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Ou LP, Liu YJ, Qiu ST, Yang C, Tang JX, Li XY, Liu HF, Ye ZN. Glutaminolysis is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Kidney Diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:2789-2807. [PMID: 39072347 PMCID: PMC11283263 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s471711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming contributes to the progression and prognosis of various kidney diseases. Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and participates in more metabolic processes than other amino acids. Altered glutamine metabolism is a prominent feature in different kidney diseases. Glutaminolysis converts glutamine into the TCA cycle metabolite, alpha-ketoglutarate, via a cascade of enzymatic reactions. This metabolic pathway plays pivotal roles in inflammation, maladaptive repair, cell survival and proliferation, redox homeostasis, and immune regulation. Given the crucial role of glutaminolysis in bioenergetics and anaplerotic fluxes in kidney pathogenesis, studies on this cascade could provide a better understanding of kidney diseases, thus inspiring the development of potential methods for targeted therapy. Emerging evidence has shown that targeting glutaminolysis is a promising therapeutic strategy for ameliorating kidney disease. In this narrative review, equation including keywords related to glutamine, glutaminolysis and kidney are subjected to an exhaustive search on Pubmed database, we identified all relevant articles published before 1 April, 2024. Afterwards, we summarize the regulation of glutaminolysis in major kidney diseases and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we highlight therapeutic strategies targeting glutaminolysis and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Ou
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jian Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Tong Qiu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Nan Ye
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
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Aleshina YA, Aleshin VA. Evolutionary Changes in Primate Glutamate Dehydrogenases 1 and 2 Influence the Protein Regulation by Ligands, Targeting and Posttranslational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4341. [PMID: 38673928 PMCID: PMC11050691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There are two paralogs of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in humans encoded by the GLUD1 and GLUD2 genes as a result of a recent retroposition during the evolution of primates. The two human GDHs possess significantly different regulation by allosteric ligands, which is not fully characterized at the structural level. Recent advances in identification of the GDH ligand binding sites provide a deeper perspective on the significance of the accumulated substitutions within the two GDH paralogs. In this review, we describe the evolution of GLUD1 and GLUD2 after the duplication event in primates using the accumulated sequencing and structural data. A new gibbon GLUD2 sequence questions the indispensability of ancestral R496S and G509A mutations for GLUD2 irresponsiveness to GTP, providing an alternative with potentially similar regulatory features. The data of both GLUD1 and GLUD2 evolution not only confirm substitutions enhancing GLUD2 mitochondrial targeting, but also reveal a conserved mutation in ape GLUD1 mitochondrial targeting sequence that likely reduces its transport to mitochondria. Moreover, the information of GDH interactors, posttranslational modification and subcellular localization are provided for better understanding of the GDH mutations. Medically significant point mutations causing deregulation of GDH are considered from the structural and regulatory point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Aleshina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Aleshin
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
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Kasuga Y, Hu A, Kawakami Z, Tabuchi M, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi H, Ikeda S. Suppressive effect of Yokukansan on glutamate released from canine keratinocytes. Open Vet J 2024; 14:683-691. [PMID: 38549576 PMCID: PMC10970127 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is caused by skin barrier dysfunction due to allergen exposure. Excessive glutamate release in the skin is associated with delayed skin barrier function recovery and epidermal thickening and lichenification. Treatment with Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese medicine, reduces dermatitis severity and scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice by decreasing epidermal glutamate levels. However, the association between canine keratinocytes and glutamate and the mechanism by which YKS inhibits glutamate release from keratinocytes remains unknown. Aim We aimed to investigate glutamate release from canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEKs) and the inhibitory effect of YKS on this release. We also explored the underlying mechanism of YKS to enable its application in CAD treatment. Methods Glutamate produced from CPEKs in the medium at 24 hours was measured. The measurement conditions varied in terms of cell density and YKS concentration. CPEKs were treated with a glutamate receptor antagonist (MK-801), a glutamate transporter antagonist (THA), and a glutamate dehydrogenase inhibitor (epigallocatechin gallate; EGCG), and the inhibitory effect of YKS, YKS + THA, MK-801, and EGCG on this release was determined. MK-801 and glutamate dehydrogenase inhibitor were tested alone, and THA was tested in combination with YKS. Finally, glutamine incorporated into CPEKs at 24 hours was measured using radioisotope labeling. Results CPEKs released glutamate in a cell density-dependent manner, inhibited by YKS in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, YKS reduced the intracellular uptake of radioisotope-labeled glutamine in a concentration-dependent manner. No involvement of glutamate receptor antagonism or activation of glutamate transporters was found, as suggested by previous studies. In addition, EGCG could inhibit glutamate release from CPEKs. Conclusion Our findings indicated that glutamate release from CPEKs could be effectively inhibited by YKS, suggesting the utility of YKS in maintaining skin barrier function during CAD. In addition, CPEKs are appropriate for analyzing the mechanism of YKS. However, we found that the mechanism of action of YKS differs from that reported in previous studies, suggesting that it may have had a similar effect to EGCG in this study. Further research is warranted to understand the exact mechanism and clinical efficacy in treating CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kasuga
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ailing Hu
- Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zenji Kawakami
- Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tabuchi
- Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamaguchi
- Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigaku Ikeda
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yoshitomi R, Kumazoe M, Lee KW, Marugame Y, Fujimura Y, Tachibana H. Regulatory effect of Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on circular RNA expression in mouse liver. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 124:109506. [PMID: 37890708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies on the connection between food components and circular RNA (circRNA), a type of noncoding RNA that is significant for living organisms. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to have various biological effects, and elucidation of the molecular mechanism is important for clarifying the functionality of EGCG. In the current study, we looked at how EGCG regulates the expression of circRNA in the liver, which expresses a lot of circRNAs. Mice were given EGCG (10 mg/kg b.w.) orally for one week before circRNA microarray testing was done on their livers. The microarray analysis revealed that mice treated with EGCG had altered expression of 35 circRNAs in their livers. To clarify the function of mmu_circRNA_011775, one of the circRNAs upregulated by EGCG, mouse liver cells after the mmu_circRNA_011775 expression vector was transfected into NMuLi cells, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to analyze the gene expression. NGS analysis shows that the expression of the genes responsible for liver fibrosis and inflammation. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that mmu_circRNA_011775 changed the meaning of GO terms associated with the cardiovascular system. In the microarray, EGCG altered 35 genes expression. Among them, pre-ribosomal RNA-derived circRNA mmu_circRNA_011775 regulated the expression of various genes related to liver fibrosis and cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Yoshitomi
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motofumi Kumazoe
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kwan-Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Marugame
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujimura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Pan C, Mao S, Xiong Z, Chen Z, Xu N. Glutamate dehydrogenase: Potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 950:175733. [PMID: 37116563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a key enzyme in mammalian glutamate metabolism. It is located at the intersection of multiple metabolic pathways and participates in a variety of cellular activities. GDH activity is strictly regulated by a variety of allosteric compounds. Here, we review the unique distribution and expressions of GDH in the brain nervous system. GDH plays an essential role in the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle between astrocytes and neurons. The dysfunction of GDH may induce the occurrence of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and frontotemporal dementia. GDH activators and gene therapy have been found to protect neurons and improve motor disorders in neurodegenerative diseases caused by glutamate metabolism disorders. To date, no medicine has been discovered that specifically targets neurodegenerative diseases, although several potential medicines are used clinically. Targeting GDH to treat neurodegenerative diseases is expected to provide new insights and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeping Xiong
- Department of Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Ni R, Li Z, Li L, Peng D, Ming Y, Li L, Liu Y. Rethinking glutamine metabolism and the regulation of glutamine addiction by oncogenes in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1143798. [PMID: 36959802 PMCID: PMC10029103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1143798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine, the most abundant non-essential amino acid in human blood, is crucial for cancer cell growth and cancer progression. Glutamine mainly functions as a carbon and nitrogen source for biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and redox homeostasis maintenance in cancer cells. Dysregulated glutamine metabolism is a notable metabolic characteristic of cancer cells. Some carcinogen-driven cancers exhibit a marked dependence on glutamine, also known as glutamine addiction, which has rendered the glutamine metabolic pathway a breakpoint in cancer therapeutics. However, some cancer cells can adapt to the glutamine unavailability by reprogramming metabolism, thus limiting the success of this therapeutic approach. Given the complexity of metabolic networks and the limited impact of inhibiting glutamine metabolism alone, the combination of glutamine metabolism inhibition and other therapeutic methods may outperform corresponding monotherapies in the treatment of cancers. This review summarizes the uptake, transport, and metabolic characteristics of glutamine, as well as the regulation of glutamine dependence by some important oncogenes in various cancers to emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting glutamine metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss a glutamine metabolic pathway, the glutaminase II pathway, that has been substantially overlooked. Finally, we discuss the applicability of polytherapeutic strategies targeting glutamine metabolism to provide a new perspective on cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ni
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of pharmacy, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Li, ; Yao Liu,
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Li, ; Yao Liu,
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Duarte-Silva AT, Ximenes LGR, Guimarães-Souza M, Domith I, Paes-de-Carvalho R. Chemical signaling in the developing avian retina: Focus on cyclic AMP and AKT-dependent pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1058925. [PMID: 36568967 PMCID: PMC9780464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1058925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between developing progenitor cells as well as differentiated neurons and glial cells in the nervous system is made through direct cell contacts and chemical signaling mediated by different molecules. Several of these substances are synthesized and released by developing cells and play roles since early stages of Central Nervous System development. The chicken retina is a very suitable model for neurochemical studies, including the study of regulation of signaling pathways during development. Among advantages of the model are its very well-known histogenesis, the presence of most neurotransmitter systems found in the brain and the possibility to make cultures of neurons and/or glial cells where many neurochemical functions develop in a similar way than in the intact embryonic tissue. In the chicken retina, some neurotransmitters or neuromodulators as dopamine, adenosine, and others are coupled to cyclic AMP production or adenylyl cyclase inhibition since early stages of development. Other substances as vitamin C and nitric oxide are linked to the major neurotransmitter glutamate and AKT metabolism. All these different systems regulate signaling pathways, including PKA, PKG, SRC, AKT and ERK, and the activation of the transcription factor CREB. Dopamine and adenosine stimulate cAMP accumulation in the chick embryo retina through activation of D1 and A2a receptors, respectively, but the onset of dopamine stimulation is much earlier than that of adenosine. However, adenosine can inhibit adenylyl cyclase and modulate dopamine-dependent cAMP increase since early developmental stages through A1 receptors. Dopamine stimulates different PKA as well as EPAC downstream pathways both in intact tissue and in culture as the CSK-SRC pathway modulating glutamate NMDA receptors as well as vitamin C release and CREB phosphorylation. By the other hand, glutamate modulates nitric oxide production and AKT activation in cultured retinal cells and this pathway controls neuronal survival in retina. Glutamate and adenosine stimulate the release of vitamin C and this vitamin regulates the transport of glutamate, activation of NMDA receptors and AKT phosphorylation in cultured retinal cells. In the present review we will focus on these reciprocal interactions between neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and different signaling pathways during retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Duarte-Silva
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - L. G. R. Ximenes
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - M. Guimarães-Souza
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - I. Domith
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R. Paes-de-Carvalho
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,*Correspondence: R. Paes-de-Carvalho,
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Nnatubeugo C, Johnson E, Gisondi S, Roland F, Geldenhuys WJ, Menze MA, Konkle ME. The Mitochondrial Protein MitoNEET as a Probe for the Allostery of Glutamate Dehydrogenase. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238314. [PMID: 36500407 PMCID: PMC9737137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The proteins glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and mitoNEET are both targets of drug development efforts to treat metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, these two proteins differ starkly in the current knowledge about ligand binding sites. MitoNEET is a [2Fe-2S]-containing protein with no obvious binding site for small ligands observed in its crystal structures. In contrast, GDH is known to have a variety of ligands at multiple allosteric sites thereby leading to complex regulation in activity. In fact, while GDH can utilize either NAD(H) or NADP(H) for catalysis at the active site, only NAD(H) binds at a regulatory site to inhibit GDH activity. Previously, we found that mitoNEET forms a covalent bond with GDH in vitro and increases the catalytic activity of the enzyme. In this study we evaluated the effects of mitoNEET binding on the allosteric control of GDH conferred by inhibitors. We examined all effectors using NAD or NADP as the coenzyme to determine allosteric linkage by the NAD-binding regulatory site. We found that GDH activity, in the presence of the inhibitory palmitoyl-CoA and EGCG, can be rescued by mitoNEET, regardless of the coenzyme used. This suggests that mitoNEET rescues GDH by stabilizing the open conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimere Nnatubeugo
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Avenue, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Erica Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Avenue, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Sarah Gisondi
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA
| | - Felicia Roland
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA
| | - Werner J. Geldenhuys
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael A. Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Mary E. Konkle
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Avenue, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA
- Correspondence:
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Kubik J, Humeniuk E, Adamczuk G, Madej-Czerwonka B, Korga-Plewko A. Targeting Energy Metabolism in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105572. [PMID: 35628385 PMCID: PMC9146201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. The development of molecular and biochemical techniques has expanded the knowledge of changes occurring in specific metabolic pathways of cancer cells. Increased aerobic glycolysis, the promotion of anaplerotic responses, and especially the dependence of cells on glutamine and fatty acid metabolism have become subjects of study. Despite many cancer treatment strategies, many patients with neoplastic diseases cannot be completely cured due to the development of resistance in cancer cells to currently used therapeutic approaches. It is now becoming a priority to develop new treatment strategies that are highly effective and have few side effects. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the enzymes involved in the different steps of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, and possible targeted therapies. The review also focuses on presenting the differences between cancer cells and normal cells in terms of metabolic phenotype. Knowledge of cancer cell metabolism is constantly evolving, and further research is needed to develop new strategies for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubik
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Humeniuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-65-20
| | - Grzegorz Adamczuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Barbara Madej-Czerwonka
- Human Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Korga-Plewko
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
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Sharma S, Agnihotri N, Kumar S. Targeting fuel pocket of cancer cell metabolism: A focus on glutaminolysis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Halama A, Suhre K. Advancing Cancer Treatment by Targeting Glutamine Metabolism—A Roadmap. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030553. [PMID: 35158820 PMCID: PMC8833671 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dysregulated glutamine metabolism is one of the metabolic features evident in cancer cells when compared to normal cells. Cancer cells utilize glutamine for energy generation as well as the synthesis of other molecules that are critical for cancer growth and progression. Therefore, drugs targeting glutamine metabolism have been extensively investigated. However, inhibition of glutamine metabolism in cancer cells results in the activation of other metabolic pathways enabling cancer cells to survive. In this review, we summarize and discuss the targets in glutamine metabolism, which has been probed in the development of anticancer drugs in preclinical and clinical studies. We further discuss pathways activated in response to glutamine metabolism inhibition, enabling cancer cells to survive the challenge. Finally, we put into perspective combined treatment strategies targeting glutamine metabolism along with other pathways as potential treatment options. Abstract Tumor growth and metastasis strongly depend on adapted cell metabolism. Cancer cells adjust their metabolic program to their specific energy needs and in response to an often challenging tumor microenvironment. Glutamine metabolism is one of the metabolic pathways that can be successfully targeted in cancer treatment. The dependence of many hematological and solid tumors on glutamine is associated with mitochondrial glutaminase (GLS) activity that enables channeling of glutamine into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, generation of ATP and NADPH, and regulation of glutathione homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Small molecules that target glutamine metabolism through inhibition of GLS therefore simultaneously limit energy availability and increase oxidative stress. However, some cancers can reprogram their metabolism to evade this metabolic trap. Therefore, the effectiveness of treatment strategies that rely solely on glutamine inhibition is limited. In this review, we discuss the metabolic and molecular pathways that are linked to dysregulated glutamine metabolism in multiple cancer types. We further summarize and review current clinical trials of glutaminolysis inhibition in cancer patients. Finally, we put into perspective strategies that deploy a combined treatment targeting glutamine metabolism along with other molecular or metabolic pathways and discuss their potential for clinical applications.
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Abstract
Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) is the first enzyme in glycolysis to generate a molecule of ATP in the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG). In addition to the role of glycolysis, PGK-1 acts as a polymerase alpha cofactor protein, with effects on the tricarboxylic acid cycle, DNA replication and repair. Posttranslational modifications such as methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation have been seen to activate PGK1 in cancer. High levels of intracellular PGK1 are associated with tumorigenesis and progression, and chemoradiotherapy resistance. However, high levels of extracellular PGK1 suppress angiogenesis and subsequently counteract cancer malignancy. Here we have summarized the current knowledge on the mechanisms and effects of PGK1 in various tumor types and evaluated its potential prognostic and therapeutic value in cancer. The data summarized here aims at providing molecular information and new ideas of employing natural products to combat cancer associated with PGK1.
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Lešnik S, Bren U. Mechanistic Insights into Biological Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds from Rosemary Obtained by Inverse Molecular Docking. Foods 2021; 11:67. [PMID: 35010191 PMCID: PMC8750736 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) represents a medicinal plant known for its various health-promoting properties. Its extracts and essential oils exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial activities. The main compounds responsible for these effects are the diterpenes carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol, as well as the phenolic acid ester rosmarinic acid. However, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the pharmacological activities of rosemary and its compounds. To discern these mechanisms, we performed a large-scale inverse molecular docking study to identify their potential protein targets. Listed compounds were separately docked into predicted binding sites of all non-redundant holo proteins from the Protein Data Bank and those with the top scores were further examined. We focused on proteins directly related to human health, including human and mammalian proteins as well as proteins from pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The observed interactions of rosemary compounds indeed confirm the beforementioned activities, whereas we also identified their potential for anticoagulant and antiparasitic actions. The obtained results were carefully checked against the existing experimental findings from the scientific literature as well as further validated using both redocking procedures and retrospective metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Lešnik
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis of HCC Cells Triggered by Knockdown of Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1: Perspective for Its Inhibition through Quercetin and Permethylated Anigopreissin A. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111664. [PMID: 34829892 PMCID: PMC8615521 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells required to ensure high energy needs and the maintenance of redox balance. A relevant metabolic change of cancer cell bioenergetics is the increase in glutamine metabolism. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most lethal cancer and which requires the continuous development of new therapeutic strategies, shows an up-regulation of human glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (hGDH1). GDH1 function may be relevant in cancer cells (or HCC) to drive the glutamine catabolism from L-glutamate towards the synthesis of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), thus supplying key tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) metabolites. Here, the effects of hGLUD1 gene silencing (siGLUD1) and GDH1 inhibition were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that siGLUD1 in HepG2 cells induces a significant reduction in cell proliferation (58.8% ± 10.63%), a decrease in BCL2 expression levels, mitochondrial mass (75% ± 5.89%), mitochondrial membrane potential (30% ± 7.06%), and a significant increase in mitochondrial superoxide anion (25% ± 6.55%) compared to control/untreated cells. The inhibition strategy leads us to identify two possible inhibitors of hGDH1: quercetin and Permethylated Anigopreissin A (PAA). These findings suggest that hGDH1 could be a potential candidate target to impair the metabolic reprogramming of HCC cells.
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Bian Y, Hou W, Chen X, Fang J, Xu N, Ruan BH. Glutamate Dehydrogenase as a Promising Target for Hyperinsulinism Hyperammonemia Syndrome Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2652-2672. [PMID: 34525914 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210825105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (HHS) is a rare disease characterized by recurrent hypoglycemia and persistent elevation of plasma ammonia, and it can lead to severe epilepsy and permanent brain damage. It has been demonstrated that functional mutations of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), an enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix, are responsible for the HHS. Thus, GDH has become a promising target for the small molecule therapeutic intervention of HHS. Several medicinal chemistry studies are currently aimed at GDH, however, to date, none of the compounds reported has been entered clinical trials. This perspective summarizes the progress in the discovery and development of GDH inhibitors, including the pathogenesis of HHS, potential binding sites, screening methods, and research models. Future therapeutic perspectives are offered to provide a reference for discovering potent GDH modulators and encourage additional research that will provide more comprehensive guidance for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Bian
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Xinrou Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Jinzhang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
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16
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Mapping the Intramolecular Communications among Different Glutamate Dehydrogenase States Using Molecular Dynamics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060798. [PMID: 34072154 PMCID: PMC8228935 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. It acts as an important branch-point enzyme between carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. Due to the multifaceted roles of GDH in cancer, hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia, and central nervous system development and pathologies, tight control of its activity is necessitated. To date, several GDH structures have been solved in its closed form; however, intrinsic structural information in its open and apo forms are still deficient. Moreover, the allosteric communications and conformational changes taking place in the three different GDH states are not well studied. To mitigate these drawbacks, we applied unbiased molecular dynamic simulations (MD) and network analysis to three different GDH states i.e., apo, active, and inactive forms, for investigating their modulatory mechanisms. In this paper, based on MD and network analysis, crucial residues important for signal transduction, conformational changes, and maps of information flow among the different GDH states were elucidated. Moreover, with the recent findings of allosteric modulators, an allosteric wiring illustration of GDH intramolecular signal transductions would be of paramount importance to obtain the process of this enzyme regulation. The structural insights gained from this study will pave way for large-scale screening of GDH regulators and could support researchers in the design and development of new and potent GDH ligands.
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Li T, Copeland C, Le A. Glutamine Metabolism in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:17-38. [PMID: 34014532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental process for all cellular functions. For decades, there has been growing evidence of a relationship between metabolism and malignant cell proliferation. Unlike normal differentiated cells, cancer cells have reprogrammed metabolism in order to fulfill their energy requirements. These cells display crucial modifications in many metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and glutaminolysis, which include the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the electron transport chain (ETC), and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) [1]. Since the discovery of the Warburg effect, it has been shown that the metabolism of cancer cells plays a critical role in cancer survival and growth. More recent research suggests that the involvement of glutamine in cancer metabolism is more significant than previously thought. Glutamine, a nonessential amino acid with both amine and amide functional groups, is the most abundant amino acid circulating in the bloodstream [2]. This chapter discusses the characteristic features of glutamine metabolism in cancers and the therapeutic options to target glutamine metabolism for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Renzetti A, Betts JW, Fukumoto K, Rutherford RN. Antibacterial green tea catechins from a molecular perspective: mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships. Food Funct 2021; 11:9370-9396. [PMID: 33094767 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the mechanisms of antibacterial action of green tea catechins, discussing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies for each mechanism. The antibacterial activity of green tea catechins results from a variety of mechanisms that can be broadly classified into the following groups: (1) inhibition of virulence factors (toxins and extracellular matrix); (2) cell wall and cell membrane disruption; (3) inhibition of intracellular enzymes; (4) oxidative stress; (5) DNA damage; and (6) iron chelation. These mechanisms operate simultaneously with relative importance differing among bacterial strains. In all SAR studies, the highest antibacterial activity is observed for galloylated compounds (EGCG, ECG, and theaflavin digallate). This observation, combined with numerous experimental and theoretical evidence, suggests that catechins share a common binding mode, characterized by the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with their target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Renzetti
- Global Education Institute, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Wang QQ, Li MX, Li C, Gu XX, Zheng MZ, Chen LX, Li H. Natural Products and Derivatives Targeting at Cancer Energy Metabolism: A Potential Treatment Strategy. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:205-217. [PMID: 32337682 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the 1920s, Dr Otto Warburg first suggested the significant difference in energy metabolism between malignant cancer cells and adjacent normal cells. Tumor cells mainly adopt the glycolysis as energy source to maintain tumor cell growth and biosynthesis under aerobic conditions. Investigation on energy metabolism pathway in cancer cells has aroused the interest of cancer researchers all around the world. In recent years, plentiful studies suggest that targeting the peculiar cancer energy metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation may be an effective strategy to starve cancer cells by blocking essential nutrients. Natural products (NPs) are considered as the "treasure trove of small molecules drugs" and have played an extremely remarkable role in the discovery and development of anticancer drugs. And numerous NPs have been reported to act on cancer energy metabolism targets. Herein, a comprehensive overview about cancer energy metabolism targets and their natural-occurring inhibitors is prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ming-Xue Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chen Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Lin Y, Nan J, Shen J, Lv X, Chen X, Lu X, Zhang C, Xiang P, Wang Z, Li Z. Canagliflozin impairs blood reperfusion of ischaemic lower limb partially by inhibiting the retention and paracrine function of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102637. [PMID: 31981975 PMCID: PMC6992997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canagliflozin (CANA) administration increases the risk of lower limb amputation in the clinic. The present study aimed to investigate whether and how CANA interferes with the intracellular physiological processes of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and its contribution to ischaemic lower limb. Methods The in vivo blood flow recovery in ischaemic lower limbs following CANA treatment was evaluated. The cellular function of BM-MSCs after CANA treatment were also assessed in vitro. In silico docking analysis and mutant substitution assay were conducted to confirm the interaction of CANA with glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1). Findings Following CANA treatment, attenuated angiogenesis and hampered blood flow recovery in the ischaemic region were detected in diabetic and non-diabetic mice, and inhibition of the proliferation and migration of BM-MSCs were also observed. CANA was involved in mitochondrial respiratory malfunction in BM-MSCs and the inhibition of ATP production, cytochrome c release and vessel endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) secretion, which may contribute to reductions in the tissue repair capacity of BM-MSCs. The detrimental effects of CANA on MSCs result from the inhibition of GDH1 by CANA (evidenced by in silico docking analysis and H199A-GDH1/N392A-GDH1 mutant substitution). Interpretation Our work highlights that the inhibition of GDH1 activity by CANA interferes with the metabolic activity of the mitochondria, and this interference deteriorates the retention of and VEGFA secretion by MSCs. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province and Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Lin
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinliang Nan
- Provincial Key Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Provincial Key Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinhuang Lv
- Research Institute of Experimental Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Provincial Key Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Xiang
- Provincial Key Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- Research Institute of Experimental Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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21
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Rebas E, Rzajew J, Radzik T, Zylinska L. Neuroprotective Polyphenols: A Modulatory Action on Neurotransmitter Pathways. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:431-445. [PMID: 31903883 PMCID: PMC7457434 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200106155127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance in neurotransmission is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and even a small, but prolonged disturbance, can induce the negative feedback mechanisms leading to various neuropathologies. Neurodegenerative and mood disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or affective disorders are increasing medical and social problems. Among the wide spectrum of potentially destructive events, oxidative stress and disrupted metabolism of some neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, serotonin or dopamine appear to play a decisive role. Biologically active plant polyphenols have been shown to exert a positive impact on the function of the central nervous system by modulation of metabolism and the action of some neurotransmitters. METHODS Based on published research, the pharmacological activities of some naturally occurring polyphenols have been reviewed, with a focus on their potential therapeutic importance in the regulation of neurotransmitter systems. RESULTS Phytochemicals can be classified into several groups and most of them possess anticancer, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. They can also modulate the metabolism or action of some neurotransmitters and/or their receptors. Based on these properties, phytochemicals have been used in traditional medicine for ages, although it was focused mainly on treating symptoms. However, growing evidence indicates that polyphenols may also prevent or slow neurological diseases. CONCLUSION Phytochemicals seem to be less toxic than synthetic drugs and they can be a safer alternative for currently used preparations, which exert adverse side effects. The neuroprotective actions of some plant polyphenols in the regulation of neurotransmitters metabolism, functioning of neurotransmitters receptors and antioxidative defense have potential therapeutic applications in various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Rebas
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jowita Rzajew
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Radzik
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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22
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Hoffpauir ZA, Sherman E, Smith TJ. Dissecting the Antenna in Human Glutamate Dehydrogenase: Understanding Its Role in Subunit Communication and Allosteric Regulation. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4195-4206. [PMID: 31577135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate. While GDH is found in all living organisms, only that from animals is highly allosterically regulated by a wide array of metabolites. Because only animal GDH has a 50-residue antenna domain, we hypothesized that it was critical for allostery. To this end, we previously replaced the antenna with the loop found in bacteria, and the resulting chimera was no longer regulated by purine nucleotides. Hence, it seemed logical that the purpose of the antenna is to exert the subunit communication necessary for heterotrophic allosteric regulation. Here, we revisit the antenna deletion studies by retaining 10 more of the human GDH (hGDH) residues without adding the bacterial loop. Unexpectedly, the results were profoundly different than before. The basal activity of the mutant is only ∼13% of that of the wild type but ∼100 times more sensitive to all allosteric activators. In contrast, the mutant is still affected by all of the tested inhibitors to approximately the same degree. The resulting antenna-less mutant retained its negative cooperativity with respect to the coenzyme, again suggesting that intersubunit communication is intact. Finally, the mutant still exhibits substrate inhibition, albeit there are differences in the details. We present a model in which the majority of the antenna is not directly involved in allosteric regulation per se but rather may be responsible for improving enzymatic efficiency by acting as a conduit for substrate binding energy between subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Hoffpauir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, Route 0645 , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Eleena Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, Route 0645 , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, Route 0645 , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
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Zhou Y, Zhang N, Arikawa AY, Chen C. Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols on Microbial Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids in Humans Revealed by Metabolomic Analysis. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9050096. [PMID: 31083533 PMCID: PMC6571926 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactivities and potential health benefits of green tea polyphenols (GTP) have been extensively investigated, but the metabolic impact of chronic GTP intake on humans is not well defined. In this study, fecal and urine samples from postmenopausal female subjects taking a GTP supplement or placebo for 12 months were compared by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis. The GTP-derived and GTP-responsive metabolites were identified and characterized by structural elucidation and quantitative analysis of the metabolites contributing to the separation of control and treatment samples in the multivariate models. Major GTP and their direct sulfate and glucuronide metabolites were absent in feces and urine. In contrast, GTP-derived phenyl-γ-valerlactone and phenylvaleric acid metabolites were identified as the most abundant GTP-derived metabolites in feces and urine, suggesting extensive microbial biotransformation of GTP in humans. Interestingly, GTP decreased the levels of microbial metabolites of aromatic amino acids (AAA), including indoxyl sulfate, phenylacetylglutamine, and hippuric acid, in urine. However, it did not affect the levels of AAA, as well as other microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, in feces. 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the fecal microbiome was not significantly affected by chronic consumption of GTP. Overall, microbial metabolism is responsible for the formation of GTP metabolites while GTP metabolism may inhibit the formation of AAA metabolites from microbial metabolism. Because these GTP-derived and GTP-responsive metabolites have diverse bioactivities, microbial metabolism of GTP and AAA may play important roles in the beneficial health effects of green tea consumption in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Andrea Y Arikawa
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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24
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Discovery and development of small molecule modulators targeting glutamine metabolism. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:215-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Xu L, Chen J, Liu W, Liang C, Hu H, Huang J. Targeting androgen receptor-independent pathways in therapy-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2019; 6:91-98. [PMID: 30775252 PMCID: PMC6363598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since androgen receptor (AR) signaling is critically required for the development of prostate cancer (PCa), targeting AR axis has been the standard treatment of choice for advanced and metastatic PCa. Unfortunately, although the tumor initially responds to the therapy, treatment resistance eventually develops and the disease will progress. It is therefore imperative to identify the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance and novel molecular targets that are independent of AR signaling. Recent advances in pathology, molecular biology, genetics and genomics research have revealed novel AR-independent pathways that contribute to PCa carcinogenesis and progression. They include neuroendocrine differentiation, cell metabolism, DNA damage repair pathways and immune-mediated mechanisms. The development of novel agents targeting the non-AR mechanisms holds great promise to treat PCa that does not respond to AR-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Junyi Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hailiang Hu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Hou W, Lu S, Zhao H, Yu Y, Xu H, Yu B, Su L, Lin C, Ruan BH. Propylselen inhibits cancer cell growth by targeting glutamate dehydrogenase at the NADP + binding site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:262-267. [PMID: 30583861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High levels of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity are associated with hypoglycemia, cancer, and Parkinson's disease. Propylselen was synthesized to investigate its mechanism of GDH inhibition in comparison with Ebselen and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Because Ebselen was found to crosslink with the peptide (AA299-341) at the active site of E.coli GDH, the Cys, Pro, and Lys residues of the corresponding peptide were mutagenized to Ala residues. Using enzyme kinetics and biomolecular interaction assays, we found that the conserved GDH P320 residue is important for propylselen binding, C321 for Ebselen binding, and K341 for EGCG binding. In addition, these 3 mutations abolished NADP+ binding to E. coli GDH in the absence of glutamate substrate, but in the presence of glutamate, the catalytic activity of the mutants was reduced only by 2-4 fold, indicating that a substrate-induced fit mechanism exists in E. coli GDH. Furthermore, biochemical analysis showed that NADP+ had high affinity (Kd of 77 nM) for GDH; by targeting the NADP binding site, propylselen effectively inhibited both E. coli and human GDH activity and improved anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haodong Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenshui Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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27
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Nassar OM, Li C, Stanley CA, Pettitt BM, Smith TJ. Glutamate dehydrogenase: Structure of a hyperinsulinism mutant, corrections to the atomic model, and insights into a regulatory site. Proteins 2018; 87:41-50. [PMID: 30367518 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has complex allosteric regulation and the loss of GTP inhibition causes the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome (HHS) where insulin is hypersecreted upon consumption of protein. The archetypical HHS lesion is H454Y and lies in the GTP binding pocket. To better understand the mechanism of HHS, we determined the crystal structure of H454Y. When the bovine GDH crystal structures were minimized to prepare for further computational analysis, unusually large deviations were found at the allosteric NADH binding site due to chemical sequence errors. Notably, 387 lies in an allosteric where several activators and inhibitors bind and should be lysine rather than asparagine. All structures were re-refined and the consequence of this sequence error on NADH binding was calculated using free energy perturbation. The binding free energy penalty going from the correct to incorrect sequence found is +5 kcal/mol per site and therefore has a significant impact on drug development. BROADER AUDIENCE ABSTRACT: Glutamate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme involved in amino acid catabolism. As such, it is heavily regulated in animals by a wide array of metabolites. The importance of this regulation is most apparent in a genetic disorder called hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HHS) where patients hypersecrete insulin upon the consumption of protein. We determined the atomic structure of one of these HHS mutants to better understand the disease and also analyzed an allosteric regulatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omneya M Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles A Stanley
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - B Montgomery Pettitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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28
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Nakano S, Megro SI, Hase T, Suzuki T, Isemura M, Nakamura Y, Ito S. Computational Molecular Docking and X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Catechins in New Drug Design Strategies. Molecules 2018; 23:E2020. [PMID: 30104534 PMCID: PMC6222539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and laboratory studies have shown that green tea and green tea catechins exert beneficial effects on a variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndrome, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In most cases, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been shown to play a central role in these effects by green tea. Catechins from other plant sources have also shown health benefits. Many studies have revealed that the binding of EGCG and other catechins to proteins is involved in its action mechanism. Computational docking analysis (CMDA) and X-ray crystallographic analysis (XCA) have provided detailed information on catechin-protein interactions. Several of these studies have revealed that the galloyl moiety anchors it to the cleft of proteins through interactions with its hydroxyl groups, explaining the higher activity of galloylated catechins such as EGCG and epicatechin gallate than non-galloylated catechins. In this paper, we review the results of CMDA and XCA of EGCG and other plant catechins to understand catechin-protein interactions with the expectation of developing new drugs with health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakano
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Megro
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Research and Development, Core Technology, Kao Corporation, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Isemura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yoriyuki Nakamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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29
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In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Molecular Interactions of Epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (EGCG) with Proteins That Explain the Health Benefits of Green Tea. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061295. [PMID: 29843451 PMCID: PMC6099932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea has been shown to have beneficial effects on many diseases such as cancer, obesity, inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The major green tea component, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), has been demonstrated to contribute to these effects through its anti-oxidative and pro-oxidative properties. Furthermore, several lines of evidence have indicated that the binding affinity of EGCG to specific proteins may explain its mechanism of action. This review article aims to reveal how EGCG-protein interactions can explain the mechanism by which green tea/EGCG can exhibit health beneficial effects. We conducted a literature search, using mainly the PubMed database. The results showed that several methods such as dot assays, affinity gel chromatography, surface plasmon resonance, computational docking analyses, and X-ray crystallography have been used for this purpose. These studies have provided evidence to show how EGCG can fit or occupy the position in or near functional sites and induce a conformational change, including a quaternary conformational change in some cases. Active site blocking, steric hindrance by binding of EGCG near an active site or induced conformational change appeared to cause inhibition of enzymatic activity and other biological activities of proteins, which are related to EGCG’s biological oligomer and formation of their toxic aggregates, leading to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases and amyloidosis. In conclusion, these studies have provided useful information on the action of green tea/catechins and would lead to future studies that will provide further evidence for rational EGCG therapy and use EGCG as a lead compound for drug design.
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30
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Le CT, Leenders WPJ, Molenaar RJ, van Noorden CJF. Effects of the Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Glioma: A Critical Evaluation of the Literature. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:317-333. [PMID: 29570984 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1446090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Gallate (EGCG) on glioma as a basis for future research on clinical application of EGCG. Epidemiological studies on the effects of green tea or EGCG on the risk of glioma is inconclusive due to the limited number of studies, the inclusion of all tea types in these studies, and the focus on caffeine rather than EGCG. In vivo experiments using EGCG monotherapy are inconclusive. Nevertheless, EGCG induces cell death, prevents cellular proliferation, and limits invasion in multiple glioma cell lines. Furthermore, EGCG enhances the efficacy of anti-glioma therapies, including irradiation, temozolomide, carmustine, cisplatin, tamoxifen, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, but reduces the effect of bortezomib. Pro-drugs, co-treatment, and encapsulation are being investigated to enhance clinical applicability of EGCG. Mechanisms of actions of EGCG have been partly elucidated. EGCG has both anti-oxidant and oxidant properties. EGCG inhibits pro-survival proteins, such as telomerase, survivin, GRP78, PEA15, and P-gp. EGCG inhibits signaling of PDGFR, IGF-1R, and 67LR. EGCG reduces invasiveness of cancer cells by inhibiting the activities of various metalloproteinases, cytokines, and chemokines. Last, EGCG inhibits some NADPH-producing enzymes, thus disturbing redox status and metabolism of glioma cells. In conclusion, EGCG may be a suitable adjuvant to potentiate anti-glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung T Le
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Remco J Molenaar
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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31
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Jin Y, Li D, Lu S, Zhao H, Chen Z, Hou W, Ruan BH. Ebselen Reversibly Inhibits Human Glutamate Dehydrogenase at the Catalytic Site. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:115-122. [PMID: 29470101 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) plays an important role in neurological diseases, tumor metabolism, and hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (HHS). However, there are very few inhibitors known for human GDH. Recently, Ebselen was reported to crosslink with Escherichia coli GDH at the active site cysteine residue (Cys321), but the sequence alignment showed that the corresponding residue is Ala329 in human GDH. To investigate whether Ebselen could be an inhibitor for human GDH, we cloned and expressed an N-terminal His-tagged human GDH in E. coli. The recombinant human GDH enzyme showed expected properties such as adenosine diphosphate activation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dual recognition. Further, we developed a 2-(3-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-tetrazol-3-ium-5-yl) benzenesulfonate sodium salt (EZMTT)-based assay for human GDH, which was highly sensitive and is suitable for high-throughput screening for potent GDH inhibitors. In addition, ForteBio binding assays demonstrated that Ebselen is a reversible active site inhibitor for human GDH. Since Ebselen is a multifunctional organoselenium compound in Phase III clinical trials for inflammation, an Ebselen-based GDH inhibitor might be valuable for future drug discovery for HHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
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32
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33
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Yu Y, Jin Y, Zhou J, Ruan H, Zhao H, Lu S, Zhang Y, Li D, Ji X, Ruan BH. Ebselen: Mechanisms of Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Glutaminase Enzyme Inhibition. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:3003-3011. [PMID: 29072450 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ebselen modulates target proteins through redox reactions with selenocysteine/cysteine residues, or through binding to the zinc finger domains. However, a recent contradiction in ebselen inhibition of kidney type glutaminase (KGA) stimulated our interest in investigating its inhibition mechanism with glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), KGA, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and glutathione S-transferase. Fluorescein- or biotin-labeled ebselen derivatives were synthesized for mechanistic analyses. Biomolecular interaction analyses showed that only GDH, KGA, and TrxR proteins can bind to the ebselen derivative, and the binding to GDH and KGA could be competed off by glutamine or glutamate. From the gel shift assays, the fluorescein-labeled ebselen derivative could co-migrate with hexameric GDH and monomeric/dimeric TrxR in a dose-dependent manner; it also co-migrated with KGA but disrupted the tetrameric form of the KGA enzyme at a high compound concentration. Further proteomic analysis demonstrated that the ebselen derivative could cross-link with proteins through a specific cysteine at the active site of GDH and TrxR proteins, but for KGA protein, the binding site is at the N-terminal appendix domain outside of the catalytic domain, which might explain why ebselen is not a potent KGA enzyme inhibitor in functional assays. In conclusion, ebselen could inhibit enzyme activity by binding to the catalytic domain or disruption of the protein complex. In addition, ebselen is a relatively potent selective GDH inhibitor that might provide potential therapeutic opportunities for hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome patients who have the mutational loss of GTP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Jin
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Center
for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoqiang Ruan
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Li
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- The
State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life
Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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34
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Barrosse-Antle M, Su C, Chen P, Boodhansingh KE, Smith TJ, Stanley CA, De León DD, Li C. A severe case of hyperinsulinism due to hemizygous activating mutation of glutamate dehydrogenase. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:911-916. [PMID: 28165182 PMCID: PMC5545170 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the GLUD1 gene, which encodes glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), result in the hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome. GDH is an allosterically regulated enzyme responsible for amino acid-mediated insulin secretion via the oxidative deamination of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate, leading to ATP production and insulin release. This study characterizes a novel combination of mutations in GLUD1 found in a neonate who presented on the first day of life with severe hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and seizures. Mutation analysis revealed a novel frameshift mutation (c.37delC) inherited from the asymptomatic mother that results in a truncated protein and a de novo activating mutation (p.S445L) close to the GTP binding site that has previously been reported. GTP inhibition of GDH enzyme activity in 293T cells expressing the p.S445L or wild-type GDH showed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) for GTP was approximately 800 times higher for p.S445L compared to wild type. GTP inhibition of GDH activity in lymphoblasts from the patient, from a heterozygote for the p.S445L mutation, and in wild-type lymphoblasts showed that the IC50 for GTP of the patient was approximately 200 times that of wild type and 7 times that of heterozygote. However, while the patient had a loss of GTP inhibition of GDH that was more severe than that of heterozygotes, the patient's clinical phenotype is similar to typical heterozygous mutations of GDH. This is the first time we have observed a functionally homozygous activating mutation of GDH in a human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Barrosse-Antle
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Chang Su
- Division of Endocrinology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kara E. Boodhansingh
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555-0645
| | - Charles A Stanley
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Diva D. De León
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Changhong Li
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104,: Address correspondence to: Changhong Li, Abramson Research Center, Room 802, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
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35
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Smith HQ, Li C, Stanley CA, Smith TJ. Glutamate Dehydrogenase, a Complex Enzyme at a Crucial Metabolic Branch Point. Neurochem Res 2017; 44:117-132. [PMID: 29079932 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In-vitro, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). GDH is found in all organisms, but in animals is allosterically regulated by a wide array of metabolites. For many years, it was not at all clear why animals required such complex control. Further, in both standard textbooks and some research publications, there has been some controversy as to the directionality of the reaction. Here we review recent work demonstrating that GDH operates mainly in the catabolic direction in-vivo and that the finely tuned network of allosteric regulators allows GDH to meet the varied needs in a wide range of tissues in animals. Finally, we review the progress in using pharmacological agents to activate or inhibit GDH that could impact a wide range of pathologies from insulin disorders to tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Q Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles A Stanley
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas James Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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36
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Lu M, Li C. Nutrient sensing in pancreatic islets: lessons from congenital hyperinsulinism and monogenic diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1411:65-82. [PMID: 29044608 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells sense changes in nutrients during the cycles of fasting and feeding and release insulin accordingly to maintain glucose homeostasis. Abnormal beta cell nutrient sensing resulting from gene mutations leads to hypoglycemia or diabetes. Glucokinase (GCK) plays a key role in beta cell glucose sensing. As one form of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), activating mutations of GCK result in a decreased threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and hypoglycemia. In contrast, inactivating mutations of GCK result in diabetes, including a mild form (MODY2) and a severe form (permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM)). Mutations of beta cell ion channels involved in insulin secretion regulation also alter glucose sensing. Activating or inactivating mutations of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP ) channel genes result in severe but completely opposite clinical phenotypes, including PNDM and CHI. Mutations of the other ion channels, including voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv 7.1) and voltage-gated calcium channels, also lead to abnormal glucose sensing and CHI. Furthermore, amino acids can stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-independent manner in some forms of CHI, including activating mutations of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene, HDAH deficiency, and inactivating mutations of KATP channel genes. These genetic defects have provided insight into a better understanding of the complicated nature of beta cell fuel-sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics & Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics & Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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37
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Smith HQ, Smith TJ. Identification of a Novel Activator of Mammalian Glutamate Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6568-6576. [PMID: 27808506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of l-glutamate and in animals is highly regulated. GDH in hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome patients lacks GTP inhibition, resulting in hypersecretion of insulin upon protein consumption. This suggests insulin secretion could be stimulated with GDH activators. A high-throughput screen yielded one potent activator, N1-[4-(2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1-sulfonamide (75-E10). 75-E10 is ∼1000-fold more efficacious than the synthetic activator, BCH, and is at least as effective as ADP. 75-E10 compound is highly effective at alleviating GTP inhibition and may be binding to the ADP site. Unlike ADP, 75-E10 is activated over a broad range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Q Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, 5.104D Basic Science Building, Route 0645, Galveston, Texas 77555-0645, United States
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, 5.104D Basic Science Building, Route 0645, Galveston, Texas 77555-0645, United States
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38
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Abstract
The resurgence of research into cancer metabolism has recently broadened interests beyond glucose and the Warburg effect to other nutrients, including glutamine. Because oncogenic alterations of metabolism render cancer cells addicted to nutrients, pathways involved in glycolysis or glutaminolysis could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. In this Review, we provide an updated overview of glutamine metabolism and its involvement in tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, and explore the recent potential applications of basic science discoveries in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Altman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary E. Stine
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chi V. Dang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Borgnia MJ, Banerjee S, Merk A, Matthies D, Bartesaghi A, Rao P, Pierson J, Earl LA, Falconieri V, Subramaniam S, Milne JLS. Using Cryo-EM to Map Small Ligands on Dynamic Metabolic Enzymes: Studies with Glutamate Dehydrogenase. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:645-51. [PMID: 27036132 PMCID: PMC4885502 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) methods are now being used to determine structures at near-atomic resolution and have great promise in molecular pharmacology, especially in the context of mapping the binding of small-molecule ligands to protein complexes that display conformational flexibility. We illustrate this here using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), a 336-kDa metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate. Dysregulation of GDH leads to a variety of metabolic and neurologic disorders. Here, we report near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structures, at resolutions ranging from 3.2 Å to 3.6 Å for GDH complexes, including complexes for which crystal structures are not available. We show that the binding of the coenzyme NADH alone or in concert with GTP results in a binary mixture in which the enzyme is in either an “open” or “closed” state. Whereas the structure of NADH in the active site is similar between the open and closed states, it is unexpectedly different at the regulatory site. Our studies thus demonstrate that even in instances when there is considerable structural information available from X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM methods can provide useful complementary insights into regulatory mechanisms for dynamic protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Borgnia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Soojay Banerjee
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Alan Merk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Prashant Rao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Jason Pierson
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Lesley A Earl
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Veronica Falconieri
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
| | - Jacqueline L S Milne
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.J.B., S.B., A.M., D.M., A.B., P.R., L.A.E., V.F., S.S., J.L.S.M.) and FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon (J.P.)
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Chen L, Cui H. Targeting Glutamine Induces Apoptosis: A Cancer Therapy Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22830-55. [PMID: 26402672 PMCID: PMC4613338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism has been proved to be dysregulated in many cancer cells, and is essential for proliferation of most cancer cells, which makes glutamine an appealing target for cancer therapy. In order to be well used by cells, glutamine must be transported to cells by specific transporters and converted to glutamate by glutaminase. There are currently several drugs that target glutaminase under development or clinical trials. Also, glutamine metabolism restriction has been proved to be effective in inhibiting tumor growth both in vivo and vitro through inducing apoptosis, growth arrest and/or autophagy. Here, we review recent researches about glutamine metabolism in cancer, and cell death induced by targeting glutamine, and their potential roles in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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42
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Shen Q, Wang G, Li S, Liu X, Lu S, Chen Z, Song K, Yan J, Geng L, Huang Z, Huang W, Chen G, Zhang J. ASD v3.0: unraveling allosteric regulation with structural mechanisms and biological networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D527-35. [PMID: 26365237 PMCID: PMC4702938 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation, the most direct and efficient way of regulating protein function, is induced by the binding of a ligand at one site that is topographically distinct from an orthosteric site. Allosteric Database (ASD, available online at http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD) has been developed to provide comprehensive information featuring allosteric regulation. With increasing data, fundamental questions pertaining to allostery are currently receiving more attention from the mechanism of allosteric changes in an individual protein to the entire effect of the changes in the interconnected network in the cell. Thus, the following novel features were added to this updated version: (i) structural mechanisms of more than 1600 allosteric actions were elucidated by a comparison of site structures before and after the binding of an modulator; (ii) 261 allosteric networks were identified to unveil how the allosteric action in a single protein would propagate to affect downstream proteins; (iii) two of the largest human allosteromes, protein kinases and GPCRs, were thoroughly constructed; and (iv) web interface and data organization were completely redesigned for efficient access. In addition, allosteric data have largely expanded in this update. These updates are useful for facilitating the investigation of allosteric mechanisms, dynamic networks and drug discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guanqiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhongjie Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junhao Yan
- General Surgery Department, Renji hospital Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lv Geng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhimin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
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Jin L, Li D, Alesi GN, Fan J, Kang HB, Lu Z, Boggon TJ, Jin P, Yi H, Wright ER, Duong D, Seyfried NT, Egnatchik R, DeBerardinis RJ, Magliocca KR, He C, Arellano ML, Khoury HJ, Shin DM, Khuri FR, Kang S. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 signals through antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 1 to regulate redox homeostasis and tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:257-70. [PMID: 25670081 PMCID: PMC4325424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How mitochondrial glutaminolysis contributes to redox homeostasis in cancer cells remains unclear. Here we report that the mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1) is commonly upregulated in human cancers. GDH1 is important for redox homeostasis in cancer cells by controlling the intracellular levels of its product alpha-ketoglutarate and subsequent metabolite fumarate. Mechanistically, fumarate binds to and activates a reactive oxygen species scavenging enzyme glutathione peroxidase 1. Targeting GDH1 by shRNA or a small molecule inhibitor R162 resulted in imbalanced redox homeostasis, leading to attenuated cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtao Jin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gina N Alesi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hong Yi
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Duc Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly R Magliocca
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Martha L Arellano
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hanna J Khoury
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dong M Shin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sumin Kang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Kaufman BA, Li C, Soleimanpour SA. Mitochondrial regulation of β-cell function: maintaining the momentum for insulin release. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 42:91-104. [PMID: 25659350 PMCID: PMC4404204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
All forms of diabetes share the common etiology of insufficient pancreatic β-cell function to meet peripheral insulin demand. In pancreatic β-cells, mitochondria serve to integrate the metabolism of exogenous nutrients into energy output, which ultimately leads to insulin release. As such, mitochondrial dysfunction underlies β-cell failure and the development of diabetes. Mitochondrial regulation of β-cell function occurs through many diverse pathways, including metabolic coupling, generation of reactive oxygen species, maintenance of mitochondrial mass, and through interaction with other cellular organelles. In this chapter, we will focus on the importance of enzymatic regulators of mitochondrial fuel metabolism and control of mitochondrial mass to pancreatic β-cell function, describing how defects in these pathways ultimately lead to diabetes. Furthermore, we will examine the factors responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation and their roles in the balance of mitochondrial mass in β-cells. Clarifying the causes of β-cell mitochondrial dysfunction may inform new approaches to treat the underlying etiologies of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Kaufman
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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45
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Cetindis M, Biegner T, Munz A, Teriete P, Reinert S, Grimm M. Glutaminolysis and carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:495-503. [PMID: 25663193 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminolysis is a crucial factor for tumor metabolism in the carcinogenesis of several tumors but has not been clarified for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) yet. Expression of glutaminolysis-related solute carrier family 1, member 5 (SLC1A5)/neutral amino acid transporter (ASCT2), glutaminase (GLS), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) was analyzed in normal oral mucosa (n = 5), oral precursor lesions (simple hyperplasia, n = 11; squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, SIN I-III, n = 35), and OSCC specimen (n = 42) by immunohistochemistry. SLC1A5/ASCT2 and GLS were significantly overexpressed in the carcinogenesis of OSCC compared with normal tissue, while GLDH was weakly detected. Compared with SIN I-III SLC1A5/ASCT2 and GLS expression were significantly increased in OSCC. GLDH expression did not significantly differ from SIN I-III compared with OSCC. This study shows the first evidence of glutaminolysis-related SLC1A5/ASCT2, GLS, and GLDH expression in OSCC. The very weak GLDH expression indicates that glutamine metabolism is rather related to nucleotide or protein/hexosamine biosynthesis or to the function as an antioxidant (glutathione) than to energy production or generation of lactate through entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Overcoming glutaminolysis by targeting c-Myc oncogene (e.g. by natural compounds) and thereby cross-activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or SLC1A5/ASCT2, GLS inhibitors may be a useful strategy to sensitize cancer cells to common OSCC cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Cetindis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Biegner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstrasse 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Adelheid Munz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Siegmar Reinert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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46
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Kibbey RG, Choi CS, Lee HY, Cabrera O, Pongratz RL, Zhao X, Birkenfeld AL, Li C, Berggren PO, Stanley C, Shulman GI. Mitochondrial GTP insensitivity contributes to hypoglycemia in hyperinsulinemia hyperammonemia by inhibiting glucagon release. Diabetes 2014; 63:4218-29. [PMID: 25024374 PMCID: PMC4237996 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP)-insensitive mutations in glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH(H454Y)) result in fasting and amino acid-induced hypoglycemia in hyperinsulinemia hyperammonemia (HI/HA). Surprisingly, hypoglycemia may occur in this disorder despite appropriately suppressed insulin. To better understand the islet-specific contribution, transgenic mice expressing the human activating mutation in β-cells (H454Y mice) were characterized in vivo. As in the humans with HI/HA, H454Y mice had fasting hypoglycemia, but plasma insulin concentrations were similar to the controls. Paradoxically, both glucose- and glutamine-stimulated insulin secretion were severely impaired in H454Y mice. Instead, lack of a glucagon response during hypoglycemic clamps identified impaired counterregulation. Moreover, both insulin and glucagon secretion were impaired in perifused islets. Acute pharmacologic inhibition of GDH restored both insulin and glucagon secretion and normalized glucose tolerance in vivo. These studies support the presence of an mtGTP-dependent signal generated via β-cell GDH that inhibits α-cells. As such, in children with activating GDH mutations of HI/HA, this insulin-independent glucagon suppression may contribute importantly to symptomatic hypoglycemia. The identification of a human mutation causing congenital hypoglucagonemic hypoglycemia highlights a central role of the mtGTP-GDH-glucagon axis in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Kibbey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Over Cabrera
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca L Pongratz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Xiaojian Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Stanley
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Jia G, Sowers JR. Interaction of islet α-cell and β-cell in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in HI/HA syndrome patients with the GDH(H454Y) mutation. Diabetes 2014; 63:4008-10. [PMID: 25414017 PMCID: PMC4237997 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - James R Sowers
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Chandran S, Yap F, Hussain K. Molecular mechanisms of protein induced hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:666-677. [PMID: 25317244 PMCID: PMC4138590 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between glucose metabolism and that of the two other primary nutrient classes, amino acids and fatty acids is critical for regulated insulin secretion. Mitochondrial metabolism of glucose, amino acid and fatty acids generates metabolic coupling factors (such as ATP, NADPH, glutamate, long chain acyl-CoA and diacylglycerol) which trigger insulin secretion. The observation of protein induced hypoglycaemia in patients with mutations in GLUD1 gene, encoding the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and HADH gene, encoding for the enzyme short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase has provided new mechanistic insights into the regulation of insulin secretion by amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. Metabolic signals arising from amino acid and fatty acid metabolism converge on the enzyme GDH which integrates both signals from both pathways and controls insulin secretion. Hence GDH seems to play a pivotal role in regulating both amino acid and fatty acid metabolism.
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Abstract
Hypoglycemia in the pediatric population is a common finding important to recognize and manage to prevent brain injury. Recent advances in molecular genetics have provided new insight into its biochemical and physiologic basis and have led to more appropriate and specific treatment. Although a major cause of brain injury in pediatrics, the ability to predict the long-term outcome in these patients remains difficult. Identification of these at-risk individuals is important. The physiologic adaptations associated with transition from fetal to neonatal life are now better understood thus allowing for improved surveillance and management. Despite these advances, analytical limitations of point-of-care testing instruments at low glucose concentration continue to persist, This review aims to address these questions and provide an overview of pediatric hypoglycemia and the molecular pathways involved.
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Peek J, Shi T, Christendat D. Identification of Novel Polyphenolic Inhibitors of Shikimate Dehydrogenase (AroE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1090-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114527127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE) is an attractive target for herbicides and antimicrobial agents due to its conserved and essential nature in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Here, we have performed an in vitro screen using a collection of more than 5500 compounds and identified 24 novel inhibitors of AroE from Pseudomonas putida. The IC50 values for the two most potent inhibitors we identified, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG), were 3.0 ± 0.2 µM and 3.7 ± 0.5 µM, respectively. Based on the high level of structural conservation between AroE orthologs, we predicted that the identified compounds would also inhibit AroE enzymes from other organisms. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that EGCG and ECG inhibit the AroE domain of the bifunctional dehydroquinate dehydratase-shikimate dehydrogenase (DHQ-SDH) from Arabidopsis thaliana with IC50 values of 2.1 ± 0.3 µM and 2.0 ± 0.2 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peek
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Shi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dinesh Christendat
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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