physiological, basal layer-restricted expression of LAM5 chains. We have developed an alternative gene transfer strategy based on self-inactivating (SIN) or long terminal repeat (LTR)-modified lentiviral vectors, in which transgene expression is under the control of different combinations of promoter-enhancer elements derived from the keratin-14 (K14) gene. Analysis in human keratinocyte cultures and in fully differentiated skin regenerated onto immunodeficient mice showed that gene expression directed by K14 enhancers is tissue-specific and restricted to the basal layer of the epidermis. Transcriptionally targeted lentiviral vectors efficiently transduced clonogenic stem/progenitor cells derived from a skin biopsy of a JEB patient, restored normal synthesis of LAM5 in cultured keratinocytes, and reconstituted normal adhesion properties in human skin equivalents transplanted onto immunodeficient mice. These vectors are therefore an effective, and potentially more safe, alternative to MLV-based retroviral vectors in gene therapy of JEB.Molecular Therapy (2008) 16 12, 1977-1985 doi:10.1038/mt.2008.204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Nunzio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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19
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Kukimoto I, Mori S, Sato H, Takeuchi T, Kanda T. Transcription factor human Skn-1a enhances replication of human papillomavirus DNA through the direct binding to two sites near the viral replication origin. FEBS J 2008; 275:3123-35. [PMID: 18479461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA replication, which requires two viral proteins E1 and E2, occurs only in the differentiating epithelium. Besides the general factors necessary for cellular DNA synthesis, other unidentified cellular factors are assumed to be involved in the regulation of HPV DNA replication. In the present study, we found that the POU-domain transcription factor human Skn-1a, which induces the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and activates the HPV16 late promoter, enhanced the transient replication of a plasmid containing the HPV16 replication origin in HEK293 cells when co-transfected with a plasmid expressing E1 and E2. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay with a bacterially expressed human Skn-1a or an extract of HeLa cells over-expressing human Skn-1a revealed the presence of two human Skn-1a binding sites that are distinct from the known three sites, near the replication origin. A chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that human Skn-1a bound to these sites in cells. Nucleotide substitutions in the sites abolished the binding of human Skn-1a and the human Skn-1a-mediated replication enhancement. The data strongly suggest that, through the binding to the two sites, human Skn-1a enhances HPV DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Kukimoto
- Center for Pathogen Genomics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Crish JF, Eckert RL. Synergistic activation of human involucrin gene expression by Fra-1 and p300--evidence for the presence of a multiprotein complex. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:530-41. [PMID: 17882273 PMCID: PMC2668529 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Involucrin is expressed in the differentiated suprabasal epidermal layers, and an AP1 transcription factor-binding site present in the involucrin promoter distal regulatory region is required for this regulation. This site binds Fra-1, but cofactor interaction at this site has not been adequately characterized. We show that Fra-1 and p300 histone acetyltransferase are present at the AP1 site, as detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation. This interaction is functional, as treating p300 expressing keratinocytes with calcium or 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate, results in a synergistic increase in hINV expression, and this enhanced activation can be reproduced by coexpression of Fra-1 and p300. p300 also co-precipitates with Fra-1, but protein fractionation studies suggest that this interaction requires an additional protein. Fra-1 also interacts with other proteins that interact at the AP1-5 site, including JunD, JunB, Sp1, and P/CAF. Contrary to results in some other systems, Fra-1 functions as a positive transcriptional regulator in human keratinocytes. These studies suggest that a large multiprotein complex, which includes Fra-1, p300, P/CAF, junD, junB, and Sp1 acts at the AP1-5 site to produce a synergistic increase in hINV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Crish
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Oncology, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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21
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Bollag WB, Xie D, Zheng X, Zhong X. A potential role for the phospholipase D2-aquaporin-3 signaling module in early keratinocyte differentiation: production of a phosphatidylglycerol signaling lipid. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2823-31. [PMID: 17597824 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In keratinocytes aquaporin-3 (AQP3), an efficient glycerol transporter, is associated with phospholipase D2 (PLD2) in caveolin-rich membrane microdomains. PLD catalyzes both phospholipid hydrolysis to produce phosphatidate and a transphosphatidylation reaction using primary alcohols to generate phosphatidylalcohols. As PLD2 can utilize the physiological alcohol glycerol to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG), we hypothesized that AQP3 provides glycerol to PLD2 for PG synthesis, which then modulates keratinocyte function. Acidic medium inhibits AQP3 transport activity; both glycerol uptake and PG synthesis were inhibited by low versus physiological pH. Co-transfection experiments were performed in which AQP3 or empty vector was introduced into keratinocytes simultaneously with reporter constructs in which differentiation or proliferation promoters directed expression of a luciferase reporter gene. AQP3 coexpression decreased the promoter activity of keratin 5, increased that of keratin 10 and enhanced the effect of a differentiating agent on the promoter activity of involucrin, consistent with promotion of early differentiation. Glycerol inhibited DNA synthesis, whereas equivalent concentrations of xylitol or sorbitol, as osmotic controls, had no effect. Direct provision of PG, but not phosphatidylpropanol, inhibited DNA synthesis in proliferative cells. Thus, our results support the idea that AQP3 supplies PLD2 with glycerol for synthesizing PG, a lipid signal that promotes early keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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22
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Beck IM, Müller M, Mentlein R, Sadowski T, Mueller MS, Paus R, Sedlacek R. Matrix metalloproteinase-19 expression in keratinocytes is repressed by transcription factors Tst-1 and Skn-1a: implications for keratinocyte differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:1107-14. [PMID: 17195013 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP-19), unlike other members of the MMP family, is expressed in basal keratinocytes of intact epidermis whereas keratinocytes in suprabasal and higher epidermal layers express this enzyme only during cutaneous disorders. As the activity of MMP-19 effects proliferation, migration, and adhesion of keratinocytes we examined whether transcription factors involved in keratinocyte differentiation repress the expression of MMP-19. Using luciferase reporter assays, POU transcription factors Tst-1 (Oct-6) and Skn-1a (Oct-11) markedly downregulated the activity of MMP-19 promoter in COS-7 cells and HaCaT keratinocytes. Tst-1 alone was able to inhibit 85% of the promoter activity. Skn-1a exhibited a weak inhibitory effect although it synergistically increased effects of Tst-1. HaCaT cells stably transfected with Tst-1 showed a strong decrease of activity of MMP-19 promoter that correlated with suppression of MMP-19, cytokeratin 14 and 5, decreased cell proliferation, and altered expression of involucrin and loricrin. The expression of MMP-9 was also significantly reduced in Tst-1 expressing keratinocytes. MMP-2 was substantially affected during its activation whereas the expression of MMP-28 was unchanged. Our results suggest that Tst-1 and Skn-1a regulate expression of MMPs in keratinocytes and effect both the expression and activation of these proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken M Beck
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Ingraham CR, Kinoshita A, Kondo S, Yang B, Sajan S, Trout KJ, Malik MI, Dunnwald M, Goudy SL, Lovett M, Murray JC, Schutte BC. Abnormal skin, limb and craniofacial morphogenesis in mice deficient for interferon regulatory factor 6 (Irf6). Nat Genet 2006; 38:1335-40. [PMID: 17041601 PMCID: PMC2082114 DOI: 10.1038/ng1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor paralogs may share a common role in staged or overlapping expression in specific tissues, as in the Hox family. In other cases, family members have distinct roles in a range of embryologic, differentiation or response pathways (as in the Tbx and Pax families). For the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors, mice deficient in Irf1, Irf2, Irf3, Irf4, Irf5, Irf7, Irf8 or Irf9 have defects in the immune response but show no embryologic abnormalities. Mice deficient for Irf6 have not been reported, but in humans, mutations in IRF6 cause two mendelian orofacial clefting syndromes, and genetic variation in IRF6 confers risk for isolated cleft lip and palate. Here we report that mice deficient for Irf6 have abnormal skin, limb and craniofacial development. Histological and gene expression analyses indicate that the primary defect is in keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. This study describes a new role for an IRF family member in epidermal development.
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Lu Z, Lam KS, Wang N, Xu X, Cortes M, Andersen B. LMO4 can interact with Smad proteins and modulate transforming growth factor-beta signaling in epithelial cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:2920-30. [PMID: 16331278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LIM-only protein 4 (LMO4) plays critical roles in mammalian development, and has been proposed to play roles in epithelial oncogenesis, including breast cancer. As LMO4 is highly expressed in the epithelial compartments at locations of active mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, we reasoned that LMO4 might act by modulating signaling pathways involved in mesenchymal-epithelial signaling. One such candidate signal is the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) cytokine pathway, which plays important roles both in development and cancer. We show here that the transcriptional response to TGFbeta in epithelial cells is sensitive to LMO4 levels; both up- and downregulation of LMO4 can enhance TGFbeta signaling as assessed by a TGFbeta-responsive reporter gene. Furthermore, LMO4 can interact with the MH1 and linker domains of receptor-mediated Smad proteins, and associate with the endogenous TGFbeta-responsive Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 gene promoter in a TGFbeta-dependent manner, suggesting that such interactions may mediate the effects of LMO4 on TGFbeta signaling. When introduced into mammary epithelial cells, LMO4 potentiated the growth-inhibitory effects of TGFbeta in those cells. These results define a new function for LMO4 as a coactivator in TGFbeta signaling, and provide a potential novel mechanism for LMO4-mediated regulation in development and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
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25
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Kasper LH, Fukuyama T, Biesen MA, Boussouar F, Tong C, de Pauw A, Murray PJ, van Deursen JMA, Brindle PK. Conditional knockout mice reveal distinct functions for the global transcriptional coactivators CBP and p300 in T-cell development. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:789-809. [PMID: 16428436 PMCID: PMC1347027 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.3.789-809.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and the closely related p300 interact with over 312 proteins, making them among the most heavily connected hubs in the known mammalian protein-protein interactome. It is largely uncertain, however, if these interactions are important in specific cell lineages of adult animals, as homozygous null mutations in either CBP or p300 result in early embryonic lethality in mice. Here we describe a Cre/LoxP conditional p300 null allele (p300flox) that allows for the temporal and tissue-specific inactivation of p300. We used mice carrying p300flox and a CBP conditional knockout allele (CBPflox) in conjunction with an Lck-Cre transgene to delete CBP and p300 starting at the CD4- CD8- double-negative thymocyte stage of T-cell development. Loss of either p300 or CBP led to a decrease in CD4+ CD8+ double-positive thymocytes, but an increase in the percentage of CD8+ single-positive thymocytes seen in CBP mutant mice was not observed in p300 mutants. T cells completely lacking both CBP and p300 did not develop normally and were nonexistent or very rare in the periphery, however. T cells lacking CBP or p300 had reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression in response to phorbol ester and ionophore, while signal-responsive gene expression in CBP- or p300-deficient macrophages was largely intact. Thus, CBP and p300 each supply a surprising degree of redundant coactivation capacity in T cells and macrophages, although each gene has also unique properties in thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawryn H Kasper
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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26
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Ernest Dodd M, Ristich VL, Ray S, Lober RM, Bollag WB. Regulation of protein kinase D during differentiation and proliferation of primary mouse keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:294-306. [PMID: 16098040 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diseased skin often exhibits a deregulated program of the keratinocyte maturation necessary for epidermal stratification and function. Protein kinase D (PKD), a serine/threonine kinase, is expressed in proliferating keratinocytes, and PKD activation occurs in response to mitogen stimulation in other cell types. We have proposed that PKD functions as a pro-proliferative and/or anti-differentiative signal in keratinocytes and hypothesized that differentiation inducers will downmodulate PKD to allow differentiation to proceed. Thus, changes in PKD levels, autophosphorylation, and activity were analyzed upon stimulation of differentiation and proliferation in primary mouse keratinocytes. Elevated extracellular calcium and acute 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatments induced differentiation and triggered a downmodulation of PKD levels, autophosphorylation at serine 916, and activity. Chronic TPA treatment stimulated proliferation and resulted in a recovery of PKD levels, autophosphorylation, and activity. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated PKD localization predominantly in the proliferative basal layer of mouse epidermis. Co-expression studies revealed a pro-proliferative, anti-differentiative effect of PKD on keratinocyte maturation as monitored by increased and decreased promoter activities of keratin 5, a proliferative marker, and involucrin, a differentiative marker, respectively. This work describes the inverse regulation of PKD during keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation and the pro-proliferative/anti-differentiative effects of PKD co-expression on keratinocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ernest Dodd
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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27
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Kahle A, Feng Y, A Nelson M. Isolation and characterization of the human Cdc2L1 gene promoter. Gene 2004; 344:53-60. [PMID: 15656972 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CDK11 (cyclin-dependent kinase 11, formerly known as PITSLRE) is a member of the p34cdc2-related kinases. It has been previously shown to be involved in a variety of different cellular processes including RNA processing, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. It is encoded by two different but highly similar genes, Cdc2L1 (cell division control 2 like 1) and Cdc2L2 (cell division control 2 like 2). Previous studies from our group identified and characterized the transcriptional regulation of the human Cdc2L2 gene promoter. The current studies identify and characterize the Cdc2L1 gene promoter. We cloned the promoter and elucidated the different transcriptional regulatory elements that reside within the 5' region of the gene. Deletion analysis of the promoter showed a region of nucleotides -152 to +11 to be necessary for basal transcription of the Cdc2L1 gene. Sequencing analysis found this region of the promoter to be highly GC-rich but is lacking both TATA and CAAT boxes. There are several different transcription factor binding sites that are consensus or near consensus found within this region. The potential binding sites include two Ets-1 sites, one Skn-1 site, and one E2F-1 site. Transfection studies of various site-directed mutagenesis clones for these different sites revealed that both Ets-1 sites play critical roles in sustained transcriptional activity as well as Skn-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of the endogenous promoter with Ets-1 and Skn-1 verified an in vivo association of Ets-1 and Skn-1 transcription factors with the endogenous promoter. These results, in addition to our Cdc2L2 results, lead to the further comprehension of the fundamental mechanisms dictating CDK11 gene expression through the Cdc2L1 gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Kahle
- Department of Pathology, Room 5208, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
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28
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Wang N, Kudryavtseva E, Ch'en IL, McCormick J, Sugihara TM, Ruiz R, Andersen B. Expression of an engrailed-LMO4 fusion protein in mammary epithelial cells inhibits mammary gland development in mice. Oncogene 2003; 23:1507-13. [PMID: 14676840 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
LIM domain factors and associated cofactors are important developmental regulators in pattern formation and organogenesis. In addition, overexpression of two LIM-only factors (LMOs) causes acute lymphocytic leukemia. The more recently discovered LMO factor LMO4 is highly expressed in proliferating epithelial cells, and frequently overexpressed in breast carcinoma. Here we show that while LMO4 is expressed throughout mammary gland development, it is dramatically upregulated in mammary epithelial cells during midpregnancy. The LMO coactivator Clim2/Ldb1/NLI showed a similar expression pattern, consistent with the idea that LMO4 and Clim2 act as a complex in mammary epithelial cells. In MCF-7 cells, LMO4 transcripts were upregulated by heregulin, an activator of ErbB receptors that are known to be important in mammary gland development and breast cancer. To test the hypothesis that LMO4 plays roles in mammary gland development, we created an engrailed-LMO4 fusion protein. This fusion protein maintains the ability to interact with Clim2, but acts as a dominant repressor of both basal and activated transcription when recruited to a DNA-regulatory region. When the engrailed-LMO4 fusion protein was expressed under control of the MMTV promoter in transgenic mice, both ductular development in virgin mice and alveolar development in pregnant mice were inhibited. These results suggest that LMO4 plays a role in promoting mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4030, USA
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de la Calle-Mustienes E, Lu Z, Cortés M, Andersen B, Modolell J, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. Xenopus Xlmo4 is a GATA cofactor during ventral mesoderm formation and regulates Ldb1 availability at the dorsal mesoderm and the neural plate. Dev Biol 2003; 264:564-81. [PMID: 14651938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have identified and functionally characterized the Xenopus Xlmo4 gene, which encodes a member of the LIM-domain-only protein family. Xlmo4 is activated at gastrula stages in the mesodermal marginal zone probably in response to BMP4 signaling. Soon after, Xlmo4 is downregulated in the dorsal region of the mesoderm. This repression seems to be mediated by organizer-expressed repressors, such as Gsc. Xlmo4 downregulation is necessary for the proper formation of this territory. Increasing Xlmo4 function in this region downregulates Spemman Organizer genes and suppresses dorsal-anterior structures. By binding to Ldb1, Xlmo4 may restrict the availability of this cofactor for transcription factors expressed at the Spemman Organizer. In the ventral mesoderm, Xlmo4 is required to establish the identity of this territory by acting as a positive cofactor of GATA factors. In the neural ectoderm, Xlmo4 expression depends on Xiro homeoprotein activity. In this region, Xlmo4 suppresses differentiation of primary neurons and interferes with gene expression at the Isthmic Organizer, most likely by displacing Ldb1 from active transcription factor complexes required for these processes. Together, our data suggest that Xlmo4 uses distinct mechanisms to participate in different processes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Cabral A, Fischer DF, Vermeij WP, Backendorf C. Distinct functional interactions of human Skn-1 isoforms with Ese-1 during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:17792-9. [PMID: 12624109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300508200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the three major POU proteins expressed in human skin, Oct-1, Tst-1/Oct-6, and Skn-1/Oct-11, only the latter induced SPRR2A, a marker of keratinocyte terminal differentiation. In this study, we have identified three Skn-1 isoforms, which encode proteins with various N termini, generated by alternative promoter usage. These isotypes showed distinct expression patterns in various skin samples, internal squamous epithelia, and cultured human keratinocytes. Skn-1a and Skn-1d1 bound the SPRR2A octamer site with comparable affinity and functioned as transcriptional activators. Skn-1d2 did not affect SPRR2A expression. Skn-1a, the largest protein, functionally cooperated with Ese-1/Elf-3, an epithelial-specific transcription factor, previously implicated in SPRR2A induction. This cooperativity, which depended on an N-terminal pointed-like domain in Skn-1a, was not found for Skn-1d1. Actually, Skn-1d1 counteracted the cooperativity between Skn-1a and Ese-1. Apparently, the human Skn-1 locus encodes multifunctional protein isotypes, subjected to biochemical cross-talk, which are likely to play a major role in the fine-tuning of keratinocyte terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cabral
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Starck J, Cohet N, Gonnet C, Sarrazin S, Doubeikovskaia Z, Doubeikovski A, Verger A, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Morle F. Functional cross-antagonism between transcription factors FLI-1 and EKLF. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:1390-402. [PMID: 12556498 PMCID: PMC141137 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.4.1390-1402.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FLI-1 is an ETS family transcription factor which is overexpressed in Friend erythroleukemia and contributes to the blockage of differentiation of erythroleukemic cells. We show here that FLI-1 represses the transcriptional activity of the beta-globin gene promoter in MEL cells and interacts with two of its critical transactivators, GATA-1 and EKLF. Unexpectedly, FLI-1 enhances the stimulating activity of GATA-1 on a GATA-1-responsive promoter but represses that of EKLF on beta-globin and an EKLF-responsive artificial promoters. This repressive effect of FLI-1 requires the ETS DNA binding domain and its association with either the N- or C-terminal domain, which themselves interact with EKLF but not with GATA-1. Furthermore, the FLI-1 ETS domain alone behaves as an autonomous repression domain when linked to the Gal4 DNA binding domain. Taken together, these data indicate that FLI-1 represses EKLF-dependent transcription due to the repression activity of its ETS domain and its indirect recruitment to erythroid promoters by protein-protein interaction with EKLF. Reciprocally, we also show that EKLF itself represses the FLI-1-dependent megakaryocytic GPIX gene promoter, thus further suggesting that functional cross-antagonism between FLI-1 and EKLF might be involved in the control of the erythrocytic versus megakaryocytic differentiation of bipotential progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Starck
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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32
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Asanoma K, Matsuda T, Kondo H, Kato K, Kishino T, Niikawa N, Wake N, Kato H. NECC1, a candidate choriocarcinoma suppressor gene that encodes a homeodomain consensus motif. Genomics 2003; 81:15-25. [PMID: 12573257 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(02)00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a candidate choriocarcinoma suppressor gene from a PCR-based subtracted fragmentary cDNA library between normal placental villi and the choriocarcinoma cell line CC1. This gene comprises an open reading frame of 219 nt encoding 73 amino acids and contains a homeodomain as a consensus motif. This gene, designated NECC1 (not expressed in choriocarcinoma clone 1), is located on human chromosome 4q11-q12. NECC1 expression is ubiquitous in the brain, placenta, lung, smooth muscle, uterus, bladder, kidney, and spleen. Normal placental villi expressed NECC1, but all choriocarcinoma cell lines examined and most of the surgically removed choriocarcinoma tissue samples failed to express it. We transfected this gene into choriocarcinoma cell lines and observed remarkable alterations in cell morphology and suppression of in vivo tumorigenesis. Induction of CSH1 (chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1) by NECC1 expression suggested differentiation of choriocarcinoma cells to syncytiotrophoblasts. Our results suggest that loss of NECC1 expression is involved in malignant conversion of placental trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Asanoma
- Division of Molecular and Cell Therapeutics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu City, Oita 874-0838, Japan
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Watanabe Y, Tanaka R, Kobayashi H, Utoh R, Suzuki KI, Obara M, Yoshizato K. Metamorphosis-dependent transcriptional regulation of xak-c, a novel Xenopus type I keratin gene. Dev Dyn 2002; 225:561-70. [PMID: 12454932 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anuran larvae transform their epidermis to the adult counterpart during metamorphosis. The major event of this process is the proliferation of larval epidermal basal cells and their differentiation into adult ones. The present study isolated novel type I keratin cDNA dubbed xak-c (Xenopus adult keratin-c) that was exclusively expressed in adult epidermal basal cells. The gene started its expression in the larval epidermis at the onset of metamorphosis. Thyroid hormone (TH) induced the precocious expression of the gene in the epidermis of premetamorphic tadpoles. To study the transcriptional regulation of this gene in relation to epidermal metamorphosis, a 2.8 kb 5'-flanking region of xak-c was cloned and its promoter activity was investigated. Gene constructs were made so as to contain the xak-c promoter region and gene of EGFP or luciferase as a reporter gene and were transfected into various types of cells, which revealed that the 5'-flanking region had an epidermal cell-specific transcriptional activity in both anurans and mammals. Larval skin tissues of Xenopus were transfected with the constructs and cultured in the presence and absence of TH, which showed that the promoter region is responsive to TH, although the region did not contain the consensus TH response element-like sequence. In sharp contrast, the promoter region did not respond to TH in the adult skin, clearly indicating that the cloned region contains specific sequences that respond to metamorphosis-dependent transcription factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Watanabe
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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Kaufman CK, Sinha S, Bolotin D, Fan J, Fuchs E. Dissection of a complex enhancer element: maintenance of keratinocyte specificity but loss of differentiation specificity. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:4293-308. [PMID: 12024040 PMCID: PMC133856 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.12.4293-4308.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we explored the mechanisms underlying keratinocyte-specific and differentiation-specific gene expression in the skin. We have identified five keratinocyte-specific, open chromatin regions that exist within the 6 kb of 5' upstream regulatory sequence known to faithfully recapitulate the strong endogenous keratin 5 (K5) promoter and/or enhancer activity. One of these, DNase I-hypersensitive site (HSs) 4, was unique in that it acted independently to drive abundant and keratinocyte-specific reporter gene activity in culture and in transgenic mice, despite the fact that it was not essential for K5 enhancer activity. We have identified evolutionarily conserved regulatory elements and a number of their associated proteins that bind to this compact and complex enhancer element. The 125-bp 3' half of this element (referred to as 4.2) is by far the smallest known strong enhancer element possessing keratinocyte-specific activity in vivo. Interestingly, its activity is restricted to a subset of progeny of K5-expressing cells located within the sebaceous gland. The other half of HSs 4 (termed 4.1) possesses activity to suppress sebocyte-specific expression and induce expression in the channel (inner root sheath) cells surrounding the hair shaft. Our findings lead us to a view of keratinocyte gene expression which is determined by multiple regulatory modules, many of which contain AP-2 and/or Sp1/Sp3 binding sites for enhancing expression in skin epithelium, but which also harbor one or more unique sites for the binding of factors which determine specificity. Through mixing and matching of these modules, additional levels of specificity are obtained, indicating that both transcriptional repressors and activators govern the specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Kaufman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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