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Bolduan F, Wetzel A, Giesecke Y, Eichhorn I, Alenina N, Bader M, Willnow TE, Wiedenmann B, Sigal M. Elevated sortilin expression discriminates functional from non-functional neuroendocrine tumors and enables therapeutic targeting. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1331231. [PMID: 38694940 PMCID: PMC11061435 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1331231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A subset of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can cause an excessive secretion of hormones, neuropeptides, and biogenic amines into the bloodstream. These so-called functional NETs evoke a hormone-related disease and lead to several different syndromes, depending on the factors released. One of the most common functional syndromes, carcinoid syndrome, is characterized mainly by over-secretion of serotonin. However, what distinguishes functional from non-functional tumors on a molecular level remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of sortilin, a widely expressed transmembrane receptor involved in intracellular protein sorting, is significantly increased in functional compared to non-functional NETs and thus can be used as a biomarker for functional NETs. Furthermore, using a cell line model of functional NETs, as well as organoids, we demonstrate that inhibition of sortilin reduces cellular serotonin concentrations and may therefore serve as a novel therapeutic target to treat patients with carcinoid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bolduan
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Digital Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wetzel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Giesecke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Eichhorn
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Willnow
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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Cook AA, Leung TCS, Rice M, Nachman M, Zadigue-Dube É, Watt AJ. Endosomal dysfunction contributes to cerebellar deficits in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. eLife 2023; 12:RP90510. [PMID: 38084749 PMCID: PMC10715727 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a rare disease that is characterized by cerebellar dysfunction. Patients have progressive motor coordination impairment, and postmortem brain tissue reveals degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a reduced level of cerebellar brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the pathophysiological changes underlying SCA6 are not fully understood. We carried out RNA-sequencing of cerebellar vermis tissue in a mouse model of SCA6, which revealed widespread dysregulation of genes associated with the endo-lysosomal system. Since disruption to endosomes or lysosomes could contribute to cellular deficits, we examined the endo-lysosomal system in SCA6. We identified alterations in multiple endosomal compartments in the Purkinje cells of SCA6 mice. Early endosomes were enlarged, while the size of the late endosome compartment was reduced. We also found evidence for impaired trafficking of cargo to the lysosomes. As the proper functioning of the endo-lysosomal system is crucial for the sorting and trafficking of signaling molecules, we wondered whether these changes could contribute to previously identified deficits in signaling by BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB) in SCA6. Indeed, we found that the enlarged early endosomes in SCA6 mice accumulated both BDNF and TrkB. Furthermore, TrkB recycling to the cell membrane in recycling endosomes was reduced, and the late endosome transport of BDNF for degradation was impaired. Therefore, mis-trafficking due to aberrant endo-lysosomal transport and function could contribute to SCA6 pathophysiology through alterations to BDNF-TrkB signaling, as well as mishandling of other signaling molecules. Deficits in early endosomes and BDNF localization were rescued by chronic administration of a TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, that we have previously shown restores motor coordination and cerebellar TrkB expression. The endo-lysosomal system is thus both a novel locus of pathophysiology in SCA6 and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Cook
- Biology Department, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | | | - Max Rice
- Biology Department, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Maya Nachman
- Biology Department, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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Overby M, Serrano-Rodriguez A, Dadras S, Christiansen AK, Ozcelik G, Lichtenthaler SF, Weick JP, Müller HK. Neuron-specific gene NSG1 binds to and positively regulates sortilin ectodomain shedding via a metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105446. [PMID: 37949230 PMCID: PMC10704435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant regulation of sortilin ectodomain shedding can contribute to amyloid-β pathology and frontotemporal dementia, although the mechanism by which this occurs has not been elucidated. Here, we probed for novel binding partners of sortilin using multiple and complementary approaches and identified two proteins of the neuron-specific gene (NSG) family, NSG1 and NSG2, that physically interact and colocalize with sortilin. We show both NSG1 and NSG2 induce subcellular redistribution of sortilin to NSG1- and NSG2-enriched compartments. However, using cell surface biotinylation, we found only NSG1 reduced sortilin cell surface expression, which caused significant reductions in uptake of progranulin, a molecular determinant for frontotemporal dementia. In contrast, we demonstrate NSG2 has no effect on sortilin cell surface abundance or progranulin uptake, suggesting specificity for NSG1 in the regulation of sortilin cell surface expression. Using metalloproteinase inhibitors and A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 KO cells, we further show that NSG1-dependent reduction of cell surface sortilin occurred via proteolytic processing by A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 with a concomitant increase in shedding of sortilin ectodomain to the extracellular space. This represents a novel regulatory mechanism for sortilin ectodomain shedding that is regulated in a neuron-specific manner. Furthermore, this finding has implications for the development of strategies for brain-specific regulation of sortilin and possibly sortilin-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Overby
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Antonio Serrano-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Somayeh Dadras
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ann Kathrine Christiansen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gözde Ozcelik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der lsar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der lsar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jason Porter Weick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Avvisato R, Jankauskas SS, Varzideh F, Kansakar U, Mone P, Santulli G. Sortilin and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2023; 32:134-140. [PMID: 36683537 PMCID: PMC9976622 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review aims to present the latest scientific updates on the role of Sortilin in the pathophysiology of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS The main focus of this systematic overview is on the functional contribution of Sortilin to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Sortilin is a glycoprotein mostly known for its actions as a trafficking molecule directing proteins to specific secretory or endocytic compartments of the cell. Emerging evidence indicates that Sortilin is associated with pathological conditions, including inflammation, arteriosclerosis, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and vascular calcification. Most recently, Sortilin has been shown to finely control endothelial function and to drive hypertension by modulating sphingolipid/ceramide homeostasis and by triggering oxidative stress. SUMMARY The latest findings linking Sortilin and hypertension that are herein discussed can inspire novel areas of research which could eventually lead to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Avvisato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stanislovas S. Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fahimeh Varzideh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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de Assis GG, Hoffman JR. The BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism is a Relevant, But not Determinant, Risk Factor in the Etiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders - Current Advances in Human Studies: A Systematic Review. Brain Plast 2022; 8:133-142. [PMID: 36721394 PMCID: PMC9837733 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the brain's most-produced neurotrophin during the lifespan, essentially involved in multiple mechanisms of nervous system development and function. The production/release of BDNF requires multi-stage processing that appears to be regulated at various stages in which the presence of a polymorphism "Val66Met" can exert a critical influence. Aim To synthesize the knowledge on the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on intracellular processing and function of BDNF. Methods We performed a systematic review and collected all available studies on the post-translation processes of BDNF, regarding the Val66Met polymorphism. Searches were performed up to 21st March 2021. Results Out of 129 eligible papers, 18 studies addressed or had findings relating to BDNF post-translation processes and were included in this review. Discussion Compilation of experimental findings reveals that the Val66Met polymorphism affects BDNF function by slightly altering the processing, distribution, and regulated release of BDNF. Regarding the critical role of pro-BDNF as a pro-apoptotic factor, such alteration might represent a risk for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmara Gomes de Assis
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil,Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk, Poland,Correspondence to: Gilmara Gomes de Assis, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk, Poland; E-mail: ; ORCID: 0000-0002-7198-3601
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Salasova A, Monti G, Andersen OM, Nykjaer A. Finding memo: versatile interactions of the VPS10p-Domain receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:74. [PMID: 36397124 PMCID: PMC9673319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of VPS10p-Domain (D) receptors comprises five members named SorLA, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3. While their physiological roles remain incompletely resolved, they have been recognized for their signaling engagements and trafficking abilities, navigating a number of molecules between endosome, Golgi compartments, and the cell surface. Strikingly, recent studies connected all the VPS10p-D receptors to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. In addition, they have been also associated with diseases comorbid with AD such as diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. This systematic review elaborates on genetic, functional, and mechanistic insights into how dysfunction in VPS10p-D receptors may contribute to AD etiology, AD onset diversity, and AD comorbidities. Starting with their functions in controlling cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and the metabolism of the amyloid beta peptide, we present and exemplify how these receptors, despite being structurally similar, regulate various and distinct cellular events involved in AD. This includes a plethora of signaling crosstalks that impact on neuronal survival, neuronal wiring, neuronal polarity, and synaptic plasticity. Signaling activities of the VPS10p-D receptors are especially linked, but not limited to, the regulation of neuronal fitness and apoptosis via their physical interaction with pro- and mature neurotrophins and their receptors. By compiling the functional versatility of VPS10p-D receptors and their interactions with AD-related pathways, we aim to further propel the AD research towards VPS10p-D receptor family, knowledge that may lead to new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for AD patients.
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Mitok KA, Keller MP, Attie AD. Sorting through the extensive and confusing roles of sortilin in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100243. [PMID: 35724703 PMCID: PMC9356209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a post-Golgi trafficking receptor homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor 10 (VPS10). The VPS10 motif on sortilin is a 10-bladed β-propeller structure capable of binding more than 50 proteins, covering a wide range of biological functions including lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, neuronal growth and death, inflammation, and lysosomal degradation. Sortilin has a complex cellular trafficking itinerary, where it functions as a receptor in the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and at the cell surface. In addition, sortilin is associated with hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and inflammation syndromes. The 1p13.3 locus containing SORT1, the gene encoding sortilin, carries the strongest association with LDL-C of all loci in human genome-wide association studies. However, the mechanism by which sortilin influences LDL-C is unclear. Here, we review the role sortilin plays in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and describe in detail the large and often contradictory literature on the role of sortilin in the regulation of LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mitok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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8
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Sortilin deletion in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in mice via regulating ASM/ceramide signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1940-1954. [PMID: 34931016 PMCID: PMC9343424 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent mood despondency and loss of motivation. Although numerous hypotheses have been proposed, the possible pathogenesis of MDD remains unclear. Several recent studies show that a classic transporter protein, sortilin, is closely associated with depression. In the present study, we investigated the role of sortilin in MDD using a well-established rodent model of depression. Mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks. We showed that the expression levels of sortilin were significantly increased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of CUMS mice. The depressive-like behaviors induced by CUMS were alleviated by specific knockdown of sortilin in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We revealed that sortilin facilitated acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)/ceramide signaling, which activated RhoA/ROCK2 signaling, ultimately causing the transformation of dendritic spine dynamics. Specific overexpression of sortilin in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus induced depressive-like behaviors, which was mitigated by injection of ASM inhibitor SR33557 (4 µg/μL) into the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, sortilin knockdown in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus plays an important role in ameliorating depressive-like behavior induced by CUMS, which is mainly evidenced by decreasing the trafficking of ASM from the trans-Golgi network to the lysosome and reducing the ceramide levels. Our results provide a new insight into the pathology of depression, and demonstrate that sortilin may be a potential therapeutic target for MDD.
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9
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Szarowicz CA, Steece-Collier K, Caulfield ME. New Frontiers in Neurodegeneration and Regeneration Associated with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and the rs6265 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148011. [PMID: 35887357 PMCID: PMC9319713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is an extensively studied neurotrophin implicated in the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders including, but not limited to, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, traumatic brain injury, major de-pressive disorder, and schizophrenia. Here we provide a brief summary of current knowledge on the role of BDNF and the common human single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6265, in driving the pathogenesis and rehabilitation in these disorders, as well as the status of BDNF-targeted therapies. A common trend has emerged correlating low BDNF levels, either detected within the central nervous system or peripherally, to disease states, suggesting that BDNF replacement therapies may hold clinical promise. In addition, we introduce evidence for a distinct role of the BDNF pro-peptide as a biologically active ligand and the need for continuing studies on its neurological function outside of that as a molecular chaperone. Finally, we highlight the latest research describing the role of rs6265 expression in mechanisms of neurodegeneration as well as paradoxical advances in the understanding of this genetic variant in neuroregeneration. All of this is discussed in the context of personalized medicine, acknowledging there is no “one size fits all” therapy for neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders and that continued study of the multiple BDNF isoforms and genetic variants represents an avenue for discovery ripe with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlye A. Szarowicz
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (C.A.S.); (K.S.-C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (C.A.S.); (K.S.-C.)
| | - Margaret E. Caulfield
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (C.A.S.); (K.S.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-616-234-0969; Fax: +1- 616-234-0991
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Knecht S, Eberl HC, Bantscheff M. Interval-Based Secretomics Unravels Acute-Phase Response in Hepatocyte Model Systems. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100241. [PMID: 35525403 PMCID: PMC9184749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based secretomics approaches frequently utilize serum-free culture conditions to circumvent serum-induced interference and to increase analytical depth. However, this can negatively affect a wide range of cellular functions and cell viability. These effects become particularly apparent when investigating transcriptionally regulated secretion events and feedback-loops in response to perturbations that require 48 h or more to fully manifest. We present an “interval-based” secretomics workflow, which determines protein secretion rates in short serum-free time windows. Relative quantification using tandem mass tags enables precise monitoring of time-dependent changes. We applied this approach to determine temporal profiles of protein secretion in the hepatocyte model cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG after stimulation of the acute-phase response (APR) by the cytokines IL1b and IL6. While the popular hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 showed an incomplete APR, secretion patterns derived from differentiated HepaRG cells recapitulated the expected APR more comprehensively. For several APR response proteins, substantial secretion was only observed after 72 h, a time window at which cell fitness is substantially impaired under serum-free cell culture conditions. The interval-based secretomics approach enabled the first comprehensive analysis of time-dependent secretion of liver cell models in response to these proinflammatory cytokines. The extended time range facilitated the observation of distinct chronological phases and cytokine-dependent secretion phenotypes of the APR. IL1b directed the APR toward pathogen defense over three distinct phases—chemotaxis, effector, clearance—while IL6 directed the APR toward regeneration. Protein shedding on the cell surface was pronounced upon IL1b stimulation, and small molecule inhibition of ADAM and matrix metalloproteases identified induced as well as constitutive shedding events. Inhibition of ADAM proteases with TAPI-0 resulted in reduced shedding of the sorting receptor SORT1, and an attenuated cytokine response suggesting a direct link between cell surface shedding and cytokine secretion rates. Interval-based secretomics enables extended time course analysis. Time-resolved acute phase response in liver model systems HepG2 and HepaRG. IL1b response clusters in three phases. Cell surface shedding is amplified during acute-phase response. ADAM inhibition dampens secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Knecht
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Clark JR, Gemin M, Youssef A, Marcovina SM, Prat A, Seidah NG, Hegele RA, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Sortilin enhances secretion of apolipoprotein(a) through effects on apolipoprotein B secretion and promotes uptake of lipoprotein(a). J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100216. [PMID: 35469919 PMCID: PMC9131257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an independent, causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) is formed in or on hepatocytes from successive noncovalent and covalent interactions between apo(a) and apoB, although the subcellular location of these interactions and the nature of the apoB-containing particle involved remain unclear. Sortilin, encoded by the SORT1 gene, modulates apoB secretion and LDL clearance. We used a HepG2 cell model to study the secretion kinetics of apo(a) and apoB. Overexpression of sortilin increased apo(a) secretion, while siRNA-mediated knockdown of sortilin expression correspondingly decreased apo(a) secretion. Sortilin binds LDL but not apo(a) or Lp(a), indicating that its effect on apo(a) secretion is likely indirect. Indeed, the effect was dependent on the ability of apo(a) to interact noncovalently with apoB. Overexpression of sortilin enhanced internalization of Lp(a), but not apo(a), by HepG2 cells, although neither sortilin knockdown in these cells or Sort1 deficiency in mice impacted Lp(a) uptake. We found several missense mutations in SORT1 in patients with extremely high Lp(a) levels; sortilin containing some of these mutations was more effective at promoting apo(a) secretion than WT sortilin, though no differences were found with respect to Lp(a) internalization. Our observations suggest that sortilin could play a role in determining plasma Lp(a) levels and corroborate in vivo human kinetic studies which imply that secretion of apo(a) and apoB are coupled, likely within the hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Clark
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Gemin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Amer Youssef
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Annik Prat
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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12
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Eggert S, Kins S, Endres K, Brigadski T. Brothers in arms: proBDNF/BDNF and sAPPα/Aβ-signaling and their common interplay with ADAM10, TrkB, p75NTR, sortilin, and sorLA in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Chem 2022; 403:43-71. [PMID: 34619027 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important modulator for a variety of functions in the central nervous system (CNS). A wealth of evidence, such as reduced mRNA and protein level in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients implicates a crucial role of BDNF in the progression of this disease. Especially, processing and subcellular localization of BDNF and its receptors TrkB and p75 are critical determinants for survival and death in neuronal cells. Similarly, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key player in Alzheimer's disease, and its cleavage fragments sAPPα and Aβ are known for their respective roles in neuroprotection and neuronal death. Common features of APP- and BDNF-signaling indicate a causal relationship in their mode of action. However, the interconnections of APP- and BDNF-signaling are not well understood. Therefore, we here discuss dimerization properties, localization, processing by α- and γ-secretase, relevance of the common interaction partners TrkB, p75, sorLA, and sortilin as well as shared signaling pathways of BDNF and sAPPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
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13
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Jankowski V, Saritas T, Kjolby M, Hermann J, Speer T, Himmelsbach A, Mahr K, Heuschkel MA, Schunk SJ, Thirup S, Winther S, Bottcher M, Nyegard M, Nykjaer A, Kramann R, Kaesler N, Jankowski J, Floege J, Marx N, Goettsch C. Carbamylated sortilin associates with cardiovascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2021; 101:574-584. [PMID: 34767831 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin, an intracellular sorting receptor, has been identified as a cardiovascular risk factor in the general population. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly susceptible to develop cardiovascular complications such as calcification. However, specific CKD-induced posttranslational protein modifications of sortilin and their link to cardiovascular calcification remain unknown. To investigate this, we examined two independent CKD cohorts for carbamylation of circulating sortilin and detected increased carbamylated sortilin lysine residues in the extracellular domain of sortilin with kidney function decline using targeted mass spectrometry. Structure analysis predicted altered ligand binding by carbamylated sortilin, which was verified by binding studies using surface plasmon resonance measurement, showing an increased affinity of interleukin 6 to in vitro carbamylated sortilin. Further, carbamylated sortilin increased vascular calcification in vitro and ex vivo that was accelerated by interleukin 6. Imaging by mass spectrometry of human calcified arteries revealed in situ carbamylated sortilin. In patients with CKD, sortilin carbamylation was associated with coronary artery calcification, independent of age and kidney function. Moreover, patients with carbamylated sortilin displayed significantly faster progression of coronary artery calcification than patients without sortilin carbamylation. Thus, carbamylated sortilin may be a risk factor for cardiovascular calcification and may contribute to elevated cardiovascular complications in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Turgay Saritas
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO) and Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Juliane Hermann
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Translational Cardio-Renal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Anika Himmelsbach
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mahr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marina Augusto Heuschkel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan J Schunk
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Translational Cardio-Renal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Soren Thirup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Winther
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Hospital, NIDO, Herning, Denmark
| | - Morten Bottcher
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Hospital, NIDO, Herning, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegard
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO) and Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Kaesler
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juergen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Zhang L, Fang Y, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Ma Y, Li S, Huang Z, Li L. BRUCE silencing leads to axonal dystrophy by repressing autophagosome-lysosome fusion in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:421. [PMID: 34354038 PMCID: PMC8342531 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal dystrophy is a swollen and tortuous neuronal process that contributes to synaptic alterations occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous study identified that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) binds to tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) at the axon terminal and then the signal is propagated along the axon to the cell body and affects neuronal function through retrograde transport. Therefore, this study was designed to identify a microRNA (miRNA) that alters related components of the transport machinery to affect BDNF retrograde signaling deficits in AD. Hippocampus tissues were isolated from APP/PS1 transgenic (AD-model) mice and C57BL/6J wild-type mice and subject to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and immunohistochemical staining. Autophagosome-lysosome fusion and nuclear translocation of BDNF was detected using immunofluorescence in HT22 cells. The interaction among miR-204, BIR repeat containing ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (BRUCE) and Syntaxin 17 (STX17) was investigated using dual luciferase reporter gene assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay. The expression of relevant genes and proteins were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Knockdown of STX17 or BRUCE inhibited autophagosome-lysosome fusion and impacted axon growth in HT22 cells. STX17 immunoprecipitating with BRUCE and co-localization of them demonstrated BRUCE interacted with STX17. BRUCE was the target of miR-204, and partial loss of miR-204 by inhibitor promoted autophagosome-lysosome fusion to prevent axon dystrophy and accumulated BDNF nuclear translocation to rescue BDNF/TrkB signaling deficits in HT22 cells. The overall results demonstrated that inhibition of miR-204 prevents axonal dystrophy by blocking BRUCE interaction with STX17, which unraveled potential novel therapeutic targets for delaying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
| | - Yu Fang
- grid.412633.1ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- grid.412633.1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 P.R. China
| | - Yake Zheng
- grid.412633.1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 P.R. China
| | - Yunqing Ma
- grid.412633.1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 P.R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- grid.412633.1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 P.R. China
| | - Zhi Huang
- grid.412633.1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 P.R. China
| | - Lihao Li
- grid.412633.1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
The kexin-like proprotein convertases perform the initial proteolytic cleavages that ultimately generate a variety of different mature peptide and proteins, ranging from brain neuropeptides to endocrine peptide hormones, to structural proteins, among others. In this review, we present a general introduction to proprotein convertase structure and biochemistry, followed by a comprehensive discussion of each member of the kexin-like subfamily of proprotein convertases. We summarize current knowledge of human proprotein convertase insufficiency syndromes, including genome-wide analyses of convertase polymorphisms, and compare these to convertase null and mutant mouse models. These mouse models have illuminated our understanding of the roles specific convertases play in human disease and have led to the identification of convertase-specific substrates; for example, the identification of procorin as a specific PACE4 substrate in the heart. We also discuss the limitations of mouse null models in interpreting human disease, such as differential precursor cleavage due to species-specific sequence differences, and the challenges presented by functional redundancy among convertases in attempting to assign specific cleavages and/or physiological roles. However, in most cases, knockout mouse models have added substantively both to our knowledge of diseases caused by human proprotein convertase insufficiency and to our appreciation of their normal physiological roles, as clearly seen in the case of the furin, proprotein convertase 1/3, and proprotein convertase 5/6 mouse models. The creation of more sophisticated mouse models with tissue- or temporally-restricted expression of specific convertases will improve our understanding of human proprotein convertase insufficiency and potentially provide support for the emerging concept of therapeutic inhibition of convertases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Tosetti F, Alessio M, Poggi A, Zocchi MR. ADAM10 Site-Dependent Biology: Keeping Control of a Pervasive Protease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094969. [PMID: 34067041 PMCID: PMC8124674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes, once considered static molecular machines acting in defined spatial patterns and sites of action, move to different intra- and extracellular locations, changing their function. This topological regulation revealed a close cross-talk between proteases and signaling events involving post-translational modifications, membrane tyrosine kinase receptors and G-protein coupled receptors, motor proteins shuttling cargos in intracellular vesicles, and small-molecule messengers. Here, we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of regulation and function of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) endopeptidases at specific subcellular sites, or in multimolecular complexes, with a special focus on ADAM10, and tumor necrosis factor-α convertase (TACE/ADAM17), since these two enzymes belong to the same family, share selected substrates and bioactivity. We will discuss some examples of ADAM10 activity modulated by changing partners and subcellular compartmentalization, with the underlying hypothesis that restraining protease activity by spatial segregation is a complex and powerful regulatory tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tosetti
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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17
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Cursano S, Battaglia CR, Urrutia-Ruiz C, Grabrucker S, Schön M, Bockmann J, Braumüller S, Radermacher P, Roselli F, Huber-Lang M, Boeckers TM. A CRHR1 antagonist prevents synaptic loss and memory deficits in a trauma-induced delirium-like syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3778-3794. [PMID: 32051550 PMCID: PMC8550963 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Older patients with severe physical trauma are at high risk of developing neuropsychiatric syndromes with global impairment of cognition, attention, and consciousness. We employed a thoracic trauma (TxT) mouse model and thoroughly analyzed age-dependent spatial and temporal posttraumatic alterations in the central nervous system. Up to 5 days after trauma, we observed a transient 50% decrease in the number of excitatory synapses specifically in hippocampal pyramidal neurons accompanied by alterations in attention and motor activity and disruption of contextual memory consolidation. In parallel, hippocampal corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression was highly upregulated, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were significantly reduced. In vitro experiments revealed that CRH application induced neuronal autophagy with rapid lysosomal degradation of BDNF via the NF-κB pathway. The subsequent synaptic loss was rescued by BDNF as well as by specific NF-κB and CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) antagonists. In vivo, the chronic application of a CRHR1 antagonist after TxT resulted in reversal of the observed histological, molecular, and behavioral alterations. The data suggest that neuropsychiatric syndromes (i.e., delirium) after peripheral trauma might be at least in part due to the activation of the hippocampal CRH/NF-κB/BDNF pathway, which results in a dramatic loss of synaptic contacts. The successful rescue by stress hormone receptor antagonists should encourage clinical trials focusing on trauma-induced delirium and/or other posttraumatic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cursano
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, IGradU, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Chiara R. Battaglia
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, IGradU, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolina Urrutia-Ruiz
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Grabrucker
- grid.10049.3c0000 0004 1936 9692Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 PH61 Ireland
| | - Michael Schön
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bockmann
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sonja Braumüller
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Clinic for Neurology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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18
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Chow R, Wessels JM, Foster WG. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and function in the mammalian reproductive Tract. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:545-564. [PMID: 32378708 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophins of the nerve growth factor family are soluble polypeptides that are best known for their role in nerve growth, survival and differentiation in the central nervous system. A growing body of literature shows that neurotrophins and their receptors are also expressed throughout the reproductive tract. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Neurotrophins are key regulatory proteins in reproductive physiology during development and throughout adult life. Of the neurotrophins, the literature describing the expression and function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor, neurotrophin receptor kinase-2 (NTRK2), has been expanding rapidly. We therefore conducted a systematic inductive qualitative review of the literature to better define the role of the BDNF in the reproductive tract. We postulate that BDNF and NTRK2 are central regulatory proteins throughout the reproductive system. SEARCH METHODS An electronic search of Medline (PubMed) and Web of Science for articles relating to BDNF and the reproductive system was carried out between January 2018 and February 2019. OUTCOMES In the ovary, BDNF expression and levels have been linked with follicle organisation during ovarian development, follicle recruitment and growth and oocyte maturation. In the endometrium, BDNF is involved in cell proliferation and neurogenesis. In contrast, literature describing the role of BDNF in other reproductive tissues is sparse and BDNF-NTRK2 signalling in the male reproductive tract has been largely overlooked. Whilst estradiol appears to be the primary regulator of BDNF expression, we also identified reports describing binding sites for glucocorticoid and myocyte enhancer factor-2, a calcium-response element through activation of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter protein-4 (ARNT) response elements in promoter regions of the BDNF gene. Expression is also regulated by multiple microRNAs and post-translational processing of precursor proteins and intracellular shuttling. BDNF-NTRK2 signalling is modulated through tissue specific receptor expression of either the full-length or truncated NTRK2 receptor; however, the functional importance remains to be elucidated. Dysregulation of BDNF expression and circulating concentrations have been implicated in several reproductive disorders including premature ovarian failure, endometriosis, pre-eclampsia, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and several reproductive cancers. WIDER IMPLICATIONS We conclude that BDNF and its receptors are key regulatory proteins central to gonadal development, ovarian regulation and uterine physiology, as well as embryo and placenta development. Furthermore, dysregulation of BDNF-NTRK2 in reproductive diseases suggests their potential role as candidate clinical markers of disease and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chow
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J M Wessels
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - W G Foster
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Al-Yozbaki M, Acha-Sagredo A, George A, Liloglou T, Wilson CM. Balancing neurotrophin pathway and sortilin function: Its role in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Belbin O, Morgan K, Medway C, Warden D, Cortina-Borja M, van Duijn CM, Adams HHH, Frank-Garcia A, Brookes K, Sánchez-Juan P, Alvarez V, Heun R, Kölsch H, Coto E, Kehoe PG, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Bullido MJ, Ikram MA, Smith AD, Lehmann DJ. The Epistasis Project: A Multi-Cohort Study of the Effects of BDNF, DBH, and SORT1 Epistasis on Alzheimer's Disease Risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1535-1547. [PMID: 30909233 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-synaptic secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from noradrenergic neurons may protect the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain from amyloid pathology. While the BDNF polymorphism (rs6265) is associated with faster cognitive decline and increased hippocampal atrophy, a replicable genetic association of BDNF with AD risk has yet to be demonstrated. This could be due to masking by underlying epistatic interactions between BDNF and other loci that encode proteins involved in moderating BDNF secretion (DBH and Sortilin). We performed a multi-cohort case-control association study of the BDNF, DBH, and SORT1 loci comprising 5,682 controls and 2,454 AD patients from Northern Europe (87% of samples) and Spain (13%). The BDNF locus was associated with increased AD risk (odds ratios; OR = 1.1-1.2, p = 0.005-0.3), an effect size that was consistent in the Northern European (OR = 1.1-1.2, p = 0.002-0.8) but not the smaller Spanish (OR = 0.8-1.6, p = 0.4-1.0) subset. A synergistic interaction between BDNF and sex (synergy factor; SF = 1.3-1.5 p = 0.002-0.02) translated to a greater risk of AD associated with BDNF in women (OR = 1.2-1.3, p = 0.007-0.00008) than men (OR = 0.9-1.0, p = 0.3-0.6). While the DBH polymorphism (rs1611115) was also associated with increased AD risk (OR = 1.1, p = 0.04) the synergistic interaction (SF = 2.2, p = 0.007) between BDNF (rs6265) and DBH (rs1611115) contributed greater AD risk than either gene alone, an effect that was greater in women (SF = 2.4, p = 0.04) than men (SF = 2.0, p = 0.2). These data support a complex genetic interaction at loci encoding proteins implicated in the DBH-BDNF inflammatory pathway that modifies AD risk, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Belbin
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Medway
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donald Warden
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Frank-Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Keeley Brookes
- Human Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Victoria Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Genética, AGC Laboratorio de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Reinhard Heun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Kölsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eliecer Coto
- Laboratorio de Genética, AGC Laboratorio de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Eloy Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Maria J Bullido
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A David Smith
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
| | - Donald J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
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21
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Ouyang S, Jia B, Xie W, Yang J, Lv Y. Mechanism underlying the regulation of sortilin expression and its trafficking function. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8958-8971. [PMID: 32474917 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes and analyzes the updated information on the regulation of sortilin expression and its trafficking function. Evidence indicates that the expression and function of sortilin are closely regulated at four levels: DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), protein, and trafficking function. DNA methylation, several mutations, and minor single-nucleotide polymorphisms within DNA fragments affect the expression of SORT1 gene. A few transcription factors and microRNAs modulate its transcription as well as the splicing or stability of the mRNA. Moreover, several translation factors control the synthesis of sortilin protein, and posttranslational modifications affect its degradation processes. Multiple adaptor molecules modulate the sortilin trafficking function in the anterograde or retrograde pathway. Recent advances in the regulation of sortilin expression and function, and its related mechanisms will help the ongoing research related to sortilin and promote future clinical application via sortilin intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Ouyang
- Department of Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Department of Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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22
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Barnes JW, Aarnio-Peterson M, Norris J, Haskins M, Flanagan-Steet H, Steet R. Upregulation of Sortilin, a Lysosomal Sorting Receptor, Corresponds with Reduced Bioavailability of Latent TGFβ in Mucolipidosis II Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050670. [PMID: 32357547 PMCID: PMC7277838 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis II (ML-II) is a lysosomal disease caused by defects in the carbohydrate-dependent sorting of soluble hydrolases to lysosomes. Altered growth factor signaling has been identified as a contributor to the phenotypes associated with ML-II and other lysosomal disorders but an understanding of how these signaling pathways are affected is still emerging. Here, we investigated transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) signaling in the context of ML-II patient fibroblasts, observing decreased TGFβ1 signaling that was accompanied by impaired TGFβ1-dependent wound closure. We found increased intracellular latent TGFβ1 complexes, caused by reduced secretion and stable localization in detergent-resistant lysosomes. Sortilin, a sorting receptor for hydrolases and TGFβ-related cytokines, was upregulated in ML-II fibroblasts as well as GNPTAB-null HeLa cells, suggesting a mechanism for inappropriate lysosomal targeting of TGFβ. Co-expression of sortilin and TGFβ in HeLa cells resulted in reduced TGFβ1 secretion. Elevated sortilin levels correlated with normal levels of cathepsin D in ML-II cells, consistent with a compensatory role for this receptor in lysosomal hydrolase targeting. Collectively, these data support a model whereby sortilin upregulation in cells with lysosomal storage maintains hydrolase sorting but suppresses TGFβ1 secretion through increased lysosomal delivery. These findings highlight an unexpected link between impaired lysosomal sorting and altered growth factor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod W Barnes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Joy Norris
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mark Haskins
- Emeritus Professor, Pathology and Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051, USA
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23
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Gumina V, Onesto E, Colombrita C, Maraschi A, Silani V, Ratti A. Inter-Species Differences in Regulation of the Progranulin-Sortilin Axis in TDP-43 Cell Models of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235866. [PMID: 31766750 PMCID: PMC6928728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic aggregates and nuclear depletion of the ubiquitous RNA-binding protein TDP-43 have been described in the autoptic brain tissues of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTLD) patients and both TDP-43 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mechanisms seem to contribute to the neurodegenerative process. Among the wide array of RNA targets, TDP-43 regulates progranulin (GRN) mRNA stability and sortilin (SORT1) splicing. Progranulin is a secreted neurotrophic and neuro-immunomodulatory factor whose endocytosis and delivery to the lysosomes are regulated by the neuronal receptor sortilin. Moreover, GRN loss-of-function mutations are causative of a subset of FTLD cases showing TDP-43 pathological aggregates. Here we show that TDP-43 loss-of-function differently affects the progranulin–sortilin axis in murine and human neuronal cell models. We demonstrated that although TDP-43 binding to GRN mRNA occurs similarly in human and murine cells, upon TDP-43 depletion, a different control of sortilin splicing and protein content may determine changes in extracellular progranulin uptake that account for increased or unchanged secreted protein in murine and human cells, respectively. As targeting the progranulin–sortilin axis has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for GRN-FTLD patients, the inter-species differences in TDP-43-mediated regulation of this pathway must be considered when translating studies from animal models to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gumina
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Via Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy; (V.G.); (E.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Elisa Onesto
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Via Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy; (V.G.); (E.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Claudia Colombrita
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Via Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy; (V.G.); (E.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (V.S.)
| | - AnnaMaria Maraschi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Via Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy; (V.G.); (E.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Via Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy; (V.G.); (E.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Via Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy; (V.G.); (E.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-619113045
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24
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Sun S, Yang J, Xie W, Peng T, Lv Y. Complicated trafficking behaviors involved in paradoxical regulation of sortilin in lipid metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3258-3269. [PMID: 31608989 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize and discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the paradoxical effects of sortilin on lipid metabolism. The vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) domain in the sortilin protein is responsible for substrate binding. Its cytoplasmic tail interacts with adaptor molecules, and modifications can determine whether sortilin trafficking occurs via the anterograde or retrograde pathway. The complicated trafficking behaviors likely contribute to the paradoxical roles of sortilin in lipid metabolism. The anterograde pathway of sortilin trafficking in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and peripheral cells likely causes an increase in plasma lipid levels, while the retrograde pathway leads to the opposite effect. Hepatocyte sortilin functions via the anterograde or retrograde pathway in a complicated and paradoxical manner to regulate apoB-containing lipoprotein metabolism. Clarifying the regulatory mechanisms underlying the trafficking behaviors of sortilin is necessary and may lead to artificial sortilin intervention as a potential therapeutic strategy for lipid disorder diseases. Conclusively, the paradoxical regulation of sortilin in lipid metabolism is likely due to its complicated trafficking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sun
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
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25
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Benicky J, Sanda M, Brnakova Kennedy Z, Goldman R. N-Glycosylation is required for secretion of the precursor to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) carrying sulfated LacdiNAc structures. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16816-16830. [PMID: 31558607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is generated by proteolytic cleavage of a prodomain from the proBDNF precursor either intracellularly by furin-like proteases or extracellularly by plasmin or matrix metalloproteinases. ProBDNF carries a single N-glycosylation sequon (Asn-127) that remains virtually unstudied despite being located in a highly conserved region proximal to the proteolytic site. To study the proBDNF structure and function, here we expressed the protein and its nonglycosylated N127Q mutant in HEK293F cells. We found that mutation of the Asn-127 prevents intracellular maturation and secretion, an effect reproduced in WT proBDNF by tunicamycin-induced inhibition of N-glycosylation. Absence of the N-glycan did not affect the kinetics of proBDNF cleavage by furin in vitro, indicating that effects other than a direct furin-proBDNF interaction may regulate proBDNF maturation. Using an optimized LC-MS/MS workflow, we demonstrate that secreted proBDNF is fully glycosylated and carries rare N-glycans terminated by GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-R (LacdiNAc) extensively modified by terminal sulfation. We and others noted that this type of glycosylation is protein-specific, extends to proBDNF expressed in PC12 cells, and implies the presence of interacting partners that recognize this glycan epitope. The findings of our study reveal that proBDNF carries an unusual type of N-glycans important for its processing and secretion. Our results open new opportunities for functional studies of these protein glycoforms in different cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Zuzana Brnakova Kennedy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057 .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
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26
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Richner M, Pallesen LT, Ulrichsen M, Poulsen ET, Holm TH, Login H, Castonguay A, Lorenzo LE, Gonçalves NP, Andersen OM, Lykke-Hartmann K, Enghild JJ, Rønn LCB, Malik IJ, De Koninck Y, Bjerrum OJ, Vægter CB, Nykjær A. Sortilin gates neurotensin and BDNF signaling to control peripheral neuropathic pain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav9946. [PMID: 31223654 PMCID: PMC6584543 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a major incurable clinical problem resulting from peripheral nerve trauma or disease. A central mechanism is the reduced expression of the potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in dorsal horn neurons induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), causing neuronal disinhibition within spinal nociceptive pathways. Here, we demonstrate how neurotensin receptor 2 (NTSR2) signaling impairs BDNF-induced spinal KCC2 down-regulation, showing how these two pathways converge to control the abnormal sensory response following peripheral nerve injury. We establish how sortilin regulates this convergence by scavenging neurotensin from binding to NTSR2, thus modulating its inhibitory effect on BDNF-mediated mechanical allodynia. Using sortilin-deficient mice or receptor inhibition by antibodies or a small-molecule antagonist, we lastly demonstrate that we are able to fully block BDNF-induced pain and alleviate injury-induced neuropathic pain, validating sortilin as a clinically relevant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Richner
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lone T. Pallesen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Maj Ulrichsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ebbe T. Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Thomas H. Holm
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Hande Login
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Annie Castonguay
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis-Etienne Lorenzo
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nádia P. Gonçalves
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jan J. Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lars C. B. Rønn
- Neurodegeneration Disease Biology Unit, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim J. Malik
- Neurodegeneration Disease Biology Unit, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Yves De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ole J. Bjerrum
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian B. Vægter
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
| | - Anders Nykjær
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Marton S, González B, Rodríguez-Bottero S, Miquel E, Martínez-Palma L, Pazos M, Prieto JP, Rodríguez P, Sames D, Seoane G, Scorza C, Cassina P, Carrera I. Ibogaine Administration Modifies GDNF and BDNF Expression in Brain Regions Involved in Mesocorticolimbic and Nigral Dopaminergic Circuits. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:193. [PMID: 30890941 PMCID: PMC6411846 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibogaine is an atypical psychedelic alkaloid, which has been subject of research due to its reported ability to attenuate drug-seeking behavior. Recent work has suggested that ibogaine effects on alcohol self-administration in rats are related to the release of Glial cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), a mesencephalic region which hosts the soma of dopaminergic neurons. Although previous reports have shown ibogaine’s ability to induce GDNF expression in rat midbrain, there are no studies addressing its effect on the expression of GDNF and other neurotrophic factors (NFs) such as Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) or Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in distinct brain regions containing dopaminergic neurons. In this work, we examined the effect of ibogaine acute administration on the expression of these NFs in the VTA, Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) and the Substantia Nigra (SN). Rats were i.p. treated with ibogaine 20 mg/kg (I20), 40 mg/kg (I40) or vehicle, and NFs expression was analyzed after 3 and 24 h. At 24 h an increase of the expression of the NFs transcripts was observed in a site and dose dependent manner. Only for I40, GDNF was selectively upregulated in the VTA and SN. Both doses elicited a large increase in the expression of BDNF transcripts in the NAcc, SN and PFC, while in the VTA a significant effect was found only for I40. Finally, NGF mRNA was upregulated in all regions after I40, while I20 showed a selective upregulation in PFC and VTA. Regarding protein levels, an increase of GDNF was observed in the VTA only for I40 but no significant increase for BDNF was found in all the studied areas. Interestingly, an increase of proBDNF was detected in the NAcc for both doses. These results show for the first time a selective increase of GDNF specifically in the VTA for I40 but not for I20 after 24 h of administration, which agrees with the effective dose found in previous self-administration studies in rodents. Further research is needed to understand the contribution of these changes to ibogaine’s ability to attenuate drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Marton
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno González
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Rodríguez-Bottero
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ernesto Miquel
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Martínez-Palma
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Pazos
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Pedro Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paola Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Cassina
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Carrera
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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28
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The role of neurotrophins in psychopathology and cardiovascular diseases: psychosomatic connections. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:265-278. [PMID: 30767081 PMCID: PMC6449302 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases and mood disorders are common public health problems worldwide. Their connections are widely studied, and the role of neurotrophins (NTs) is already supposed in both conditions. However, data in the literature of clinical aspects are sometimes controversial and no reviews are available describing possible associations between CV risk and mood disorders based on NTs. The mostly studied NT is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Decreased level of BDNF is observed in depression and its connection to hypertension has also been demonstrated with affecting the arterial baroreceptors, renin–angiotensin system and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. BDNF was also found to be the predictor of CV outcome in different patient populations. Other types of human NT-s, such as nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4 also seem to have both psychopathological and CV connections. Our aim was to overview the present knowledge in this area, demonstrating a new aspect of the associations between mood disorders and CV diseases through the mediation of NTs. These findings might enlighten new psychosomatic connections and suggest new therapeutic targets that are beneficial both in respect of mood disorders and CV pathology.
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29
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Tann JY, Wong LW, Sajikumar S, Ibáñez CF. Abnormal TDP-43 function impairs activity-dependent BDNF secretion, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive behavior through altered Sortilin splicing. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100989. [PMID: 30692134 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant function of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 has been causally linked to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Due to its large number of targets, the mechanisms through which TDP-43 malfunction cause disease are unclear. Here, we report that knockdown, aggregation, or disease-associated mutation of TDP-43 all impair intracellular sorting and activity-dependent secretion of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through altered splicing of the trafficking receptor Sortilin. Adult mice lacking TDP-43 specifically in hippocampal CA1 show memory impairment and synaptic plasticity defects that can be rescued by restoring Sortilin splicing or extracellular BDNF. Human neurons derived from patient iPSCs carrying mutated TDP-43 also show altered Sortilin splicing and reduced levels of activity-dependent BDNF secretion, which can be restored by correcting the mutation. We propose that major disease phenotypes caused by aberrant TDP-43 activity may be explained by the abnormal function of a handful of critical proteins, such as BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y Tann
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Lik-Wei Wong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore .,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Ng TKS, Ho CSH, Tam WWS, Kua EH, Ho RCM. Decreased Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020257. [PMID: 30634650 PMCID: PMC6358753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings from previous studies reporting the levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been conflicting. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to examine the aggregate levels of serum BDNF in patients with AD and individuals with MCI, in comparison with healthy controls. Fifteen studies were included for the comparison between AD and healthy control (HC) (n = 2067). Serum BDNF levels were significantly lower in patients with AD (SMD: -0.282; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.535 to -0.028; significant heterogeneity: I² = 83.962). Meta-regression identified age (p < 0.001) and MMSE scores (p < 0.001) to be the significant moderators that could explain the heterogeneity in findings in these studies. Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum BDNF levels between patients with AD and MCI (eight studies, n = 906) and between MCI and HC (nine studies, n = 5090). In all, patients with AD, but not MCI, have significantly lower serum BDNF levels compared to healthy controls. This meta-analysis confirmed the direction of change in serum BDNF levels in dementia. This finding suggests that a significant change in peripheral BDNF levels can only be detected at the late stage of the dementia spectrum. Molecular mechanisms, implications on interventional trials, and future directions for studies examining BDNF in dementia were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Kheng Siang Ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Cyrus Su Hui Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| | - Wilson Wai San Tam
- Alice Lee School of Nursing, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Ee Heok Kua
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| | - Roger Chun-Man Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
- Biomedical Global Institute of Healthcare Research & Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China.
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31
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Mazella J, Borsotto M, Heurteaux C. The Involvement of Sortilin/NTSR3 in Depression as the Progenitor of Spadin and Its Role in the Membrane Expression of TREK-1. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1541. [PMID: 30670975 PMCID: PMC6331531 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular identification of sortilin, also called neurotensin receptor-3, from three different biochemical approaches already predicted the involvement of the protein in numerous biological and cellular functions. The first important observation was that sortilin is synthesized as a precursor that is converted to a mature protein after cleavage by the protein convertase furin in late Golgi compartments. This maturation leads to the formation of a 44 amino acid peptide, the propeptide (PE). The release of this peptide when matured sortilin reached the plasma membrane remained to be demonstrated. Sortilin has been also shown to be shedded by matrix metalloproteases releasing a large extracellular fragment identified as soluble sortilin. Therefore, sortilin has been shown to interact with several proteins and receptors confirming its role in the sorting of cellular components to the plasma membrane and/or to the lysosomal pathway. Interestingly, sortilin physically interacts with the two pore domain potassium channel TREK-1 and the PE as well as its synthetic analog spadin is able to block the activation of TREK-1 highlighting their role in the depression pathology. The present review describes the advance of research that led to these results and how both the soluble form of sortilin and the sortilin-derived PE have been detected in human serum and whose levels are affected in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The use of spadin as an antidepressant and the further role of soluble sortilin and of sortilin-derived PE as potential biomarkers during depression statement and/or remission of the pathology are considered and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Mazella
- CNRS, UMR 7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Marc Borsotto
- CNRS, UMR 7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Catherine Heurteaux
- CNRS, UMR 7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
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32
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Talbot H, Saada S, Naves T, Gallet PF, Fauchais AL, Jauberteau MO. Regulatory Roles of Sortilin and SorLA in Immune-Related Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1507. [PMID: 30666202 PMCID: PMC6330335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin, also known as Neurotensin Receptor-3, and the sorting-related receptor with type-A repeats (SorLA) are both members of the Vps10p domain receptor family. Initially identified in CNS cells, they are expressed in various other cell types where they exert multiple functions. Although mostly studied for its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease, SorLA has recently been shown to be implicated in immune response by regulating IL-6-mediated signaling, as well as driving monocyte migration. Sortilin has been shown to act as a receptor, as a co-receptor and as an intra- and extracellular trafficking regulator. In the last two decades, deregulation of sortilin has been demonstrated to be involved in many human pathophysiologies, including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases), type 2 diabetes and obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Several studies highlighted different functions of sortilin in the immune system, notably in microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation, phagosome fusion and pathogen clearance. In this review, we will analyze the multiple roles of sortilin and SorLA in the human immune system and how their deregulation may be involved in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Naves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Immunology, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
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Notaras M, van den Buuse M. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): Novel Insights into Regulation and Genetic Variation. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:434-454. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858418810142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has spawned a literature that now spans 35 years of research. While all neurotrophins share considerable overlap in sequence homology and their processing, BDNF has become the most widely studied neurotrophin because of its broad roles in brain homeostasis, health, and disease. Although research on BDNF has produced thousands of articles, there remain numerous long-standing questions on aspects of BDNF molecular biology and signaling. Here we provide a comprehensive review, including both a historical narrative and a forward-looking perspective on advances in the actions of BDNF within the brain. We specifically review BDNF’s gene structure, peptide composition (including domains, posttranslational modifications and putative motif sites), mechanisms of transport, signaling pathway recruitment, and other recent developments including the functional effects of genetic variation and the discovery of a new BDNF prodomain ligand. This body of knowledge illustrates a highly conserved and complex role for BDNF within the brain, that promotes the idea that the neurotrophin biology of BDNF is diverse and that any disease involvement is likely to be equally multifarious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Notaras
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Beyond good and evil: A putative continuum-sorting hypothesis for the functional role of proBDNF/BDNF-propeptide/mBDNF in antidepressant treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:70-83. [PMID: 29626490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder are assumed to be maladaptive responses to stress and antidepressants are thought to counteract such responses by increasing BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) levels. BDNF acts through TrkB (tropomyosin-related receptor kinase B) and plays a central role in neuroplasticity. In contrast, both precursor proBDNF and BDNF propeptide (another metabolic product from proBDNF cleavage) have a high affinity to p75 receptor (p75R) and usually convey apoptosis and neuronal shrinkage. Although BDNF and proBDNF/propeptide apparently act in opposite ways, neuronal turnover and remodeling might be a final common way that both act to promote more effective neuronal networking, avoiding neuronal redundancy and the misleading effects of environmental contingencies. This review aims to provide a brief overview about the BDNF functional role in antidepressant action and about p75R and TrkB signaling to introduce the "continuum-sorting hypothesis." The resulting hypothesis suggests that both BDNF/proBDNF and BDNF/propeptide act as protagonists to fine-tune antidepressant-dependent neuroplasticity in crucial brain structures to modulate behavioral responses to stress.
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Boggild S, Molgaard S, Glerup S, Nyengaard JR. Highly segregated localization of the functionally related vps10p receptors sortilin and SorCS2 during neurodevelopment. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1267-1286. [PMID: 29405286 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system development is a precisely orchestrated series of events requiring a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Sortilin and SorCS2 are members of the Vps10p receptor family with complementary influence on some of these cues including the neurotrophins (NTs). However, the developmental time points where sortilin and SorCS2 exert their activities in conjunction or independently still remain unclear. In this study we present the characterization of the spatiotemporal expression pattern of sortilin and SorCS2 in the developing murine nervous system. Sortilin is highly expressed in the fetal nervous system with expression localized to distinct cell populations. Expression was high in neurons of the cortical plate and developing allocortex, as well as subpallial structures. Furthermore, the neuroepithelium lining the ventricles and the choroid plexus showed high expression of sortilin, together with the developing retina, spinal ganglia, and sympathetic ganglia. In contrast, SorCS2 was confined in a marked degree to the thalamus and, at E13.5, the floor plate from midbrain rostrally to spinal cord caudally. SorCS2 was also found in the ventricular zones of the ventral hippocampus and nucleus accumbens areas, in the meninges and in Schwann cells. Hence, sortilin and SorCS2 are extensively present in several distinct anatomical areas in the developing nervous system and are rarely co-expressed. Possible functions of sortilin and SorCS2 pertain to NT signaling, axon guidance and beyond. The present data will form the basis for hypotheses and study designs for unravelling the functions of sortilin and SorCS2 during the establishment of neuronal structures and connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boggild
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Simon Molgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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36
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Clathrin heavy chain 22 contributes to the control of neuropeptide degradation and secretion during neuronal development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2340. [PMID: 29402896 PMCID: PMC5799199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The repertoire of cell types in the human nervous system arises through a highly orchestrated process, the complexity of which is still being discovered. Here, we present evidence that CHC22 has a non-redundant role in an early stage of neural precursor differentiation, providing a potential explanation of why CHC22 deficient patients are unable to feel touch or pain. We show the CHC22 effect on neural differentiation is independent of the more common clathrin heavy chain CHC17, and that CHC22-dependent differentiation is mediated through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. Using quantitative proteomics, we define the composition of clathrin-coated vesicles in SH-SY5Y cells, and determine proteome changes induced by CHC22 depletion. In the absence of CHC22 a subset of dense core granule (DCG) neuropeptides accumulated, were processed into biologically active 'mature' forms, and secreted in sufficient quantity to trigger neural differentiation. When CHC22 is present, however, these DCG neuropeptides are directed to the lysosome and degraded, thus preventing differentiation. This suggests that the brief reduction seen in CHC22 expression in sensory neural precursors may license a step in neuron precursor neurodevelopment; and that this step is mediated through control of a novel neuropeptide processing pathway.
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37
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Amengual J, Guo L, Strong A, Madrigal-Matute J, Wang H, Kaushik S, Brodsky JL, Rader DJ, Cuervo AM, Fisher EA. Autophagy Is Required for Sortilin-Mediated Degradation of Apolipoprotein B100. Circ Res 2018; 122:568-582. [PMID: 29301854 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Genome-wide association studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms near the SORT1 locus strongly associated with decreased plasma LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels and protection from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction. The minor allele of the causal SORT1 single-nucleotide polymorphism locus creates a putative C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α)-binding site in the SORT1 promoter, thereby increasing in homozygotes sortilin expression by 12-fold in liver, which is rich in this transcription factor. Our previous studies in mice have showed reductions in plasma LDL-C and its principal protein component, apoB (apolipoprotein B) with increased SORT1 expression, and in vitro studies suggested that sortilin promoted the presecretory lysosomal degradation of apoB associated with the LDL precursor, VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein). OBJECTIVE To determine directly that SORT1 overexpression results in apoB degradation and to identify the mechanisms by which this reduces apoB and VLDL secretion by the liver, thereby contributing to understanding the clinical phenotype of lower LDL-C levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Pulse-chase studies directly established that SORT1 overexpression results in apoB degradation. As noted above, previous work implicated a role for lysosomes in this degradation. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we now demonstrate that the sortilin-mediated route of apoB to lysosomes is unconventional and intersects with autophagy. Increased expression of sortilin diverts more apoB away from secretion, with both proteins trafficking to the endosomal compartment in vesicles that fuse with autophagosomes to form amphisomes. The amphisomes then merge with lysosomes. Furthermore, we show that sortilin itself is a regulator of autophagy and that its activity is scaled to the level of apoB synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that an unconventional lysosomal targeting process dependent on autophagy degrades apoB that was diverted from the secretory pathway by sortilin and provides a mechanism contributing to the reduced LDL-C found in individuals with SORT1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Amengual
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Liang Guo
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Alanna Strong
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Julio Madrigal-Matute
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Haizhen Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.).
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Goettsch C, Kjolby M, Aikawa E. Sortilin and Its Multiple Roles in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:19-25. [PMID: 29191923 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Studies of sortilin's influence on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases goes far beyond the genome-wide association studies that have revealed an association between cardiovascular diseases and the 1p13 locus that encodes sortilin. Emerging evidence suggests a significant role of sortilin in the pathogenesis of vascular and metabolic diseases; this includes type II diabetes mellitus via regulation of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis through arterial wall inflammation and calcification, and dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism. Sortilin is also known for its functional role in neurological disorders. It serves as a key receptor for cytokines, lipids, and enzymes and participates in pathological cargo loading to and trafficking of extracellular vesicles. This article provides a comprehensive review of sortilin's contributions to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases but focuses particularly on atherosclerosis. We summarize recent clinical findings that suggest that sortilin may be a cardiovascular risk biomarker and also discuss sortilin as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mads Kjolby
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Trafficking in Alzheimer's Disease: Modulation of APP Transport and Processing by the Transmembrane Proteins LRP1, SorLA, SorCS1c, Sortilin, and Calsyntenin. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5809-5829. [PMID: 29079999 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), one key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is extensively processed by different proteases. This leads to the generation of diverging fragments including the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which accumulates in brains of AD patients. Subcellular trafficking of APP is an important aspect for its proteolytic conversion, since the various secretases which cleave APP are located in different cellular compartments. As a consequence, altered subcellular targeting of APP is thought to directly affect the degree to which Aβ is generated. The mechanisms underlying intracellular APP transport are critical to understand AD pathogenesis and can serve as a target for future pharmacological interventions. In the recent years, a number of APP interacting proteins were identified which are implicated in sorting of APP, thereby influencing APP processing at different angles of the secretory or endocytic pathway. This review provides an update on the proteolytic processing of APP and the interplay of the transmembrane proteins low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, sortilin-receptor with A-type repeats, SorCS1c, sortilin, and calsyntenin. We discuss the specific interactions with APP, the capacity to modulate the intracellular itinerary and the proteolytic conversion of APP, a possible involvement in the clearance of Aβ, and the implications of these transmembrane proteins in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Nabeka H, Saito S, Li X, Shimokawa T, Khan MSI, Yamamiya K, Kawabe S, Doihara T, Hamada F, Kobayashi N, Matsuda S. Interneurons secrete prosaposin, a neurotrophic factor, to attenuate kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity. IBRO Rep 2017; 3:17-32. [PMID: 30135939 PMCID: PMC6084830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PS increased mainly in the axons of PV positive interneurons after kainic acid (KA) injection. Electron microscopy revealed PS containing vesicles in PV positive axons. PS is secreted with secretogranin from synapses. The increased PS in the interneurons was due to increases in PS + 0, as in the choroid plexus. Interneurons produce and secrete intact PS around the hippocampal pyramidal neurons to protect them from KA neurotoxicity.
Prosaposin (PS) is a secretory neurotrophic factor, as well as a regulator of lysosomal enzymes. We previously reported the up-regulation of PS and the possibility of its axonal transport by GABAergic interneurons after exocitotoxicity induced by kainic acid (KA), a glutamate analog. In the present study, we performed double immunostaining with PS and three calcium binding protein markers: parvalbumin (PV), calbindin, and calretinin, for the subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons, and clarified that the increased PS around the hippocampal pyramidal neurons after KA injection existed mainly in the axons of PV positive interneurons. Electron microscopy revealed PS containing vesicles in the PV positive axon. Double immunostaining with PS and secretogranin or synapsin suggested that PS is secreted with secretogranin from synapses. Based on the results from in situ hybridization with two alternative splicing forms of PS mRNA, the increase of PS in the interneurons was due to the increase of PS + 0 (mRNA without 9-base insertion) as in the choroid plexus, but not PS + 9 (mRNA with 9-base insertion). These results were similar to those from the choroid plexus, which secretes an intact form PS + 0 to the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons, especially PV positive GABAergic interneurons, produce and secrete the intact form of PS around hippocampal pyramidal neurons to protect them against KA neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Md Sakirul Islam Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamiya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Doihara
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hamada
- Department of Human Anatomy, Oita University Fuculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoto Kobayashi
- Medical Education Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Abstract
Neurotrophins are secreted proteins that are synthesized as pre-pro-neurotrophins on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which are subsequently processed and then secreted as mature proteins. During synthesis, neurotrophins are sorted in the trans-Golgi apparatus into 2 pathways of secretion; the constitutive and the regulated pathways. Neurotrophins in the constitutive pathway are secreted cautiously without any trigger, while in the regulated pathway of secretion an external stimulus elevates the calcium concentration intracellularly leading to neurotrophin release. The regulation of sorting and secretion of neurotrophins is critical for several processes in the body, such as synaptic plasticity, neurodegenerative disorders, demyelination disease, and inflammation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current mechanisms of neurotrophin sorting and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Al-Qudah
- Department of Physiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. E-mail:
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Ma Q, Yang J, Milner TA, Vonsattel JPG, Palko ME, Tessarollo L, Hempstead BL. SorCS2-mediated NR2A trafficking regulates motor deficits in Huntington's disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:88995. [PMID: 28469074 PMCID: PMC5414556 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor dysfunction is a prominent and disabling feature of Huntington's disease (HD), but the molecular mechanisms that dictate its onset and progression are unknown. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A (NR2A) subunit regulates motor skill development and synaptic plasticity in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum, cells that are most severely impacted by HD. Here, we document reduced NR2A receptor subunits on the dendritic membranes and at the synapses of MSNs in zQ175 mice that model HD. We identify that SorCS2, a vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein-domain (VPS10P-domain) receptor, interacts with VPS35, a core component of retromer, thereby regulating surface trafficking of NR2A in MSNs. In the zQ175 striatum, SorCS2 is markedly decreased in an age- and allele-dependent manner. Notably, SorCS2 selectively interacts with mutant huntingtin (mtHTT), but not WT huntingtin (wtHTT), and is mislocalized to perinuclear clusters in striatal neurons of human HD patients and zQ175 mice. Genetic deficiency of SorCS2 accelerates the onset and exacerbates the motor coordination deficit of zQ175 mice. Together, our results identify SorCS2 as an interacting protein of mtHTT and demonstrate that impaired SorCS2-mediated NR2A subunit trafficking to dendritic surface of MSNs is, to our knowledge, a novel mechanism contributing to motor coordination deficits of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Teresa A Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Paul G Vonsattel
- The New York Brain Bank/Taub Institute Columbia University, Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Palko
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara L Hempstead
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Dalwadi DA, Kim S, Schetz JA. Activation of the sigma-1 receptor by haloperidol metabolites facilitates brain-derived neurotrophic factor secretion from human astroglia. Neurochem Int 2017; 105:21-31. [PMID: 28188803 PMCID: PMC5375023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells play a critical role in neuronal support which includes the production and release of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Activation of the sigma-1 receptor (S1R) has been shown to attenuate inflammatory stress-mediated brain injuries, and there is emerging evidence that this may involve a BDNF-dependent mechanism. In this report we studied S1R-mediated BDNF release from human astrocytic glial cells. Astrocytes express the S1R, which mediates BDNF release when stimulated with the prototypical S1R agonists 4-PPBP and (+)-SKF10047. This effect could be antagonized by a selective concentration of the S1R antagonist BD1063. Haloperidol is known to have high affinity interactions with the S1R, yet it was unable to facilitate BDNF release. Remarkably, however, two metabolites of haloperidol, haloperidol I and haloperidol II (reduced haloperidol), were discovered to facilitate BDNF secretion and this effect was antagonized by BD1063. Neither 4-PPBP, nor either of the haloperidol metabolites affected the level of BDNF mRNA as assessed by qPCR. These results demonstrate for the first time that haloperidol metabolites I and II facilitate the secretion of BDNF from astrocytes by acting as functionally selective S1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwanil A Dalwadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States
| | - Seongcheol Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States
| | - John A Schetz
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States; Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Neuroscience Discovery, United States.
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Physiological and therapeutic regulation of PCSK9 activity in cardiovascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:32. [PMID: 28439730 PMCID: PMC5403857 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death worldwide and is accelerated by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a potent circulating regulator of LDL-C through its ability to induce degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Only in the last few years, a number of breakthroughs in the understanding of PCSK9 biology have been reported illustrating how PCSK9 activity is tightly regulated at several levels by factors influencing its transcription, secretion, or by extracellular inactivation and clearance. Two humanized antibodies directed against the LDLR-binding site in PCSK9 received approval by the European and US authorities and additional PCSK9 directed therapeutics are climbing up the phases of clinical trials. The first outcome data of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab reported a significant reduction in the composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and further outcome data are awaited. Meanwhile, it became evident that PCSK9 has (patho)physiological roles in several cardiovascular cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent biological and clinical data on PCSK9, the regulation of PCSK9, its extra-hepatic activities focusing on cardiovascular cells, molecular concepts to target PCSK9, and finally briefly summarize the data of recent clinical studies.
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Abstract
In the last few years, exciting properties have emerged regarding the activation, signaling, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic targeting of the two types of neurotrophin receptors: the p75NTR with its intracellular and extracellular peptides, the Trks, their precursors and their complexes. This review summarizes these new developments, with particular focus on neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the evolving knowledge, innovative concepts have been formulated regarding the pathogenesis of these diseases, especially the Alzheimer's and two other, the Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. The medical progresses include original procedures of diagnosis, started from studies in mice and now investigated for human application, based on innovative classes of receptor agonists and blockers. In parallel, comprehensive studies have been and are being carried out for the development of drugs. The relevance of these studies is based on the limitations of the therapies employed until recently, especially for the treatment of Alzheimer's patients. Starting from well known drugs, previously employed for non-neurodegenerative diseases, the ongoing progress has lead to the development of small molecules that cross rapidly the blood-brain barrier. Among these molecules the most promising are specific blockers of the p75NTR receptor. Additional drugs, that activate Trk receptors, were shown effective against synaptic loss and memory deficits. In the near future such approaches, coordinated with treatments with monoclonal antibodies and with developments in the microRNA field, are expected to improve the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and may be relevant also for other human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Meldolesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Scientific Institute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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46
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Tien WS, Chen JH, Wu KP. SheddomeDB: the ectodomain shedding database for membrane-bound shed markers. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28361715 PMCID: PMC5374707 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of membrane-anchored proteins are known to be released from cell surface via ectodomain shedding. The cleavage and release of membrane proteins has been shown to modulate various cellular processes and disease pathologies. Numerous studies revealed that cell membrane molecules of diverse functional groups are subjected to proteolytic cleavage, and the released soluble form of proteins may modulate various signaling processes. Therefore, in addition to the secreted protein markers that undergo secretion through the secretory pathway, the shed membrane proteins may comprise an additional resource of noninvasive and accessible biomarkers. In this context, identifying the membrane-bound proteins that will be shed has become important in the discovery of clinically noninvasive biomarkers. Nevertheless, a data repository for biological and clinical researchers to review the shedding information, which is experimentally validated, for membrane-bound protein shed markers is still lacking. RESULTS In this study, the database SheddomeDB was developed to integrate publicly available data of the shed membrane proteins. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to collect the membrane proteins that were verified to be cleaved or released in the supernatant by immunological-based validation experiments. From 436 studies on shedding, 401 validated shed membrane proteins were included, among which 199 shed membrane proteins have not been annotated or validated yet by existing cleavage databases. SheddomeDB attempted to provide a comprehensive shedding report, including the regulation of shedding machinery and the related function or diseases involved in the shedding events. In addition, our published tool ShedP was embedded into SheddomeDB to support researchers for predicting the shedding event on unknown or unrecorded membrane proteins. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, SheddomeDB is the first database for the identification of experimentally validated shed membrane proteins and currently may provide the most number of membrane proteins for reviewing the shedding information. The database included membrane-bound shed markers associated with numerous cellular processes and diseases, and some of these markers are potential novel markers because they are not annotated or validated yet in other databases. SheddomeDB may provide a useful resource for discovering membrane-bound shed markers. The interactive web of SheddomeDB is publicly available at http://bal.ym.edu.tw/SheddomeDB/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Tien
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hong Chen
- Department of Computer Science, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Janssens J, Lu D, Ni B, Chadwick W, Siddiqui S, Azmi A, Etienne H, Jushaj A, van Gastel J, Martin B, Maudsley S. Development of Precision Small-Molecule Proneurotrophic Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:263-311. [PMID: 28215298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, will represent one of the largest future burdens on worldwide healthcare systems due to the increasing proportion of elderly in our society. As deficiencies in neurotrophins are implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-related neurodegenerative disorders, it is reasonable to consider that global neurotrophin resistance may also become a major healthcare threat. Central nervous system networks are effectively maintained through aging by neuroprotective and neuroplasticity signaling mechanisms which are predominantly controlled by neurotrophin receptor signaling. Neurotrophin receptors are single pass receptor tyrosine kinases that form dimeric structures upon ligand binding to initiate cellular signaling events that control many protective and plasticity-related pathways. Declining functionality of the neurotrophin ligand-receptor system is considered one of the hallmarks of neuropathological aging. Therefore, it is imperative to develop effective therapeutic strategies to contend with this significant issue. While the therapeutic applications of cognate ligands for neurotrophin receptors are limited, the development of nonpeptidergic, small-molecule ligands can overcome these limitations, and productively regulate this important receptor system with beneficial effects. Using our advanced knowledge of the high-dimensionality complexity of receptor systems, the future generation of precision medicines targeting these systems will be an attainable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Janssens
- Translational Neurobiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - D Lu
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD United States
| | - B Ni
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD United States
| | - W Chadwick
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD United States
| | - S Siddiqui
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD United States
| | - A Azmi
- Translational Neurobiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - H Etienne
- Translational Neurobiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - A Jushaj
- Translational Neurobiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - J van Gastel
- Translational Neurobiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - B Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD United States
| | - S Maudsley
- Translational Neurobiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD United States.
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48
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Molgaard S, Demontis D, Nicholson AM, Finch NA, Petersen RC, Petersen CM, Rademakers R, Nykjaer A, Glerup S. Soluble sortilin is present in excess and positively correlates with progranulin in CSF of aging individuals. Exp Gerontol 2016; 84:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Campbell C, Beug S, Nickerson PEB, Peng J, Mazerolle C, Bassett EA, Ringuette R, Jama FA, Morales C, Christ A, Wallace VA. Sortilin regulates sorting and secretion of Sonic hedgehog. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3832-3844. [PMID: 27632999 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted morphogen that is an essential regulator of patterning and growth. The Shh full-length protein undergoes autocleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum to generate the biologically active N-terminal fragment (ShhN), which is destined for secretion. We identified sortilin (Sort1), a member of the VPS10P-domain receptor family, as a new Shh trafficking receptor. We demonstrate that Sort-Shh interact by performing coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays in transfected cells and that they colocalize at the Golgi. Sort1 overexpression causes re-distribution of ShhN and, to a lesser extent, of full-length Shh to the Golgi and reduces Shh secretion. We show loss of Sort1 can partially rescue Hedgehog-associated patterning defects in a mouse model that is deficient in Shh processing, and we show that Sort1 levels negatively regulate anterograde Shh transport in axons in vitro and Hedgehog-dependent axon-glial interactions in vivo Taken together, we conclude that Shh and Sort1 can interact at the level of the Golgi and that Sort1 directs Shh away from the pathways that promote its secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Campbell
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Shawn Beug
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Philip E B Nickerson
- Vision Science Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto ON M5T 2S8
| | - Jimmy Peng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave Docteur Penfield Room W4/8, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1 Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Chantal Mazerolle
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Erin A Bassett
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Randy Ringuette
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Fadumo A Jama
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Carlos Morales
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Annabel Christ
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valerie A Wallace
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5 Vision Science Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto ON M5T 2S8
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50
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Ogawa K, Ueno T, Iwasaki T, Kujiraoka T, Ishihara M, Kunimoto S, Takayama T, Kanai T, Hirayama A, Hattori H. Soluble sortilin is released by activated platelets and its circulating levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:110-5. [PMID: 27085161 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sortilin is involved multilaterally in the development of atherosclerosis. Here, we examine the release of soluble sortilin (sSortilin) from platelets and assess the association between circulating levels of sSoritlin and atherothrombosis such as coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS sSortilin levels measured in healthy subjects were higher in serum than in plasma (38.4 ± 8.7 vs. 15.8 ± 2.9 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). Platelets were shown to contain both membrane-bound sortilin and its soluble form lacking the cytoplasmic tail. Stimulation of platelet-rich plasma with collagen induced sSortilin release concomitantly with platelet aggregation, and the release was suppressed by aspirin. In clinical evaluation, plasma sSortilin was detected at significantly higher levels in cardiovascular risk patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or diabetes without CAD (non-CAD, 18.7 ± 3.3 ng/mL) than in patients with CAD under aspirin therapy (17.1 ± 3.6 ng/mL; p < 0.01) or in healthy controls (16.8 ± 2.9 ng/mL; p < 0.01). In these patients, plasma sSortilin levels were significantly correlated with platelet counts (rs = 0.33; p = 0.0085) and showed significant positive associations with cardiovascular risk factors: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (rs = 0.37; p = 0.0023), triglycerides (rs = 0.28; p = 0.023), and serum uric acid (rs = 0.30; p = 0.017) in non-CAD, and γ-glutamyltransferase (rs = 0.43; p = 0.020) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (rs = 0.33, p = 0.0022) in CAD. CONCLUSION Elevated plasma sSortilin levels may be associated with in vivo platelet activation and could be a risk factor for atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ogawa
- Advanced Medical Technology and Development Division, BML Inc., Saitama 350-1101, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ueno
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tadao Iwasaki
- Advanced Medical Technology and Development Division, BML Inc., Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kujiraoka
- Advanced Medical Technology and Development Division, BML Inc., Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ishihara
- Advanced Medical Technology and Development Division, BML Inc., Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tadateru Takayama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirayama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hattori
- Advanced Medical Technology and Development Division, BML Inc., Saitama 350-1101, Japan
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