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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Modulation of immunity by the secreted phospholipase A 2 family. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:42-70. [PMID: 37035998 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) superfamily, which typically catalyzes the sn-2 hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2 ) family contains 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2 s have unique enzymatic specificity toward fatty acids and polar heads of phospholipid substrates and display distinct tissue/cellular distributions, suggesting their distinct physiological functions. Recent studies using knockout and/or transgenic mice for a full set of sPLA2 s have revealed their roles in modulation of immunity and related disorders. Application of mass spectrometric lipidomics to these mice has enabled to identify target substrates and products of individual sPLA2 s in given tissue microenvironments. sPLA2 s hydrolyze not only phospholipids in the plasma membrane of activated, damaged or dying mammalian cells, but also extracellular phospholipids such as those in extracellular vesicles, microbe membranes, lipoproteins, surfactants, and dietary phospholipids, thereby exacerbating or ameliorating various diseases. The actions of sPLA2 s are dependent on, or independent of, the generation of fatty acid- or lysophospholipid-derived lipid mediators according to the pathophysiological contexts. In this review, we make an overview of our current understanding of the roles of individual sPLA2 s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Interplay between C1-inhibitor and group IIA secreted phospholipase A 2 impairs their respective function. Immunol Res 2023; 71:70-82. [PMID: 36385678 PMCID: PMC9845149 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High levels of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) have been associated with various inflammatory disease conditions. We have recently shown that hGIIA activity and concentration are increased in the plasma of patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) and negatively correlate with C1-INH plasma activity. In this study, we analyzed whether the presence of both hGIIA and C1-INH impairs their respective function on immune cells. hGIIA, but not recombinant and plasma-derived C1-INH, stimulates the production of IL-6, CXCL8, and TNF-α from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMC activation mediated by hGIIA is blocked by RO032107A, a specific hGIIA inhibitor. Interestingly, C1-INH inhibits the hGIIA-induced production of IL-6, TNF-α, and CXCL8, while it does not affect hGIIA enzymatic activity. On the other hand, hGIIA reduces the capacity of C1-INH at inhibiting C1-esterase activity. Spectroscopic and molecular docking studies suggest a possible interaction between hGIIA and C1-INH but further experiments are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Together, these results provide evidence for a new interplay between hGIIA and C1-INH, which may be important in the pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema.
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Mangini M, D’Angelo R, Vinciguerra C, Payré C, Lambeau G, Balestrieri B, Charles JF, Mariggiò S. Multimodal regulation of the osteoclastogenesis process by secreted group IIA phospholipase A 2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:966950. [PMID: 36105351 PMCID: PMC9467450 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.966950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to the involvement of group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) in pathologies characterized by abnormal osteoclast bone-resorption activity. Here, the role of this moonlighting protein has been deepened in the osteoclastogenesis process driven by the RANKL cytokine in RAW264.7 macrophages and bone-marrow derived precursor cells from BALB/cJ mice. Inhibitors with distinct selectivity toward sPLA2-IIA activities and recombinant sPLA2-IIA (wild-type or catalytically inactive forms, full-length or partial protein sequences) were instrumental to dissect out sPLA2-IIA function, in conjunction with reduction of sPLA2-IIA expression using small-interfering-RNAs and precursor cells from Pla2g2a knock-out mice. The reported data indicate sPLA2-IIA participation in murine osteoclast maturation, control of syncytium formation and resorbing activity, by mechanisms that may be both catalytically dependent and independent. Of note, these studies provide a more complete understanding of the still enigmatic osteoclast multinucleation process, a crucial step for bone-resorbing activity, uncovering the role of sPLA2-IIA interaction with a still unidentified receptor to regulate osteoclast fusion through p38 SAPK activation. This could pave the way for the design of specific inhibitors of sPLA2-IIA binding to interacting partners implicated in osteoclast syncytium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mangini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa D’Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Vinciguerra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Christine Payré
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Barbara Balestrieri
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Translational Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Stefania Mariggiò,
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Pungerčar J, Bihl F, Lambeau G, Križaj I. What do secreted phospholipases A 2 have to offer in combat against different viruses up to SARS-CoV-2? Biochimie 2021; 189:40-50. [PMID: 34097986 PMCID: PMC8449419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) form a widespread group of structurally-related enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids to produce free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. In humans, nine catalytically active and two inactive sPLA2 proteins have been identified. These enzymes play diverse biological roles, including host defence against bacteria, parasites and viruses. Several of these endogenous sPLA2s may play a defensive role in viral infections, as they display in vitro antiviral activity by both direct and indirect mechanisms. However, endogenous sPLA2s may also exert an offensive and negative role, dampening the antiviral response or promoting inflammation in animal models of viral infection. Similarly, several exogenous sPLA2s, most of them from snake venoms and other animal venoms, possess in vitro antiviral activities. Thus, both endogenous and exogenous sPLA2s may be exploited for the development of new antiviral substances or as therapeutic targets for antagonistic drugs that may promote a more robust antiviral response. In this review, the antiviral versus proviral role of both endogenous and exogenous sPLA2s against various viruses including coronaviruses is presented. Based on the highlighted developments in this area of research, possible directions of future investigation are envisaged. One of them is also a possibility of exploiting sPLA2s as biological markers of the severity of the Covid-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jože Pungerčar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Franck Bihl
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Kuksis A, Pruzanski W. Hydrolysis of glycerophosphocholine epoxides by human group IIA, V, and X secretory phospholipases A 2. Lipids 2021; 56:521-535. [PMID: 34278577 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was prompted by recent reports that epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) and epoxyeicosatetraenoic (EEQ) acids accelerate tumor growth and metastasis by stimulation of angiogenesis, while eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and epoxydocosapentaenoic (EDP) acids inhibit angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases convert arachidonic to EET, eicosapentaenoic acid to EEQ, and docosahexaenoic acid to EDP, which are found both in free form and esterified to glycerophosphocholine (GPC). Both free and esterified epoxy (EP) acids are also formed during lipid autoxidation. For biological activity, the GPC-EP requires hydrolysis, which we presumed could occur by sPLA2 s located in proximity of lipoproteins carrying the lipid epoxides. The plasma lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. The GPC-EPs were identified by reference to standards and to retention times of phospholipid masses. The GPC-EP monoepoxides (corrected for isobaric ether overlaps) in stored human LDL, HDL, HDL3 , or APHDL ranged from 0 to 1 nmol/mg protein, but during 4-h incubation at 37°C increased to 1-5 nmol/mg protein. An incubation of autoxidized LDL, HDL, or HDL3 with 1 μg/ml of group V or X sPLA2 resulted in complete hydrolysis of diacyl GPC epoxide esters. Group IIA sPLA2 at 1 μg/ml failed to produce significant hydrolysis in 4 h, but at 2.5 μg/ml in 8 h yielded almost 80% hydrolysis, which represented complete diacyl GPC-EP hydrolysis. The present study shows that group IIA, V, and X sPLA2 s are capable of extensive hydrolysis of PtdCho epoxides of autoxidized plasma lipoproteins. Therefore, all three human sPLA2 s were potentially capable of inducing epoxide biological activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnis Kuksis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waldemar Pruzanski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
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Synergistic Effect of WTC-Particulate Matter and Lysophosphatidic Acid Exposure and the Role of RAGE: In-Vitro and Translational Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124318. [PMID: 32560330 PMCID: PMC7344461 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
World Trade Center particulate matter (WTC-PM)-exposed firefighters with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) have a higher risk of WTC lung injury (WTC-LI). Since macrophages are crucial innate pulmonary mediators, we investigated WTC-PM/lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) co-exposure in macrophages. LPA, a low-density lipoprotein metabolite, is a ligand of the advanced glycation end-products receptor (AGER or RAGE). LPA and RAGE are biomarkers of WTC-LI. Human and murine macrophages were exposed to WTC-PM, and/or LPA, and compared to controls. Supernatants were assessed for cytokines/chemokines; cell lysate immunoblots were assessed for signaling intermediates after 24 h. To explore the translatability of our in-vitro findings, we assessed serum cytokines/chemokines and metabolites of symptomatic, never-smoking WTC-exposed firefighters. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering identified phenotypes of WTC-PM-induced inflammation. WTC-PM induced GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1 in THP-1-derived macrophages and induced IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α, and NF-κB in RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells. Co-exposure induced synergistic elaboration of IL-10 and MCP-1 in THP-1-derived macrophages. Similarly, co-exposure synergistically induced IL-10 in murine macrophages. Synergistic effects were seen in the context of a downregulation of NF-κB, p-Akt, -STAT3, and -STAT5b. RAGE expression after co-exposure increased in murine macrophages compared to controls. In our integrated analysis, the human cytokine/chemokine biomarker profile of WTC-LI was associated with discriminatory metabolites (fatty acids, sphingolipids, and amino acids). LPA synergistically elaborated WTC-PM’s inflammatory effects in vitro and was partly RAGE-mediated. Further research will focus on the intersection of MetSyn/PM exposure.
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Ogden HL, Lai Y, Nolin JD, An D, Frevert CW, Gelb MH, Altemeier WA, Hallstrand TS. Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Group X Acts as an Adjuvant for Type 2 Inflammation, Leading to an Allergen-Specific Immune Response in the Lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3097-3107. [PMID: 32341057 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes release free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, and generate lysophospholipids from phospholipids, including membrane phospholipids from cells and bacteria and surfactant phospholipids. We have shown that an endogenous enzyme sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) is elevated in the airways of asthmatics and that mice lacking the sPLA2-X gene (Pla2g10) display attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness, innate and adaptive immune responses, and type 2 cytokine production in a model of airway sensitization and challenge using a complete allergen that induces endogenous adjuvant activity. This complete allergen also induces the expression of sPLA2-X/Pla2g10 In the periphery, an sPLA2 found in bee venom (bee venom PLA2) administered with the incomplete Ag OVA leads to an Ag-specific immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that both bee venom PLA2 and murine sPLA2-X have adjuvant activity, leading to a type 2 immune response in the lung with features of airway hyperresponsiveness and Ag-specific type 2 airway inflammation following peripheral sensitization and subsequent airway challenge with OVA. Further, the adjuvant effects of sPLA2-X that result in the type 2-biased OVA-specific adaptive immune response in the lung were dependent upon the catalytic activity of the enzyme, as a catalytically inactive mutant form of sPLA2-X does not elicit the adaptive component of the immune response, although other components of the immune response were induced by the inactive enzyme, suggesting receptor-mediated effects. Our results demonstrate that exogenous and endogenous sPLA2s play an important role in peripheral sensitization, resulting in airway responses to inhaled Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Luke Ogden
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ying Lai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - James D Nolin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Dowon An
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - William A Altemeier
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
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Smichi N, Othman H, Zarai Z, Fendri A, Abousalham A. -Identification of a novel intestinal phospholipase A2 from annular seabream: Insights into its catalytic mechanism and its role in biological processes. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Nolin JD, Murphy RC, Gelb MH, Altemeier WA, Henderson WR, Hallstrand TS. Function of secreted phospholipase A 2 group-X in asthma and allergic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:827-837. [PMID: 30529275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity in the airways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic disease for some time. The identity and function of these enzymes in asthma is becoming clear from work in our lab and others. We focused on sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) after identifying increased levels of this enzyme in asthma, and that it is responsible for a large portion of sPLA2 activity in the airways and that the levels are strongly associated with features of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In this review, we discuss studies that implicated sPLA2-X in human asthma, and murine models that demonstrate a critical role of this enzyme as a regulator of type-2 inflammation, AHR and production of eicosanoids. We discuss the mechanism by which sPLA2-X acts to regulate eicosanoids in leukocytes, as well as effects that are mediated through the generation of lysophospholipids and through receptor-mediated functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nolin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William R Henderson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious DIseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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Abstract
Phospholipases are lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipid substrates at specific ester bonds. Phospholipases are widespread in nature and play very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction, lipid mediator production, and metabolite digestion in humans. Phospholipases vary considerably in structure, function, regulation, and mode of action. Tremendous advances in understanding the structure and function of phospholipases have occurred in the last decades. This introductory chapter is aimed at providing a general framework of the current understanding of phospholipases and a discussion of their mechanisms of action and emerging biological functions.
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Shridas P, Noffsinger VP, Trumbauer AC, Webb NR. The dual role of group V secretory phospholipase A 2 in pancreatic β-cells. Endocrine 2017; 58:47-58. [PMID: 28825176 PMCID: PMC5693688 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Group X (GX) and group V (GV) secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) potently release arachidonic acid (AA) from the plasma membrane of intact cells. We previously demonstrated that GX sPLA2 negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent mechanism. In this study we investigated whether GV sPLA2 similarly regulates GSIS. METHODS GSIS and pancreatic islet-size were assessed in wild-type (WT) and GV sPLA2-knock out (GV KO) mice. GSIS was also assessed ex vivo in isolated islets and in vitro using MIN6 pancreatic beta cell lines with or without GV sPLA2 overexpression or silencing. RESULTS GSIS was significantly decreased in islets isolated from GV KO mice compared to WT mice and in MIN6 cells with siRNA-mediated GV sPLA2 suppression. MIN6 cells overexpressing GV sPLA2 (MIN6-GV) showed a significant increase in GSIS compared to control cells. Though the amount of AA released into the media by MIN6-GV cells was significantly higher, PGE2 production was not enhanced or cAMP content decreased compared to control MIN6 cells. Surprisingly, GV KO mice exhibited a significant increase in plasma insulin levels following i.p. injection of glucose compared to WT mice. This increase in GSIS in GV KO mice was associated with a significant increase in pancreatic islet size and number of proliferating cells in β-islets compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Deficiency of GV sPLA2 results in diminished GSIS in isolated pancreatic beta-cells. However, the reduced GSIS in islets lacking GV sPLA2 appears to be compensated by increased islet mass in GV KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Shridas
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Victoria P Noffsinger
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Andrea C Trumbauer
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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MURAKAMI M. Lipoquality control by phospholipase A 2 enzymes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:677-702. [PMID: 29129849 PMCID: PMC5743847 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The mammalian genome encodes more than 50 PLA2s or related enzymes, which are classified into several subfamilies on the basis of their structures and functions. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 family has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, producing bioactive lipid mediators derived from fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Recent evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling for membrane homeostasis or energy production for fatty acid β-oxidation. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes can be regarded as one of the key regulators of the quality of lipids, which I herein refer to as lipoquality. Disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipoquality hampers tissue and cellular homeostasis and can be linked to various diseases. Here I overview the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and physiological functions of the PLA2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: M. Murakami, Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (e-mail: )
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Ghomashchi F, Brglez V, Payré C, Jeammet L, Bezzine S, Gelb MH, Lambeau G. Preparation of the Full Set of Recombinant Mouse- and Human-Secreted Phospholipases A 2. Methods Enzymol 2016; 583:35-69. [PMID: 28063498 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A family of 14-20kDa, disulfide-rich, calcium-dependent secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) that release fatty acids from the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids can be found in mammals. They have a diverse array of tissue distribution and biological functions. In this chapter we provide detailed protocols for production of nearly all of the mouse and human sPLA2s mainly by expression in bacteria and in vitro refolding or by expression in insect cells. High-resolution mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays were, respectively, used to show that all disulfides are formed and that the enzymes are active, strongly suggesting that each sPLA2 was prepared in the structurally native form. The availability of these proteins has allowed kinetic studies to be carried out, to prepare highly selective antisera, to screen for selective inhibitors, to study receptor binding, and to study the action of each enzyme on mammalian cell membranes and their in vivo biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ghomashchi
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - V Brglez
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France
| | - C Payré
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France
| | - L Jeammet
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France
| | - S Bezzine
- University of Sfax, Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M H Gelb
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - G Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France.
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15
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Murakami M, Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Murase R, Sato H, Taketomi Y. The Roles of the Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Gene Family in Immunology. Adv Immunol 2016; 132:91-134. [PMID: 27769509 PMCID: PMC7112020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest group containing 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Although PLA2 enzymes, particularly cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α), have long been implicated in inflammation by driving arachidonic acid metabolism, the precise biological roles of sPLA2s have remained a mystery over the last few decades. Recent studies employing mice gene-manipulated for individual sPLA2s, in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to identify their target substrates and products in vivo, have revealed their roles in diverse biological events, including immunity and associated disorders, through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes in given microenvironments. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Murase
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Endogenous secreted phospholipase A2 group X regulates cysteinyl leukotrienes synthesis by human eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:268-277.e8. [PMID: 26139511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase A2s mediate the rate-limiting step in the formation of eicosanoids such as cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). Group IVA cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α) is thought to be the dominant PLA2 in eosinophils; however, eosinophils also have secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) activity that has not been fully defined. OBJECTIVES To examine the expression of sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) in eosinophils, the participation of sPLA2-X in the formation of CysLTs, and the mechanism by which sPLA2-X initiates the synthesis of CysLTs in eosinophils. METHODS Peripheral blood eosinophils were obtained from volunteers with asthma and/or allergy. A rabbit polyclonal anti-sPLA2-X antibody identified sPLA2-X by Western blot. We used confocal microscopy to colocalize the sPLA2-X to intracellular structures. An inhibitor of sPLA2-X (ROC-0929) that does not inhibit other mammalian sPLA2s, as well as inhibitors of the mitogen-activated kinase cascade (MAPK) and cPLA2α, was used to examine the mechanism of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-mediated formation of CysLT. RESULTS Eosinophils express the mammalian sPLA2-X gene (PLA2G10). The sPLA2-X protein is located in the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, and granules of eosinophils and moves to the granules and lipid bodies during fMLP-mediated activation. Selective sPLA2-X inhibition attenuated the fMLP-mediated release of arachidonic acid and CysLT formation by eosinophils. Inhibitors of p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p44/42 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and cPLA2α also attenuated the fMLP-mediated formation of CysLT. The sPLA2-X inhibitor reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p44/42 MAPK) as well as cPLA2α during cellular activation, indicating that sPLA2-X is involved in activating the MAPK cascade leading to the formation of CysLT via cPLA2α. We further demonstrate that sPLA2-X is activated before secretion from the cell during activation. Short-term priming with IL-13 and TNF/IL-1β increased the expression of PLA2G10 by eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that sPLA2-X plays a significant role in the formation of CysLTs by human eosinophils. The predominant role of the enzyme is the regulation of MAPK activation that leads to the phosphorylation of cPLA2α. The sPLA2-X protein is regulated by proteolytic cleavage, suggesting that an inflammatory environment may promote the formation of CysLTs through this mechanism. These results have important implications for the treatment of eosinophilic disorders such as asthma.
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17
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Guardiola M, Exeter HJ, Perret C, Folkersen L, van’t Hooft F, Eriksson P, Franco-Cereceda A, Paulsson-Berne G, Palmen J, Li K, Cooper JA, Khaw KT, Mallat Z, Ninio E, Karabina SA, Humphries SE, Boekholdt SM, Holmes MV, Talmud PJ. PLA2G10
Gene Variants, sPLA2 Activity, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:356-62. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Observational studies report that secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity is a marker for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and activity measures are thought to represent the composite activity of sPLA2-IIA, -V, and -X. The aim of this study was to use genetic variants of
PLA2G10
, encoding sPLA2-X, to investigate the contribution of sPLA2-X to the measure of sPLA2 activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk traits and outcome.
Methods and Results—
Three
PLA2G10
tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs72546339, rs72546340, and rs4003232) and a previously studied
PLA2G10
coding single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4003228, R38C, were genotyped in a nested case: control cohort drawn from the prospective EPIC-Norfolk Study (2175 cases and 2175 controls). Meta-analysis of rs4003228 (R38C) and CHD was performed using data from the Northwick Park Heart Study II and 2 published cohorts AtheroGene and SIPLAC, providing in total an additional 1884 cases and 3119 controls. EPIC-Norfolk subjects in the highest tertile of sPLA2 activity were older and had higher inflammatory markers compared with those in the lowest tertile for sPLA2 activity. None of the
PLA2G10
tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism nor R38C, a functional variant, were significantly associated with sPLA2 activity, intermediate CHD risk traits, or CHD risk. In meta-analysis, the summary odds ratio for R38C was odds ratio=0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.22).
Conclusions—
PLA2G10
variants are not significantly associated with plasma sPLA2 activity or with CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Guardiola
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Holly J. Exeter
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Claire Perret
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ferdinand van’t Hooft
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Per Eriksson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Jutta Palmen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - KaWah Li
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Jackie A. Cooper
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ewa Ninio
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Sonia-Athina Karabina
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - S. Matthijs Boekholdt
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Philippa J. Talmud
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
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18
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In vitro anti-Plasmodium falciparum properties of the full set of human secreted phospholipases A2. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2453-65. [PMID: 25824843 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02474-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) from animal venoms inhibit the in vitro development of Plasmodium falciparum, the agent of malaria. In addition, the inflammatory-type human group IIA (hGIIA) sPLA2 circulates at high levels in the serum of malaria patients. However, the role of the different human sPLA2s in host defense against P. falciparum has not been investigated. We show here that 4 out of 10 human sPLA2s, namely, hGX, hGIIF, hGIII, and hGV, exhibit potent in vitro anti-Plasmodium properties with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 2.9 ± 2.4, 10.7 ± 2.1, 16.5 ± 9.7, and 94.2 ± 41.9 nM, respectively. Other human sPLA2s, including hGIIA, are inactive. The inhibition is dependent on sPLA2 catalytic activity and primarily due to hydrolysis of plasma lipoproteins from the parasite culture. Accordingly, purified lipoproteins that have been prehydrolyzed by hGX, hGIIF, hGIII, and hGV are more toxic to P. falciparum than native lipoproteins. However, the total enzymatic activities of human sPLA2s on purified lipoproteins or plasma did not reflect their inhibitory activities on P. falciparum. For instance, hGIIF is 9-fold more toxic than hGV but releases a lower quantity of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Lipidomic analyses of released NEFAs from lipoproteins demonstrate that sPLA2s with anti-Plasmodium properties are those that release polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with hGIIF being the most selective enzyme. NEFAs purified from lipoproteins hydrolyzed by hGIIF were more potent at inhibiting P. falciparum than those from hGV, and PUFA-enriched liposomes hydrolyzed by sPLA2s were highly toxic, demonstrating the critical role of PUFAs. The selectivity of sPLA2s toward low- and high-density (LDL and HDL, respectively) lipoproteins and their ability to directly attack parasitized erythrocytes further explain their anti-Plasmodium activity. Together, our findings indicate that 4 human sPLA2s are active against P. falciparum in vitro and pave the way to future investigations on their in vivo contribution in malaria pathophysiology.
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19
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Murakami M, Sato H, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Taketomi Y. A new era of secreted phospholipase A₂. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1248-61. [PMID: 25805806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r058123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among more than 30 members of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes represent the largest family, being Ca(2+)-dependent low-molecular-weight enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue and cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for nearly a full set of sPLA2 subtypes, in combination with sophisticated lipidomics as well as biochemical and cell biological studies, have revealed distinct contributions of individual sPLA2s to various pathophysiological events, including production of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, regulation of membrane remodeling, degradation of foreign phospholipids in microbes or food, or modification of extracellular noncellular lipid components. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the in vivo functions of sPLA2s and the underlying lipid pathways as revealed by a series of studies over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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20
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Layne JD, Shridas P, Webb NR. Ectopically expressed pro-group X secretory phospholipase A2 is proteolytically activated in mouse adrenal cells by furin-like proprotein convertases: implications for the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7851-60. [PMID: 25623068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group X secretory phospholipase A2 (GX sPLA2) hydrolyzes mammalian cell membranes, liberating free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. GX sPLA2 is produced as a pro-enzyme (pro-GX sPLA2) that contains an N-terminal 11-amino acid propeptide ending in a dibasic motif, suggesting cleavage by a furin-like proprotein convertase (PC). Although propeptide cleavage is clearly required for enzymatic activity, the protease(s) responsible for pro-GX sPLA2 activation have not been identified. We previously reported that GX sPLA2 negatively regulates adrenal glucocorticoid production, likely by suppressing liver X receptor-mediated activation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression. In this study, using a FLAG epitope-tagged pro-GX sPLA2 expression construct (FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2), we determined that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) enhanced FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing and phospholipase activity secreted by Y1 adrenal cells. ACTH increased the expression of furin and PCSK6, but not other members of the PC family, in Y1 cells. Overexpression of furin and PCSK6 in HEK 293 cells significantly enhanced FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of both PCs almost completely abolished FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing in Y1 cells. Expression of either furin or PCSK6 enhanced the ability of GX sPLA2 to suppress liver X receptor reporter activity. The PC inhibitor decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone significantly suppressed FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing and sPLA2 activity in Y1 cells, and it significantly attenuated GX sPLA2-dependent inhibition of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and progesterone production. These findings provide strong evidence that pro-GX sPLA2 is a substrate for furin and PCSK6 proteolytic processing and define a novel mechanism for regulating corticosteroid production in adrenal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Layne
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, and
| | - Preetha Shridas
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Nancy R Webb
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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21
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Shridas P, Zahoor L, Forrest KJ, Layne JD, Webb NR. Group X secretory phospholipase A2 regulates insulin secretion through a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27410-7. [PMID: 25122761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Group X secretory phospholipase A2 (GX sPLA2) potently hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid (AA). While AA is an activator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a known inhibitor. In this study, we determined that GX sPLA2 is expressed in insulin-producing cells of mouse pancreatic islets and investigated its role in beta cell function. GSIS was measured in vivo in wild-type (WT) and GX sPLA2-deficient (GX KO) mice and ex vivo using pancreatic islets isolated from WT and GX KO mice. GSIS was also assessed in vitro using mouse MIN6 pancreatic beta cells with or without GX sPLA2 overexpression or exogenous addition. GSIS was significantly higher in islets isolated from GX KO mice compared with islets from WT mice. Conversely, GSIS was lower in MIN6 cells overexpressing GX sPLA2 (MIN6-GX) compared with control (MIN6-C) cells. PGE2 production was significantly higher in MIN6-GX cells compared with MIN6-C cells and this was associated with significantly reduced cellular cAMP. The effect of GX sPLA2 on GSIS was abolished when cells were treated with NS398 (a COX-2 inhibitor) or L-798,106 (a PGE2-EP3 receptor antagonist). Consistent with enhanced beta cell function, GX KO mice showed significantly increased plasma insulin levels following glucose challenge and were protected from age-related reductions in GSIS and glucose tolerance compared with WT mice. We conclude that GX sPLA2 plays a previously unrecognized role in negatively regulating pancreatic insulin secretion by augmenting COX-2-dependent PGE2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Shridas
- From Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Lubna Zahoor
- From Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Kathy J Forrest
- From Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Joseph D Layne
- From Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky 40536
| | - Nancy R Webb
- From Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky 40536
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Quach ND, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. Secretory phospholipase A2 enzymes as pharmacological targets for treatment of disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:338-48. [PMID: 24907600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) cleave phospholipids preferentially at the sn-2 position, liberating free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. They are classified into six main groups based on size, location, function, substrate specificity and calcium requirement. These classes include secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), cytosolic (cPLA2), Ca(2+)-independent (iPLA2), platelet activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AH), lysosomal PLA2 (LyPLA2) and adipose specific PLA2 (AdPLA2). It is hypothesized that PLA2 can serve as pharmacological targets for the therapeutic treatment of several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, immune disorders and cancer. Special emphasis has been placed on inhibitors of sPLA2 isoforms as pharmacological moieties, mostly due to the fact that these enzymes are activated during inflammatory events and because their expression is increased in several diseases. This review focuses on understanding how sPLA2 isoform expression is altered during disease progression and the possible therapeutic interventions to specifically target sPLA2 isoforms, including new approaches using nano-particulate-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat D Quach
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert D Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5503, United States
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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Pucer A, Brglez V, Payré C, Pungerčar J, Lambeau G, Petan T. Group X secreted phospholipase A(2) induces lipid droplet formation and prolongs breast cancer cell survival. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:111. [PMID: 24070020 PMCID: PMC3852912 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in lipid metabolism are inherent to the metabolic transformations that support tumorigenesis. The relationship between the synthesis, storage and use of lipids and their importance in cancer is poorly understood. The human group X secreted phospholipase A2 (hGX sPLA2) releases fatty acids (FAs) from cell membranes and lipoproteins, but its involvement in the regulation of cellular FA metabolism and cancer is not known. Results Here we demonstrate that hGX sPLA2 induces lipid droplet (LD) formation in invasive breast cancer cells, stimulates their proliferation and prevents their death on serum deprivation. The effects of hGX sPLA2 are shown to be dependent on its enzymatic activity, are mimicked by oleic acid and include activation of protein kinase B/Akt, a cell survival signaling kinase. The hGX sPLA2-stimulated LD biogenesis is accompanied by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, up-regulation of FA oxidation enzymes and the LD-coating protein perilipin 2, and suppression of lipogenic gene expression. Prolonged activation of AMPK inhibited hGX sPLA2-induced LD formation, while etomoxir, an inhibitor of FA oxidation, abrogated both LD formation and cell survival. The hGX sPLA2-induced changes in lipid metabolism provide a minimal immediate proliferative advantage during growth under optimal conditions, but they confer to the breast cancer cells a sustained ability to resist apoptosis during nutrient and growth factor limitation. Conclusion Our results identify hGX sPLA2 as a novel modulator of lipid metabolism that promotes breast cancer cell growth and survival by stimulating LD formation and FA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pucer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, JoŽef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hallstrand TS, Lai Y, Altemeier WA, Appel CL, Johnson B, Frevert CW, Hudkins KL, Bollinger JG, Woodruff PG, Hyde DM, Henderson WR, Gelb MH. Regulation and function of epithelial secreted phospholipase A2 group X in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:42-50. [PMID: 23614662 PMCID: PMC3735246 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0084oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Indirect airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a fundamental feature of asthma that is manifest as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Secreted phospholipase A2 group X (sPLA2-X) plays a key role in regulating eicosanoid formation and the development of inflammation and AHR in murine models. OBJECTIVES We sought to examine sPLA2-X in the airway epithelium and airway wall of patients with asthma, the relationship to AHR in humans, and the regulation and function of sPLA2-X within the epithelium. METHODS We precisely phenotyped 34 patients with asthma (19 with and 15 without EIB) and 10 normal control subjects to examine in vivo differences in epithelial gene expression, quantitative morphometry of endobronchial biopsies, and levels of secreted protein. The regulation of sPLA2-X gene (PLA2G10) expression was examined in primary airway epithelial cell cultures. The function of epithelial sPLA2-X in eicosanoid formation was examined using PLA2 inhibitors and murine tracheal epithelial cells with Pla2g10 deletion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that sPLA2-X protein is increased in the airways of patients with asthma and that epithelial-derived sPLA2-X may be increased in association with indirect AHR. The expression of sPLA2-X increases during in vitro epithelial differentiation; is regulated by inflammatory signals including tumor necrosis factor, IL-13, and IL-17; and is both secreted from the epithelium and directly participates in the release of arachidonic acid by epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a relationship between epithelial-derived sPLA2-X and indirect AHR in asthma and that sPLA2-X serves as an epithelial regulator of inflammatory eicosanoid formation. Therapies targeting epithelial sPLA2-X may be useful in asthma.
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Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: An update. Biochimie 2013; 95:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Point V, Bénarouche A, Jemel I, Parsiegla G, Lambeau G, Carrière F, Cavalier JF. Effects of the propeptide of group X secreted phospholipase A2 on substrate specificity and interfacial activity on phospholipid monolayers. Biochimie 2013; 95:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cavazzini D, Meschi F, Corsini R, Bolchi A, Rossi GL, Einsle O, Ottonello S. Autoproteolytic Activation of a Symbiosis-regulated Truffle Phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23192346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal phospholipases are members of the fungal/bacterial group XIV secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s). TbSP1, the sPLA(2) primarily addressed in this study, is up-regulated by nutrient deprivation and is preferentially expressed in the symbiotic stage of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii. A peculiar feature of this phospholipase and of its ortholog from the black truffle Tuber melanosporum is the presence of a 54-amino acid sequence of unknown functional significance, interposed between the signal peptide and the start of the conserved catalytic core of the enzyme. X-ray diffraction analysis of a recombinant TbSP1 form corresponding to the secreted protein previously identified in T. borchii mycelia revealed a structure comprising the five α-helices that form the phospholipase catalytic module but lacking the N-terminal 54 amino acids. This finding led to a series of functional studies that showed that TbSP1, as well as its T. melanosporum ortholog, is a self-processing pro-phospholipase A(2), whose phospholipase activity increases up to 80-fold following autoproteolytic removal of the N-terminal peptide. Proteolytic cleavage occurs within a serine-rich, intrinsically flexible region of TbSP1, does not involve the phospholipase active site, and proceeds via an intermolecular mechanism. Autoproteolytic activation, which also takes place at the surface of nutrient-starved, sPLA(2) overexpressing hyphae, may strengthen and further control the effects of phospholipase up-regulation in response to nutrient deprivation, also in the context of symbiosis establishment and mycorrhiza formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cavazzini
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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Atout R, Karabina SA, Dollet S, Carreras M, Payré C, André P, Lambeau G, Lotteau V, Ninio E, Perrin-Cocon L. Human group X secreted phospholipase A2 induces dendritic cell maturation through lipoprotein-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:367-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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