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Pu Y, Cheng CK, Zhang H, Luo JY, Wang L, Tomlinson B, Huang Y. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists in cardiovascular health and disease. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2086-2114. [PMID: 37119045 DOI: 10.1002/med.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been rising due to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary patterns. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor regulating multiple biological processes, such as lipid metabolism and inflammatory response critical to cardiovascular homeostasis. Healthy endothelial cells (ECs) lining the lumen of blood vessels maintains vascular homeostasis, where endothelial dysfunction associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation triggers the pathogenesis of CVD. PPARα activation decreases endothelial inflammation and senescence, contributing to improved vascular function and reduced risk of atherosclerosis. Phenotypic switch and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exacerbate vascular dysfunction and atherogenesis, in which PPARα activation improves VSMC homeostasis. Different immune cells participate in the progression of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. PPARα in immune cells plays a critical role in immunological events, such as monocyte/macrophage adhesion and infiltration, macrophage polarization, dendritic cell (DC) embedment, T cell activation, and B cell differentiation. Cardiomyocyte dysfunction, a major risk factor for heart failure, can also be alleviated by PPARα activation through maintaining cardiac mitochondrial stability and inhibiting cardiac lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. This review discusses the current understanding and future perspectives on the role of PPARα in the regulation of the cardiovascular system as well as the clinical application of PPARα ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak Kwong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongsong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang-Yun Luo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Development and Regenerative Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hypoglycaemia aggravates impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation in diabetes by suppressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and stimulating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Microvasc Res 2023; 146:104468. [PMID: 36513147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes exacerbates vascular injury by triggering endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) both play major roles in endothelial dysfunction. However, effects of hypoglycaemia, the main complication of the insulin therapy to the glycemic control in diabetes, on eNOS activity and iNOS expression, and underlying mechanisms in diabetes remain unknown. Hence, we aimed to determine the effects of hypoglycaemia on eNOS activity and iNOS expression in different arterial beds of diabetic rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Streptozotocin (STZ) combined with high fat diet (HFD) to induce diabetes and then received insulin injection to attain acute and recurrent hypoglycaemia. Immunoblotting was used to analyse the phosphorylation and O-glycosylation status of eNOS and iNOS level from thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery tissue. Indicators of oxidative stress from plasm were determined, and endothelial-dependent vasodilation was detected via wire myograph system. RESULTS Hypoglycaemia was associated with a marked increase in eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and decrease in Serine (Ser)-1177 phosphorylation from thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries. Moreover, hypoglycaemia resulted in elevated phosphorylation of eNOS at Threonine (Thr)-495 site in mesenteric arteries. Besides, changes in these post-translational modifications were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), decreased phosphorylation of Akt at Ser-473, and increased protein kinase C α subunit (PKCα). iNOS expression was induced in hypoglycaemia. Furthermore, endothelial-dependent vasodilation was impaired under insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, and further in recurrent hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, these findings strongly indicate that hypoglycaemia-dependent vascular dysfunction in diabetes is mediated through altered eNOS activity and iNOS expression. Therefore, this implies that therapeutic modulation of eNOS activity and iNOS expression in diabetics under intensive glucose control may prevent and treat adverse cardiovascular events.
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Yu Y, Li W, Xu L, Wang Y. Circadian rhythm of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1124353. [PMID: 37020596 PMCID: PMC10067678 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1124353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are a common death cause in type 2 diabetes patients, as they are often combined. Plasminogen-activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) participates in the development and progression of cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Insulin resistance increases PAI-1 production, and high PAI-1 levels lead to an environment conducive to thrombosis and earlier and more severe vascular disease. Current evidence also suggests that PAI-1 has a rhythmic profile of circadian fluctuations and acrophase in the morning within a single day, which might explain the high morning incidence of cardiovascular events. Thus, PAI-1 is a possible drug target. Although several PAI-1 inhibitors have been developed, none have yet been allowed for clinical use. Research on rhythm has also led to the concept of "chronotherapy", a rhythm-based drug regimen expected to improve the treatment of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients. Herein, we searched several databases and reviewed relevant articles to describe the circadian rhythm characteristics and endogenous molecular mechanisms of PAI-1, its relationship with insulin resistance, the causes of cardiovascular complications caused by PAI-1, and the current development of PAI-1 inhibitors. We also summarized the possibility of using the circadian rhythm of PAI-1 to treat cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.
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Therapeutic Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol (‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Relation to Molecular Pathways Controlling Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010340. [PMID: 36613784 PMCID: PMC9820274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol in green tea. Thanks to multiple interactions with cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and nuclear transcription factors, EGCG possesses a wide variety of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic, anti-remodelation, and tissue-protective properties which may be useful in the treatment of various diseases, particularly in cancer, and neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disorders. This article reviews current information on the biological effects of EGCG in the above-mentioned disorders in relation to molecular pathways controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis.
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Ghiarone T, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Foote CA, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ferreira-Santos L, Cabral-Amador FJ, de la Torre R, Ganga RR, Wheeler AA, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. ADAM17 cleaves the insulin receptor ectodomain on endothelial cells and causes vascular insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H688-H701. [PMID: 36018759 PMCID: PMC9512115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and vascular insulin resistance are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, several potential mechanisms causing abnormal endothelial insulin signaling in T2D need further investigation. Evidence indicates that the activity of ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17) and the presence of insulin receptor (IR) in plasma are increased in subjects with T2D. Accordingly, we hypothesized that in T2D, increased ADAM17 activity sheds the IR ectodomain from endothelial cells and impairs insulin-induced vasodilation. We used small visceral arteries isolated from a cross-sectional study of subjects with and without T2D undergoing bariatric surgery, human cultured endothelial cells, and recombinant proteins to test our hypothesis. Here, we demonstrate that arteries from subjects with T2D had increased ADAM17 expression, reduced presence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3), decreased extracellular IRα, and impaired insulin-induced vasodilation versus those from subjects without T2D. In vitro, active ADAM17 cleaved the ectodomain of the IRβ subunit. Endothelial cells with ADAM17 overexpression or exposed to the protein kinase-C activator, PMA, had increased ADAM17 activity, decreased IRα presence on the cell surface, and increased IR shedding. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of ADAM17 with TAPI-0 rescued PMA-induced IR shedding and insulin-signaling impairments in endothelial cells and insulin-stimulated vasodilation in human arteries. In aggregate, our findings suggest that ADAM17-mediated shedding of IR from the endothelial surface impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation. Thus, we propose that inhibition of ADAM17 sheddase activity should be considered a strategy to restore vascular insulin sensitivity in T2D.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the involvement of ADAM17 in causing impaired insulin-induced vasodilation in T2D. We provide evidence that ADAM17 activity is increased in the vasculature of patients with T2D and support the notion that ADAM17-mediated shedding of endothelial IRα ectodomains is a novel mechanism causing vascular insulin resistance. Our results highlight that targeting ADAM17 activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy to correct vascular insulin resistance in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christopher A Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Rama R Ganga
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Andrew A Wheeler
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Badran M, Gozal D. PAI-1: A Major Player in the Vascular Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5516. [PMID: 35628326 PMCID: PMC9141273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a chronic and prevalent condition that is associated with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and imposes excess overall cardiovascular risk and mortality. Despite its high prevalence and the susceptibility of CVD patients to OSA-mediated stressors, OSA is still under-recognized and untreated in cardiovascular practice. Moreover, conventional OSA treatments have yielded either controversial or disappointing results in terms of protection against CVD, prompting the need for the identification of additional mechanisms and associated adjuvant therapies. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is a key regulator of fibrinolysis and cell migration. Indeed, elevated PAI-1 expression is associated with major cardiovascular adverse events that have been attributed to its antifibrinolytic activity. However, extensive evidence indicates that PAI-1 can induce endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis through complex interactions within the vasculature in an antifibrinolytic-independent matter. Elevated PAI-1 levels have been reported in OSA patients. However, the impact of PAI-1 on OSA-induced CVD has not been addressed to date. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which OSA and its most detrimental perturbation, intermittent hypoxia (IH), can enhance the transcription of PAI-1. We also propose causal pathways by which PAI-1 can promote atherosclerosis in OSA, thereby identifying PAI-1 as a potential therapeutic target in OSA-induced CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Limberg JK, Soares RN, Padilla J. Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Hemodynamic Response to Hyperinsulinemia-Implications for Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:169-175. [PMID: 35247145 PMCID: PMC9012695 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herein, we summarize recent advances which provide new insights into the role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of blood flow and blood pressure during hyperinsulinemia. We also highlight remaining gaps in knowledge as it pertains to the translation of findings to relevant human chronic conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Our findings in insulin-sensitive adults show that increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity with hyperinsulinemia do not result in greater sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in the peripheral circulation. Both an attenuation of α-adrenergic-receptor vasoconstriction and augmented β-adrenergic vasodilation in the setting of high insulin likely explain these findings. In the absence of an increase in sympathetically mediated restraint of peripheral vasodilation during hyperinsulinemia, blood pressure is supported by increases in cardiac output in insulin-sensitive individuals. We highlight a dynamic interplay between central and peripheral mechanisms during hyperinsulinemia to increase sympathetic nervous system activity and maintain blood pressure in insulin-sensitive adults. Whether these results translate to the insulin-resistant condition and implications for long-term cardiovascular regulation warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Rogerio N Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Yu J, Xia X, Huang NY, Qiu YG, Yang X, Mao HP, Chen W, Huang FX. Association of Ratio of Apolipoprotein B to Apolipoprotein A1 With Survival in Peritoneal Dialysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:801979. [PMID: 35399692 PMCID: PMC8993134 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.801979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough the ratio of apolipoprotein B (apo B) to apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) (apo B/apo A1) seems to be associated with mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients, the association of apo B/apo A1 ratio with death remains not clear in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.AimsThe study targets to examine the relationship of apo B/apo A1 ratio with survival in patients receiving PD treatment.MethodsIn this single-center prospective observational cohort study, we enrolled 1,616 patients receiving PD treatment with a median follow-up time of 47.6 months. We used a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to examine the relationship between apo B/apo A1 ratio and cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality. The association of apo B/apo A1 ratio with atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic CV mortality was further evaluated by competing risk regression models.ResultsDuring the follow-up, 508 (31.4%) patients died, 249 (49.0%) died from CV events, of which 149 (59.8%) were atherosclerotic CV mortality. In multivariable models, for 1-SD increase in apo B/apo A1 ratio level, the adjusted hazard ratios for CV and all-cause mortality were 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.47; P = 0.005] and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.07–1.35; P = 0.003), respectively. The adjusted subdistribution hazard ratios for atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic CV mortality were 1.43 (95% CI, 1.19–1.73; P < 0.001) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.64–1.13; P = 0.256), respectively. For quartile analysis, patients in quartile 4 had higher CV, all-cause, and atherosclerotic CV mortality compared with those in quartile 1. Moreover, apo B/apo A1 ratio had a diabetes-related difference in CV, all-cause, and atherosclerotic CV mortality.ConclusionElevated apo B/apo A1 ratio level was significantly associated with CV, all-cause, and atherosclerotic CV mortality in patients undergoing PD. Moreover, the association was especially statistically significant in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na-Ya Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Gui Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen,
| | - Feng-Xian Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Feng-Xian Huang,
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Zhou HL, Premont RT, Stamler JS. The manifold roles of protein S-nitrosylation in the life of insulin. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:111-128. [PMID: 34789923 PMCID: PMC8889587 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin, which is released by pancreatic islet β-cells in response to elevated levels of glucose in the blood, is a critical regulator of metabolism. Insulin triggers the uptake of glucose and fatty acids into the liver, adipose tissue and muscle, and promotes the storage of these nutrients in the form of glycogen and lipids. Dysregulation of insulin synthesis, secretion, transport, degradation or signal transduction all cause failure to take up and store nutrients, resulting in type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction. In this Review, we make the case that insulin signalling is intimately coupled to protein S-nitrosylation, in which nitric oxide groups are conjugated to cysteine thiols to form S-nitrosothiols, within effectors of insulin action. We discuss the role of S-nitrosylation in the life cycle of insulin, from its synthesis and secretion in pancreatic β-cells, to its signalling and degradation in target tissues. Finally, we consider how aberrant S-nitrosylation contributes to metabolic diseases, including the roles of human genetic mutations and cellular events that alter S-nitrosylation of insulin-regulating proteins. Given the growing influence of S-nitrosylation in cellular metabolism, the field of metabolic signalling could benefit from renewed focus on S-nitrosylation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Liu Q, Cui H, Ma Y, Han X, Cao Z, Wu Y. Triglyceride-glucose index associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease: the Kailuan study. Endocrine 2022; 75:392-399. [PMID: 34542800 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies suggest that triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) index, as a marker of insulin resistance, may have associations with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in elderly population. Given the paucity of data, it remains controversial, especially in general Chinese population. We aimed to further assess whether TyG index is an independent risk factor for CVD. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study that enrolled a total of 96,541 participants from the Kailuan Study. TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2). Participants were divided into four groups (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) by quartiles of the TyG index. Any CVD events occurred during 2006-2017 were recorded, including myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. We assessed the association of TyG index with the risk of CVD and the subtypes of CVD by using Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). RESULTS During a median follow-up of 10.33 years, totally 6421 CVD events, 1493 MIs, and 5083 stroke events occurred. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with Q1, HR (95% CI) for CVD events was 1.12 (95%, 1.03-1.21) in Q2, 1.28 (95%, 1.18-1.38) in Q3, and 1.34 (95%, 1.23-1.45) in Q4. In a time-dependent Cox Model we also found that compared with Q1, HR (95% CI) for CVD events was 1.09 (95%, 1.02-1.18) in Q2, 1.18 (95%, 1.09-1.27) in Q3, and 1.20 (95%, 1.11-1.30) in Q4. Similar results were showed in MI and stroke. CONCLUSIONS TyG index as a marker of insulin resistance was an independent risk factor for CVD. This may help in the early identification of people at high risk of CVD and be applicable to the primordial and primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Haozhe Cui
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihan Ma
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xu Han
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Luanzhou People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
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Teimouri M, Hosseini H, ArabSadeghabadi Z, Babaei-Khorzoughi R, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S, Meshkani R. The role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:307-322. [PMID: 34988903 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, the most important characteristic of the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is mostly caused by impairment in the insulin receptor (IR) signal transduction pathway. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), one of the main negative regulators of the IR signaling pathway, is broadly expressed in various cells and tissues. PTP1B decreases the phosphorylation of the IR resulting in insulin resistance in various tissues. The evidence for the physiological role of PTP1B in regulation of metabolic pathways came from whole-body PTP1B-knockout mice. Whole-body and tissue-specific PTP1B-knockout mice showed improvement in adiposity, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance. In addition, the key role of PTP1B in the pathogenesis of T2DM and its complications was further investigated in mice models of PTP1B deficient/overexpression. In recent years, targeting PTP1B using PTP1B inhibitors is being considered an attractive target to treat T2DM. PTP1B inhibitors improve the sensitivity of the insulin receptor and have the ability to cure insulin resistance-related diseases. We herein summarized the biological functions of PTP1B in different tissues in vivo and in vitro. We also describe the effectiveness of potent PTP1B inhibitors as pharmaceutical agents to treat T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra ArabSadeghabadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Babaei-Khorzoughi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Gorgani-Firuzjaee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ding Y, Zhou Y, Ling P, Feng X, Luo S, Zheng X, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9376-9396. [PMID: 34646376 PMCID: PMC8490502 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) represents the primary pathological change of multiple vascular diseases, because it causes decreased arterial plasticity, increased vascular resistance, reduced tissue perfusion and atherosclerosis. Caused by “biochemical injury”, ED is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Accumulating evidence shows that metformin improves ED through liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5'-adenosine monophosphat-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-independent targets, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Evaluating the effects of metformin on endothelial cell functions would facilitate our understanding of the therapeutic potential of metformin in cardiovascular diabetology (including diabetes and its cardiovascular complications). This article reviews the physiological and pathological functions of endothelial cells and the intact endothelium, reviews the latest research of metformin in the treatment of diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and focuses on the mechanism of action of metformin in regulating endothelial cell functions.
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13
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Ning Z, Song Z, Wang C, Peng S, Wan X, Liu Z, Lu A. How Perturbated Metabolites in Diabetes Mellitus Affect the Pathogenesis of Hypertension? Front Physiol 2021; 12:705588. [PMID: 34483960 PMCID: PMC8416465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.705588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of hypertension (HTN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common phenomenon in more than half of the diabetic patients. Since HTN constitutes a predictor of vascular complications and cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients, it is of significance to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of type 2 DM binding to HTN. This review attempts to understand the mechanism via the perspective of the metabolites. It reviewed the metabolic perturbations, the biological function of perturbated metabolites in two diseases, and the mechanism underlying metabolic perturbation that contributed to the connection of type 2 DM and HTN. DM-associated metabolic perturbations may be involved in the pathogenesis of HTN potentially in insulin, angiotensin II, sympathetic nervous system, and the energy reprogramming to address how perturbated metabolites in type 2 DM affect the pathogenesis of HTN. The recent integration of the metabolism field with microbiology and immunology may provide a wider perspective. Metabolism affects immune function and supports immune cell differentiation by the switch of energy. The diverse metabolites produced by bacteria modified the biological process in the inflammatory response of chronic metabolic diseases either. The rapidly evolving metabolomics has enabled to have a better understanding of the process of diseases, which is an important tool for providing some insight into the investigation of diseases mechanism. Metabolites served as direct modulators of biological processes were believed to assess the pathological mechanisms involved in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchi Ning
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Song
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shitao Peng
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wan
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Hyperuricemia-induced endothelial insulin resistance: the nitric oxide connection. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:83-98. [PMID: 34313822 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, defined as elevated serum concentrations of uric acid (UA) above 416 µmol L-1, is related to the development of cardiometabolic disorders, probably via induction of endothelial dysfunction. Hyperuricemia causes endothelial dysfunction via induction of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation; however, it's interfering with insulin signaling and decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO) availability, resulting in the development of endothelial insulin resistance, which seems to be a major underlying mechanism for hyperuricemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. Here, we elaborate on how hyperuricemia induces endothelial insulin resistance through the disruption of insulin-stimulated endothelial NO synthesis. High UA concentrations decrease insulin-induced NO synthesis within the endothelial cells by interfering with insulin signaling at either the receptor or post-receptor levels (i.e., proximal and distal steps). At the proximal post-receptor level, UA impairs the function of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) in the insulin signaling pathway. At the distal level, high UA concentrations impair endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-NO system by decreasing eNOS expression and activity as well as by direct inactivation of NO. Clinically, UA-induced endothelial insulin resistance is translated into impaired endothelial function, impaired NO-dependent vasodilation, and the development of systemic insulin resistance. UA-lowering drugs may improve endothelial function in subjects with hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Parvaneh Street, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, VelenjakTehran, Iran.
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15
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PAI-1 in Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Role as a Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063170. [PMID: 33804680 PMCID: PMC8003717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofibrinolysis is a key abnormality in diabetes and contributes to the adverse vascular outcome in this population. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is an important regulator of the fibrinolytic process and levels of this antifibrinolytic protein are elevated in diabetes and insulin resistant states. This review describes both the physiological and pathological role of PAI-1 in health and disease, focusing on the mechanism of action as well as protein abnormalities in vascular disease with special focus on diabetes. Attempts at inhibiting protein function, using different techniques, are also discussed including direct and indirect interference with production as well as inhibition of protein function. Developing PAI-1 inhibitors represents an alternative approach to managing hypofibrinolysis by targeting the pathological abnormality rather than current practice that relies on profound inhibition of the cellular and/or acellular arms of coagulation, and which can be associated with increased bleeding events. The review offers up-to-date knowledge on the mechanisms of action of PAI-1 together with the role of altering protein function to improve hypofirbinolysis. Developing PAI-1 inhibitors may form for the basis of future new class of antithrombotic agents that reduce vascular complications in diabetes.
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16
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Kalra S, Unnikrishnan AG, Baruah MP, Sahay R, Bantwal G. Metabolic and Energy Imbalance in Dysglycemia-Based Chronic Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:165-184. [PMID: 33488105 PMCID: PMC7816219 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s286888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility is the ability to efficiently adapt metabolism based on nutrient availability and requirement that is essential to maintain homeostasis in times of either caloric excess or restriction and during the energy-demanding state. This regulation is orchestrated in multiple organ systems by the alliance of numerous metabolic pathways under the master control of the insulin-glucagon-sympathetic neuro-endocrine axis. This, in turn, regulates key metabolic enzymes and transcription factors, many of which interact closely with and culminate in the mitochondrial energy generation machinery. Metabolic flexibility is compromised due to the continuous mismatch between availability and intake of calorie-dense foods and reduced metabolic demand due to sedentary lifestyle and age-related metabolic slowdown. The resultant nutrient overload leads to mitochondrial trafficking of substrates manifesting as mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by ineffective substrate switching and incomplete substrate utilization. At the systemic level, the manifestation of metabolic inflexibility comprises reduced skeletal muscle glucose disposal rate, impaired suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and adipose tissue lipolysis manifesting as insulin resistance. This is compounded by impaired β-cell function and progressively reduced β-cell mass. A consequence of insulin resistance is the upregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway leading to a pro-hypertensive, atherogenic, and thrombogenic environment. This is further aggravated by oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and inflammation, which potentiates the risk of micro- and macro-vascular complications. This review aims to elucidate underlying mechanisms mediating the onset of metabolic inflexibility operating at the main target organs and to understand the progression of metabolic diseases. This could potentially translate into a pharmacological tool that can manage multiple interlinked conditions of dysglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia by restoring metabolic flexibility. We discuss the breadth and depth of metabolic flexibility and its impact on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Manash P Baruah
- Department of Endocrinology, Excel Hospitals, Guwahati, India
| | - Rakesh Sahay
- Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ganapathi Bantwal
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John’s Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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17
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Di Pietrantonio N, Palmerini C, Pipino C, Baldassarre MPA, Bologna G, Mohn A, Giannini C, Lanuti P, Chiarelli F, Pandolfi A, Di Pietro N. Plasma from obese children increases monocyte-endothelial adhesion and affects intracellular insulin signaling in cultured endothelial cells: Potential role of mTORC1-S6K1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166076. [PMID: 33422633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is characterized by the loss of vascular insulin sensitivity along with altered oxidant-antioxidant state and chronic inflammation, which play a key role in the onset of endothelial dysfunction. We previously demonstrated a reduced insulin-stimulated Nitric Oxide (NO) bioavailability in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured with plasma from obese pre-pubertal children (OB) compared to those cultured with plasma of normal-weight children (CTRL). However, mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in childhood obesity remains poorly understood. Hence, the present study aimed to better investigate these mechanisms, also considering a potential involvement of mammalian Target Of Rapamycin Complex1 (mTORC1)-ribosomal protein S6 Kinase beta1 (S6K1) pathway. OB-children (N = 32, age: 9.2 ± 1.7; BMI z-score: 2.72 ± 0.31) had higher fasting insulin levels and increased HOMA-IR than CTRL-children (N = 32, age: 8.8 ± 1.2; BMI z-score: 0.33 ± 0.75). In vitro, HUVECs exposed to OB-plasma exhibited significant increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, higher vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules exposure, together with increased monocytes-endothelial interaction. This was associated with unbalanced pro- and anti-atherogenic endothelial insulin stimulated signaling pathways, as measured by increased Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and decreased Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1)/protein kinase B (Akt)/ endothelial NO Synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation levels, together with augmented S6K1 activation. Interestingly, inhibition of mTORC1-S6K1 pathway using rapamycin significantly restored the IRS-1/Akt/eNOS activation, suggesting a feedback regulation of IRS-1/Akt signal through S6K1. Overall, our in vitro data shed light on new mechanisms underlying the onset of endothelial dysfunction in childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Di Pietrantonio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Carola Palmerini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Caterina Pipino
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Maria Pompea Antonia Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Angelika Mohn
- Pediatrics Division, Hospital SS. Annunziata, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Italy; Pediatrics Division, Hospital SS. Annunziata, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Italy; Pediatrics Division, Hospital SS. Annunziata, Chieti, Italy
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Natalia Di Pietro
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
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18
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Demarchi A, Somaschini A, Cornara S, Androulakis E. Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Novel Treatment Options. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5953-5968. [PMID: 33243109 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666201126143217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are two clinical entities closely associated. They share many pathophysiological pathways such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and pro-coagulative unbalance. Emerging data focusing on agents targeting these pathways may be promising. Moreover, due to the increased cardiovascular risk, there is a growing interest in cardiovascular and "pleiotropic" effects of novel glucose lowering drugs. This review summarizes the main clinical features of PAD in patients, the diagnostic process and current medical/interventional approaches, ranging from "classical treatment" to novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Somaschini
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emmanuel Androulakis
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Barzegar N, Tohidi M, Hasheminia M, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. The impact of triglyceride-glucose index on incident cardiovascular events during 16 years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:155. [PMID: 32993633 PMCID: PMC7526412 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether the Triglyceride-Glucose index (TyG-index) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)/coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS A total of 7521 Iranians aged ≥ 30 years (male = 3367) were included in the study. Multivariate Cox regression analyses (adjusted for age, gender, waist circumference, body mass index, educational level, smoking status, physical activity, family history of CVD, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid lowering drugs) were used to assess the risk of incident CVD/CHD across quintiles and for 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in the TyG-index. The cut off point for TyG-index was assessed by the minimum value of [Formula: see text]. We also examined the added value of the TyG-index in addition to the Framingham risk score when predicting CVD. RESULTS During follow-up, 1084 cases of CVD (male = 634) were recorded. We found a significant trend of TyG-index for incident CVD/CHD in multivariate analysis (both Ps for tend ≤ 0.002). Moreover, a 1-SD increase in TyG-index was associated with significant risk of CVD/CHD in multivariate analysis [1.16 (1.07-1.25) and 1.19 (1.10-1.29), respectively]. The cut-off value of TyG-index for incident CVD was 9.03 (59.2% sensitivity and 63.2% specificity); the corresponding value of TyG-index for incident CHD was 9.03 (60.0% sensitivity and 62.8% specificity), respectively. Although no interaction was found between gender and TyG-index for CVD/CHD in multivariate analysis (both Ps for interaction > 0.085), the significant trend of TyG-index was observed only among females for incident CVD (P = 0.035). A significant interaction was found between age groups (i.e. ≥ 60 vs < 60 years) and TyG-index for CVD outcomes in the multivariate model (P-value for interaction = 0.046). Accordingly, a significant association between the TyG-index and outcomes was found only among the younger age group. Among the population aged < 60 the addition of TyG-index to the Framingham risk score (FRS) did not show improvement in the predictive ability of the FRS, using integrated discrimination improvement. CONCLUSION The TyG-index is significantly associated with increased risk of CVD/CHD incidence; this issue was more prominent among the younger population. However, adding TyG-index to FRS does not provide better risk prediction for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Barzegar
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Aarabi St. Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Aarabi St. Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mitra Hasheminia
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Aarabi St. Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hadaegh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Aarabi St. Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Muniyappa R, Chen H, Montagnani M, Sherman A, Quon MJ. Endothelial dysfunction due to selective insulin resistance in vascular endothelium: insights from mechanistic modeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E629-E646. [PMID: 32776829 PMCID: PMC7642854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00247.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have used mathematical modeling to gain mechanistic insights into insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent insulin signaling required for metabolic actions of insulin also regulates endothelium-dependent production of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Vasodilation increases blood flow that augments direct metabolic actions of insulin in skeletal muscle. This is counterbalanced by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent insulin signaling in endothelium that promotes secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1). In the present study, we extended our model of metabolic insulin signaling into a dynamic model of insulin signaling in vascular endothelium that explicitly represents opposing PI3K/NO and MAPK/ET-1 pathways. Novel NO and ET-1 subsystems were developed using published and new experimental data to generate model structures/parameters. The signal-response relationships of our model with respect to insulin-stimulated NO production, ET-1 secretion, and resultant vascular tone, agree with published experimental data, independent of those used for model development. Simulations of pathological stimuli directly impairing only insulin-stimulated PI3K/Akt activity predict altered dynamics of NO and ET-1 consistent with endothelial dysfunction in insulin-resistant states. Indeed, modeling pathway-selective impairment of PI3K/Akt pathways consistent with insulin resistance caused by glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, or inflammation predict diminished NO production and increased ET-1 secretion characteristic of diabetes and endothelial dysfunction. We conclude that our mathematical model of insulin signaling in vascular endothelium supports the hypothesis that pathway-selective insulin resistance accounts, in part, for relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. This may be relevant for developing novel approaches for the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hui Chen
- Clinical and Integrative Diabetes and Obesity Integrated Review Group, Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J Quon
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Grunewald ZI, Ramirez-Perez FI, Woodford ML, Morales-Quinones M, Mejia S, Manrique-Acevedo C, Siebenlist U, Martinez-Lemus LA, Chandrasekar B, Padilla J. TRAF3IP2 (TRAF3 Interacting Protein 2) Mediates Obesity-Associated Vascular Insulin Resistance and Dysfunction in Male Mice. Hypertension 2020; 76:1319-1329. [PMID: 32829657 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance in the vasculature is a characteristic feature of obesity and contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction and disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-associated vascular insulin resistance and dysfunction remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that TRAF3IP2 (TRAF3 interacting protein 2), a proinflammatory adaptor molecule known to activate pathological stress pathways and implicated in cardiovascular diseases, plays a causal role in obesity-associated vascular insulin resistance and dysfunction. We tested this hypothesis by employing genetic-manipulation in endothelial cells in vitro, in isolated arteries ex vivo, and diet-induced obesity in a mouse model of TRAF3IP2 ablation in vivo. We show that ectopic expression of TRAF3IP2 blunts insulin signaling in endothelial cells and diminishes endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in isolated aortic rings. Further, 16 weeks of high fat/high sucrose feeding impaired glucose tolerance, aortic insulin-induced vasorelaxation, and hindlimb postocclusive reactive hyperemia, while increasing blood pressure and arterial stiffness in wild-type male mice. Notably, TRAF3IP2 ablation protected mice from such high fat/high sucrose feeding-induced metabolic and vascular defects. Interestingly, wild-type female mice expressed markedly reduced levels of TRAF3IP2 mRNA independent of diet and were protected against high fat/high sucrose diet-induced vascular dysfunction. These data indicate that TRAF3IP2 plays a causal role in vascular insulin resistance and dysfunction. Specifically, the present findings highlight a sexual dimorphic role of TRAF3IP2 in vascular control and identify it as a promising therapeutic target in vasculometabolic derangements associated with obesity, particularly in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I Grunewald
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., M.L.W., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., M.L.W., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Mariana Morales-Quinones
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Salvador Mejia
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (C.M.-A.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (C.M.-A., B.C.)
| | | | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., B.C.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.C.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., B.C.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (C.M.-A., B.C.)
| | - Jaume Padilla
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., M.L.W., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., F.I.R.-P., M.L.W., M.M.-Q., S.M., C.M.-A., L.A.M.-L., B.C., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
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22
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Filippini A, D’Alessio A. Caveolae and Lipid Rafts in Endothelium: Valuable Organelles for Multiple Functions. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091218. [PMID: 32825713 PMCID: PMC7563503 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane found in numerous cell types and are particularly abundant in endothelial cells and adipocytes. The lipid composition of caveolae largely matches that of lipid rafts microdomains that are particularly enriched in cholesterol, sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids, and saturated fatty acids. Unlike lipid rafts, whose existence remains quite elusive in living cells, caveolae can be clearly distinguished by electron microscope. Despite their similar composition and the sharing of some functions, lipid rafts appear more heterogeneous in terms of size and are more dynamic than caveolae. Following the discovery of caveolin-1, the first molecular marker as well as the unique scaffolding protein of caveolae, we have witnessed a remarkable increase in studies aimed at investigating the role of these organelles in cell functions and human disease. The goal of this review is to discuss the most recent studies related to the role of caveolae and caveolins in endothelial cells. We first recapitulate the major embryological processes leading to the formation of the vascular tree. We next discuss the contribution of caveolins and cavins to membrane biogenesis and cell response to extracellular stimuli. We also address how caveolae and caveolins control endothelial cell metabolism, a central mechanism involved in migration proliferation and angiogenesis. Finally, as regards the emergency caused by COVID-19, we propose to study the caveolar platform as a potential target to block virus entry into endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Alessio D’Alessio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli”, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italia
- Correspondence:
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin shares a limited physiological concentration range with other endocrine hormones. Not only too low, but also too high systemic insulin levels are detrimental for body functions. MAIN BODY The physiological function and clinical relevance of insulin are usually seen in association with its role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. However, insulin is an anabolic hormone which stimulates a large number of cellular responses. Not only too low, but also excess insulin concentrations are detrimental to the physiological balance. Although the glucoregulatory activity of insulin is mitigated during hyperinsulinemia by dampening the efficiency of insulin signaling ("insulin resistance"), this is not the case for most other hormonal actions of insulin, including the promotion of protein synthesis, de novo lipogenesis, and cell proliferation; the inhibition of lipolysis, of autophagy-dependent cellular turnover, and of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidative; and other defense mechanisms. Hence, there is no general insulin resistance but selective impairment of insulin signaling which causes less glucose uptake from the blood and reduced activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Because of the largely unrestricted insulin signaling, hyperinsulinemia increases the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease and decreases health span and life expectancy. In epidemiological studies, high-dose insulin therapy is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Randomized controlled trials of insulin treatment did not observe any effect on disease risk, but these trials only studied low insulin doses up to 40 IU/day. Proof for a causal link between elevated insulin levels and cardiovascular disease risk comes from Mendelian randomization studies comparing individuals with genetically controlled low or high insulin production. CONCLUSIONS The detrimental actions of prolonged high insulin concentrations, seen also in cell culture, argue in favor of a lifestyle that limits circadian insulin levels. The health risks associated with hyperinsulinemia may have implications for treatment regimens used in type 2 diabetes.
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24
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The Intrinsic Virtues of EGCG, an Extremely Good Cell Guardian, on Prevention and Treatment of Diabesity Complications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133061. [PMID: 32635492 PMCID: PMC7411588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic proportion of diabesity—a combination of obesity and diabetes—sets a worldwide health issue. Experimental and clinical studies have progressively reinforced the pioneering epidemiological observation of an inverse relationship between consumption of polyphenol-rich nutraceutical agents and mortality from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. With chemical identification of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as the most abundant catechin of green tea, a number of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the activities of this unique catechin have been proposed. Favorable effects of EGCG have been initially attributed to its scavenging effects on free radicals, inhibition of ROS-generating mechanisms and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Biologic actions of EGCG are concentration-dependent and under certain conditions EGCG may exert pro-oxidant activities, including generation of free radicals. The discovery of 67-kDa laminin as potential EGCG membrane target has broaden the likelihood that EGCG may function not only because of its highly reactive nature, but also via receptor-mediated activation of multiple signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Finally, by acting as epigenetic modulator of DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling, EGCG may alter gene expression and modify miRNA activities. Despite unceasing research providing detailed insights, ECGC composite activities are still not completely understood. This review summarizes the most recent evidence on molecular mechanisms by which EGCG may activate signal transduction pathways, regulate transcription factors or promote epigenetic changes that may contribute to prevent pathologic processes involved in diabesity and its cardiovascular complications.
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25
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Madonna R, Pieragostino D, Rossi C, Confalone P, Cicalini I, Minnucci I, Zucchelli M, Del Boccio P, De Caterina R. Simulated hyperglycemia impairs insulin signaling in endothelial cells through a hyperosmolar mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 130:106678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Limberg JK, Smith JA, Soares RN, Harper JL, Houghton KN, Jacob DW, Mozer MT, Grunewald ZI, Johnson BD, Curry TB, Baynard T, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J. Sympathetically mediated increases in cardiac output, not restraint of peripheral vasodilation, contribute to blood pressure maintenance during hyperinsulinemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H162-H170. [PMID: 32502373 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00250.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vasodilatory effects of insulin support the delivery of insulin and glucose to skeletal muscle. Concurrently, insulin exerts central effects that increase sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA), which is required for the acute maintenance of blood pressure (BP). Indeed, in a cohort of young healthy adults, herein we show that intravenous infusion of insulin increases muscle SNA while BP is maintained. We next tested the hypothesis that sympathoexcitation evoked by hyperinsulinemia restrains insulin-stimulated peripheral vasodilation and contributes to sustaining BP. To address this, a separate cohort of participants were subjected to 5-s pulses of neck suction (NS) to simulate carotid hypertension and elicit a reflex-mediated reduction in SNA. NS was conducted before and 60 min following intravenous infusion of insulin. Insulin infusion caused an increase in leg vascular conductance and cardiac output (CO; P < 0.050), with maintenance of BP (P = 0.540). As expected, following NS, decreases in BP were greater in the presence of hyperinsulinemia compared with control (P = 0.045). However, the effect of NS on leg vascular conductance did not differ between insulin and control conditions (P = 0.898). Instead, the greater decreases in BP following NS in the setting of insulin infusion paralleled with greater decreases in CO (P = 0.009). These findings support the idea that during hyperinsulinemia, SNA-mediated increase in CO, rather than restraint of leg vascular conductance, is the principal contributor to the maintenance of BP. Demonstration in isolated arteries that insulin suppresses α-adrenergic vasoconstriction suggests that the observed lack of restraint of leg vascular conductance may be attributed to sympatholytic actions of insulin.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the role of sympathetic activation in restraining vasodilatory responses to hyperinsulinemia and sustaining blood pressure in healthy adults. Data are reported from two separate experimental protocols in humans and one experimental protocol in isolated arteries from mice. Contrary to our hypothesis, the present findings support the idea that during hyperinsulinemia, a sympathetically mediated increase in cardiac output, rather than restraint of peripheral vasodilation, is the principal contributor to the maintenance of systemic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James A Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rogerio N Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jennifer L Harper
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Keeley N Houghton
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dain W Jacob
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michael T Mozer
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Timothy B Curry
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tracy Baynard
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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27
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Zhang YY, Zhao ZD, Kong PY, Gao L, Yu YN, Liu J, Wang PQ, Li B, Zhang XX, Yang LQ, Wang Z. A comparative pharmacogenomic analysis of three classic TCM prescriptions for coronary heart disease based on molecular network modeling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:735-744. [PMID: 32051552 PMCID: PMC7471444 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has evolved over several thousands of years, which has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Three classical TCM prescriptions, namely Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction, Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction, and Gualou Xiebai Banxia Decoction, have been extensively used in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). Based on molecular network modeling, we performed a comparative pharmacogenomic analysis to systematically determine the drug-targeting spectrum of the three prescriptions at molecular level. Wide-area target molecules of CHD were covered, which was a common feature of the three decoctions, demonstrating their therapeutic functions. Meanwhile, collective signaling involved metabolic/pro-metabolic pathways, driving and transferring pathways, neuropsychiatric pathways, and exocrine or endocrine pathways. These organized pharmacological disturbance was mainly focused on almost all stages of CHD intervention, such as anti-atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, vascular wall function, foam cells formation, platelets aggregation, thrombosis, arrhythmia, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, heterogeneity analysis of the global pharmacological molecular spectrum revealed that signaling crosstalk, cascade convergence, and key targets were tendentious among the three decoctions. After all, it is unadvisable to rank the findings on targeting advantages of the three decoctions. Comparative pharmacological evidence may provide an appropriate decoction scheme for individualized intervention of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zi-de Zhao
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100040, China
| | - Peng-Yun Kong
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Peng-Qian Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zhang
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100040, China
| | - Li-Qiang Yang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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28
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Premilovac D, Attrill E, Rattigan S, Richards SM, Kim J, Keske MA. Acute, local infusion of angiotensin II impairs microvascular and metabolic insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:590-601. [PMID: 30192915 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin II (AngII) is a potent vasoconstrictor implicated in both hypertension and insulin resistance. Insulin dilates the vasculature in skeletal muscle to increase microvascular blood flow and enhance glucose disposal. In the present study, we investigated whether acute AngII infusion interferes with insulin's microvascular and metabolic actions in skeletal muscle. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats received a systemic infusion of either saline, AngII, insulin (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp), or insulin (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) plus AngII. A final, separate group of rats received an acute local infusion of AngII into a single hindleg during systemic insulin (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) infusion. In all animals' systemic metabolic effects, central haemodynamics, femoral artery blood flow, microvascular blood flow, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake (isotopic glucose) were monitored. Systemic AngII infusion increased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and markedly increased circulating glucose and insulin concentrations. Systemic infusion of AngII during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp inhibited insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose output and insulin-stimulated microvascular blood flow in skeletal muscle but did not alter insulin's effects on the femoral artery or muscle glucose uptake. Local AngII infusion did not alter blood pressure, heart rate, or circulating glucose and insulin. However, local AngII inhibited insulin-stimulated microvascular blood flow, and this was accompanied by reduced skeletal muscle glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS Acute infusion of AngII significantly alters basal haemodynamic and metabolic homeostasis in rats. Both local and systemic AngII infusion attenuated insulin's microvascular actions in skeletal muscle, but only local AngII infusion led to reduced insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. While increased local, tissue production of AngII may be a factor that couples microvascular insulin resistance and hypertension, additional studies are needed to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for these vascular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Premilovac
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Emily Attrill
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Stephen Rattigan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Stephen M Richards
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jeonga Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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29
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Budi EH, Hoffman S, Gao S, Zhang YE, Derynck R. Integration of TGF-β-induced Smad signaling in the insulin-induced transcriptional response in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16992. [PMID: 31740700 PMCID: PMC6861289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling governs many processes including glucose homeostasis and metabolism, and is therapeutically used to treat hyperglycemia in diabetes. We demonstrated that insulin-induced Akt activation enhances the sensitivity to TGF-β by directing an increase in cell surface TGF-β receptors from a pool of intracellular TGF-β receptors. Consequently, increased autocrine TGF-β signaling in response to insulin participates in insulin-induced angiogenic responses of endothelial cells. With TGF-β signaling controlling many cell responses, including differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition, and pathologically promoting fibrosis and cancer cell dissemination, we addressed to which extent autocrine TGF-β signaling participates in insulin-induced gene responses of human endothelial cells. Transcriptome analyses of the insulin response, in the absence or presence of a TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor, revealed substantial positive and negative contributions of autocrine TGF-β signaling in insulin-responsive gene responses. Furthermore, insulin-induced responses of many genes depended on or resulted from autocrine TGF-β signaling. Our analyses also highlight extensive contributions of autocrine TGF-β signaling to basal gene expression in the absence of insulin, and identified many novel TGF-β-responsive genes. This data resource may aid in the appreciation of the roles of autocrine TGF-β signaling in normal physiological responses to insulin, and implications of therapeutic insulin usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0669, USA
| | - Steven Hoffman
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0669, USA
| | - Shaojian Gao
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0669, USA.
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30
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Olver TD, Grunewald ZI, Ghiarone T, Restaino RM, Sales ARK, Park LK, Thorne PK, Ganga RR, Emter CA, Lemon PWR, Shoemaker JK, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Persistent insulin signaling coupled with restricted PI3K activation causes insulin-induced vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1166-H1172. [PMID: 31603345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00464.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin modulates vasomotor tone through vasodilator and vasoconstrictor signaling pathways. The purpose of the present work was to determine whether insulin-stimulated vasoconstriction is a pathophysiological phenomenon that can result from a combination of persistent insulin signaling, suppressed phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) activation, and an ensuing relative increase in MAPK/endothelin-1 (ET-1) activity. First, we examined previously published work from our group where we assessed changes in lower-limb blood flow in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (endogenous insulin stimulation) in lean and obese subjects. The new analyses showed that the peak rise in vascular resistance during the postprandial state was greater in obese compared with lean subjects. We next extended on these findings by demonstrating that insulin-induced vasoconstriction in isolated resistance arteries from obese subjects was attenuated with ET-1 receptor antagonism, thus implicating ET-1 signaling in this constriction response. Last, we examined in isolated resistance arteries from pigs the dual roles of persistent insulin signaling and blunted PI3K activation in modulating vasomotor responses to insulin. We found that prolonged insulin stimulation did not alter vasomotor responses to insulin when insulin-signaling pathways remained unrestricted. However, prolonged insulinization along with pharmacological suppression of PI3K activity resulted in insulin-induced vasoconstriction, rather than vasodilation. Notably, such aberrant vascular response was rescued with either MAPK inhibition or ET-1 receptor antagonism. In summary, we demonstrate that insulin-induced vasoconstriction is a pathophysiological phenomenon that can be recapitulated when sustained insulin signaling is coupled with depressed PI3K activation and the concomitant relative increase in MAPK/ET-1 activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reveals that insulin-induced vasoconstriction is a pathophysiological phenomenon. We also provide evidence that in the setting of persistent insulin signaling, impaired phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activation appears to be a requisite feature precipitating MAPK/endothelin 1-dependent insulin-induced vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert M Restaino
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Allan R K Sales
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauren K Park
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rama Rao Ganga
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Peter W R Lemon
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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31
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Dempsey PC, Larsen RN, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Kingwell BA. Sitting Less and Moving More: Implications for Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 72:1037-1046. [PMID: 30354827 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paddy C Dempsey
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom (P.C.D.).,Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., N.O.)
| | - Robyn N Larsen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.)
| | - David W Dunstan
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria (D.W.D.)
| | - Neville Owen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., N.O.)
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.)
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32
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Li S, Guo B, Chen H, Shi Z, Li Y, Tian Q, Shi S. The role of the triglyceride (triacylglycerol) glucose index in the development of cardiovascular events: a retrospective cohort analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7320. [PMID: 31086234 PMCID: PMC6513983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the role of the triglyceride (triacylglycerol) glucose (TyG) index in predicting and mediating the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This cohort study included 6078 participants aged over 60 years who participated in a routine health check-up programme from 2011 to 2017. The competing risk model, cox regression model and multimediator analyses were performed. TyG was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dl) × fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)/2]. During a median 6 years of follow-up, 705 (21.01/1000 person-years) CVD events occurred. In fully adjusted analyses, quartiles 3 and 4 versus quartile 1 of TyG index (adjusted subhazard ratios [SHRs] 1.33 [95% CI: 1.05-1.68] and 1.72 [1.37-2.16]) were associated with an increased risk of CVD events. The continuous time-dependent TyG remained significant in predicting CVD events (adjusted hazard ratios [HR] 1.43 [1.24-1.63]). The adverse estimated effects of body mass index (BMI) or resting heart rate (RHR) on CVD mediated through the joint effect of the baseline and follow-up TyG index. In addition, an effect mediated only through the follow-up TyG existed (P < 0.05). Thus, it is necessary to routinely measure the TyG. The TyG index might be useful for predicting CVD events in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Huanan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Zhan Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Tian
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China.
| | - Songhe Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China.
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Subiabre M, Villalobos-Labra R, Silva L, Fuentes G, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Role of insulin, adenosine, and adipokine receptors in the foetoplacental vascular dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165370. [PMID: 30660686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease of pregnancy associated with maternal and foetal hyperglycaemia and altered foetoplacental vascular function. Human foetoplacental microvascular and macrovascular endothelium from GDM pregnancy show increased maximal l-arginine transport capacity via the human cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCAT-1) isoform and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). These alterations are paralleled by lower maximal transport activity of the endogenous nucleoside adenosine via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and activation of adenosine receptors. A causal relationship has been described for adenosine-activation of A2A adenosine receptors, hCAT-1, and eNOS activity (i.e. the Adenosine/l-Arginine/Nitric Oxide, ALANO, signalling pathway). Insulin restores these alterations in GDM via activation of insulin receptor A (IR-A) form in the macrovascular but IR-A and IR-B forms in the microcirculation of the human placenta. Adipokines are secreted from adipocytes influencing the foetoplacental metabolic and vascular function. Various adipokines are dysregulated in GDM, with adiponectin and leptin playing major roles. Abnormal plasma concentration of these adipokines and the activation or their receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of GDM. However, involvement of adipokines, adenosine, and insulin receptors and membrane transporters in the aetiology of this disease of pregnancy is unknown. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of insulin and adenosine receptors and l-arginine and adenosine membranes transporters giving an overview of the key adipokines leptin and adiponectin in the foetoplacental vasculature in GDM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Transporters and Receptors in Pregnancy Metabolic Complications edited by Luis Sobrevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Subiabre
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Silva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Fuentes
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Cell Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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34
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McDonald MW, Olver TD, Dotzert MS, Jurrissen TJ, Noble EG, Padilla J, Melling CJ. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin-induced vasorelaxation in a vessel-specific manner in rats with insulin-treated experimental diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:77-86. [PMID: 30537862 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118815279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular insulin resistance often precedes endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Strategies to limit vascular dysfunction include intensive insulin therapy (4-9 mM) and aerobic training. To avoid the risk of hypoglycaemia, individuals often prescribed conventional insulin therapy (9-15 mM) and participate in resistance training. In a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus, this study examined insulin-induced vasomotor function in the aorta and femoral artery to determine (1) whether resistance training with conventional insulin therapy provides the same benefits as aerobic training with conventional insulin therapy, (2) whether aerobic training or resistance training, when paired with conventional insulin therapy, results in superior vasomotor function compared to intensive insulin therapy alone and (3) whether vessel-specific adaptations exist. Groups consisted of conventional insulin therapy, intensive insulin therapy, aerobic training with conventional insulin therapy and resistance training with conventional insulin therapy. Following multiple low doses of streptozotocin, male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented with insulin to maintain blood glucose concentrations (9-15 mM: conventional insulin therapy, aerobic training and resistance training; 4-9 mM: intensive insulin therapy) for 12 weeks. Aerobic training performed treadmill exercise and resistance training consisted of weighted climbing. Coinciding with increased Akt signalling, aerobic training resulted in enhanced insulin-induced vasorelaxation in the femoral artery. Intensive insulin therapy displayed increased mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and no improvement in insulin-stimulated vasorelaxation compared to all other groups. These data suggest that aerobic training may be more beneficial for limiting the pathogenesis of vascular disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus than merely intensive insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W McDonald
- 1 School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - T Dylan Olver
- 3 Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Thomas J Jurrissen
- 4 Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Earl G Noble
- 1 School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- 5 Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jaume Padilla
- 4 Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- 6 Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- 7 Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Climie RE, Wheeler MJ, Grace M, Lambert EA, Cohen N, Owen N, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW, Green DJ. Simple intermittent resistance activity mitigates the detrimental effect of prolonged unbroken sitting on arterial function in overweight and obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1787-1794. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sitting contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The underlying mechanisms are unknown but may include changes in arterial function and vasoactive mediators. We examined the effects of prolonged unbroken sitting, relative to regular active interruptions to sitting time, on arterial function in adults at increased CVD risk. In a randomized crossover trial, 19 sedentary overweight/obese adults (mean ± SD age 57 ± 12 yr) completed 2 laboratory-based conditions: 5 h uninterrupted sitting (SIT) and 5 h sitting interrupted every 30 min by 3 min of simple resistance activities (SRA). Femoral artery function [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)], blood flow, and shear rate were measured at 0 h, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 5 h. Brachial FMD was assessed at 0 and 5 h. Plasma was collected hourly for measurement of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrates/nitrites, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). There was a significant decline in femoral artery FMD, averaged over 5 h in the SIT condition, relative to SRA ( P < 0.001). Plasma ET-1 total area under the curve over 5 h increased in the SIT condition compared with SRA ( P = 0.006). There was no significant difference between conditions in femoral or brachial shear rate, brachial FMD, nitrates/nitrites, VCAM-1, or ICAM-1 ( P > 0.05 for all). Five hours of prolonged sitting, relative to regular interruptions to sitting time, impaired femoral artery vasodilator function and increased circulating ET-1 in overweight/obese adults. There is the need to build on this evidence beyond acute observations to better understand the potential longer-term vascular-related consequences of prolonged sitting. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine the effect of prolonged sitting on arterial function in adults at increased cardiovascular disease risk. We have shown that 5 h of prolonged sitting, relative to regular interruptions to sitting time, impaired femoral artery vasodilator function and increased circulating endothelin-1 in overweight/obese adults. There is now the need to build on this evidence beyond acute observations to better understand the potential longer-term vascular-related consequences of prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Climie
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael J. Wheeler
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Megan Grace
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth A. Lambert
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Kingwell
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Services, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W. Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Neves KB, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Alves-Lopes R, Harvey KY, Costa RMD, Lobato NS, Montezano AC, Oliveira AMD, Touyz RM, Tostes RC. Chemerin receptor blockade improves vascular function in diabetic obese mice via redox-sensitive and Akt-dependent pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1851-H1860. [PMID: 30216119 PMCID: PMC6336978 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00285.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin and its G protein-coupled receptor [chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23)] have been associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance. However, the role of chemerin on insulin signaling in the vasculature is still unknown. We aimed to determine whether chemerin reduces vascular insulin signaling and whether there is interplay between chemerin/ChemR23, insulin resistance, and vascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Molecular and vascular mechanisms were probed in mesenteric arteries and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from C57BL/6J, nondiabetic lean db/m, and diabetic obese db/db mice as well as in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). Chemerin decreased insulin-induced vasodilatation in C57BL/6J mice, an effect prevented by CCX832 (ChemR23 antagonist) treatment. In VSMCs, chemerin, via oxidative stress- and ChemR23-dependent mechanisms, decreased insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, glucose transporter 4 translocation to the membrane, and glucose uptake. In HMECs, chemerin decreased insulin-activated nitric oxide signaling. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was reduced by chemerin in both HMECs and VSMCs. CCX832 treatment of db/db mice decreased body weight, insulin, and glucose levels as well as vascular oxidative stress. CCX832 also partially restored vascular insulin responses in db/db and high-fat diet-fed mice. Our novel in vivo findings highlight chemerin/ChemR23 as a promising therapeutic target to limit insulin resistance and vascular complications associated with obesity-related diabetes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our novel findings show that the chemerin/chemerin receptor 23 axis plays a critical role in diabetes-associated vascular oxidative stress and altered insulin signaling. Targeting chemerin/chemerin receptor 23 may be an attractive strategy to improve insulin signaling and vascular function in obesity-associated diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Bianca Neves
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | | | - Rheure Alves-Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Katie Yates Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Menezes da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Nubia Souza Lobato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Jatai, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria de Oliveira
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
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37
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Human placental exosomes in gestational diabetes mellitus carry a specific set of miRNAs associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2451-2467. [PMID: 30254065 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that miRNAs, which are enriched in nanovesicles called exosomes, are important regulators of gene expression. When compared with normal pregnancies, pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance as well as increased levels of circulating placental exosomes. Here we investigated whether placental exosomes in GDM carry a specific set of miRNAs associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Exosomes were isolated from chorionic villous (CV) explants from both women with Normal Glucose Tolerant (NGT) and GDM pregnancies. Using miRNA sequencing, we identified a specific set of miRNAs selectively enriched with exosomes and compared with their cells of origin indicating a specific packaging of miRNAs into exosomes. Gene target and ontology analysis of miRNA differentially expressed in exosomes secreted in GDM compared with NGT are associated with pathways regulating cell migration and carbohydrate metabolism. We determined the expression of a selected set of miRNAs in placenta, plasma, and skeletal muscle biopsies from NGT and GDM. Interestingly, the expression of these miRNAs varied in a consistent pattern in the placenta, in circulating exosomes, and in skeletal muscle in GDM. Placental exosomes from GDM pregnancies decreased insulin-stimulated migration and glucose uptake in primary skeletal muscle cells obtained from patients with normal insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, placental exosomes from NGT increase migration and glucose uptake in response to insulin in skeletal muscle from diabetic subjects. These findings suggest that placental exosomes might have a role in the changes on insulin sensitivity in normal and GDM pregnancies.
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38
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Walsh LK, Ghiarone T, Olver TD, Medina-Hernandez A, Edwards JC, Thorne PK, Emter CA, Lindner JR, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Increased endothelial shear stress improves insulin-stimulated vasodilatation in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2018; 597:57-69. [PMID: 30328623 DOI: 10.1113/jp277050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS It has been postulated that increased blood flow-associated shear stress on endothelial cells is an underlying mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation. This report provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that increased shear stress exerts insulin-sensitizing effects in the vasculature and this evidence is based on experiments in vitro in endothelial cells, ex vivo in isolated arterioles and in vivo in humans. Given the recognition that vascular insulin signalling, and associated enhanced microvascular perfusion, contributes to glycaemic control and maintenance of vascular health, strategies that stimulate an increase in limb blood flow and shear stress have the potential to have profound metabolic and vascular benefits mediated by improvements in endothelial insulin sensitivity. ABSTRACT The vasodilator actions of insulin contribute to glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, and previous studies have demonstrated that acute and chronic physical activity improves insulin-stimulated vasodilatation and glucose uptake. Because this effect of exercise primarily manifests in vascular beds highly perfused during exercise, it has been postulated that increased blood flow-associated shear stress on endothelial cells is an underlying mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation. Accordingly, herein we tested the hypothesis that increased shear stress, in the absence of muscle contraction, can acutely render the vascular endothelium more insulin-responsive. To test this hypothesis, complementary experiments were conducted using (1) cultured endothelial cells, (2) isolated and pressurized skeletal muscle arterioles from swine, and (3) humans. In cultured endothelial cells, 1 h of increased shear stress from 3 to 20 dynes cm-2 caused a significant shift in insulin signalling characterized by greater activation of eNOS relative to MAPK. Similarly, isolated arterioles exposed to 1 h of intraluminal shear stress (20 dynes cm-2 ) subsequently exhibited greater insulin-induced vasodilatation compared to arterioles kept under no-flow conditions. Finally, we found in humans that increased leg blood flow induced by unilateral limb heating for 1 h subsequently augmented insulin-stimulated popliteal artery blood flow and muscle perfusion. In aggregate, these findings across models (cells, isolated arterioles and humans) support the hypothesis that elevated shear stress causes the vascular endothelium to become more insulin-responsive and thus are consistent with the notion that shear stress may be a principal mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Walsh
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Jenna C Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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López-Domènech S, Bañuls C, Díaz-Morales N, Escribano-López I, Morillas C, Veses S, Orden S, Álvarez Á, Víctor VM, Hernández-Mijares A, Rocha M. Obesity impairs leukocyte-endothelium cell interactions and oxidative stress in humans. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e12985. [PMID: 29924382 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the relationship between leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and oxidative stress parameters in non-diabetic patients with different grades of obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this cross-sectional study, 225 subjects were recruited from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016 and divided into groups according to BMI (<30 kg/m2 , 30-40 kg/m2 and >40 kg/m²). We determined clinical parameters, systemic inflammatory markers, soluble cellular adhesion molecules, leukocyte-endothelium cell interactions-rolling flux, velocity and adhesion-, oxidative stress parameters-total ROS, total superoxide, glutathione-and mitochondrial membrane potential in leukocytes. RESULTS We verified that HOMA-IR and hsCRP increased progressively as obesity developed, whereas A1c, IL6 and TNFα were augmented in the BMI > 40 kg/m² group. The cellular adhesion molecule sP-selectin was increased in patients with obesity, while sICAM, total ROS, total superoxide and mitochondrial membrane potential were selectively higher in the BMI > 40 kg/m² group. Obesity induced a progressive decrease in rolling velocity and an enhancement of rolling flux and leukocyte adhesion. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that endothelial dysfunction markers are altered in human obesity and are associated with proinflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative stress parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López-Domènech
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Díaz-Morales
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Escribano-López
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Morillas
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Veses
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Orden
- CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Víctor M Víctor
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mijares
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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40
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Nafisa A, Gray SG, Cao Y, Wang T, Xu S, Wattoo FH, Barras M, Cohen N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: Impact of metformin. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:150-162. [PMID: 30056057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction is a key player in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Current evidence suggests that the anti-diabetic drug metformin improves insulin resistance and protects against endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Hereby, we provide a timely review on the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of metformin in preventing endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Nafisa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Susan G Gray
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinghuai Wang
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Feroza H Wattoo
- Department of Biochemistry, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Shamasabad, Muree Road, Rawalpindi 4600, Pakistan..
| | - Michael Barras
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
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41
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Yunn NO, Kim J, Kim Y, Leibiger I, Berggren PO, Ryu SH. Mechanistic understanding of insulin receptor modulation: Implications for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 185:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Hu W, Lv J, Han M, Yang Z, Li T, Jiang S, Yang Y. STAT3: The art of multi-tasking of metabolic and immune functions in obesity. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Tan AWK, Subaran SC, Sauder MA, Chai W, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Patrie JT, Aylor KW, Basu A, Liu Z. GLP-1 and Insulin Recruit Muscle Microvasculature and Dilate Conduit Artery Individually But Not Additively in Healthy Humans. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:190-206. [PMID: 29568814 PMCID: PMC5841186 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin increase muscle microvascular perfusion, thereby increasing tissue endothelial surface area and nutrient delivery. Objective To examine whether GLP-1 and insulin act additively on skeletal and cardiac microvasculature and conduit artery. Design Healthy adults underwent three study protocols in random order. Setting Clinical Research Unit at the University of Virginia. Methods Overnight-fasted participants received an intravenous infusion of GLP-1 (1.2 pmol/kg/min) or normal saline for 150 minutes with or without a 2-hour euglycemic insulin clamp (1 mU/kg/min) superimposed from 30 minutes onward. Skeletal and cardiac muscle microvascular blood volume (MBV), flow velocity, and flow; brachial artery diameter, flow velocity, and blood flow; and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured. Results GLP-1 significantly increased skeletal and cardiac muscle MBV and microvascular blood flow (MBF) after 30 minutes; these remained elevated at 150 minutes. Insulin also increased skeletal and cardiac muscle MBV and MBF. Addition of insulin to GLP-1 did not further increase skeletal and cardiac muscle MBV and MBF. GLP-1 and insulin increased brachial artery diameter and blood flow, but this effect was not additive. Neither GLP-1, insulin, nor GLP-1 and insulin altered PWV. Combined GLP-1 and insulin infusion did not result in higher whole-body glucose disposal. Conclusion GLP-1 and insulin at physiological concentrations acutely increase skeletal and cardiac muscle microvascular perfusion and dilate conduit artery in healthy adults; these effects are not additive. Thus, GLP-1 and insulin may regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle endothelial surface area and nutrient delivery under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin W K Tan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433
| | - Sharmila C Subaran
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Matthew A Sauder
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Weidong Chai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Linda A Jahn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Dale E Fowler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - James T Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Kevin W Aylor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Ananda Basu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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Pankratz F, Hohnloser C, Bemtgen X, Jaenich C, Kreuzaler S, Hoefer I, Pasterkamp G, Mastroianni J, Zeiser R, Smolka C, Schneider L, Martin J, Juschkat M, Helbing T, Moser M, Bode C, Grundmann S. MicroRNA-100 Suppresses Chronic Vascular Inflammation by Stimulation of Endothelial Autophagy. Circ Res 2017; 122:417-432. [PMID: 29208678 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The interaction of circulating cells within the vascular wall is a critical event in chronic inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis, but the control of the vascular inflammatory state is still largely unclear. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to characterize the function of the endothelial-enriched microRNA miR-100 during vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on a transcriptome analysis of endothelial cells after miR-100 overexpression, we identified miR-100 as a potent suppressor of endothelial adhesion molecule expression, resulting in attenuated leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vitro and in vivo as shown by flow cytometry and intravital imaging. Mechanistically, miR-100 directly repressed several components of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-signaling, including mammalian target of rapamycin and raptor, which resulted in a stimulation of endothelial autophagy and attenuated nuclear factor κB signaling in vitro and in vivo. In a low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient atherosclerotic mouse model, pharmacological inhibition of miR-100 resulted in enhanced plaque lesion formation and a higher macrophage content of the plaque, whereas a systemic miR-100 replacement therapy had protective effects and attenuated atherogenesis, resulting in a decrease of plaque area by 45%. Finally, analysis of miR-100 expression in >70 samples obtained during carotid endarterectomy revealed that local miR-100 expression was inversely correlated with inflammatory cell content in patients. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we describe an anti-inflammatory function of miR-100 in the vascular response to injury and inflammation and identify an important novel modulator of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and autophagy in the vascular system. Our findings of miR-100 as a potential protective anti-athero-miR suggest that the therapeutic replacement of this microRNA could be a potential strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Pankratz
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Catherine Hohnloser
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Xavier Bemtgen
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Caterina Jaenich
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Sheena Kreuzaler
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Imo Hoefer
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Justin Mastroianni
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Robert Zeiser
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Christian Smolka
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Laura Schneider
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Julien Martin
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Maike Juschkat
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Thomas Helbing
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Martin Moser
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Christoph Bode
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.)
| | - Sebastian Grundmann
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (F.P., C.H., X.B., C.J., S.K., C.S., L.S., J.M., M.J., T.H., M.M., C.B., S.G.); Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (I.H., G.P.); and Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (J.M., R.Z.).
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Morange PE, Alessi MC. Thrombosis in central obesity and metabolic syndrome: Mechanisms and epidemiology. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:669-80. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-01-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
summaryCentral obesity is a key feature of the metabolic syndrome (metS), a multiplex risk factor for subsequent development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition exert effects on platelets and vascular cells. A procoagulant and hypofibrinolytic state has been identified, mainly underlain by inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, and ectopic fat that accompany central obesity. In support of these data, central obesity independently predisposes not only to atherothrombosis but also to venous thrombosis.
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Suppression of GRK2 expression reduces endothelial dysfunction by restoring glucose homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8436. [PMID: 28814745 PMCID: PMC5559446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the associations between diabetic complications and vascular endothelial dysfunction, a direct therapeutic method targeting endothelial dysfunction remains poorly characterized. We have previously shown that chemical inhibition of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) slightly enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. In this study, we identified GRK2 as a novel therapeutic target of diabetic endothelial dysfunction and investigated the effect on diabetic endothelial dysfunction through the systemic administration of GRK2 siRNA using a hydrodynamic-based procedure, resulting in suppression of increased GRK2 protein levels in the liver. Suppressed GRK2 levels in the liver markedly improved glucose homeostasis, as well as improved the impaired endothelial Akt/eNOS-dependent signal activation (insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS) and vascular responses (clonidine-induced and insulin-induced endothelial-dependent relaxation response and phenylephrine-induced contractile response) in type 2 diabetic aortas. Interestingly, insulin-stimulated Akt/eNOS signaling was increased only by normalizing the glucose concentration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with GRK2 overexpression, suggesting of an important role of hepatic GRK2. Our results clarified the relationship among hepatic GRK2, glucose homeostasis, and vascular endothelial function. Liver-targeting GRK2 siRNA delivery represents a novel therapeutic tool to restore glucose homeostasis and reduce endothelial dysfunction.
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Effects of Co-Culture Media on Hepatic Differentiation of hiPSC with or without HUVEC Co-Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081724. [PMID: 28783133 PMCID: PMC5578114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of hepatocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is of great interest for applications in pharmacological research. However, full maturation of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes has not yet been achieved in vitro. To improve hepatic differentiation, co-cultivation of hiPSC with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) during hepatic differentiation was investigated in this study. In the first step, different culture media variations based on hepatocyte culture medium (HCM) were tested in HUVEC mono-cultures to establish a suitable culture medium for co-culture experiments. Based on the results, two media variants were selected to differentiate hiPSC-derived definitive endodermal (DE) cells into mature hepatocytes with or without HUVEC addition. DE cells differentiated in mono-cultures in the presence of those media variants showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in secretion of α-fetoprotein and in activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 as compared with cells differentiated in unmodified HCM used as control. Co-cultivation with HUVEC did not further improve the differentiation outcome. Thus, it can be concluded that the effect of the used medium outweighed the effect of HUVEC co-culture, emphasizing the importance of the culture medium composition for hiPSC differentiation.
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D'Oria R, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Unfer V, Bettocchi S, Scioscia M. PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation is highly induced by inositols: Novel potential insights in endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2017; 10:107-112. [PMID: 29153661 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PKB/Akt and MAP/ERK are intracellular kinases regulating cell survival, proliferation and metabolism and as such hold a strategical role in preeclampsia. In fact intracellular pathways related to immunological alterations, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in preeclampsia converge on these molecules. Inositol second messengers are involved in metabolic and cell signaling pathways and are highly expressed during preeclampsia. To evaluate the pathophysiological significance of this response, the effect of myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol on the activation of PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK was assessed in human endothelial cells in vitro. Time-course and dose-response analyses of phosphorylation following incubation with inositols showed an approximately 6-fold and 15-fold increase for myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol (p<0.05), respectively. Both inositols promoted a significantly higher PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation than insulin. Thus, exogenously administered inositols can activate PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK in human endothelial cells in vitro. The increased production of d-chiro inositol phosphoglycans (IPG-P) during preeclampsia may thus represent a compensatory response, potentially promoting cell survival and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella D'Oria
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Laviola
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- Department of Medical Sciences, IPUS-Institute of Higher Education, Chiasso, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bettocchi
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology (DIGON), I Clinic, Medical University Policlinico of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Scioscia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar, Verona, Italy.
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Targeting endothelial metaflammation to counteract diabesity cardiovascular risk: Current and perspective therapeutic options. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:226-241. [PMID: 28408314 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The association of obesity and diabetes, termed "diabesity", defines a combination of primarily metabolic disorders with insulin resistance as the underlying common pathophysiology. Cardiovascular disorders associated with diabesity represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. This makes diabesity, with its rising impacts on both health and economics, one of the most challenging biomedical and social threats of present century. The emerging comprehension of the genes whose alteration confers inter-individual differences on risk factors for diabetes or obesity, together with the potential role of genetically determined variants on mechanisms controlling responsiveness, effectiveness and safety of anti-diabetic therapy underlines the need of additional knowledge on molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of diabesity. Endothelial cell dysfunction, resulting from the unbalanced production of endothelial-derived vascular mediators, is known to be present at the earliest stages of insulin resistance and obesity, and may precede the clinical diagnosis of diabetes by several years. Once considered as a mere consequence of metabolic abnormalities, it is now clear that endothelial dysfunctional activity may play a pivotal role in the progression of diabesity. In the vicious circle where vascular defects and metabolic disturbances worsen and reinforce each other, a low-grade, chronic, and 'cold' inflammation (metaflammation) has been suggested to serve as the pathophysiological link that binds endothelial and metabolic dysfunctions. In this paradigm, it is important to consider how traditional antidiabetic treatments (specifically addressing metabolic dysregulation) may directly impact on inflammatory processes or cardiovascular function. Indeed, not all drugs currently available to treat diabetes possess the same anti-inflammatory potential, or target endothelial cell function equally. Perspective strategies pointing at reducing metaflammation or directly addressing endothelial dysfunction may disclose beneficial consequences on metabolic regulation. This review focuses on existing and potential new approaches ameliorating endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in the context of diabesity.
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