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Noureddine N, Holtzhauer G, Wawrzyniak P, Srikanthan P, Krämer SD, Rogler G, Lucchinetti E, Zaugg M, Hersberger M. Size of lipid emulsion droplets influences metabolism in human CD4 + T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150680. [PMID: 39278094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Triglyceride-based lipid emulsions are critical for total parenteral nutrition (TPN), but their long-term use has adverse effects, such as severe liver dysfunction necessitating improved formulations. This study compares the uptake mechanism and intracellular fate of novel glycerol-stabilized nano-sized lipid emulsions with conventional emulsions in CD4+ T cells, focusing on their impact on cellular metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Nanoemulsions were formulated with increased glycerol content. Uptake of emulsions in primary human CD4+ T cells was investigated using different endocytic blockers, then quantified by flow cytometry, and visualized by confocal microscopy. To investigate emulsion intracellular fate, fatty acids in membrane phospholipids were quantified by GC-MS/MS and cellular metabolism was assessed by Seahorse technology. Results show T cells internalize both conventional and nano-sized emulsions using macropinocytosis. Fatty acids from emulsions are stored as neutral lipids in intracellular vesicles and are incorporated into phospholipids of cellular membranes. However, only nanoemulsions additionally use clathrin-mediated endocytosis and deliver fatty acids to mitochondria for increased β-oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Size of lipid emulsion droplets significantly influences their uptake and subsequent metabolism in CD4+ T cells. Our results highlight the potential for improved nutrient utilization with nanoemulsions in TPN formulations possibly leading to less adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek Noureddine
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gregory Holtzhauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pakeerathan Srikanthan
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Song Q, Jiang M, Pan X, Zhou G, Zhang X. A study on the efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a novel PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152844. [PMID: 39226691 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2024.152844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Tumors constitute a significant health concern for humans, and PD-1 and CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies have been proven effective in cancer treatment. Some researchers have identified that the combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 dual blockade demonstrates superior therapeutic efficacy. However, the development of PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibodies faces challenges in terms of both safety and efficacy. The present study discloses a novel PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody, designated as SH010. Experimental validation through surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed that SH010 exhibits favorable binding activity with both PD-1 and CTLA-4. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated stable binding of SH010 antibody to CHOK1 cells overexpressing human or cynomolgus monkey PD-1 protein and to 293F cells overexpressing human or cynomolgus monkey CTLA-4 protein. Moreover, it exhibited excellent blocking capabilities in protein binding between human PD-1 and PD-L1, as well as human CTLA-4 and CD80/CD86. Simultaneously, in vitro experiments indicate that SH010 exerts a significant activating effect on hPBMCs. In murine transplant models of human prostate cancer (22RV1) and small cell lung cancer (NCI-H69), administration of varying concentrations of the bispecific antibody significantly inhibits tumor growth. MSD analysis revealed that stimulation of hPBMCs from three different donors with SH010 did not induce the production of cytokine release syndrome. Furthermore, Single or repeated intravenous administrations of SH010 in cynomolgus monkeys show favorable systemic exposure without noticeable drug accumulation or apparent toxicity. In conclusion, SH010 represents a novel cancer therapeutic drug poised to enter clinical trials and obtain market approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- Department of Pharmacology, SanHome, Nanjing, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Meiling Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, SanHome, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xinrong Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, SanHome, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guanyue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, SanHome, Nanjing, PR China
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3
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Bartels N, van der Voort NTM, Opanasyuk O, Felekyan S, Greife A, Shang X, Bister A, Wiek C, Seidel CAM, Monzel C. Advanced multiparametric image spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy reveal a minimal model of CD95 signal initiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3238. [PMID: 39213362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the concentration-dependent spatiotemporal organization of receptors in the plasma membrane is crucial to understand cell signal initiation. A paradigm of this process is the oligomerization of CD95 during apoptosis signaling, with different oligomerization models being discussed. Here, we establish the molecular-sensitive approach cell lifetime Förster resonance energy transfer image spectroscopy to determine CD95 configurations in live cells. These data are corroborated by stimulated emission depletion microscopy, confocal photobleaching step analysis, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. We probed CD95 interactions for concentrations of ~10 to 1000 molecules per square micrometer, over nanoseconds to hours, and molecular to cellular scales. Quantitative benchmarking was achieved establishing high-fidelity monomer and dimer controls. While CD95 alone is primarily monomeric (~96%) and dimeric (4%), the addition of ligand induces oligomerization to dimers/trimers (~15%) leading to cell death. This study highlights molecular concentration effects and oligomerization dynamics. It reveals a minimal model, where small CD95 oligomers suffice to efficiently initiate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bartels
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Oleg Opanasyuk
- Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Suren Felekyan
- Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annemarie Greife
- Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiaoyue Shang
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arthur Bister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus A M Seidel
- Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia Monzel
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Jiang Y, Immadi MS, Wang D, Zeng S, On Chan Y, Zhou J, Xu D, Joshi T. IRnet: Immunotherapy response prediction using pathway knowledge-informed graph neural network. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00320-5. [PMID: 39097091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are potent and precise therapies for various cancer types, significantly improving survival rates in patients who respond positively to them. However, only a minority of patients benefit from ICI treatments. OBJECTIVES Identifying ICI responders before treatment could greatly conserve medical resources, minimize potential drug side effects, and expedite the search for alternative therapies. Our goal is to introduce a novel deep-learning method to predict ICI treatment responses in cancer patients. METHODS The proposed deep-learning framework leverages graph neural network and biological pathway knowledge. We trained and tested our method using ICI-treated patients' data from several clinical trials covering melanoma, gastric cancer, and bladder cancer. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that this predictive model outperforms current state-of-the-art methods and tumor microenvironment-based predictors. Additionally, the model quantifies the importance of pathways, pathway interactions, and genes in its predictions. A web server for IRnet has been developed and deployed, providing broad accessibility to users at https://irnet.missouri.edu. CONCLUSION IRnet is a competitive tool for predicting patient responses to immunotherapy, specifically ICIs. Its interpretability also offers valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying ICI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Manish Sridhar Immadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duolin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shuai Zeng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yen On Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics and Medical Epidemiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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5
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Kvalvaag A, Dustin ML. Clathrin controls bidirectional communication between T cells and antigen presenting cells. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300230. [PMID: 38412391 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In circulation, T cells are spherical with selectin enriched dynamic microvilli protruding from the surface. Following extravasation, these microvilli serve another role, continuously surveying their environment for antigen in the form of peptide-MHC (pMHC) expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Upon recognition of their cognate pMHC, the microvilli are initially stabilized and then flatten into F-actin dependent microclusters as the T cell spreads over the APC. Within 1-5 min, clathrin is recruited by the ESCRT-0 component Hrs to mediate release of T cell receptor (TCR) loaded vesicles directly from the plasma membrane by clathrin and ESCRT-mediated ectocytosis (CEME). After 5-10 min, Hrs is displaced by the endocytic clathrin adaptor epsin-1 to induce clathrin-mediated trans-endocytosis (CMTE) of TCR-pMHC conjugates. Here we discuss some of the functional properties of the clathrin machinery which enables it to control these topologically opposite modes of membrane transfer at the immunological synapse, and how this might be regulated during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Kvalvaag
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Huang N, Winans T, Wyman B, Oaks Z, Faludi T, Choudhary G, Lai ZW, Lewis J, Beckford M, Duarte M, Krakko D, Patel A, Park J, Caza T, Sadeghzadeh M, Morel L, Haas M, Middleton F, Banki K, Perl A. Rab4A-directed endosome traffic shapes pro-inflammatory mitochondrial metabolism in T cells via mitophagy, CD98 expression, and kynurenine-sensitive mTOR activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2598. [PMID: 38519468 PMCID: PMC10960037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key metabolic checkpoint of pro-inflammatory T-cell development that contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a functional role for Rab4A-directed endosome traffic in CD98 receptor recycling, mTOR activation, and accumulation of mitochondria that connect metabolic pathways with immune cell lineage development and lupus pathogenesis. Based on integrated analyses of gene expression, receptor traffic, and stable isotope tracing of metabolic pathways, constitutively active Rab4AQ72L exerts cell type-specific control over metabolic networks, dominantly impacting CD98-dependent kynurenine production, mTOR activation, mitochondrial electron transport and flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and thus expands CD4+ and CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells over CD8+ T cells, enhancing B cell activation, plasma cell development, antinuclear and antiphospholipid autoantibody production, and glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone mice. Rab4A deletion in T cells and pharmacological mTOR blockade restrain CD98 expression, mitochondrial metabolism and lineage skewing and attenuate glomerulonephritis. This study identifies Rab4A-directed endosome traffic as a multilevel regulator of T cell lineage specification during lupus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Huang
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Thomas Winans
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Brandon Wyman
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Zachary Oaks
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Tamas Faludi
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Gourav Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Lai
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Joshua Lewis
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Miguel Beckford
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Manuel Duarte
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Daniel Krakko
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Akshay Patel
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Joy Park
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Tiffany Caza
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mahsa Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Katalin Banki
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA.
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7
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Wang H, Yang J, Li X, Zhao H. Current state of immune checkpoints therapy for glioblastoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24729. [PMID: 38298707 PMCID: PMC10828821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer, has limited treatment options. Recent years have witnessed the remarkable success of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy across various cancer types. Against this backdrop, several clinical trials investigating checkpoint inhibitors for GBM are underway in multiple countries. Furthermore, the integration of immunotherapy with traditional treatment approaches is now emerging as a highly promising strategy. This review summarizes the latest advancements in checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for GBM treatment. We provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of current GBM immunotherapy options. Additionally, this review underscores combination strategies and potential biomarkers for predicting response and resistance in GBM immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of medicine, Department of Breast surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
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8
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Babamohamadi M, Mohammadi N, Faryadi E, Haddadi M, Merati A, Ghobadinezhad F, Amirian R, Izadi Z, Hadjati J. Anti-CTLA-4 nanobody as a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:17. [PMID: 38191571 PMCID: PMC10774412 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases and causes of death worldwide. Since common treatment approaches do not yield acceptable results in many patients, developing innovative strategies for effective treatment is necessary. Immunotherapy is one of the promising approaches that has been highly regarded for preventing tumor recurrence and new metastases. Meanwhile, inhibiting immune checkpoints is one of the most attractive methods of cancer immunotherapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential immune molecule that plays a vital role in cell cycle modulation, regulation of T cell proliferation, and cytokine production. This molecule is classically expressed by stimulated T cells. Inhibition of overexpression of immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 receptors has been confirmed as an effective strategy. In cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint-blocking drugs can be enhanced with nanobodies that target immune checkpoint molecules. Nanobodies are derived from the variable domain of heavy antibody chains. These small protein fragments have evolved entirely without a light chain and can be used as a powerful tool in imaging and treating diseases with their unique structure. They have a low molecular weight, which makes them smaller than conventional antibodies while still being able to bind to specific antigens. In addition to low molecular weight, specific binding to targets, resistance to temperature, pH, and enzymes, high ability to penetrate tumor tissues, and low toxicity make nanobodies an ideal approach to overcome the disadvantages of monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy. In this article, while reviewing the cellular and molecular functions of CTLA-4, the structure and mechanisms of nanobodies' activity, and their delivery methods, we will explain the advantages and challenges of using nanobodies, emphasizing immunotherapy treatments based on anti-CTLA-4 nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehregan Babamohamadi
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nastaran Mohammadi
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elham Faryadi
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Haddadi
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Merati
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farbod Ghobadinezhad
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roshanak Amirian
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zhila Izadi
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Agbakwuru D, Wetzel SA. The Biological Significance of Trogocytosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:87-129. [PMID: 39242376 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the intercellular transfer of membrane and membrane-associated proteins between cells. Trogocytosis is an underappreciated phenomenon that has historically routinely been dismissed as an artefact. With a greater understanding of the process and the implications it has on biological systems, trogocytosis has the potential to become a paradigm changer. The presence on a cell of molecules they don't endogenously express can alter the biological activity of the cell and could also lead to the acquisition of new functions. To better appreciate this phenomenon, it is important to understand how these intercellular membrane exchanges influence the function and activity of the donor and the recipient cells. In this chapter, we will examine how the molecules acquired by trogocytosis influence the biology of a variety of systems including mammalian fertilization, treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn, viral and parasitic infections, cancer immunotherapy, and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Agbakwuru
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Scott A Wetzel
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
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10
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Tey PY, Dufner A, Knobeloch KP, Pruneda JN, Clague MJ, Urbé S. Rapid turnover of CTLA4 is associated with a complex architecture of reversible ubiquitylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.31.573735. [PMID: 38260548 PMCID: PMC10802369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.31.573735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint regulator CTLA4 is an unusually short-lived membrane protein. Here we show that its lysosomal degradation is dependent on ubiquitylation at Lysine residues 203 and 213. Inhibition of the v-ATPase partially restores CTLA4 levels following cycloheximide treatment, but also reveals a fraction that is secreted in exosomes. The endosomal deubiquitylase, USP8, interacts with CTLA4 and its loss enhances CTLA4 ubiquitylation in cancer cells, mouse CD4+ T cells and in cancer cell-derived exosomes. Depletion of the USP8 adapter protein, HD-PTP, but not ESCRT-0 recapitulates this cellular phenotype, but shows distinct properties vis-à-vis exosome incorporation. Re-expression of wild-type USP8, but neither a catalytically inactive, nor a localization-compromised ΔMIT domain mutant can rescue delayed degradation of CTLA4, or counteract its accumulation in clustered endosomes. UbiCRest analysis of CTLA4-associated ubiquitin chain linkages identifies a complex mixture of conventional Lys63- and more unusual Lys27- and Lys29-linked polyubiquitin chains that may underly the rapidity of protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yee Tey
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Almut Dufner
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan N. Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael J. Clague
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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11
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Mejía-Guarnizo LV, Monroy-Camacho PS, Turizo-Smith AD, Rodríguez-García JA. The role of immune checkpoints in antitumor response: a potential antitumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1298571. [PMID: 38162657 PMCID: PMC10757365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1298571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy aims to stimulate the immune system to inhibit tumor growth or prevent metastases. Tumor cells primarily employ altered expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) as a mechanism to avoid immune recognition and antitumor immune response. The antitumor immune response is primarily mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, which plays a key role in the overall anti-tumor immune response. It is crucial to comprehend the molecular events occurring during the activation and subsequent regulation of these cell populations. The interaction between antigenic peptides presented on HLA-I molecules and the T-cell receptor (TCR) constitutes the initial signal required for T cell activation. Once activated, in physiologic circumstances, immune checkpoint expression by T cells suppress T cell effector functions when the antigen is removed, to ensures the maintenance of self-tolerance, immune homeostasis, and prevention of autoimmunity. However, in cancer, the overexpression of these molecules represents a common method through which tumor cells evade immune surveillance. Numerous therapeutic antibodies have been developed to inhibit immune checkpoints, demonstrating antitumor activity with fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. Nevertheless, it's worth noting that many immune checkpoint expressions occur after T cell activation and consequently, altered HLA expression on tumor cells could diminish the clinical efficacy of these antibodies. This review provides an in-depth exploration of immune checkpoint molecules, their corresponding blocking antibodies, and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidy Vannessa Mejía-Guarnizo
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
- Sciences Faculty, Master in Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Jamison BL, Lawrance M, Wang CJ, DeBerg HA, Sansom DM, Gavin MA, Walker LS, Campbell DJ. An IL-2 mutein increases IL-10 and CTLA-4-dependent suppression of dendritic cells by regulatory T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569613. [PMID: 38106196 PMCID: PMC10723345 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) variants with increased CD25 dependence that selectively expand Foxp3+ regulatory T (TR) cells are in clinical trials for treating inflammatory diseases. Using an Fc-fused IL-2 mutein (Fc.IL-2 mutein) we developed that prevents diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we show that Fc.IL-2 mutein induced an activated TR population with elevated proliferation, a transcriptional program associated with Stat5- and TCR-dependent gene modules, and high IL-10 and CTLA-4 expression. Increased IL-10 signaling limited surface MHC class II upregulation during conventional dendritic cell (cDC) maturation, while increased CTLA-4-dependent transendocytosis led to the transfer of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory ligands from maturing cDCs to TR cells. In NOD mice, Fc.IL-2 mutein treatment promoted the suppression of cDCs in the inflamed pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes resulting in T cell anergy. Thus, IL-2 mutein-expanded TR cells have enhanced functional properties and restrict cDC function, offering promise for targeted immunotherapy use in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L. Jamison
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - David M. Sansom
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - Lucy S.K. Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Daniel J. Campbell
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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13
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Taghizade N, Babayeva R, Kara A, Karakus IS, Catak MC, Bulutoglu A, Haskologlu ZS, Akay Haci I, Tunakan Dalgic C, Karabiber E, Bilgic Eltan S, Yorgun Altunbas M, Sefer AP, Sezer A, Kokcu Karadag SI, Arik E, Karali Z, Ozhan Kont A, Tuzer C, Karaman S, Mersin SS, Kasap N, Celik E, Kocacik Uygun DF, Aydemir S, Kiykim A, Aydogmus C, Ozek Yucel E, Celmeli F, Karatay E, Bozkurtlar E, Demir S, Metin A, Karaca NE, Kutukculer N, Aksu G, Guner SN, Keles S, Reisli I, Kendir Demirkol Y, Arikoglu T, Gulez N, Genel F, Kilic SS, Aytekin C, Keskin O, Yildiran A, Ozcan D, Altintas DU, Ardeniz FO, Dogu EF, Ikinciogullari KA, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Ozen A, Baris S. Therapeutic modalities and clinical outcomes in a large cohort with LRBA deficiency and CTLA4 insufficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1634-1645. [PMID: 37595759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) deficiency (LRBA-/-) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) insufficiency (CTLA4+/-) are mechanistically overlapped diseases presenting with recurrent infections and autoimmunity. The effectiveness of different treatment regimens remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the comparative efficacy and long-term outcome of therapy with immunosuppressants, CTLA4-immunoglobulin (abatacept), and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in a single-country multicenter cohort of 98 patients with a 5-year median follow-up. METHODS The 98 patients (63 LRBA-/- and 35 CTLA4+/-) were followed and evaluated at baseline and every 6 months for clinical manifestations and response to the respective therapies. RESULTS The LRBA-/- patients exhibited a more severe disease course than did the CTLA4+/- patients, requiring more immunosuppressants, abatacept, and HSCT to control their symptoms. Among the 58 patients who received abatacept as either a primary or rescue therapy, sustained complete control was achieved in 46 (79.3%) without severe side effects. In contrast, most patients who received immunosuppressants as primary therapy (n = 61) showed either partial or no disease control (72.1%), necessitating additional immunosuppressants, abatacept, or transplantation. Patients with partial or no response to abatacept (n = 12) had longer disease activity before abatacept therapy, with higher organ involvement and poorer disease outcomes than those with a complete response. HSCT was performed in 14 LRBA-/- patients; 9 patients (64.2%) showed complete remission, and 3 (21.3%) continued to receive immunosuppressants after transplantation. HSCT and abatacept therapy gave rise to similar probabilities of survival. CONCLUSIONS Abatacept is superior to immunosuppressants in controlling disease manifestations over the long term, especially when started early, and it may provide a safe and effective therapeutic alternative to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Taghizade
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Royala Babayeva
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Altan Kara
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Cihangir Catak
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Bulutoglu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Sule Haskologlu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Idil Akay Haci
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Dr Behcet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Tunakan Dalgic
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Karabiber
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Bilgic Eltan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melek Yorgun Altunbas
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asena Pinar Sefer
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sezer
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Elif Arik
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Karali
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aylin Ozhan Kont
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Can Tuzer
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Batman Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health, Batman, Turkey
| | - Sait Karaman
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Manisa City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Selver Seda Mersin
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Dr Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Kasap
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enes Celik
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Sezin Aydemir
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Aydogmus
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Ozek Yucel
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Celmeli
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emrah Karatay
- Department of Radiology, Marmara University Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Bozkurtlar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Demir
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Metin
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Edeer Karaca
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necil Kutukculer
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guzide Aksu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sukru Nail Guner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Reisli
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kendir Demirkol
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Arikoglu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Gulez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Dr Behcet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferah Genel
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Dr Behcet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Caner Aytekin
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Dr Sami Ulus Children Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Alisan Yildiran
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ozcan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Derya Ufuk Altintas
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatma Omur Ardeniz
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esin Figen Dogu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Xiong LJ, Tian YF, Zhai CT, Li W. Application and Effectiveness of Chinese Medicine in Regulating Immune Checkpoint Pathways. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:1045-1056. [PMID: 37580466 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint molecules has emerged as a key approach in cancer treatment, representing the forefront of antitumor research. However, studies on immune checkpoint molecules have mainly focused on targeted therapies. Chinese medicine (CM) research as a complementary medicine has revealed that immune checkpoint molecules also undergo disease-specific changes in the context of autoimmune diseases. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of CM studies on immune checkpoint molecules in the last 5 years, with a focus on their role in different diseases and treatment modalities. CM research predominantly utilizes oral administration of herbal plant extracts or acupuncture techniques, which stimulate the immune system by activating specific acupoints through temperature and needling. In this study, we analyzed the modulation and mechanisms of immune checkpoint molecules associated with different coinhibitory and costimulatory molecules, and reviewed the immune functions of related molecules and CM studies in treating autoimmune diseases and tumors. By summarizing the characteristics and research value of CM in regulating immune checkpoint molecules, this review aims to provide a useful reference for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Jie Xiong
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yue-Feng Tian
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China.
| | - Chun-Tao Zhai
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Wei Li
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
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15
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Roy D, Gilmour C, Patnaik S, Wang LL. Combinatorial blockade for cancer immunotherapy: targeting emerging immune checkpoint receptors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264327. [PMID: 37928556 PMCID: PMC10620683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation, survival, and effector function of tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells lie at the center of antitumor immunity. Due to the lack of proper costimulation and the abundant immunosuppressive mechanisms, tumor-specific T cells show a lack of persistence and exhausted and dysfunctional phenotypes. Multiple coinhibitory receptors, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, VISTA, TIGIT, TIM-3, and LAG-3, contribute to dysfunctional CTLs and failed antitumor immunity. These coinhibitory receptors are collectively called immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting these ICRs have become the cornerstone for cancer immunotherapy as they have established new clinical paradigms for an expanding range of previously untreatable cancers. Given the nonredundant yet convergent molecular pathways mediated by various ICRs, combinatorial immunotherapies are being tested to bring synergistic benefits to patients. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of several emerging ICRs, including VISTA, TIGIT, TIM-3, and LAG-3, and the preclinical and clinical data supporting combinatorial strategies to improve existing ICI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Roy
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cassandra Gilmour
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sachin Patnaik
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Li Lily Wang
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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16
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Zhou X, Cao H, Fang SY, Chow RD, Tang K, Majety M, Bai M, Dong MB, Renauer PA, Shang X, Suzuki K, Levchenko A, Chen S. CTLA-4 tail fusion enhances CAR-T antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1499-1510. [PMID: 37500885 PMCID: PMC11344484 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are powerful therapeutics; however, their efficacy is often hindered by critical hurdles. Here utilizing the endocytic feature of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) cytoplasmic tail, we reprogram CAR function and substantially enhance CAR-T efficacy in vivo. CAR-T cells with monomeric, duplex or triplex CTLA-4 cytoplasmic tails (CCTs) fused to the C terminus of CAR exhibit a progressive increase in cytotoxicity under repeated stimulation, accompanied by reduced activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Further characterization reveals that CARs with increasing CCT fusion show a progressively lower surface expression, regulated by their constant endocytosis, recycling and degradation under steady state. The molecular dynamics of reengineered CAR with CCT fusion results in reduced CAR-mediated trogocytosis, loss of tumor antigen and improved CAR-T survival. CARs with either monomeric (CAR-1CCT) or duplex CCTs (CAR-2CCT) have superior antitumor efficacy in a relapsed leukemia model. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry analysis reveal that CAR-2CCT cells retain a stronger central memory phenotype and exhibit increased persistence. These findings illuminate a unique strategy for engineering therapeutic T cells and improving CAR-T function through synthetic CCT fusion, which is orthogonal to other cell engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hanbing Cao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan D Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Tang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Medha Majety
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meizhu Bai
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew B Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xingbo Shang
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andre Levchenko
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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17
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Rui R, Zhou L, He S. Cancer immunotherapies: advances and bottlenecks. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212476. [PMID: 37691932 PMCID: PMC10484345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has ushered in a new era in cancer treatment, and cancer immunotherapy continues to be rejuvenated. The clinical goal of cancer immunotherapy is to prime host immune system to provide passive or active immunity against malignant tumors. Tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) play an immunomodulatory role in tumor microenvironment (TME) which is closely related to immune escape of tumor cells, thus influence tumor progress. Several cancer immunotherapies, include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccine, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), have shown great efficacy and promise. In this review, we will summarize the recent research advances in tumor immunotherapy, including the molecular mechanisms and clinical effects as well as limitations of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rui
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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18
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Jeong S, Cho WK, Jo Y, Choi SR, Lee N, Jeon K, Park MJ, Song W, Lee KY. Immune-checkpoint proteins, cytokines, and microbiome impact on patients with cervical insufficiency and preterm birth. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228647. [PMID: 37554329 PMCID: PMC10404982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microenvironmental factors, including microbe-induced inflammation and immune-checkpoint proteins that modulate immune cells have been associated with both cervical insufficiency and preterm delivery. These factors are incompletely understood. This study aimed to explore and compare interactions among microbiome and inflammatory factors, such as cytokines and immune-checkpoint proteins, in patients with cervical insufficiency and preterm birth. In particular, factors related to predicting preterm birth were identified and the performance of the combination of these factors was evaluated. Methods A total of 220 swab samples from 110 pregnant women, prospectively recruited at the High-Risk Maternal Neonatal Intensive Care Center, were collected between February 2020 and March 2021. This study included 63 patients with cervical insufficiency receiving cerclage and 47 control participants. Endo- and exocervical swabs and fluids were collected simultaneously. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing for the microbiome and the measurement of 34 immune-checkpoint proteins and inflammatory cytokines were performed. Results First, we demonstrated that immune-checkpoint proteins, the key immune-regulatory molecules, could be measured in endocervical and exocervical samples. Secondly, we identified significantly different microenvironments in cervical insufficiency and preterm birth, with precise cervical locations, to provide information about practically useful cervical locations in clinical settings. Finally, the presence of Moraxella osloensis (odds ratio = 14.785; P = 0.037) and chemokine CC motif ligand 2 levels higher than 73 pg/mL (odds ratio = 40.049; P = 0.005) in endocervical samples were associated with preterm birth. Combining M. osloensis and chemokine CC motif ligand 2 yielded excellent performance for predicting preterm birth (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.846, 95% confidence interval = 0.733-0.925). Conclusion Multiple relationships between microbiomes, immune-checkpoint proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in the cervical microenvironment were identified. We focus on these factors to aid in the comprehensive understanding and therapeutic modulation of local microbial and immunologic compositions for the management of cervical insufficiency and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seri Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Jo
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ran Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inha University College of Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibum Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonkeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Young Lee
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Hossen MM, Ma Y, Yin Z, Xia Y, Du J, Huang JY, Huang JJ, Zou L, Ye Z, Huang Z. Current understanding of CTLA-4: from mechanism to autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198365. [PMID: 37497212 PMCID: PMC10367421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the production of autoreactive lymphocytes, immune responses to self-antigens, and inflammation in related tissues and organs. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is majorly expressed in activated T cells and works as a critical regulator in the inflammatory response. In this review, we first describe the structure, expression, and how the signaling pathways of CTLA-4 participate in reducing effector T-cell activity and enhancing the immunomodulatory ability of regulatory T (Treg) cells to reduce immune response, maintain immune homeostasis, and maintain autoimmune silence. We then focused on the correlation between CTLA-4 and different ADs and how this molecule regulates the immune activity of the diseases and inhibits the onset, progression, and pathology of various ADs. Finally, we summarized the current progress of CTLA-4 as a therapeutic target for various ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Munnaf Hossen
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhao Xia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jim Yi Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer Jin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Linghua Zou
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhizhong Ye
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Paillon N, Hivroz C. CTLA4 prohibits T cells from cross-dressing. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230419. [PMID: 37071124 PMCID: PMC10120349 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this issue of JEM, Xiaozheng Xu et al. (2023. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20221391) report that the inhibitory protein CTLA4 internalizes in cis the B7 stimulatory molecules previously "gnawed" by T cells from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and in doing so prevents stimulatory T-T interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- Team Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- Team Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation, Paris, France
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21
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Zhou X, Cao H, Fang SY, Chow RD, Tang K, Majety M, Bai M, Dong MB, Renauer PA, Shang X, Suzuki K, Levchenko A, Chen S. CTLA-4 tail fusion enhances CAR-T anti-tumor immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532655. [PMID: 36993364 PMCID: PMC10055096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are powerful therapeutics; however, their efficacy is often hindered by critical hurdles. Here, utilizing the endocytic feature of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) cytoplasmic tail (CT), we reprogram CAR function and substantially enhance CAR-T efficacy in vivo . CAR-T cells with monomeric, duplex, or triplex CTLA-4 CTs (CCTs) fused to the C-terminus of CAR exhibit a progressive increase in cytotoxicity under repeated stimulation, accompanied by reduced activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further characterization reveals that CARs with increasing CCT fusion show a progressively lower surface expression, regulated by their constant endocytosis, recycling and degradation under steady state. The molecular dynamics of reengineered CAR with CCT fusion results in reduced CAR-mediated trogocytosis, loss of tumor antigen, and improved CAR-T survival. CARs with either monomeric (CAR-1CCT) or duplex CCTs (CAR-2CCT) have superior anti-tumor efficacy in a relapsed leukemia model. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry analysis reveal that CAR-2CCT cells retain a stronger central memory phenotype and exhibit increased persistence. These findings illuminate a unique strategy for engineering therapeutic T cells and improving CAR-T function through synthetic CCT fusion, which is orthogonal to other cell engineering techniques.
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22
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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) as an undetermined tool in tumor cells. Hum Cell 2023:10.1007/s13577-023-00893-8. [PMID: 36907978 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, the function of T cells is a fate-changer for tumor progression. In the meantime, CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are vital role players in the controlling activity of T cells as an activator and deactivator, respectively. In T cells in comparison to CD28, the molecular mechanism of CTLA-4 is unclear. In addition, despite the fact that most tumor cell types express CTLA-4, its role in tumor cells is not well understood and only few studies focused on the role of CTLA-4 signaling in tumor cells. It is illustrated that CTLA-4 signaling causes PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. However, numerous characteristics of CTLA-4 signaling in tumor cells are ambiguous and require to be described. In this article, we proposed that the CTLA-4 signaling during immunotherapy with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies may cause poor responses by patients. In addition, we attract attention to several fundamental questions regarding CTLA-4 signaling in tumor cells. Overall, the CTLA-4 signaling function and the related gaps about its role in tumor cells in the present review are challenged.
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23
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Kennedy A, Robinson MA, Hinze C, Waters E, Williams C, Halliday N, Dovedi S, Sansom DM. The CTLA-4 immune checkpoint protein regulates PD-L1:PD-1 interaction via transendocytosis of its ligand CD80. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111556. [PMID: 36727298 PMCID: PMC9975936 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 and PD-1 are key immune checkpoint receptors that are targeted in the treatment of cancer. A recently identified physical interaction between the respective ligands, CD80 and PD-L1, has been shown to block PD-L1/PD-1 binding and to prevent PD-L1 inhibitory functions. Since CTLA-4 is known to capture and degrade its ligands via transendocytosis, we investigated the interplay between CD80 transendocytosis and CD80/PD-L1 interaction. We find that transendocytosis of CD80 results in a time-dependent recovery of PD-L1 availability that correlates with CD80 removal. Moreover, CD80 transendocytosis is highly specific in that only CD80 is internalised, while its heterodimeric PD-L1 partner remains on the plasma membrane of the antigen-presenting cell (APC). CTLA-4 interactions with CD80 do not appear to be inhibited by PD-L1, but efficient removal of CD80 requires an intact CTLA-4 cytoplasmic domain, distinguishing this process from more general trogocytosis and simple CTLA-4 binding to CD80/PD-L1 complexes. These data are consistent with CTLA-4 acting as modulator of PD-L1:PD-1 interactions via control of CD80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
| | | | - Claudia Hinze
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
| | - Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
| | | | - Neil Halliday
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
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24
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Zhou X, Li C, Chen T, Li W, Wang X, Yang Q. Targeting RNA N6-methyladenosine to synergize with immune checkpoint therapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:36. [PMID: 36810108 PMCID: PMC9942356 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint therapy, has revolutionized therapeutic options by reactivating the host immune system. However, the efficacy varies, and only a small portion of patients develop sustained antitumor responses. Hence, illustrating novel strategies that improve the clinical outcome of immune checkpoint therapy is urgently needed. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been proved to be an efficient and dynamic posttranscriptional modification process. It is involved in numerous RNA processing, such as splicing, trafficking, translation and degradation. Compelling evidence emphasizes the paramount role of m6A modification in the regulation of immune response. These findings may provide a foundation for the rational combination of targeting m6A modification and immune checkpoints in cancer treatment. In the present review, we summarize the current landscape of m6A modification in RNA biology, and highlight the latest findings on the complex mechanisms by which m6A modification governs immune checkpoint molecules. Furthermore, given the critical role of m6A modification in antitumor immunity, we discuss the clinical significance of targeting m6A modification to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, Shandong China ,grid.476866.dDepartment of Breast Surgery, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Xi Road No. 107, Shandong, Jinan, China. .,Research Institute of Breast Cancer, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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25
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Kvalvaag A, Valvo S, Céspedes PF, Saliba DG, Kurz E, Korobchevskaya K, Dustin ML. Clathrin mediates both internalization and vesicular release of triggered T cell receptor at the immunological synapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211368120. [PMID: 36730202 PMCID: PMC9963302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211368120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligation of T cell receptor (TCR) to peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes initiates signaling leading to T cell activation and TCR ubiquitination. Ubiquitinated TCR is then either internalized by the T cell or released toward the antigen-presenting cell (APC) in extracellular vesicles. How these distinct fates are orchestrated is unknown. Here, we show that clathrin is first recruited to TCR microclusters by HRS and STAM2 to initiate release of TCR in extracellular vesicles through clathrin- and ESCRT-mediated ectocytosis directly from the plasma membrane. Subsequently, EPN1 recruits clathrin to remaining TCR microclusters to enable trans-endocytosis of pMHC-TCR conjugates from the APC. With these results, we demonstrate how clathrin governs bidirectional membrane exchange at the immunological synapse through two topologically opposite processes coordinated by the sequential recruitment of ecto- and endocytic adaptors. This provides a scaffold for direct two-way communication between T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Kvalvaag
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo0379, Norway
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - Pablo F Céspedes
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - David G Saliba
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Malta, MsidaMSD 2080, Malta
| | - Elke Kurz
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - Kseniya Korobchevskaya
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
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26
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Waters E, Williams C, Kennedy A, Sansom DM. In Vitro Analysis of CTLA-4-Mediated Transendocytosis by Regulatory T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2559:171-187. [PMID: 36180633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2647-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) constitutively express the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4, which is fundamental to their role in immune suppression. Mechanistically, CTLA-4 on Tregs can attenuate T cell activation by physically removing and internalizing costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 from the surface of antigen-presenting cells by transendocytosis. Therefore, the process of transendocytosis can be harnessed as a tool to study the molecular basis of CTLA-4 biology and a key aspect of Treg suppressive function. In this chapter, we describe a method of human Treg isolation and expansion resulting in high CTLA-4 expression. We then detail a transendocytosis assay using artificial antigen-presenting cells (DG-75 B Cell lines) expressing fluorescently tagged ligands mixed with the expanded Tregs. This methodology can be applied to testing of patients carrying CTLA-4 mutations, providing a robust model to assess the degree of functional disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Cayman Williams
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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27
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Catak MC, Akcam B, Bilgic Eltan S, Babayeva R, Karakus IS, Akgun G, Baser D, Bulutoglu A, Bayram F, Kasap N, Kiykim A, Hancioglu G, Kokcu Karadag SI, Kendir Demirkol Y, Ozen S, Cekic S, Ozcan D, Edeer Karaca N, Sasihuseyinoglu AS, Cansever M, Ozek Yucel E, Tamay Z, Altintas DU, Aydogmus C, Celmeli F, Cokugras H, Gulez N, Genel F, Metin A, Guner SN, Kutukculer N, Keles S, Reisli I, Kilic SS, Yildiran A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Lo B, Ozen A, Baris S. Comparing the levels of CTLA-4-dependent biological defects in patients with LRBA deficiency and CTLA-4 insufficiency. Allergy 2022; 77:3108-3123. [PMID: 35491430 DOI: 10.1111/all.15331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein-4 (CTLA-4) insufficiency are recently described disorders that present with susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, and lymphoproliferation. Clinical and immunological comparisons of the diseases with long-term follow-up have not been previously reported. We sought to compare the clinical and laboratory manifestations of both diseases and investigate the role of flow cytometry in predicting the genetic defect in patients with LRBA deficiency and CTLA-4 insufficiency. METHODS Patients were evaluated clinically with laboratory assessments for lymphocyte subsets, T follicular helper cells (TFH ), LRBA expression, and expression of CD25, FOXP3, and CTLA4 in regulatory T cells (Tregs) at baseline and 16 h post-stimulation. RESULTS LRBA-deficient patients (n = 29) showed significantly early age of symptom onset, higher rates of pneumonia, autoimmunity, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive compared to CTLA-4 insufficiency (n = 12). In total, 29 patients received abatacept with favorable responses and the overall survival probability was not different between transplanted versus non-transplanted patients in LRBA deficiency. Meanwhile, higher probability of survival was observed in CTLA-4-insufficient patients (p = 0.04). The T-cell subsets showed more deviation to memory cells in CTLA-4-insufficiency, accompanied by low percentages of Treg and dysregulated cTFH cells response in both diseases. Cumulative numbers of autoimmunities positively correlated with cTFH frequencies. Baseline CTLA-4 expression was significantly diminished in LRBA deficiency and CTLA-4 insufficiency, but significant induction in CTLA-4 was observed after short-term T-cell stimulation in LRBA deficiency and controls, while this elevation was less in CTLA-4 insufficiency, allowing to differentiate this disease from LRBA deficiency with high sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (90%). CONCLUSION This cohort provided detailed clinical and laboratory comparisons for LRBA deficiency and CTLA-4 insufficiency. The flow cytometric approach is useful in predicting the defective gene; thus, targeted sequencing can be conducted to provide rapid diagnosis and treatment for these diseases impacting the CTLA-4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet C Catak
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bengu Akcam
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Bilgic Eltan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Royala Babayeva
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gamze Akgun
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Baser
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Bulutoglu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Bayram
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Kasap
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gonca Hancioglu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sefika I Kokcu Karadag
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kendir Demirkol
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selime Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sukru Cekic
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ozcan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Edeer Karaca
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Cansever
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Immunology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Ozek Yucel
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tamay
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya U Altintas
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Aydogmus
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Celmeli
- Ministry of Health, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cokugras
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Gulez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferah Genel
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Metin
- Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sukru N Guner
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Necil Kutukculer
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Reisli
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sara S Kilic
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Alisan Yildiran
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernice Lo
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.,The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kennedy A, Waters E, Rowshanravan B, Hinze C, Williams C, Janman D, Fox TA, Booth C, Pesenacker AM, Halliday N, Soskic B, Kaur S, Qureshi OS, Morris EC, Ikemizu S, Paluch C, Huo J, Davis SJ, Boucrot E, Walker LSK, Sansom DM. Differences in CD80 and CD86 transendocytosis reveal CD86 as a key target for CTLA-4 immune regulation. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1365-1378. [PMID: 35999394 PMCID: PMC9477731 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD28 and CTLA-4 (CD152) play essential roles in regulating T cell immunity, balancing the activation and inhibition of T cell responses, respectively. Although both receptors share the same ligands, CD80 and CD86, the specific requirement for two distinct ligands remains obscure. In the present study, we demonstrate that, although CTLA-4 targets both CD80 and CD86 for destruction via transendocytosis, this process results in separate fates for CTLA-4 itself. In the presence of CD80, CTLA-4 remained ligand bound, and was ubiquitylated and trafficked via late endosomes and lysosomes. In contrast, in the presence of CD86, CTLA-4 detached in a pH-dependent manner and recycled back to the cell surface to permit further transendocytosis. Furthermore, we identified clinically relevant mutations that cause autoimmune disease, which selectively disrupted CD86 transendocytosis, by affecting either CTLA-4 recycling or CD86 binding. These observations provide a rationale for two distinct ligands and show that defects in CTLA-4-mediated transendocytosis of CD86 are associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | | | - Claudia Hinze
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | | | - Daniel Janman
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Fox
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Neil Halliday
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Blagoje Soskic
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Satdip Kaur
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Emma C Morris
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Shinji Ikemizu
- Division of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Christopher Paluch
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute-Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK.
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29
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Kim GR, Choi JM. Current Understanding of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Signaling in T-Cell Biology and Disease Therapy. Mol Cells 2022; 45:513-521. [PMID: 35950451 PMCID: PMC9385567 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an immune checkpoint molecule that is mainly expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells that inhibits T-cell activation and regulates immune homeostasis. Due to the crucial functions of CTLA-4 in T-cell biology, CTLA-4-targeted immunotherapies have been developed for autoimmune disease as well as cancers. CTLA-4 is known to compete with CD28 to interact with B7, but some studies have revealed that its downstream signaling is independent of its ligand interaction. As a signaling domain of CTLA-4, the tyrosine motif plays a role in inhibiting T-cell activation. Recently, the lysine motif has been shown to be required for the function of Treg cells, emphasizing the importance of CTLA-4 signaling. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of CTLA-4 biology and molecular signaling events and discuss strategies to target CTLA-4 signaling for immune modulation and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Ran Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute for Rheumatology Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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30
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Hemmatzadeh M, Ahangar Parvin E, Mohammadi H, Azizi G, Shomali N, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The role of immune regulatory molecules in rheumatoid arthritis: Implication for etiopathogenesis and prospective for treatment. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3541-3553. [PMID: 35938550 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered an autoimmune chronic disorder and the most common inflammatory arthropathy. Disease progression in RA begins with asymptomatic autoimmune responses in cases with a genetic or environmental predisposition, that alters to arthralgia phase as autoantibodies reach the joints and subjects begin demonstrating nonspecific musculoskeletal presentations lacking any clinical symptoms of synovial inflammation. After that, patients' symptoms develop to undifferentiated arthritis (UA)/idiopathic arthritis (IA) whenever the subjects progress to clinical synovitis systemic comorbidities affecting the vasculature, metabolism, and bone, and eventually with augmented immune cell infiltration, IA/UA patients progress to clinically classifiable RA. RA is mainly correlated with different immune cells and each of them contributes variously to the pathogenesis of the disease. The pathogenesis of RA is altered by the contribution of both T and B cells in an autoimmune irregularity. Modulation of the immune responses occurs through regulatory and inhibitory molecules that control activation of the adaptive system as well as immune hemostasis. To confine the exorbitant T cell-associated inflammatory reactions, the immune system provides a system of inhibitory feedbacks, collectively named immune checkpoints. In this review, we aimed to discuss about inhibitory members of immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4, lymphocyte activation gene-3, T cell immunoglobulin-3, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain and their role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ahangar Parvin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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31
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Hoffman HK, Aguilar RS, Clark AR, Groves NS, Pezeshkian N, Bruns MM, van Engelenburg SB. Endocytosed HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Traffics to Rab14 + Late Endosomes and Lysosomes to Regulate Surface Levels in T-Cell Lines. J Virol 2022; 96:e0076722. [PMID: 35770989 PMCID: PMC9327703 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00767-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of infectious HIV-1 particles requires incorporation of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) at the plasma membrane (PM) of infected CD4+ T cells. Env trafficking to the PM exposes viral epitopes that can be exploited by the host immune system; however, HIV-1 can evade this response by endocytosis of excess Env from the PM. The fate of Env after internalization remains unclear, with evidence suggesting several different vesicular trafficking steps may be involved, including recycling pathways. To date, there have been very few studies documenting the trafficking pathways of native Env in infected T cells. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether there are T-cell-specific endosomal pathways regulating the fate of endocytic Env. Here, we use a pulse-labeling approach with a monovalent anti-Env Fab probe to characterize the trafficking of internalized Env within infected CD4+ T-cell lines, together with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated endogenous protein tagging, to assess the role of host cell Rab GTPases in Env trafficking. We show that endocytosed Env traffics to Rab14+ compartments that possess hallmarks of late endosomes and lysosomes. We also demonstrate that Env can recycle back to the PM, although we find that recycling does not occur at high rates when compared to the model recycling protein transferrin. These results help to resolve open questions about the fate and relevance of endocytosed Env in HIV-infected cells and suggest a novel role for Rab14 in a cell-type-specific late-endosomal/lysosomal trafficking pathway in T cells. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) evades immune neutralization through many mechanisms. One immune evasion strategy may result from the internalization of excess surface-exposed Env to prevent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or neutralization. Characterization of the fate of endocytosed Env is critical to understand which vesicular pathways could be targeted to promote display of Env epitopes to the immune system. In this study, we characterize the endocytic fate of native Env, expressed from infected human T-cell lines. We demonstrate that Env is rapidly trafficked to a late-endosome/lysosome-like compartment and can be recycled to the cell surface for incorporation into virus assembly sites. This study implicates a novel intracellular compartment, marked by host-cell Rab14 GTPases, for the sequestration of Env. Therapeutic approaches aimed at mobilizing this intracellular pool of Env could lead to stronger immune control of HIV-1 infection via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxley K. Hoffman
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebekah S. Aguilar
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Austin R. Clark
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Groves
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nairi Pezeshkian
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Merissa M. Bruns
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Schuyler B. van Engelenburg
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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32
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Yan Q, Zhang B, Ling X, Zhu B, Mei S, Yang H, Zhang D, Huo J, Zhao Z. CTLA-4 Facilitates DNA Damage–Induced Apoptosis by Interacting With PP2A. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:728771. [PMID: 35281086 PMCID: PMC8907142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.728771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses. It accumulates in intracellular compartments, translocates to the cell surface, and is rapidly internalized. However, the cytoplasmic function of CTLA-4 remains largely unknown. Here, we describe the role of CTLA-4 as an immunomodulator in the DNA damage response to genotoxic stress. Using isogenic models of murine T cells with either sufficient or deficient CTLA-4 expression and performing a variety of assays, including cell apoptosis, cell cycle, comet, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence staining analyses, we show that CTLA-4 activates ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) by binding to the ATM inhibitor protein phosphatase 2A into the cytoplasm of T cells following transient treatment with zeocin, exacerbating the DNA damage response and inducing apoptosis. These findings provide new insights into how T cells maintain their immune function under high-stress conditions, which is clinically important for patients with tumors undergoing immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Zhao,
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33
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Chen Y, Wu X, Zhang J, Pan G, Wang X, Guo X, Wang J, Cui X, Gao H, Cheng M, Yang J, Zhang C, Jiang F. Amino acid starvation-induced LDLR trafficking accelerates lipoprotein endocytosis and LDL clearance. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53373. [PMID: 34994492 PMCID: PMC8892268 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells utilize Akt‐dependent signaling to deploy intracellular Glut4 toward cell surface to facilitate glucose uptake. Low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the cargo receptor mediating endocytosis of apolipoprotein B‐containing lipoproteins. However, signaling‐controlled regulation of intracellular LDLR trafficking remains elusive. Here, we describe a unique amino acid stress response, which directs the deployment of intracellular LDLRs, causing enhanced LDL endocytosis, likely via Ca2+ and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II‐mediated signalings. This response is independent of induction of autophagy. Amino acid stress‐induced increase in LDL uptake in vitro is comparable to that by pravastatin. In vivo, acute AAS challenge for up to 72 h enhanced the rate of hepatic LDL uptake without changing the total expression level of LDLR. Reducing dietary amino acids by 50% for 2 to 4 weeks ameliorated high fat diet‐induced hypercholesterolemia in heterozygous LDLR‐deficient mice, with reductions in both LDL and VLDL fractions. We suggest that identification of signaling‐controlled regulation of intracellular LDLR trafficking has advanced our understanding of the LDLR biology, and may benefit future development of additional therapeutic strategies for treating hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guopin Pan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaosun Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaopei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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34
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Tong H, Wei H, Smith AO, Huang J. The Role of m6A Epigenetic Modification in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2022; 12:802049. [PMID: 35069586 PMCID: PMC8771774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.802049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy, one of the efficient therapies in cancers, has been called to the scientific community's increasing attention lately. Among them, immune checkpoint inhibitors, providing entirely new modalities to treat cancer by leveraging the patient's immune system. They are first-line treatments for varieties of advanced malignancy, such as melanoma, gastrointestinal tumor, esophageal cancer. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treatment has been successful in different cancers, drug resistance and relapses are common, such as in colorectal cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy for cancer patients who do not respond or lowly response to current treatments. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), as a critical regulator of transcript expression, is the most frequently internal modification of mRNA in the human body. Recently, it has been proposed that m6A epigenetic modification is a potential driver of tumor drug resistance. In this report, we will briefly outline the relevant mechanisms, general treatment status of immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer, how m6A epigenetic modifications regulate the response of ICIs in CRC and provide new strategies for overcoming the resistance of ICIs in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tong
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China & Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China & Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, China
| | - He Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Alhaji Osman Smith
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China & Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China & Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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35
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Graziani G, Lisi L, Tentori L, Navarra P. Monoclonal Antibodies to CTLA-4 with Focus on Ipilimumab. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:295-350. [PMID: 35165868 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4 or CD152) is a negative regulator of T-cell-mediated immune responses which plays a critical role in suppressing autoimmunity and maintaining immune homeostasis. Because of its inhibitory activity on T cells, CTLA-4 has been investigated as a drug target to induce immunostimulation, blocking the interaction with its ligands. The antitumor effects mediated by CTLA-4 blockade have been attributed to a sustained active immune response against cancer cells, due to the release of a brake on T cell activation. Ipilimumab (Yervoy, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is a fully human anti-CTLA-4 IgG1κ monoclonal antibody (mAb) that represents the first immune checkpoint inhibitor approved as monotherapy by FDA and EMA in 2011 for the treatment of unresectable/metastatic melanoma. In 2015, FDA also granted approval to ipilimumab monotherapy as adjuvant treatment of stage III melanoma to reduce the risk of tumour recurrence. The subsequent approved indications of ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma, regardless of BRAF mutational status, and other advanced/metastatic solid tumours always involve its use in association with the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) mAb nivolumab. Currently, ipilimumab is evaluated in ongoing clinical trials for refractory/advanced solid tumours mainly in combination with additional immunostimulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Graziani
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Tentori
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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36
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Cai X, Zhan H, Ye Y, Yang J, Zhang M, Li J, Zhuang Y. Current Progress and Future Perspectives of Immune Checkpoint in Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Front Genet 2021; 12:785153. [PMID: 34917131 PMCID: PMC8670224 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.785153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the antimicrobial or antiviral immune response. Unfortunately, cancer cells can mimic the ligands of immune checkpoints to evade immune surveillance. Application of immune checkpoint blockade can help dampen the ligands expressed on cancer cells, reverse the exhaustion status of effector T cells, and reinvigorate the antitumor function. Here, we briefly introduce the structure, expression, signaling pathway, and targeted drugs of several inhibitory immune checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, VISTA, and IDO1). And we summarize the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in tumors, such as single agent and combination therapy and adverse reactions. At the same time, we further discussed the correlation between immune checkpoints and microorganisms and the role of immune checkpoints in microbial-infection diseases. This review focused on the current knowledge about the role of the immune checkpoints will help in applying immune checkpoints for clinical therapy of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Heilongjiang Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Huajie Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuguang Ye
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chifeng City Hospital, Chifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Zhuang, ; Jing Li, ; Minghui Zhang,
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology and Electron Microscopy Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Zhuang, ; Jing Li, ; Minghui Zhang,
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Zhuang, ; Jing Li, ; Minghui Zhang,
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37
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Lisi L, Lacal PM, Martire M, Navarra P, Graziani G. Clinical experience with CTLA-4 blockade for cancer immunotherapy: From the monospecific monoclonal antibody ipilimumab to probodies and bispecific molecules targeting the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105997. [PMID: 34826600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory regulator of T-cell mediated responses that has been investigated as target of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for cancer immunotherapy. The anti-CTLA-4 mAb ipilimumab represents the first immune checkpoint inhibitor that significantly improved overall survival in patients with unresectable/metastatic melanoma. The subsequent approved indications (often in the first-line setting) for melanoma and other advanced/metastatic solid tumors always require ipilimumab combination with nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) mAb. However, the improved clinical efficacy of the mAb combination is associated with increased immune-related adverse events, which might require treatment discontinuation even in responding patients. This drawback is expected to be overcome by the recent development of anti-CTLA-4 probodies proteolitycally activated in the tumor microenvironment and bispecific molecules targeting both CTLA-4 and PD-1, whose co-expression is characteristic of tumor-infiltrating T cells. These molecules would preferentially stimulate immune responses against the tumor, reducing toxicity toward normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lisi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Martire
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Grazia Graziani
- IDI-IRCCS, Via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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38
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Development and validation of a reporter gene assay to determine the bioactivity of anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108277. [PMID: 34773758 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an important immune checkpoint for the regulation of T cell activation, and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being developed as mono- or combination therapy for various tumors with reliable clinical efficacy. Ipilimumab is the first approved inhibitor of immune checkpoint, and many other anti-CTLA-4 mAbs, including ipilimumab biosimilars, are in different stages of clinical trials. However, due to the immunomodulating nature of the mAbs targeting CTLA-4, mode of action (MoA) and cell-based bioassay to determine their bioactivities as the lot release or stability test has been a great challenge to quality control laboratories. In this study, we have developed and validated a reporter gene assay (RGA), in which two kinds of cell lines were engineered to measure the bioactivity of anti-CTLA-4 mAbs. Raji cells were stably transfected with the membrane-anchored anti-CD3 single chain antibody fragment (scFv) as antigen-presenting cells (APCs, Raji-CD3scFv cells), while Jurkat cells were stably transfected with CTLA-4 with Y201V mutation and NFAT controlled luciferase as the effector cells (Jurkat-CTLA-4-NFAT-luc cells). The ligation of CD80/CD86 on the APCs with CTLA-4 could reduce the luciferase expression accompanied with the activation of effector cells, while the anti-CTLA-4 mAb could reverse the reduction, which resulted in good dose response curve to determine its bioactivity. After optimizing various assay conditions, we performed full validation according to ICH-Q2 (R1), which demonstrated the excellent specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and the cell passage stability. The satisfied performance characteristics render the RGA a good bioassay in the bioactivity determination of anti-CTLA-4 mAbs, as applied in characterization, batch release control, stability study, and biosimilar assessment.
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Martínez-Méndez D, Mendoza L, Villarreal C, Huerta L. Continuous Modeling of T CD4 Lymphocyte Activation and Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:743559. [PMID: 34804023 PMCID: PMC8602102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T CD4+ cells are central to the adaptive immune response against pathogens. Their activation is induced by the engagement of the T-cell receptor by antigens, and of co-stimulatory receptors by molecules also expressed on antigen presenting cells. Then, a complex network of intracellular events reinforce, diversify and regulate the initial signals, including dynamic metabolic processes that strongly influence both the activation state and the differentiation to effector cell phenotypes. The regulation of cell metabolism is controlled by the nutrient sensor adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which drives the balance between oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis. Herein, we put forward a 51-node continuous mathematical model that describes the temporal evolution of the early events of activation, integrating a circuit of metabolic regulation into the main routes of signaling. The model simulates the induction of anergy due to defective co-stimulation, the CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade, and the differentiation to effector phenotypes induced by external cytokines. It also describes the adjustment of the OXPHOS-glycolysis equilibrium by the action of AMPK as the effector function of the T cell develops. The development of a transient phase of increased OXPHOS before induction of a sustained glycolytic phase during differentiation to the Th1, Th2 and Th17 phenotypes is shown. In contrast, during Treg differentiation, glycolysis is subsequently reduced as cell metabolism is predominantly polarized towards OXPHOS. These observations are in agreement with experimental data suggesting that OXPHOS produces an ATP reservoir before glycolysis boosts the production of metabolites needed for protein synthesis, cell function, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Villarreal
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leonor Huerta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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40
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Cueto-Sanchez A, Niu H, Del Campo-Herrera E, Robles-Díaz M, Sanabria-Cabrera J, Ortega-Alonso A, Garcia-Cortes M, Gonzalez-Grande R, Jimenez-Perez M, Ruiz-Cabello F, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Stephens C. Lymphocyte Profile and Immune Checkpoint Expression in Drug-Induced Liver Injury: An Immunophenotyping Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1604-1612. [PMID: 34543448 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of specific HLA risk alleles in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) points toward an important role of the adaptive immune system in DILI development. In this study, we aimed to corroborate the role of an adaptive immune response in DILI through immunophenotyping of leukocyte populations and immune checkpoint expressions. Blood samples were collected from adjudicated DILI (n = 12), acute viral hepatitis (VH; n = 13), acute autoimmune hepatitis (AIH; n = 9), and acute liver injury of unknown etiology (n = 15) at day 1 (recognition), day 7, and day >30. Blood samples from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; n = 20) and healthy liver controls (HLCs; n = 54) were extracted at one time point. Leukocyte populations and immune checkpoint expressions were determined based on cell surface receptors, except for CTLA-4 that was determined intracellularly, using flow cytometry. At recognition, DILI demonstrated significantly higher levels of activated helper T-cell (P < 0.0001), activated cytotoxic T-cells (P = 0.0003), Th1 (P = 0.0358), intracellular CTLA-4 level in helper T-cells (P = 0.0192), and PD-L1 presenting monocytes (P = 0.0452) than HLC. These levels approached those of HLC over time. No significant differences were found between DILI and VH. However, DILI presented higher level of activated helper T-cells and CTLA-4 than NAFLD and lower PD-L1 level than AIH. Our findings suggest that an adaptive immune response is involved in DILI in which activated CD4+ and CD8+ play an important role. Increased expression of negative immune checkpoints is likely the effect of peripheral tolerance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cueto-Sanchez
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Hao Niu
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Del Campo-Herrera
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robles-Díaz
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Sanabria-Cabrera
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Platform ISCiii for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials UICEC-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
| | - Aida Ortega-Alonso
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Garcia-Cortes
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Gonzalez-Grande
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Jimenez-Perez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Platform ISCiii for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials UICEC-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
| | - Camilla Stephens
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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41
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Kato T, Okada R, Furusawa A, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Okuyama S, Fukushima H, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Simultaneously Combined Cancer Cell- and CTLA4-Targeted NIR-PIT Causes a Synergistic Treatment Effect in Syngeneic Mouse Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2262-2273. [PMID: 34518299 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new cancer treatment that utilizes antibody-IRDye700DX (IR700) conjugates. The clinical use of NIR-PIT has recently been approved in Japan for patients with inoperable head and neck cancer targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR). Previously, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)-targeted NIR-PIT has been shown to strongly inhibit tumor progression and prolonged survival was seen in different tumor models due to enhanced T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. In this study, combined NIR-PIT targeting CTLA4 expressing cells and cancer cells was investigated in four tumor models including a newly established hEGFR-expressing murine oropharyngeal cancer cell (mEERL-hEGFR). While single molecule-targeted therapy (NIR-PIT targeting hEGFR or CTLA4) did not inhibit tumor progression in poorly immunogenic mEERL-hEGFR tumor, dual (CTLA4/hEGFR)-targeted NIR-PIT significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival resulting in a 38% complete response rate. After the dual-targeted NIR-PIT, depletion of CTLA4 expressing cells, which were mainly regulatory T cells (Tregs), and an increase in the CD8+/Treg ratio in the tumor bed were observed, suggesting enhanced host antitumor immunity. Furthermore, dual-targeted NIR-PIT showed antitumor immunity in distant untreated tumors of the same type. Thus, simultaneous cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT and CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT is a promising new cancer therapy strategy, especially in poorly immunogenic tumors where NIR-PIT monotherapy is suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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42
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Charpentier JC, King PD. Mechanisms and functions of endocytosis in T cells. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:92. [PMID: 34503523 PMCID: PMC8427877 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Once thought of primarily as a means to neutralize pathogens or to facilitate feeding, endocytosis is now known to regulate a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes. Among these are regulation of signal transduction, mitosis, lipid homeostasis, and directed migration, among others. Less well-appreciated are the roles various forms of endocytosis plays in regulating αβ and, especially, γδ T cell functions, such as T cell receptor signaling, antigen discovery by trogocytosis, and activated cell growth. Herein we examine the contribution of both clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent mechanisms of endocytosis to T cell biology. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Charpentier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6606 Med Sci II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5620, USA
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6606 Med Sci II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5620, USA.
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43
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Duan Y, Tian X, Liu Q, Jin J, Shi J, Hou Y. Role of autophagy on cancer immune escape. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:91. [PMID: 34493296 PMCID: PMC8424925 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is catabolic process by degradation of intracellular components in lysosome including proteins, lipids, and mitochondria in response to nutrient deficiency or stress such as hypoxia or chemotherapy. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy could induce immune checkpoint proteins (PD-L1, MHC-I/II) degradation of cancer cells, which play an important role in regulating cancer cell immune escape. In addition to autophagic degradation of immune checkpoint proteins, autophagy induction in immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells) manipulates antigen presentation and T cell activity. These reports suggest that autophagy could negatively or positively regulate cancer cell immune escape by immune checkpoint protein and antigens degradation, cytokines release, antigens generation. These controversial phenomenon of autophagy on cancer cell immune evasion may be derived from different experimental context or models. In addition, autophagy maybe exhibit a role in regulating host excessive immune response. So rational combination with autophagy could enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, the current progress of autophagy on cancer immune escape is discussed. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Duan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongzhong Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.
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44
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Janman D, Hinze C, Kennedy A, Halliday N, Waters E, Williams C, Rowshanravan B, Hou TZ, Minogue S, Qureshi OS, Sansom DM. Regulation of CTLA-4 recycling by LRBA and Rab11. Immunology 2021; 164:106-119. [PMID: 33960403 PMCID: PMC8358724 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an essential regulator of T-cell immune responses whose intracellular trafficking is a hallmark of its expression. Defects in CTLA-4 trafficking due to LRBA deficiency cause profound autoimmunity in humans. CTLA-4 rapidly internalizes via a clathrin-dependent pathway followed by poorly characterized recycling and degradation fates. Here, we explore the impact of manipulating Rab GTPases and LRBA on CTLA-4 expression to determine how these proteins affect CTLA-4 trafficking. We observe that CTLA-4 is distributed across several compartments marked by Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11 in both HeLa and Jurkat cells. Dominant negative (DN) inhibition of Rab5 resulted in increased surface CTLA-4 expression and reduced internalization and degradation. We also observed that constitutively active (CA) Rab11 increased, whereas DN Rab11 decreased CTLA-4 surface expression via an impact on CTLA-4 recycling, indicating CTLA-4 shares similarities with other recycling receptors such as EGFR. Additionally, we studied the impact of manipulating both LRBA and Rab11 on CTLA-4 trafficking. In Jurkat cells, LRBA deficiency was associated with markedly impaired CTLA-4 recycling and increased degradation that could not be corrected by expressing CA Rab11. Moreover LRBA deficiency reduced CTLA-4 colocalization with Rab11, suggesting that LRBA is upstream of Rab11. These results show that LRBA is required for effective CTLA-4 recycling by delivering CTLA-4 to Rab11 recycling compartments, and in its absence, CTLA-4 fails to recycle and undergoes degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Janman
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Claudia Hinze
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Neil Halliday
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Erin Waters
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Shane Minogue
- Institute of Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - David M. Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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45
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Alfei F, Ho PC, Lo WL. DCision-making in tumors governs T cell anti-tumor immunity. Oncogene 2021; 40:5253-5261. [PMID: 34290401 PMCID: PMC8390370 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of T cell-based immunotherapies and immune checkpoint blockade for cancer treatment has dramatically shifted oncological treatment paradigms and broadened the horizons of cancer immunology. Dendritic cells have emerged as the critical tailors of T cell immune responses, which initiate and coordinate anti-tumor immunity. Importantly, genetic alterations in cancer cells, cytokines and chemokines produced by cancer and stromal cells, and the process of tumor microenvironmental regulation can compromise dendritic cell-T cell cross-talk, thereby disrupting anti-tumor T cell responses. This review summarizes how T cell activation is controlled by dendritic cells and how the tumor microenvironment alters dendritic cell properties in the context of the anti-tumor immune cycle. Furthermore, we will highlight therapeutic options for tailoring dendritic cell-mediated decision-making in T cells for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Alfei
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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46
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Treg-expressed CTLA-4 depletes CD80/CD86 by trogocytosis, releasing free PD-L1 on antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023739118. [PMID: 34301886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023739118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitutively and highly express the immune checkpoint receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), whose Treg-specific deficiency causes severe systemic autoimmunity. As a key mechanism of Treg-mediated suppression, Treg-expressed CTLA-4 down-regulates the expression of CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, we show that Treg-expressed CTLA-4 facilitated Treg-APC conjugation and immune synapse formation. The immune synapses thus formed provided a stable platform whereby Tregs were able to deplete CD80/CD86 molecules on APCs by extracting them via CTLA-4-dependent trogocytosis. The depletion occurred even with Tregs solely expressing a mutant CTLA-4 form lacking the cytoplasmic portion required for its endocytosis. The CTLA-4-dependent trogocytosis of CD80/CD86 also accelerated in vitro and in vivo passive transfer of other membrane proteins and lipid molecules from APCs to Tregs without their significant reduction on the APC surface. Furthermore, CD80 down-regulation or blockade by Treg-expressed membrane CTLA-4 or soluble CTLA-4-immunoglobulin (CTLA-4-Ig), respectively, disrupted cis-CD80/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) heterodimers and increased free PD-L1 on dendritic cells (DCs), expanding a phenotypically distinct population of CD80lo free PD-L1hi DCs. Thus, Tregs are able to inhibit the T cell stimulatory activity of APCs by reducing their CD80/CD86 expression via CTLA-4-dependent trogocytosis. This CD80/CD86 reduction on APCs is able to exert dual suppressive effects on T cell immune responses by limiting CD80/CD86 costimulation to naïve T cells and by increasing free PD-L1 available for the inhibition of programmed death-1 (PD-1)-expressing effector T cells. Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 in combination may therefore synergistically hinder Treg-mediated immune suppression, thereby effectively enhancing immune responses, including tumor immunity.
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Thomann AS, Schneider T, Cyran L, Eckert IN, Kerstan A, Lutz MB. Conversion of Anergic T Cells Into Foxp3 - IL-10 + Regulatory T Cells by a Second Antigen Stimulus In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704578. [PMID: 34249012 PMCID: PMC8267912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell anergy is a common mechanism of T cell tolerance. However, although anergic T cells are retained for longer time periods in their hosts, they remain functionally passive. Here, we describe the induction of anergic CD4+ T cells in vivo by intravenous application of high doses of antigen and their subsequent conversion into suppressive Foxp3- IL-10+ Tr1 cells but not Foxp3+ Tregs. We describe the kinetics of up-regulation of several memory-, anergy- and suppression-related markers such as CD44, CD73, FR4, CD25, CD28, PD-1, Egr-2, Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in this process. The conversion into suppressive Tr1 cells correlates with the transient intracellular CTLA-4 expression and required the restimulation of anergic cells in a short-term time window. Restimulation after longer time periods, when CTLA-4 is down-regulated again retains the anergic state but does not lead to the induction of suppressor function. Our data require further functional investigations but at this stage may suggest a role for anergic T cells as a circulating pool of passive cells that may be re-activated into Tr1 cells upon short-term restimulation with high and systemic doses of antigen. It is tentative to speculate that such a scenario may represent cases of allergen responses in non-allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Thomann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cyran
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Nathalie Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kerstan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Cremolini C, Vitale E, Rastaldo R, Giachino C. Advanced Nanotechnology for Enhancing Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:661. [PMID: 33800368 PMCID: PMC7998763 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint receptor signaling pathways constitute a prominent class of "immune synapse," a cell-to-cell connection that represses T-lymphocyte effector functions. As a possible evolutionary countermeasure against autoimmunity, this strategy is aimed at lowering potential injury to uninfected cells in infected tissues and at minimizing systemic inflammation. Nevertheless, tumors can make use of these strategies to escape immune recognition, and consequently, such mechanisms represent chances for immunotherapy intervention. Recent years have witnessed the advance of pharmaceutical nanotechnology, or nanomedicine, as a possible strategy to ameliorate immunotherapy technical weaknesses thanks to its intrinsic biophysical properties and multifunctional modifying capability. To improve the long-lasting response rate of checkpoint blockade therapy, nanotechnology has been employed at first for the delivery of single checkpoint inhibitors. Further, while therapy via single immune checkpoint blockade determines resistance and a restricted period of response, strong interest has been raised to efficiently deliver immunomodulators targeting different inhibitory pathways or both inhibitory and costimulatory pathways. In this review, the partially explored promise in implementation of nanotechnology to improve the success of immune checkpoint therapy and solve the limitations of single immune checkpoint inhibitors is debated. We first present the fundamental elements of the immune checkpoint pathways and then outline recent promising results of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in combination with nanotechnology delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cremolini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Raffaella Rastaldo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.V.); (C.G.)
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Okada R, Kato T, Furusawa A, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Local Depletion of Immune Checkpoint Ligand CTLA4 Expressing Cells in Tumor Beds Enhances Antitumor Host Immunity. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4. [PMID: 33997271 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer treatment that utilizes antibody-photoabsorber (IR700) conjugates to selectively kill target cells by exposing them to NIR light. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a major immune checkpoint ligand mediating antitumor immune suppression. Local depletion of CTLA4 expressing cells in the tumor bed with NIR-PIT could enhance antitumor immune responses by both blocking the CTLA4-axis and depleting immune suppressive cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT using four murine tumor models, MC38-luc, LL/2-luc, MOC2-luc, and MOC2. The CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT depletes intratumoral CTLA4 expressing cells which are mostly regulatory T cells. In vivo CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT yields complete responses in 80% of MC38-luc, 70% of LL/2-luc and 40% of MOC2-luc tumors prolonging survival in all cases. After CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT, activation and infiltration of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment is observed. In conclusion, CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT can effectively treat tumors by blocking the CTLA4-axis as well as by eliminating CTLA4-expressing immune suppressor cells, resulting in T cell mediated antitumor immunity. Local CTLA4-expressing cell depletion in tumor beds using NIR-PIT could be a promising new cancer immunotherapy for safely treating a variety of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Abstract
Changes in glycosylation on proteins or lipids are one of the hallmarks of tumorigenesis. In many cases, it is still not understood how glycan information is translated into biological function. In this review, we discuss at the example of specific cancer-related glycoproteins how their endocytic uptake into eukaryotic cells is tuned by carbohydrate modifications. For this, we not only focus on overall uptake rates, but also illustrate how different uptake processes-dependent or not on the conventional clathrin machinery-are used under given glycosylation conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the role of certain sugar-binding proteins, termed galectins, to tune glycoprotein uptake by inducing their crosslinking into lattices, or by co-clustering them with glycolipids into raft-type membrane nanodomains from which the so-called clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) are formed for glycoprotein internalization into cells. The latter process has been termed glycolipid-lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, which operates in a complementary manner to the clathrin pathway and galectin lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Anne Billet
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
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