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The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 ( BMPR2) and the Prospects of Utilizing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Modeling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233823. [PMID: 36497082 PMCID: PMC9741276 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), causing right ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately death from right heart failure. Heterozygous mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) are linked to approximately 80% of hereditary, and 20% of idiopathic PAH cases, respectively. While patients carrying a BMPR2 gene mutation are more prone to develop PAH than non-carriers, only 20% will develop the disease, whereas the majority will remain asymptomatic. PAH is characterized by extreme vascular remodeling that causes pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC) dysfunction, impaired apoptosis, and uncontrolled proliferation of the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). To date, progress in understanding the pathophysiology of PAH has been hampered by limited access to human tissue samples and inadequacy of animal models to accurately mimic the pathogenesis of human disease. Along with the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, there has been an increasing interest in using this tool to develop patient-specific cellular models that precisely replicate the pathogenesis of PAH. In this review, we summarize the currently available approaches in iPSC-based PAH disease modeling and explore how this technology could be harnessed for drug discovery and to widen our understanding of the pathophysiology of PAH.
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Dunmore BJ, Jones RJ, Toshner MR, Upton PD, Morrell NW. Approaches to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension by targeting bmpr2 - from cell membrane to nucleus. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2309-2325. [PMID: 33399862 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is estimated to affect between 10-50 people per million worldwide. The lack of cure and devastating nature of the disease means that treatment is crucial to arrest rapid clinical worsening. Current therapies are limited by their focus on inhibiting residual vasoconstriction rather than targeting key regulators of the cellular pathology. Potential disease-modifying therapies may come from research directed towards causal pathways involved in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease. It is widely acknowledged, that targeting reduced expression of the critical bone morphogenetic protein type-2 receptor (BMPR2) and its associated signalling pathways is a compelling therapeutic avenue to explore. In this review we highlight the advances that have been made in understanding this pathway and the therapeutics that are being tested in clinical trials and the clinic to treat PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Dunmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Royal Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rowena J Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Royal Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Toshner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Royal Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul D Upton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Royal Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Royal Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Swietlik EM, Prapa M, Martin JM, Pandya D, Auckland K, Morrell NW, Gräf S. 'There and Back Again'-Forward Genetics and Reverse Phenotyping in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1408. [PMID: 33256119 PMCID: PMC7760524 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the invention of right heart catheterisation in the 1950s enabled accurate clinical diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), it was not until 2000 when the landmark discovery of the causative role of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) mutations shed new light on the pathogenesis of PAH. Since then several genes have been discovered, which now account for around 25% of cases with the clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PAH. Despite the ongoing efforts, in the majority of patients the cause of the disease remains elusive, a phenomenon often referred to as "missing heritability". In this review, we discuss research approaches to uncover the genetic architecture of PAH starting with forward phenotyping, which in a research setting should focus on stable intermediate phenotypes, forward and reverse genetics, and finally reverse phenotyping. We then discuss potential sources of "missing heritability" and how functional genomics and multi-omics methods are employed to tackle this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia M. Swietlik
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matina Prapa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Divya Pandya
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Kathryn Auckland
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
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Epigenetic Regulation of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Induced Vascular and Right Ventricular Remodeling: New Opportunities? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238901. [PMID: 33255338 PMCID: PMC7727715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a rare chronic disease with high impact on patients’ quality of life and currently no available cure. PAH is characterized by constant remodeling of the pulmonary artery by increased proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), fibroblasts (FBs) and endothelial cells (ECs). This remodeling eventually leads to increased pressure in the right ventricle (RV) and subsequent right ventricle hypertrophy (RVH) which, when left untreated, progresses into right ventricle failure (RVF). PAH can not only originate from heritable mutations, but also develop as a consequence of congenital heart disease, exposure to drugs or toxins, HIV, connective tissue disease or be idiopathic. While much attention was drawn into investigating and developing therapies related to the most well understood signaling pathways in PAH, in the last decade, a shift towards understanding the epigenetic mechanisms driving the disease occurred. In this review, we reflect on the different epigenetic regulatory factors that are associated with the pathology of RV remodeling, and on their relevance towards a better understanding of the disease and subsequently, the development of new and more efficient therapeutic strategies.
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Gomez-Puerto MC, Sun XQ, Schalij I, Orriols M, Pan X, Szulcek R, Goumans MJ, Bogaard HJ, Zhou Q, ten Dijke P. MnTBAP Reverses Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function in Experimentally Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4130. [PMID: 32531895 PMCID: PMC7312610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by obstructed pulmonary vasculatures. Current therapies for PAH are limited and only alleviate symptoms. Reduced levels of BMPR2 are associated with PAH pathophysiology. Moreover, reactive oxygen species, inflammation and autophagy have been shown to be hallmarks in PAH. We previously demonstrated that MnTBAP, a synthetic metalloporphyrin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits the turn-over of BMPR2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that MnTBAP might be used to treat PAH. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs), as well as pulmonary microvascular endothelial (MVECs) and smooth muscle cells (MVSMCs) from PAH patients, were treated with MnTBAP. In vivo, either saline or MnTBAP was given to PAH rats induced by Sugen 5416 and hypoxia (SuHx). On PAECs, MnTBAP was found to increase BMPR2 protein levels by blocking autophagy. Moreover, MnTBAP increased BMPR2 levels in pulmonary MVECs and MVSMCs isolated from PAH patients. In SuHx rats, MnTBAP reduced right ventricular (RV) afterload by reversing pulmonary vascular remodeling, including both intima and media layers. Furthermore, MnTBAP improved RV function and reversed RV dilation in SuHx rats. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of MnTBAP as a potential therapeutic treatment for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.-P.); (M.O.); (M.-J.G.); (P.t.D.)
| | - Xiao-Qing Sun
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (X.-Q.S.); (I.S.); (X.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Ingrid Schalij
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (X.-Q.S.); (I.S.); (X.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Mar Orriols
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.-P.); (M.O.); (M.-J.G.); (P.t.D.)
| | - Xiaoke Pan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (X.-Q.S.); (I.S.); (X.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Szulcek
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (X.-Q.S.); (I.S.); (X.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.-P.); (M.O.); (M.-J.G.); (P.t.D.)
| | - Harm-Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (X.-Q.S.); (I.S.); (X.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.-P.); (M.O.); (M.-J.G.); (P.t.D.)
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6
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Swietlik EM, Gräf S, Morrell NW. The role of genomics and genetics in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2020; 2020:e202013. [PMID: 33150157 PMCID: PMC7590931 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2020.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia M Swietlik
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Addenbrooke's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Addenbrooke's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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7
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Proteasome inhibition suppress microgravity elevated RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation. Cytokine 2020; 125:154821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abdul-Salam VB, Russomanno G, Chien-Nien C, Mahomed AS, Yates LA, Wilkins MR, Zhao L, Gierula M, Dubois O, Schaeper U, Endruschat J, Wojciak-Stothard B. CLIC4/Arf6 Pathway. Circ Res 2019; 124:52-65. [PMID: 30582444 PMCID: PMC6325770 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increased expression of CLIC4 (chloride intracellular channel 4) is a feature of endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension, but its role in disease pathology is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To identify CLIC4 effectors and evaluate strategies targeting CLIC4 signaling in pulmonary hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Proteomic analysis of CLIC4-interacting proteins in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells identified regulators of endosomal trafficking, including Arf6 (ADP ribosylation factor 6) GTPase activating proteins and clathrin, while CLIC4 overexpression affected protein regulators of vesicular trafficking, lysosomal function, and inflammation. CLIC4 reduced BMPRII (bone morphogenetic protein receptor II) expression and signaling as a result of Arf6-mediated reduction in gyrating clathrin and increased lysosomal targeting of the receptor. BMPRII expression was restored by Arf6 siRNA, Arf inhibitor Sec7 inhibitor H3 (SecinH3), and inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis but was unaffected by chloride channel inhibitor, indanyloxyacetic acid 94 or Arf1 siRNA. The effects of CLIC4 on NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B), HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), and angiogenic response were prevented by Arf6 siRNA and SecinH3. Sugen/hypoxia mice and monocrotaline rats showed elevated expression of CLIC4, activation of Arf6 and NF-κB, and reduced expression of BMPRII in the lung. These changes were established early during disease development. Lung endothelium-targeted delivery of CLIC4 siRNA or treatment with SecinH3 attenuated the disease, reduced CLIC4/Arf activation, and restored BMPRII expression in the lung. Endothelial colony-forming cells from idiopathic pulmonary hypertensive patients showed upregulation of CLIC4 expression and Arf6 activity, suggesting potential importance of this pathway in the human condition. CONCLUSIONS Arf6 is a novel effector of CLIC4 and a new therapeutic target in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahitha B Abdul-Salam
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Giusy Russomanno
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Chien-Nien
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul S Mahomed
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Yates
- Section of Structural Biology (L.A.Y.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Zhao
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Gierula
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Dubois
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Schaeper
- Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.S., J.E.)
| | | | - Beata Wojciak-Stothard
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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9
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Gomez‐Puerto MC, van Zuijen I, Huang CJZ, Szulcek R, Pan X, van Dinther MAH, Kurakula K, Wiesmeijer CC, Goumans M, Bogaard H, Morrell NW, Rana AA, ten Dijke P. Autophagy contributes to BMP type 2 receptor degradation and development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Pathol 2019; 249:356-367. [PMID: 31257577 PMCID: PMC6852495 DOI: 10.1002/path.5322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterised by an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure which almost invariably leads to right heart failure and premature death. More than 70% of familial PAH and 20% of idiopathic PAH patients carry heterozygous mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 2 receptor (BMPR2). However, the incomplete penetrance of BMPR2 mutations suggests that other genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease. In the current study, we investigate the contribution of autophagy in the degradation of BMPR2 in pulmonary vascular cells. We demonstrate that endogenous BMPR2 is degraded through the lysosome in primary human pulmonary artery endothelial (PAECs) and smooth muscle cells (PASMCs): two cell types that play a key role in the pathology of the disease. By means of an elegant HaloTag system, we show that a block in lysosomal degradation leads to increased levels of BMPR2 at the plasma membrane. In addition, pharmacological or genetic manipulations of autophagy allow us to conclude that autophagy activation contributes to BMPR2 degradation. It has to be further investigated whether the role of autophagy in the degradation of BMPR2 is direct or through the modulation of the endocytic pathway. Interestingly, using an iPSC-derived endothelial cell model, our findings indicate that BMPR2 heterozygosity alone is sufficient to cause an increased autophagic flux. Besides BMPR2 heterozygosity, pro-inflammatory cytokines also contribute to an augmented autophagy in lung vascular cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate an increase in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (MAP1LC3B) levels in lung sections from PAH induced in rats. Accordingly, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) from end-stage idiopathic PAH patients present an elevated autophagic flux. Our findings support a model in which an increased autophagic flux in PAH patients contributes to a greater decrease in BMPR2 levels. Altogether, this study sheds light on the basic mechanisms of BMPR2 degradation and highlights a crucial role for autophagy in PAH. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Arterial Pressure
- Autophagy
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Lysosomes/pathology
- Male
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Proteolysis
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/metabolism
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Rats
- Signal Transduction
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catalina Gomez‐Puerto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Iris van Zuijen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Szulcek
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pulmonary MedicineAmsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Xiaoke Pan
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pulmonary MedicineAmsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten AH van Dinther
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kondababu Kurakula
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Catharina C Wiesmeijer
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marie‐Jose Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Harm‐Jan Bogaard
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pulmonary MedicineAmsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Paul B. Yu
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA
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11
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Eddowes LA, Al-Hourani K, Ramamurthy N, Frankish J, Baddock HT, Sandor C, Ryan JD, Fusco DN, Arezes J, Giannoulatou E, Boninsegna S, Chevaliez S, Owens BMJ, Sun CC, Fabris P, Giordani MT, Martines D, Vukicevic S, Crowe J, Lin HY, Rehwinkel J, McHugh PJ, Binder M, Babitt JL, Chung RT, Lawless MW, Armitage AE, Webber C, Klenerman P, Drakesmith H. Antiviral activity of bone morphogenetic proteins and activins. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:339-351. [PMID: 30510168 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the control of viral infections is of broad importance. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes decreased expression of the iron hormone hepcidin, which is regulated by hepatic bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD signalling. We found that HCV infection and the BMP/SMAD pathway are mutually antagonistic. HCV blunted induction of hepcidin expression by BMP6, probably via tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated downregulation of the BMP co-receptor haemojuvelin. In HCV-infected patients, disruption of the BMP6/hepcidin axis and genetic variation associated with the BMP/SMAD pathway predicted the outcome of infection, suggesting that BMP/SMAD activity influences antiviral immunity. Correspondingly, BMP6 regulated a gene repertoire reminiscent of type I interferon (IFN) signalling, including upregulating interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and downregulating an inhibitor of IFN signalling, USP18. Moreover, in BMP-stimulated cells, SMAD1 occupied loci across the genome, similar to those bound by IRF1 in IFN-stimulated cells. Functionally, BMP6 enhanced the transcriptional and antiviral response to IFN, but BMP6 and related activin proteins also potently blocked HCV replication independently of IFN. Furthermore, BMP6 and activin A suppressed growth of HBV in cell culture, and activin A inhibited Zika virus replication alone and in combination with IFN. The data establish an unappreciated important role for BMPs and activins in cellular antiviral immunity, which acts independently of, and modulates, IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Eddowes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kinda Al-Hourani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Narayan Ramamurthy
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Frankish
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah T Baddock
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cynthia Sandor
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John D Ryan
- Centre for Liver Disease, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Dahlene N Fusco
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - João Arezes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara Boninsegna
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Surgical Gastroenterological Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Stephane Chevaliez
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M J Owens
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Chia Chi Sun
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Nephrology Division, Program in Membrane Biology, and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Fabris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giordani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Diego Martines
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterological Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John Crowe
- Centre for Liver Disease, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Herbert Y Lin
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Nephrology Division, Program in Membrane Biology, and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Nephrology Division, Program in Membrane Biology, and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew W Lawless
- Experimental Medicine, UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. .,Haematology Theme Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Abstract
: Improved survival among HIV-1-infected individuals with the advent of antiretroviral therapy has clearly led to a greater prevalence of noninfectious complications. One of the most devastating sequelae in these individuals is the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Various epidemiological studies suggest worse survival of HIV-PAH patients when compared with other forms of PAH. Given that only a subset and not all HIV-infected individuals develop HIV-PAH, it is suggested that an additional second-hit of genetic or environmental trigger is needed for the development of PAH. In this context, it has been well documented that HIV patients who abuse illicit drugs such as stimulants, opioids, and the like, are more susceptible to develop PAH. In this review, we highlight the studies that support the significance of a double hit of HIV and drug abuse in the incidence of PAH and focus on the research that has been undertaken to unravel the pathobiology and vascular remodeling mechanisms underlying the deleterious synergy between HIV infection and drugs of abuse in orchestrating the development of PAH.
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13
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Murakami K, Etlinger JD. Role of SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase in BMP receptor trafficking and signaling. Cell Signal 2018; 54:139-149. [PMID: 30395943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor gene (BMPRII) are associated with hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH). Missense mutations, both in the extracellular ligand-binding and cytoplasmic kinase domains, mostly involve substitution of conserved Cys residues. Singular substitution at any of those Cys residues causes cytoplasmic, perinuclear localization of BMPR with reduced cell surface expression and BMP signaling. The present study examined the effect of Cys residue substitution on BMPR endocytic trafficking and lysosome degradation. We demonstrate that endocytosis/lysosomal degradation of BMPR occurs by two distinct pathways. SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase induces lysosomal degradation of BMPR, while ligase-inactive SMURF1 maintains BMPR protein level and cell surface expression. Substitution of BMPR Cys residues increases lysosomal degradation which is blocked by ligase-inactive SMURF1, elevating protein levels of Cys-substituted BMPRs. Expression of Cys-substituted BMPR suppresses basal BMP signaling activity which is also up-regulated by ligase-inactive SMURF1. Cys-residue substitution thus appears to cause BMPR endocytosis to lysosomes in a SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase-associated pathway. Kinase-activated BMPR undergoes endocytic/lysosomal degradation by a pathway with certain unique properties. Therefore, our results describe a novel mechanism whereby SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase regulates constitutive endocytosis of BMPR which may be mediated by its conserved Cys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Murakami
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
| | - Joseph D Etlinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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14
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Pei D, Sun J, Zhu C, Tian F, Jiao K, Anderson MR, Yiu C, Huang C, Jin C, Bergeron BE, Chen J, Tay FR, Niu L. Contribution of Mitophagy to Cell-Mediated Mineralization: Revisiting a 50-Year-Old Conundrum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800873. [PMID: 30356983 PMCID: PMC6193168 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization in vertebrates is initiated via amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors. These precursors infiltrate the extracellular collagen matrix where they undergo phase transformation into intrafibrillar carbonated apatite. Although it is well established that ACP precursors are released from intracellular vesicles through exocytosis, an unsolved enigma in this cell-mediated mineralization process is how ACP precursors, initially produced in the mitochondria, are translocated to the intracellular vesicles. The present study proposes that mitophagy provides the mechanism for transfer of ACP precursors from the dysfunctioned mitochondria to autophagosomes, which, upon fusion with lysosomes, become autolysosomes where the mitochondrial ACP precursors coalesce to form larger intravesicular granules, prior to their release into the extracellular matrix. Apart from endowing the mitochondria with the function of ACP delivery through mitophagy, the present results indicate that mitophagy, triggered upon intramitochondrial ACP accumulation in osteogenic lineage-committed mesenchymal stem cells, participates in the biomineralization process through the BMP/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐dan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Jin‐long Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Chun‐hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Fu‐cong Tian
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Matthew R. Anderson
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit of the Faculty of DentistryPrince Philip Dental HospitalUniversity of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077P. R. China
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Cui Huang
- Department of ProsthodonticsSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Chang‐xiong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Brian E. Bergeron
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Ji‐hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Li‐na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
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15
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Consequences of BMPR2 Deficiency in the Pulmonary Vasculature and Beyond: Contributions to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092499. [PMID: 30149506 PMCID: PMC6165502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its association with familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in 2000, Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II (BMPR2) and its related signaling pathway have become recognized as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular homeostasis. Herein, we define BMPR2 deficiency as either an inactivation of the receptor, decreased receptor expression, or an impairment of the receptor’s downstream signaling pathway. Although traditionally the phenotypic consequences of BMPR2 deficiency in PAH have been thought to be limited to the pulmonary vasculature, there is evidence that abnormalities in BMPR2 signaling may have consequences in many other organ systems and cellular compartments. Revisiting how BMPR2 functions throughout health and disease in cells and organs beyond the lung vasculature may provide insight into the contribution of these organ systems to PAH pathogenesis as well as the potential systemic manifestation of PAH. Here we review our knowledge of the consequences of BMPR2 deficiency across multiple organ systems.
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16
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Zhang L, Hu W, Cho CH, Chan FK, Yu J, Fitzgerald JR, Cheung CK, Xiao ZG, Shen J, Li LF, Li MX, Wu JC, Ling TK, Chan JY, Ko H, Tse G, Ng SC, Yu S, Wang MH, Gin T, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Wong SH, Chan MT, Wu WK. Reduced lysosomal clearance of autophagosomes promotes survival and colonization of Helicobacter pylori. J Pathol 2018; 244:432-444. [PMID: 29327342 DOI: 10.1002/path.5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Evasion of autophagy is key for intracellular survival of bacteria in host cells, but its involvement in persistent infection by Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium identified to invade gastric epithelial cells, remains obscure. The aim of this study was to functionally characterize the role of autophagy in H. pylori infection. Autophagy was assayed in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelium and the functional role of autophagy was determined via genetic or pharmacological ablation of autophagy in mouse and cell line models of H. pylori infection. Here, we showed that H. pylori inhibited lysosomal function and thereby promoted the accumulation of autophagosomes in gastric epithelial cells. Importantly, inhibiting autophagosome formation by pharmacological inhibitors or genetic ablation of BECN1 or ATG5 reduced H. pylori intracellular survival, whereas inhibition of lysosomal functions exerted an opposite effect. Further experiments demonstrated that H. pylori inhibited lysosomal acidification and the retrograde trafficking of mannose-6-phosphate receptors, both of which are known to positively regulate lysosomal function. We conclude that H. pylori subverts autophagy into a pro-survival mechanism through inhibition of lysosomal clearance of autophagosomes. Disruption of autophagosome formation offers a novel strategy to reduce H. pylori colonization in human stomachs. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chi H Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Francis Kl Chan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | | | - Cynthia Ky Cheung
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhan G Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Long F Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ming X Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Justin Cy Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Thomas Kw Ling
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jason Yk Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ho Ko
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Sidney Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Maggie Ht Wang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.,Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.,Howard University Hospital, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Matthew Tv Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - William Kk Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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17
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Lee HW, Park SH. Elevated microRNA-135a is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension in experimental mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35609-35618. [PMID: 28415675 PMCID: PMC5482602 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple causes are associated with the complex mechanism of pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the molecular pathway in the pathogenesis of PAH is still insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated epigenetic changes that cause PAH induced by exposure to combined Th2 antigen (Ovalbumin, OVA) and urban particulate matter (PM) in mice. To address that, we focused on the epigenetic mechanism, linked to microRNA (miR)-135a. We found that miR-135a levels were significantly increased, and levels of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) which is the target of miR-135a, were significantly decreased in this experimental PAH mouse model. Therefore to evaluate the role of miR-135a, we injected AntagomiR-135a into this mouse model. AntagomiR-135a injected mice showed decreased right ventricular systolic pressures (RVSPs), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and the percentage of severely thickened pulmonary arteries compared to control scrambled miRNA injected mice. Both mRNA and protein expression of BMPR2 were recovered in the AntagomiR-135a injected mice compared to control mice. Our study understands if miR-135a could serve as a biomarker helping to manage PAH. The blocking of miR-135a could lead to new therapeutic modalities to alleviate exacerbation of PAH caused by exposure to Th2 antigen and urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
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18
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Chinnappan M, Mohan A, Agarwal S, Dalvi P, Dhillon NK. Network of MicroRNAs Mediate Translational Repression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor-2: Involvement in HIV-Associated Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008472. [PMID: 29478969 PMCID: PMC5866341 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier, we reported that the simultaneous exposure of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells to HIV proteins and cocaine results in the attenuation of antiproliferative bone morphogenetic protein receptor-2 (BMPR2) protein expression without any decrease in its mRNA levels. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the micro RNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of BMPR2 expression. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified a network of BMPR2 targeting micro RNAs including miR-216a to be upregulated in response to cocaine and Tat-mediated augmentation of oxidative stress and transforming growth factor-β signaling in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. By using a loss or gain of function studies, we observed that these upregulated micro RNAs are involved in the Tat- and cocaine-mediated smooth muscle hyperplasia via regulation of BMPR2 protein expression. These in vitro findings were further corroborated using rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells isolated from HIV transgenic rats exposed to cocaine. More importantly, luciferase reporter and in vitro translation assays demonstrated that direct binding of novel miR-216a and miR-301a to 3'UTR of BMPR2 results in the translational repression of BMPR2 without any degradation of its mRNA. CONCLUSIONS We identified for the first time miR-216a as a negative modulator of BMPR2 translation and observed it to be involved in HIV protein(s) and cocaine-mediated enhanced proliferation of pulmonary smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Rats, Transgenic
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Aradhana Mohan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Stuti Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Pranjali Dalvi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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19
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Dalvi P, Spikes L, Allen J, Gupta VG, Sharma H, Gillcrist M, Montes de Oca J, O'Brien-Ladner A, Dhillon NK. Effect of Cocaine on Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling and Hemodynamics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Transgenic Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:201-12. [PMID: 26820592 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0264oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related pulmonary arterial hypertension has been found to be more prevalent in intravenous drug users. Our earlier cell-culture findings reported down-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs) in combination with enhanced proliferation of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in the presence of HIV-Trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and cocaine compared with either treatment alone. Here, we report physiologic evidence of significant increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure in HIV-transgenic (Tg) rats intraperitoneally administered 40 mg/kg body weight cocaine (HIV-cocaine group) once daily for 21 days when compared with HIV-Tg rats given saline (HIV group) or wild-type (WT) Fischer 334 rats treated with (WT-cocaine group) and without cocaine (WT group). In addition, right ventricle systolic pressure was also found to be significantly higher in the HIV-cocaine rats compared with the WT group. Significant down-regulation in protein expression of BMPR-2 and BMPR-1B was observed in total lung extract from HIV-cocaine rats compared with the other three groups. Furthermore, the PASMCs isolated from HIV-cocaine rats demonstrated a higher level of proliferation and lower levels of apoptosis compared with cells isolated from other rat groups. Interestingly, corroborating our earlier cell-culture findings, we observed higher expression of BMPR-2 and BMPR-1B messenger RNA and significantly lower levels of BMPR-2 and BMPR-1B protein in HIV-cocaine PASMCs compared with cells isolated from all other groups. In conclusion, our findings support an additive effect of cocaine and HIV on smooth muscle dysfunction, resulting in enhanced pulmonary vascular remodeling with associated elevation of mean pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricle systolic pressure in HIV-Tg rats exposed to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Dalvi
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Leslie Spikes
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Julie Allen
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Vijayalaxmi G Gupta
- 2 Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Marion Gillcrist
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | | | - Amy O'Brien-Ladner
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and.,2 Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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20
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BMP type II receptor as a therapeutic target in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2979-2995. [PMID: 28447104 PMCID: PMC5501910 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease characterized by a progressive elevation in mean pulmonary arterial pressure. This occurs due to abnormal remodeling of small peripheral lung vasculature resulting in progressive occlusion of the artery lumen that eventually causes right heart failure and death. The most common cause of PAH is inactivating mutations in the gene encoding a bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPRII). Current therapeutic options for PAH are limited and focused mainly on reversal of pulmonary vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular cells. Although these treatments can relieve disease symptoms, PAH remains a progressive lethal disease. Emerging data suggest that restoration of BMPRII signaling in PAH is a promising alternative that could prevent and reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling. Here we will focus on recent advances in rescuing BMPRII expression, function or signaling to prevent and reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH and its feasibility for clinical translation. Furthermore, we summarize the role of described miRNAs that directly target the BMPR2 gene in blood vessels. We discuss the therapeutic potential and the limitations of promising new approaches to restore BMPRII signaling in PAH patients. Different mutations in BMPR2 and environmental/genetic factors make PAH a heterogeneous disease and it is thus likely that the best approach will be patient-tailored therapies.
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21
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Frump AL, Albrecht ME, McClintick JN, Lahm T. Estrogen receptor-dependent attenuation of hypoxia-induced changes in the lung genome of pulmonary hypertension rats. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:232-243. [PMID: 28680582 PMCID: PMC5448529 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217702055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) exerts complex and context-dependent effects in pulmonary hypertension. In hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH), E2 attenuates lung vascular remodeling through estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent effects; however, ER target genes in the hypoxic lung remain unknown. In order to identify the genome regulated by the E2-ER axis in the hypoxic lung, we performed a microarray analysis in lungs from HPH rats treated with E2 (75 mcg/kg/day) ± ER-antagonist ICI182,780 (3 mg/kg/day). Untreated HPH rats and normoxic rats served as controls. Using a false discovery rate of 10%, we identified a significantly differentially regulated genome in E2-treated versus untreated hypoxia rats. Genes most upregulated by E2 encoded matrix metalloproteinase 8, S100 calcium binding protein A8, and IgA Fc receptor; genes most downregulated by E2 encoded olfactory receptor 63, secreted frizzled-related protein 2, and thrombospondin 2. Several genes affected by E2 changed in the opposite direction after ICI182,780 co-treatment, indicating an ER-regulated genome in HPH lungs. The bone morphogenetic protein antagonist Grem1 (gremlin 1) was upregulated by hypoxia, but found to be among the most downregulated genes after E2 treatment. Gremlin 1 protein was reduced in E2-treated versus untreated hypoxic animals, and ER-blockade abolished the inhibitory effect of E2 on Grem1 mRNA and protein. In conclusion, E2 ER-dependently regulates several genes involved in proliferative and inflammatory processes during hypoxia. Gremlin 1 is a novel target of the E2-ER axis in HPH. Understanding the mechanisms of E2 gene regulation in HPH may allow for selectively harnessing beneficial transcriptional activities of E2 for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Frump
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marjorie E Albrecht
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeanette N McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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22
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Liu J, Li X, Zhang H, Gu R, Wang Z, Gao Z, Xing L. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Itch negatively regulates osteoblast function by promoting proteasome degradation of osteogenic proteins. Bone Joint Res 2017; 6:154-161. [PMID: 28298321 PMCID: PMC5376659 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.63.bjr-2016-0237.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated protein degradation regulates osteoblast function. Itch, an E3 ligase, affects numerous cell functions by regulating ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of related proteins. However, the Itch-related cellular and molecular mechanisms by which osteoblast differentiation and function are elevated during bone fracture repair are as yet unknown. METHODS We examined the expression levels of E3 ligases and NF-κB members in callus samples during bone fracture repair by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the total amount of ubiquitinated proteins by Western blot analysis in wild-type (WT) mice. The expression levels of osteoblast-associated genes in fracture callus from Itch knockout (KO) mice and their WT littermates were examined by qPCR. The effect of NF-κB on Itch expression in C2C12 osteoblast cells was determined by a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. RESULTS The expression levels of WW Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (Wwp1), SMAD Specific E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (Smurf1), SMAD Specific E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 2 (Smurf2) and Itch were all significantly increased in the fracture callus of WT mice, which was associated with elevated expression of NF-κB members and total ubiquitinated proteins. Callus tissue isolated from Itch KO mice expressed higher levels of osteoblast-associated genes, including Runx2, a positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation, but osteoclast-associated genes were not increased. Both NF-κB RelA and RelB proteins were found to bind to the NF-κB binding site in the mouse Itch promoter. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Itch depletion may have a strong positive effect on osteoblast differentiation in fracture callus. Thus, ubiquitin E3 ligase Itch could be a potential target for enhancing bone fracture healing.Cite this article: J. Liu, X. Li, H. Zhang, R. Gu, Z. Wang, Z. Gao, L. Xing. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Itch negatively regulates osteoblast function by promoting proteasome degradation of osteogenic proteins. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:154-161. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.63.BJR-2016-0237.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Boulevard, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Centre, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Centre, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - R Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Boulevard, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Z Wang
- Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Z Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Boulevard, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - L Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Centre, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are secreted pleiotropic factors that play critical roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and migration. The TGF-β family members signal via heteromeric complexes of type I and type II receptors, which activate members of the Smad family of signal transducers. The main attribute of the TGF-β signaling pathway is context-dependence. Depending on the concentration and type of ligand, target tissue, and developmental stage, TGF-β family members transmit distinct signals. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases. More than a decade of studies have revealed the framework by which TGF-βs encode a context-dependent signal, which includes various positive and negative modifiers of the principal elements of the signaling pathway, the receptors, and the Smad proteins. In this review, we first introduce some basic components of the TGF-β signaling pathways and their actions, and then discuss posttranslational modifications and modulatory partners that modify the outcome of the signaling and contribute to its context-dependence, including small noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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24
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Blagojević Zagorac G, Mahmutefendić H, Maćešić S, Karleuša L, Lučin P. Quantitative Analysis of Endocytic Recycling of Membrane Proteins by Monoclonal Antibody-Based Recycling Assays. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:463-476. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana Mahmutefendić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology; University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Senka Maćešić
- Department of Mathematics, Physics, Foreign Languages and Kinesiology; University of Rijeka Faculty of Engineering; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Ljerka Karleuša
- Department of Physiology and Immunology; University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Pero Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology; University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine; Rijeka Croatia
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25
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family members signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II dual specificity kinase receptors. The activation and stability of the receptors are controlled by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and neddylation, as well as by interaction with other proteins at the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Activation of TGF-β receptors induces signaling via formation of Smad complexes that are translocated to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors, as well as via non-Smad pathways, including the Erk1/2, JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways, and the Src tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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MnTBAP increases BMPR-II expression in endothelial cells and attenuates vascular inflammation. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 84:67-73. [PMID: 27401963 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The endothelium plays an important role during vascular inflammation. Previous data have demonstrated a high expression level of manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in endothelial cells and suggested an important role of MnSOD in several cardiovascular diseases. Manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) has been shown to mimic some of the effects of MnSOD and prevented the development of diabetes and obesity. However, its effect on vascular inflammation and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Leukocyte adhesion was evaluated in-vivo and in-vitro using dynamic flow chamber and intravital microscopy in mice. Expression of adhesion molecules induced by TNFα and adhesion of leukocytes to the vessel wall were inhibited by MnTBAP. The anti-inflammatory effect of MnTBAP was partly mediated by up-regulation of the BMPR-II and Smad dependent pathway. Additionally, MnTBAP decelerated the turn-over of endogenous BMPR-II. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that MnTBAP activates Smad signaling, preserves the turn-over of BMPR-II and elicits anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells, partly mediated by BMPR-II. This finding suggests a potential therapeutic impact of MnTBAP in the treatment of vascular inflammation.
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27
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Abstract
Itch or itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase was initially discovered by genetic studies on the mouse coat color changes, and its deletion results in an itchy phenotype with constant skin scratching and multi-organ inflammation. It is a member of the homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type family of E3 ligases, with the protein-interacting WW-domains for the recruitment of substrate and the HECT domain for the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrate. Since its discovery, numerous studies have demonstrated that Itch is involved in the control of many aspects of immune responses including T-cell activation and tolerance and T-helper cell differentiation. Itch is also implicated in other biological contexts such as tumorigenesis, development, and stress responses. Many signaling pathways are regulated by Itch-promoted ubiquitylation of diverse target proteins. Itch is also involved in human diseases. Here, we discuss the major progress in understanding the biological significance of Itch-promoted protein ubiquitylation in the immune and other systems and in Itch-mediated regulation of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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28
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Morrell NW, Bloch DB, ten Dijke P, Goumans MJTH, Hata A, Smith J, Yu PB, Bloch KD. Targeting BMP signalling in cardiovascular disease and anaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 13:106-20. [PMID: 26461965 PMCID: PMC4886232 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors, known to be essential regulators of embryonic patterning and organogenesis, are also critical for the regulation of cardiovascular structure and function. In addition to their contributions to syndromic disorders including heart and vascular development, BMP signalling is increasingly recognized for its influence on endocrine-like functions in postnatal cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis. In this Review, we discuss several critical and novel aspects of BMP signalling in cardiovascular health and disease, which highlight the cell-specific and context-specific nature of BMP signalling. Based on advancing knowledge of the physiological roles and regulation of BMP signalling, we indicate opportunities for therapeutic intervention in a range of cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as for anaemia of inflammation. Depending on the context and the repertoire of ligands and receptors involved in specific disease processes, the selective inhibition or enhancement of signalling via particular BMP ligands (such as in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, respectively) might be beneficial. The development of selective small molecule antagonists of BMP receptors, and the identification of ligands selective for BMP receptor complexes expressed in the vasculature provide the most immediate opportunities for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medicine Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose T H Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medicine Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jim Smith
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Paul B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anaesthesia Centre for Critical Care Research, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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29
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Ormiston ML, Upton PD, Li W, Morrell NW. The promise of recombinant BMP ligands and other approaches targeting BMPR-II in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2015; 2015:47. [PMID: 26779522 PMCID: PMC4710869 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic discoveries offer a powerful method to implicate pathways of major importance to disease pathobiology and hence provide targets for pharmacological intervention. The genetics of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) strongly implicates loss-of-function of the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR-II) signalling pathway and moreover implicates the endothelial cell as a central cell type involved in disease initiation. We and others have described several approaches to restore BMPR-II function in genetic and non-genetic forms of PAH. Of these, supplementation of endothelial BMP9/10 signalling with exogenous recombinant ligand has been shown to hold considerable promise as a novel large molecule biopharmaceutical therapy. Here, we describe the mechanism of action and discuss potential additional effects of BMP ligand therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Ormiston
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Upton
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Li
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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30
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Gilbane AJ, Derrett-Smith E, Trinder SL, Good RB, Pearce A, Denton CP, Holmes AM. Impaired Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II Signaling in a Transforming Growth Factor-β–Dependent Mouse Model of Pulmonary Hypertension and in Systemic Sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:665-77. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201408-1464oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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31
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Liang D, Hu H, Li S, Dong J, Wang X, Wang Y, He L, He Z, Gao Y, Gao SJ, Lan K. Oncogenic herpesvirus KSHV Hijacks BMP-Smad1-Id signaling to promote tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004253. [PMID: 25010525 PMCID: PMC4092152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a malignancy commonly found in AIDS patients. Whether KS is a true neoplasm or hyperplasia has been a subject of intensive debate until recently when KSHV is unequivocally shown to efficiently infect, immortalize and transform rat primary mesenchymal precursor cells (MM). Moreover, KSHV-transformed MM cells (KMM) efficiently induce tumors with hallmark features of KS when inoculated into nude mice. Here, we showed Smad1 as a novel binding protein of KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). LANA interacted with and sustained BMP-activated p-Smad1 in the nucleus and enhanced its loading on the Id promoters. As a result, Ids were significantly up-regulated in KMM cells and abundantly expressed in human KS lesions. Strikingly, genetic and chemical inhibition of the BMP-Smad1-Id pathway blocked the oncogenic phenotype of KSHV-transformed cells in vitro and in vivo. These findings illustrate a novel mechanism by which a tumor virus hijacks and converts a developmental pathway into an indispensable oncogenic pathway for tumorigenesis. Importantly, our results demonstrate the efficacy of targeting the BMP-Smad1-Id pathway for inhibiting the growth of KSHV-induced tumors, and therefore identify the BMP pathway as a promising therapeutic target for KS. Although KSHV exerts multiple mechanisms to promote cell survival by repressing TGF-β signaling, little is known whether KSHV manipulates BMP signaling and contributes to the pathogenesis of KSHV-induced malignancies. In the present study, we have identified Smad1 as a novel binding protein of LANA by tandem affinity purification. We demonstrated that LANA up-regulated Id transcription through BMP-Smad1-Id signaling pathway. Id proteins were significantly up-regulated in KSHV-transformed MM (KMM) cells, and were abundantly expressed in human KS lesions; therefore, they were probably relevant to the development of KS. Importantly, we have shown that Ids are required to maintain the oncogenic phenotype of KMM cells in vitro and in vivo. These findings illustrate a novel mechanism by which a tumor virus hijacks and converts a developmental pathway into an indispensable oncogenic pathway for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we showed that BMP signaling inhibitors dramatically hampered the tumorigenicity of KMM cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that small inhibitors targeting BMP-Smad1-Id signaling pathway are promising candidates for the treatment of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiheng He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJG); (KL)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SJG); (KL)
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32
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Zhang H, Xing L. Ubiquitin e3 ligase itch negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1574-83. [PMID: 23606569 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Itch, a HECT family E3 ligase, affects numerous cell functions by regulating ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target proteins. However, the role of Itch in osteoblasts has not been investigated. We report that Itch(-/-) mice have significantly increased bone volume, osteoblast numbers, and bone formation rate. Using bone marrow stromal cells from Itch(-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates as bone marrow mesenchymal precursor cells (BM-MPCs), we found that BM-MPCs from Itch(-/-) mice have compatible numbers of cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell markers. However, Itch(-/-) BM-MPCs grew faster in an in vitro culture, formed more CFU-F mesenchymal colonies, and exhibited increased osteoblast differentiation and decreased adipogenesis. Importantly, Itch(-/-) mesenchymal colony cells formed significantly more new bone in a tibial defect of recipient mice compared with WT cells. The expression levels of JunB, an AP-1 transcription factor that positively regulate osteoblast differentiation, were significantly increased in Itch(-/-) BM-MPCs when proteasome function is intact. In contrast, the amount of ubiquitinated JunB protein was markedly decreased in Itch(-/-) cells when proteasome function was blocked. Overexpression of WT Itch, but not an Itch ligase-inactive mutant, rescued differentiation defects of Itch(-/-) BM-MPCs. Itch(-/-) BM-MPCs had a similar role in immune modulation as WT cells. Thus, Itch negatively controls osteoblast differentiation from BM-MPCs through the regulation of proteasomal degradation of positive osteoblast regulator JunB protein. Itch is a potential new target for bone anabolic drug development to treat patients with bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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33
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 ubiquitin E3 ligases have stage-specific immune evasion roles during lytic replication. J Virol 2014; 88:9335-49. [PMID: 24899205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00873-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The downregulation of immune synapse components such as major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and ICAM-1 is a common viral immune evasion strategy that protects infected cells from targeted elimination by cytolytic effector functions of the immune system. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes two membrane-bound ubiquitin E3 ligases, called K3 and K5, which share the ability to induce internalization and degradation of MHC-I molecules. Although individual functions of K3 and K5 outside the viral genome are well characterized, their roles during the KSHV life cycle are still unclear. In this study, we individually introduced the amino acid-coding sequences of K3 or K5 into a ΔK3 ΔK5 recombinant virus, at either original or interchanged genomic positions. Recombinants harboring coding sequences within the K5 locus showed higher K3 and K5 protein expression levels and more rapid surface receptor downregulation than cognate recombinants in which coding sequences were introduced into the K3 locus. To identify infected cells undergoing K3-mediated downregulation of MHC-I, we employed a novel reporter virus, called red-green-blue-BAC16 (RGB-BAC16), which was engineered to harbor three fluorescent protein expression cassettes: EF1α-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1), polyadenylated nuclear RNA promoter (pPAN)-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), and pK8.1-monomeric blue fluorescent protein (tagBFP), marking latent, immediate early, and late viral gene expression, respectively. Analysis of RGB-derived K3 and K5 deletion mutants showed that while the K5-mediated downregulation of MHC-I was concomitant with pPAN induction, the reduction of MHC-I surface expression by K3 was evident in cells that were enriched for pPAN-driven EGFP(high) and pK8.1-driven blue fluorescent protein-positive (BFP(+)) populations. These data support the notion that immunoreceptor downregulation occurs by a sequential process wherein K5 is critical during the immediately early phase and K3 plays a significant role during later stages. IMPORTANCE Although the roles of K3 and K5 outside the viral genome are well characterized, the function of these proteins in the context of the KSHV life cycle has remained unclear, particularly in the case of K3. This study examined the relative contributions of K3 and K5 to the downregulation of MHC-I during the lytic replication of KSHV. We show that while K5 acts immediately upon entry into the lytic phase, K3-mediated downregulation of MHC-I was evident during later stages of lytic replication. The identification of distinctly timed K3 and K5 activities significantly advances our understanding of KSHV-mediated immune evasion. Crucial to this study was the development of a novel recombinant KSHV, called RGB-BAC16, which facilitated the delineation of stage-specific phenotypes.
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West J, Austin E, Fessel JP, Loyd J, Hamid R. Rescuing the BMPR2 signaling axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1241-5. [PMID: 24794464 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal disorder characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling, increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), vasoconstriction and inflammation. The heritable form of PAH (HPAH) is usually (>80%) caused by mutations in the bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) gene. Existing treatments for PAH typically focus on the end-stage sequelae of the disease, but do not address underlying mechanisms of vascular obstruction and blood flow and thus, in the long run, have limited effect because they treat the symptoms rather than the cause. Over the past decade, improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the disease has enabled us to consider several novel therapeutic pathways. These include approaches directed toward BMPR2 gene expression, alternative splicing, downstream BMP signaling, metabolic pathways and the role of estrogens and estrogenic compounds in BMP signaling. It is likely that, ultimately, only one or two of these pathways will generate meaningful treatment options, however the potential benefits to PAH patients are still likely to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James West
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Eric Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joshua P Fessel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James Loyd
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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35
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Cool CD, Voelkel NF, Bull T. Viral infection and pulmonary hypertension: is there an association? Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 5:207-16. [DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Fessel JP, Chen X, Frump A, Gladson S, Blackwell T, Kang C, Johnson J, Loyd JE, Hemnes A, Austin E, West J. Interaction between bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 and estrogenic compounds in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:564-77. [PMID: 24618541 DOI: 10.1086/674312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The majority of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) cases are associated with mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2). BMPR2 mutation carries about a 20% lifetime risk of PAH development, but penetrance is approximately three times higher in females. Previous studies have shown a correlation between estrogen metabolism and penetrance, with increased levels of the estrogen metabolite 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αOHE) and reduced levels of the metabolite 2-methoxyestrogen (2ME) associated with increased risk of disease. The goal of this study was to determine whether 16αOHE increased and 2ME decreased penetrance of disease in Bmpr2 mutant mice and, if so, by what mechanism. We found that 16αOHE∶2ME ratio was high in male human HPAH patients. Bmpr2 mutant male mice receiving chronic 16αOHE had doubled disease penetrance, associated with reduced cardiac output. 2ME did not have a significant protective effect, either alone or in combination with 16αOHE. In control mice but not in Bmpr2 mutant mice, 16αOHE suppressed bone morphogenetic protein signaling, probably directly through suppression of Bmpr2 protein. Bmpr2 mutant pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were insensitive to estrogen signaling through canonical pathways, associated with aberrant intracellular localization of estrogen receptor α. In both control and Bmpr2 mutant mice, 16αOHE was associated with suppression of cytokine expression but with increased alternate markers of injury, including alterations in genes related to thrombotic function, angiogenesis, planar polarity, and metabolism. These data support a causal relationship between increased 16αOHE and increased PAH penetrance, with the likely molecular mechanisms including suppression of BMPR2, alterations in estrogen receptor translocation, and induction of vascular injury and insulin resistance-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Fessel
- 1 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Drake KM, Dunmore BJ, McNelly LN, Morrell NW, Aldred MA. Correction of nonsense BMPR2 and SMAD9 mutations by ataluren in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:403-9. [PMID: 23590310 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) is a serious lung vascular disease caused by heterozygous mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway genes, BMPR2 and SMAD9. One noncanonical function of BMP signaling regulates biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs. We have previously shown that this function is abrogated in patients with HPAH, making it a highly sensitive readout of BMP pathway integrity. Ataluren (PTC124) is an investigational drug that permits ribosomal readthrough of premature stop codons, resulting in a full-length protein. It exhibits oral bioavailability and limited toxicity in human trials. Here, we tested ataluren in lung- or blood-derived cells from patients with HPAH with nonsense mutations in BMPR2 (n = 6) or SMAD9 (n = 1). Ataluren significantly increased BMP-mediated microRNA processing in six of the seven cases. Moreover, rescue was achieved even for mutations exhibiting significant nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Response to ataluren was dose dependent, and complete correction was achieved at therapeutic doses currently used in clinical trials for cystic fibrosis. BMP receptor (BMPR)-II protein levels were normalized and ligand-dependent phosphorylation of downstream target Smads was increased. Furthermore, the usually hyperproliferative phenotype of pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells was reversed by ataluren. These results indicate that ataluren can effectively suppress a high proportion of BMPR2 and SMAD9 nonsense mutations and correct BMP signaling in vitro. Approximately 29% of all HPAH mutations are nonsense point mutations. In light of this, we propose ataluren as a potential new personalized therapy for this significant subgroup of patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Drake
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Hou J, Lü AL, Liu BW, Xing YJ, Da J, Hou ZL, Ai SY. Combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA is advantageous in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1291-9. [PMID: 23881855 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has a crucial role in the development of cardiogenesis, and is used in inducing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. We have examined a combination of BMP-2 and 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) in inducing these differentiation effects. BMMSCs were collected and purified from bone marrow of 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by density-gradient centrifugation and differential attachment. The fourth passage subculture of BMMSCs, selected by cytometry for purity and identification, was divided into four groups: a control group, BMP-2 treated, 5-AZA treated, and a combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA treatment. Expression of cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) and Connexin 43 (CX-43) in BMMSCs after induction were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Flow cytometry analysis was used for differentiation rates and apoptosis of induced BMMSCs, through the expression of cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) and Annexin V-FITC & PI kit, respectively. BMP-2 can ameliorate apoptosis of BMMSCs caused by 5-AZA and promote the differentiation of BMMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Thus a combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA can significantly improve the cardiac differentiation with fewer cell damage effects, making it a safe and effective method of induction in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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Dalvi P, O'Brien-Ladner A, Dhillon NK. Downregulation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor axis during HIV-1 and cocaine-mediated pulmonary smooth muscle hyperplasia: implications for HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2585-95. [PMID: 24008158 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous findings support an additive effect of cocaine to HIV infection in the development of pulmonary arteriopathy through enhanced proliferation of human pulmonary smooth muscle cells. We now examined the role of antiproliferative bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) axis in HIV protein and cocaine-mediated pulmonary smooth muscle hyperplasia. APPROACH AND RESULTS Stimulation of BMPR axis resulted in attenuation of synergistic increase in the proliferation of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in response to cocaine and HIV protein, transactivator of transcription (Tat). Interestingly, an increase in mRNA but decrease in protein levels of BMPR with correlated decrease in the activation of Sma- and MAD-related family protein 1/5/8 and Id1 gene expression was observed on combined treatment with cocaine and Tat when compared with the untreated cells at all time points tested. Although longer exposure to either cocaine or Tat alone also resulted in a significant decrease in the BMPR protein expression, the abrogation on combined treatment was still significantly more when compared with that of the monotreatments. Significant increase in mRNA but downmodulation of BMPR protein expression was also observed in the lung extracts from HIV-infected intravenous drug users (HIV+IVDU) when compared with that from HIV-infected non-IVDUs (HIV) or uninfected IVDUs (IVDU). Furthermore, significant decrease in BMPR protein expression was also observed in HIV or IVDUs when compared with normal controls that correlated with in vitro findings on chronic exposure to cocaine or HIV protein alone. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous exposure of pulmonary smooth muscle cells to viral protein(s) and cocaine exacerbates downregulation of BMPR axis that may result in enhanced pulmonary vasculature aberrations in HIV+IVDUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Dalvi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (P.D., A.O'B.-L., N.K.D.) and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (N.K.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Shu L, Zhang H, Boyce B, Xing L. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast function by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and migration. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1925-35. [PMID: 23553732 PMCID: PMC3749248 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated protein degradation promotes proteasomal degradation of key positive regulators of osteoblast functions. For example, the E3 ligases--SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1), Itch, and WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Wwp1)--promote degradation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), transcription factor jun-B (JunB), and chemokine (C-X-C) receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) proteins to inhibit their functions. However, the role of E3 ligases in age-associated bone loss is unknown. We found that the expression level of Wwp1, but not Smurf1 or Itch, was significantly increased in CD45-negative (CD45(-)) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from 6-month-old and 12-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. Wwp1 knockout (Wwp1(-/-)) mice developed increased bone mass as they aged, associated with increased bone formation rates and normal bone resorption parameters. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from Wwp1(-/-) mice formed increased numbers and areas of alkaline phosphatase(+) and Alizarin red(+) nodules and had increased migration potential toward chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradients. Runx2, JunB, and CXCR-4 protein levels were significantly increased in Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs. Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs had increased amount of ubiquitinated JunB protein, but Runx2 ubiquitination was no change. Knocking down JunB in Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs returned Runx2 protein levels to that in WT cells. Thus, Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast functions by affecting both their migration and differentiation. Mechanisms designed to decrease Wwp1 levels in BMSCs may represent a new approach to prevent the decrease in osteoblastic bone formation associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lianping Xing
- Correspondence to: Lianping Xing, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Phone (585) 273-4090, Fax (585) 756-4468,
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41
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Zhang H, Wu C, Matesic LE, Li X, Wang Z, Boyce BF, Xing L. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Itch negatively regulates osteoclast formation by promoting deubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22359-68. [PMID: 23782702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates protein stability. Itch(-/-) mice develop an autoimmune disease phenotype characterized by itchy skin and multiorgan inflammation. The role of Itch in the regulation of osteoclast function has not been examined. We report that Itch(-/-) bone marrow and spleen cells formed more osteoclasts than cells from WT littermates in response to receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and was associated with increased expression of the osteoclastogenic transcription factors c-fos and Nfatc1. Overexpression of Itch in Itch(-/-) cells rescued increased osteoclastogenesis. RANKL increased Itch expression, which can be blocked by a NF-κB inhibitor. The murine Itch promoter contains NF-κB binding sites. Overexpression of NF-κB p65 increased Itch expression, and RANKL promoted the binding of p65 onto the NF-κB binding sites in the Itch promoter. Itch(-/-) osteoclast precursors had prolonged RANKL-induced NF-κB activation and delayed TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) deubiquitination. In WT osteoclast precursors, Itch bound to TRAF6 and the deubiquitinating enzyme cylindromatosis. Adult Itch(-/-) mice had normal bone volume, but they had significantly increased LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Thus, Itch is a new RANKL target gene that is induced during osteoclastogenesis. Itch interacts with the deubiquitinating enzyme and is required for deubiquitination of TRAF6, thus limiting RANKL-induced osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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43
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Morrell NW, Archer SL, Defelice A, Evans S, Fiszman M, Martin T, Saulnier M, Rabinovitch M, Schermuly R, Stewart D, Truebel H, Walker G, Stenmark KR. Anticipated classes of new medications and molecular targets for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:226-44. [PMID: 23662201 PMCID: PMC3641734 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a life-limiting condition with a major impact on the ability to lead a normal life. Although existing therapies may improve the outlook in some patients there remains a major unmet need to develop more effective therapies in this condition. There have been significant advances in our understanding of the genetic, cell and molecular basis of PAH over the last few years. This research has identified important new targets that could be explored as potential therapies for PAH. In this review we discuss whether further exploitation of vasoactive agents could bring additional benefits over existing approaches. Approaches to enhance smooth muscle cell apotosis and the potential of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition are summarised. We evaluate the role of inflammation, epigenetic changes and altered glycolytic metabolism as potential targets for therapy, and whether inherited genetic mutations in PAH have revealed druggable targets. The potential of cell based therapies and gene therapy are also discussed. Potential candidate pathways that could be explored in the context of experimental medicine are identified.
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Dunmore BJ, Drake KM, Upton PD, Toshner MR, Aldred MA, Morrell NW. The lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine, increases cell surface BMPR-II levels and restores BMP9 signalling in endothelial cells harbouring BMPR-II mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3667-79. [PMID: 23669347 PMCID: PMC3749859 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by dysregulated pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) proliferation, apoptosis and permeability. Loss-of-function mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-II (BMPR-II) are the most common cause of heritable PAH, usually resulting in haploinsufficiency. We previously showed that BMPR-II expression is regulated via a lysosomal degradative pathway. Here, we show that the antimalarial drug, chloroquine, markedly increased cell surface expression of BMPR-II protein independent of transcription in PAECs. Inhibition of protein synthesis experiments revealed a rapid turnover of cell surface BMPR-II, which was inhibited by chloroquine treatment. Chloroquine enhanced PAEC expression of BMPR-II following siRNA knockdown of the BMPR-II transcript. Using blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs), we confirmed that signalling in response to the endothelial BMPR-II ligand, BMP9, is compromised in BOECs from patients harbouring BMPR-II mutations, and in BMPR-II mutant PAECs. Chloroquine significantly increased gene expression of BMP9-BMPR-II signalling targets Id1, miR21 and miR27a in both mutant BMPR-II PAECs and BOECs. These findings provide support for the restoration of cell surface BMPR-II with agents such as chloroquine as a potential therapeutic approach for heritable PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Dunmore
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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45
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Austin ED, Lahm T, West J, Tofovic SP, Johansen AK, MacLean MR, Alzoubi A, Oka M. Gender, sex hormones and pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:294-314. [PMID: 24015330 PMCID: PMC3757824 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.114756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most subtypes of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are characterized by a greater susceptibility to disease among females, although females with PAH appear to live longer after diagnosis. While this "estrogen paradoxȍ of enhanced female survival despite increased female susceptibility remains a mystery, recent progress has begun to shed light upon the interplay of sex hormones, the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, and the right ventricular response to stress. For example, emerging data in humans and experimental models suggest that estrogens or differential sex hormone metabolism may modify disease risk among susceptible subjects, and that estrogens may interact with additional local factors such as serotonin to enhance the potentially damaging chronic effects of estrogens on the pulmonary vasculature. Regardless, it remains unclear why not all estrogenic compounds behave equally, nor why estrogens appear to be protective in certain settings but detrimental in others. The contribution of androgens and other compounds, such as dehydroepiandrosterone, to pathogenesis and possibly treatment must be considered as well. In this review, we will discuss the recent understandings on how estrogens, estrogen metabolism, dehydroepiandrosterone, and additional susceptibility factors may all contribute to the pathogenesis or potentially to the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, by evaluating current human, cell-based, and experimental model data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, Occupational, and Sleep Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stevan P. Tofovic
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne Katrine Johansen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, USA
| | - Margaret R. MacLean
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, USA
| | - Abdallah Alzoubi
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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46
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Rejon CA, Ho CC, Wang Y, Zhou X, Bernard DJ, Hébert TE. Cycloheximide inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone β subunit transcription by blocking de novo synthesis of the labile activin type II receptor in gonadotrope cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1403-12. [PMID: 23499904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), play essential roles in the regulation of vertebrate reproduction. Activins and inhibins have opposing actions on FSH (but not LH) synthesis, either inducing or inhibiting transcription of the FSHβ subunit gene (Fshb). The translational inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) produces inhibin-like effects in cultured pituitary cells, selectively suppressing FSH production. Using the murine gonadotrope-like cell line, LβT2, as a model, we tested the hypothesis that a component of the activin pathway is highly labile in gonadotrope cells and that its rapid loss following CHX treatment impairs activin-stimulated Fshb transcription. Treatment of cells with CHX for 6h, but not 1h, blocked activin A-stimulated Fshb transcription. Pre-treatment of LβT2 cells with CHX for as few as 2-3h inhibited activin A-stimulated SMAD2/3 phosphorylation without altering total SMAD2/3 protein levels. These data indicated that CHX affects activin signalling upstream of SMAD proteins, most likely at the receptor level. Indeed, CHX rapidly reduced activin A binding to LβT2 cells. We went on to show that activin A signals via the type II receptor ACVR2, rather than ACVR2B, to regulate Fshb transcription and that the receptor has a half life of ~2h in LβT2 cells. The mechanism of ACVR2 turnover remains undefined, but appears to be ligand-, proteasome-, and lysosome-independent. Collectively, these data indicate that CHX produces inhibin-like effects in gonadotropes by preventing de novo synthesis of the highly labile ACVR2, thereby blocking activin signaling to the Fshb promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlis A Rejon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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47
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Long L, Yang X, Southwood M, Lu J, Marciniak SJ, Dunmore BJ, Morrell NW. Chloroquine prevents progression of experimental pulmonary hypertension via inhibition of autophagy and lysosomal bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor degradation. Circ Res 2013; 112:1159-70. [PMID: 23446737 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). OBJECTIVE We reasoned that chloroquine, based on its ability to inhibit autophagy and block lysosomal degradation of the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR-II), might exert beneficial effects in this disease. METHODS AND RESULTS PAH was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by administering monocrotaline. The induction of PAH was associated with changes in lung expression of LC3B-II, ATG5, and p62, consistent with increased autophagy, and decreased BMPR-II protein expression. Administration of chloroquine prevented the development of PAH, right ventricular hypertrophy, and vascular remodelling after monocrotaline, and prevented progression of established PAH in this model. Similar results were obtained with hydroxychloroquine. Chloroquine treatment increased whole lung and PASMC p62 protein levels consistent with inhibition of autophagy, and increased levels of BMPR-II protein. Chloroquine inhibited proliferation and increased apoptosis of PASMCs in vivo. In cultured rat PASMCs we confirmed that chloroquine both inhibited autophagy pathways and increased expression of BMPR-II protein via lysosomal inhibition. Consistent with the in vivo findings, chloroquine inhibited the proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of rat PASMCs in vitro, with no effect on endothelial cell proliferation or survival. Moreover, direct inhibition of autophagy pathways by ATG5 small interfering RNA knockdown inhibited proliferation of rat PASMCs. CONCLUSIONS Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exert beneficial effects in experimental PAH. The mechanism of action includes inhibition of autophagy pathways and inhibition of lysosomal degradation of BMPR-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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48
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Abstract
Recent clinical and experimental studies are redefining the cellular and molecular bases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The genetic abnormalities first identified in association with the idiopathic form of PAH--together with a vast increase in our understanding of cell signaling, cell transformation, and cell-cell interactions; gene expression; microRNA processing; and mitochondrial and ion channel function--have helped explain the abnormal response of vascular cells to injury. Experimental and clinical studies now converge on the intersection and interactions between a genetic predisposition involving the BMPR2 signaling pathway and an impaired metabolic and chronic inflammatory state in the vessel wall. These deranged processes culminate in an exuberant proliferative response that occludes the pulmonary arterial (PA) lumen and obliterates the most distal intraacinar vessels. Here, we describe emerging therapies based on preclinical studies that address these converging pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Rabinovitch
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5162, USA.
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49
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Construction and manipulation of a new Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosome clone. J Virol 2012; 86:9708-20. [PMID: 22740391 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01019-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient genetic modification of herpesviruses such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has come to rely on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology. In order to facilitate this approach, we generated a new KSHV BAC clone, called BAC16, derived from the rKSHV.219 virus, which stems from KSHV and Epstein-Barr virus-coinfected JSC1 primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells. Restriction enzyme and complete sequencing data demonstrate that the KSHV of JSC1 PEL cells showed a minimal level of sequence variation across the entire viral genome compared to the complete genomic sequence of other KSHV strains. BAC16 not only stably propagated in both Escherichia coli and mammalian cells without apparent genetic rearrangements, but also was capable of robustly producing infectious virions (∼5 × 10(7)/ml). We also demonstrated the utility of BAC16 by generating deletion mutants of either the K3 or K5 genes, whose products are E3 ligases of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family. While previous studies have shown that individual expression of either K3 or K5 results in efficient downregulation of the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, we found that K5, but not K3, was the primary factor critical for the downregulation of MHC-I surface expression during KSHV lytic reactivation or following de novo infection. The data presented here demonstrate the utility of BAC16 for the generation and characterization of KSHV knockout and mutant recombinants and further emphasize the importance of functional analysis of viral genes in the context of the KSHV genome besides the study of individual gene expression.
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50
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Price LC, Wort SJ, Perros F, Dorfmüller P, Huertas A, Montani D, Cohen-Kaminsky S, Humbert M. Inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2012; 141:210-221. [PMID: 22215829 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling of the precapillary pulmonary arteries, with excessive proliferation of vascular cells. Although the exact pathophysiology remains unknown, there is increasing evidence to suggest an important role for inflammation. Firstly, pathologic specimens from patients with PAH reveal an accumulation of perivascular inflammatory cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, and mast cells. Secondly, circulating levels of certain cytokines and chemokines are elevated, and these may correlate with a worse clinical outcome. Thirdly, certain inflammatory conditions such as connective tissue diseases are associated with an increased incidence of PAH. Finally, treatment of the underlying inflammatory condition may alleviate the associated PAH. Underlying pathologic mechanisms are likely to be "multihit" and complex. For instance, the inflammatory response may be regulated by bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR II) status, and, in turn, BMPR II expression can be altered by certain cytokines. Although antiinflammatory therapies have been effective in certain connective-tissue-disease-associated PAH, this approach is untested in idiopathic PAH (iPAH). The potential benefit of antiinflammatory therapies in iPAH is of importance and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Price
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; INSERM U999, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France; Department of Pulmonary Hypertension, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England
| | - S John Wort
- Department of Pulmonary Hypertension, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; INSERM U999, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; INSERM U999, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Alice Huertas
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; INSERM U999, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - David Montani
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; INSERM U999, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Sylvia Cohen-Kaminsky
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; INSERM U999, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; INSERM U999, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France.
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