1
|
Abdel-Haq H. Feasibility of Using a Type I IFN-Based Non-Animal Approach to Predict Vaccine Efficacy and Safety Profiles. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:583. [PMID: 38932312 PMCID: PMC11209158 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-based tests are used for the control of vaccine quality. However, because highly purified and safe vaccines are now available, alternative approaches that can replace or reduce animal use for the assessment of vaccine outcomes must be established. In vitro tests for vaccine quality control exist and have already been implemented. However, these tests are specifically designed for some next-generation vaccines, and this makes them not readily available for testing other vaccines. Therefore, universal non-animal tests are still needed. Specific signatures of the innate immune response could represent a promising approach to predict the outcome of vaccines by non-animal methods. Type I interferons (IFNs) have multiple immunomodulatory activities, which are exerted through effectors called interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), and are one of the most important immune signatures that might provide potential candidate molecular biomarkers for this purpose. This paper will mainly examine if this idea might be feasible by analyzing all relevant published studies that have provided type I IFN-related biomarkers for evaluating the safety and efficacy profiles of vaccines using an advanced transcriptomic approach as an alternative to the animal methods. Results revealed that such an approach could potentially provide biomarkers predictive of vaccine outcomes after addressing some limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Abdel-Haq
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jové V, Wheeler H, Lee CW, Healy DR, Levine K, Ralph EC, Yamaguchi M, Jiang ZK, Cabral E, Xu Y, Stock J, Yang B, Giddabasappa A, Loria P, Casimiro-Garcia A, Kessler BM, Pinto-Fernández A, Frattini V, Wes PD, Wang F. Type I interferon regulation by USP18 is a key vulnerability in cancer. iScience 2024; 27:109593. [PMID: 38632987 PMCID: PMC11022047 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of Type I interferon signaling is crucial for combating infection and cancer while avoiding autoimmunity. Type I interferon signaling is negatively regulated by USP18. USP18 cleaves ISG15, an interferon-induced ubiquitin-like modification, via its canonical catalytic function, and inhibits Type I interferon receptor activity through its scaffold role. USP18 loss-of-function dramatically impacts immune regulation, pathogen susceptibility, and tumor growth. However, prior studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the relative importance of catalytic versus scaffold function. Here, we develop biochemical and cellular methods to systematically define the physiological role of USP18. By comparing a patient-derived mutation impairing scaffold function (I60N) to a mutation disrupting catalytic activity (C64S), we demonstrate that scaffold function is critical for cancer cell vulnerability to Type I interferon. Surprisingly, we discovered that human USP18 exhibits minimal catalytic activity, in stark contrast to mouse USP18. These findings resolve human USP18's mechanism-of-action and enable USP18-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Jové
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Heather Wheeler
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - David R. Healy
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kymberly Levine
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erik C. Ralph
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Edward Cabral
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yingrong Xu
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stock
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Paula Loria
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Adán Pinto-Fernández
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Véronique Frattini
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul D. Wes
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Espada CE, da Rocha EL, Ricciardi-Jorge T, dos Santos AA, Soares ZG, Malaquias G, Patrício DO, Gonzalez Kozlova E, dos Santos PF, Bordignon J, Sanford TJ, Fajardo T, Sweeney TR, Báfica A, Mansur DS. ISG15/USP18/STAT2 is a molecular hub regulating IFN I-mediated control of Dengue and Zika virus replication. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1331731. [PMID: 38384473 PMCID: PMC10879325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a virus infection is the result of the pathogen's ability to replicate in a hostile environment generated by the host's immune system. Here, we found that ISG15 restricts Dengue and Zika viruses' replication through the stabilization of its binding partner USP18. ISG15 expression was necessary to control DV replication driven by both autocrine and paracrine type one interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Moreover, USP18 competes with NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation, a major mechanism for establishment of flavivirus infection. Strikingly, reconstitution of USP18 in ISG15-deficient cells was sufficient to restore the STAT2's stability and restrict virus growth, suggesting that the IFNAR-mediated ISG15 activity is also antiviral. Our results add a novel layer of complexity in the virus/host interaction interface and suggest that NS5 has a narrow window of opportunity to degrade STAT2, therefore suppressing host's IFN-I mediated response and promoting virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Eleonora Espada
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edroaldo Lummertz da Rocha
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Taissa Ricciardi-Jorge
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Adara Aurea dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Zamira Guerra Soares
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Greicy Malaquias
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Patrício
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edgar Gonzalez Kozlova
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC)/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thomas J. Sanford
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Teodoro Fajardo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor R. Sweeney
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Viral Gene Expression Group, The Pirbright Institute, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - André Báfica
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Santos Mansur
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang R, Karijolich J. RNA recognition by PKR during DNA virus infection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29424. [PMID: 38285432 PMCID: PMC10832991 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein that plays a crucial role in innate immunity during viral infection and can restrict both DNA and RNA viruses. The potency of its antiviral function is further reflected by the large number of viral-encoded PKR antagonists. However, much about the regulation of dsRNA accumulation and PKR activation during viral infection remains unknown. Since DNA viruses do not have an RNA genome or RNA replication intermediates like RNA viruses do, PKR-mediated dsRNA detection in the context of DNA virus infection is particularly intriguing. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of PKR activation and its antagonism during infection with DNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville. Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville. Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aguiar Santiago JA, Marrero Miragaya MA, Figueroa Oliva DA, Aguilar Juanes A, Idavoy Corona A, Martínez Fernández S, Morán Bertot I, Rodríguez Hernández M, Canales López E, Hernández Esteves I, Silva Girado JA, Estrada Vázquez RC, Gell Cuesta O, Mendoza-Marí Y, Valdés Prado I, Rodríguez Ibarra C, Palenzuela Gardon DO, Pentón Arias E, Guillén Nieto G, Aguilar Rubido JC. Preparing for the Next Pandemic: Increased Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes After Local Administration of Nasalferon or HeberNasvac. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:95-102. [PMID: 38118108 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HeberNasvac, a therapeutic vaccine for chronic hepatitis B, is able to safely stimulate multiple Toll-like receptors, increasing antigen presentation in vitro and in a phase II clinical trial (Profira) in elderly volunteers who were household contacts of respiratory infection patients. Thus, a new indication as a postexposure prophylaxis or early therapy for respiratory infections has been proposed. In this study, we evaluated the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) after mucosal administration of HeberNasvac and compared this effect with the nasal delivery of interferon alpha 2b (Nasalferon). Molecular studies of blood samples of 50 subjects from the Profira clinical trial who were locally treated with HeberNasvac or Nasalferon and concurrent untreated individuals were compared based on their relative mRNA expression of OAS1, ISG15, ISG20, STAT1, STAT3, and DRB1-HLA II genes. In most cases, the gene expression induced by HeberNasvac was similar in profile and intensity to the expression induced by Nasalferon and significantly superior to that observed in untreated controls. The immune stimulatory effect of HeberNasvac on ISGs paved the way for its future use as an innate immunity stimulator in elderly persons and immunocompromised subjects or as part of Mambisa, a nasal vaccine to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivis Morán Bertot
- Plant Molecular Biology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Eduardo Canales López
- Plant Genomic Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - José Angel Silva Girado
- Olinonucleotide Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Omar Gell Cuesta
- Olinonucleotide Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Yssel Mendoza-Marí
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Iris Valdés Prado
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Eduardo Pentón Arias
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén Nieto
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Farahmandi F, Parhizgar P, Mozafari Komesh Tape P, Bizhannia F, Rohani FS, Bizhanzadeh M, Mostafavi Alhosseini ZS, Hosseinzade M, Farsi Y, Nasiri MJ. Implications and Mechanisms of Antiviral Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Systematic Review. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:9298363. [PMID: 38144900 PMCID: PMC10748726 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9298363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are among the most important strains of probiotics. Some are normal flora of human mucous membranes in the gastrointestinal system, skin, urinary tract, and genitalia. There is evidence suggesting that LAB has an antiviral effect on viral infections. However, these studies are still controversial; a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the antiviral effects of LAB on viral infections. Methods The systematic search was conducted until the end of December 17, 2022, using international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline (via PubMed). The keywords of our search were lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillus (as well as its species), probiotics, antiviral, inhibitory effect, and virus. Results Of 15.408 potentially relevant articles obtained, 45 eligible in-vivo human studies were selected for inclusion in the study from databases, registers, and citation searching. We conducted a systematic review of the antiviral effects of the LAB based on the included articles. The most commonly investigated lactobacillus specie were Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei. Conclusion Our study indicates that 40 of the selected 45 of the included articles support the positive effect of LAB on viral infections, although some studies showed no significant positive effect of LABs on some viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fargol Farahmandi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parynaz Parhizgar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Mozafari Komesh Tape
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Bizhannia
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Sadat Rohani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bizhanzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maede Hosseinzade
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Farsi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sarkar L, Liu G, Gack MU. ISG15: its roles in SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1262-1275. [PMID: 37573184 PMCID: PMC10840963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), a ubiquitin-like pleiotropic protein and one of the most abundant ISGs, has been studied extensively; however, its roles in SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections have just begun to be elucidated. Emerging evidence suggests that ISG15 - either in its conjugated or unconjugated 'free' form - acts both intracellularly and extracellularly, and exerts anti- or pro-viral effects. To counteract ISG15's antiviral roles, viruses have evolved sophisticated tactics. Here, we discuss recent advances in ISG15's physiological functions as a post-translational modifier or 'cytokine-like' molecule during SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Furthermore, we highlight the detailed mechanisms viruses use to block ISG15-dependent antiviral defenses. A comprehensive understanding of ISG15 biology in the context of virus infection may spur new therapeutic approaches for a range of viral infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Sarkar
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - GuanQun Liu
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarkar R, Patra U, Mukherjee A, Mitra S, Komoto S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Rotavirus circumvents the antiviral effects of protein ISGylation via proteasomal degradation of Ube1L. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110891. [PMID: 37722521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Among the ramified cellular responses elicited in response to pathogenic stimuli, upregulation and covalent conjugation of an Ubiquitin-like modifier ISG15 to lysine residues of target proteins (ISGylation) through sequential action of three enzymes E1 (Ube1L), E2 (Ube2L6) and E3 (Herc5) have emerged as an important regulatory facet governing innate immunity against numerous viral infections. In the present study, we investigated the interplay between host ISGylation system and Rotavirus (RV). We observed that RV infection upregulates the expression of free ISG15 but prevents protein ISGylation. Analysing the expression of ISGylation machinery components revealed that RV infection results in steady depletion of Ube1L protein with the progression of infection. Indeed, restoration of Ube1L expression caused induction in protein ISGylation during RV infection. Subsequent investigation revealed that ectopic expression of RV non-structural protein 5 (NSP5) fosters proteolytic ubiquitylation of Ube1L, thereby depleting it in an ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. Moreover, pan-Cullin inhibition also abrogates proteolytic ubiquitylation and rescued depleted Ube1L in RV-NSP5 expressing cells, suggesting the involvement of host cellular Cullin RING Ligases (CRLs) in proteasomal degradation of Ube1L during RV-SA11 infection. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation analyses substantiated a molecular association between Ube1L and RV-NSP5 during infection scenario and also under ectopically overexpressed condition independent of intermediate RNA scaffold and RV-NSP5 hyperphosphorylation. Interestingly, clonal overexpression of Ube1L reduced expression of RV proteins and RV infectivity, which are restored in ISG15 silenced cells, suggesting that Ube1L is a crucial anti-viral host cellular determinant that inhibits RV infection by promoting the formation of ISG15 conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvrotoa Mitra
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin W, Luo Y, Wu J, Zhang H, Jin G, Guo C, Zhou H, Liang H, Xu X. Loss of ADAR1 in macrophages in combination with interferon gamma suppresses tumor growth by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007402. [PMID: 37935565 PMCID: PMC10649901 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADAR1, the major enzyme for RNA editing, has emerged as a tumor-intrinsic key determinant for cancer immunotherapy efficacy through modulating interferon-mediated innate immunity. However, the role of ADAR1 in innate immune cells such as macrophages remains unknown. METHODS We first analyzed publicly accessible patient-derived single-cell RNA-sequencing and perturbed RNA sequencing data to elucidate the ADAR1 expression and function in macrophages. Subsequently, we evaluated the combined effects of ADAR1 conditional knockout in macrophages and interferon (IFN)-γ treatment on tumor growth in three distinct disease mouse models: LLC for lung cancer, B16-F10 for melanoma, and MC38 for colon cancer. To gain the mechanistic insights, we performed human cytokine arrays to identify differentially secreted cytokines in response to ADAR1 perturbations in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, we examined the effects of ADAR1 loss and IFN-γ treatment on vessel formation through immunohistochemical staining of mouse tumor sections and tube-forming experiments using HUVEC and SVEC4-10 cells. We also assessed the effects on CD8+ T cells using immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry. To explore the translational potential, we examined the consequences of injecting ADAR1-deficient macrophages alongside IFN-γ treatment on tumor growth in LLC-tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Our analysis on public data suggests that ADAR1 loss in macrophages promotes antitumor immunity as in cancer cells. Indeed, ADAR1 loss in macrophages combined with IFN-γ treatment results in tumor regression in diverse disease mouse models. Mechanistically, the loss of ADAR1 in macrophages leads to the differential secretion of key cytokines: it inhibits the translation of CCL20, GDF15, IL-18BP, and TIM-3 by activating PKR/EIF2α signaling but increases the secretion of IFN-γ through transcriptional upregulation and interleukin (IL)-18 due to the 5'UTR uORF. Consequently, decreased CCL20 and GDF15 and increased IFN-γ suppress angiogenesis, while decreased IL-18BP and TIM-3 and increased IL-18 induce antitumor immunity by enhancing cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells. We further demonstrate that combination therapy of injecting ADAR1-deficient macrophages and IFN-γ effectively suppresses tumors in vivo. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive elucidation of how ADAR1 loss within macrophages contributes to the establishment of an antitumor microenvironment, suggesting the therapeutic potential of targeting ADAR1 beyond the scope of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yikai Luo
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haowan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chahua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
PRRSV nonstructural protein 11 degrades swine ISG15 by its endoribonuclease activity to antagonize antiviral immune response. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109720. [PMID: 36921497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped positive-stranded RNA virus which causes serious economic losses to pig industry worldwide. Type I IFN induces expression of interferon-stimulated genes 15 (ISG15) to inhibit virus replication. To survive in the host, PRRSV has evolved to antagonize the antiviral response of ISGylation. Previous studies have reported that nonstructural protein 2 of PRRSV inhibits the ISGylation and antiviral function of ISG15 depending on its ovarian tumor (OTU) domain/papain-like protease domain (PLP2). However, whether there are other PRRSV proteins inhibiting ISGylation of cellular proteins is less well understood. In this study, we first found that PRRSV Nsp11 decreased ISGylation of cellular proteins. Meanwhile, the expression level of ISG15 was significantly inhibited by Nsp11. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the transcription of ISG15 was reduced by endoribonuclease activity of Nsp11. Finally, we found that the Nsp11-induced degradation of ISG15 was partially relied on autophagy-lysosome system. Taken together, PRRSV Nsp11 antagonizes the antiviral response of ISG15 by its endoribonuclease activity to promote PRRSV replication. Our results reveal a novel mechanism that PRRSV inhibits ISGylation of cellular proteins and impairs host innate immune response.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yuan Y, Qin H, Li H, Shi W, Bao L, Xu S, Yin J, Zheng L. The Functional Roles of ISG15/ISGylation in Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031337. [PMID: 36771004 PMCID: PMC9918931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein ISG15 encoded by interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 is the first identified member of the ubiquitin-like protein family and exists in the form of monomers and conjugated complexes. Like ubiquitin, ISG15 can mediate an ubiquitin-like modification by covalently modifying other proteins, known as ISGylation. There is growing evidence showing that both the free and conjugated ISG15 are involved in multiple key cellular processes, including autophagy, exosome secretion, DNA repair, immune regulation, and cancer occurrence and progression. In this review, we aim to further clarify the function of ISG15 and ISGylation in cancer, demonstrate the important relationship between ISG15/ISGylation and cancer, and emphasize new insights into the different roles of ISG15/ISGylation in cancer progression. This review may contribute to therapeutic intervention in cancer. However, due to the limitations of current research, the regulation of ISG15/ISGylation on cancer progression is not completely clear, thus further comprehensive and sufficient correlation studies are still needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hai Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, No. 206, Sixian Street, Baiyun District, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Huilong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wanjin Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lichen Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The diverse repertoire of ISG15: more intricate than initially thought. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1779-1792. [PMID: 36319753 PMCID: PMC9722776 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15, the product of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15, is the first identified ubiquitin-like protein (UBL), which plays multifaceted roles not only as a free intracellular or extracellular molecule but also as a post-translational modifier in the process of ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation). ISG15 has only been identified in vertebrates, indicating that the functions of ISG15 and its conjugation are restricted to higher eukaryotes and have evolved with IFN signaling. Despite the highlighted complexity of ISG15 and ISGylation, it has been suggested that ISG15 and ISGylation profoundly impact a variety of cellular processes, including protein translation, autophagy, exosome secretion, cytokine secretion, cytoskeleton dynamics, DNA damage response, telomere shortening, and immune modulation, which emphasizes the necessity of reassessing ISG15 and ISGylation. However, the underlying mechanisms and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation remain poorly defined, largely due to a lack of knowledge on the ISG15 target repertoire. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic understanding and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation. We also highlight new insights into the roles of ISG15 and ISGylation not only in physiology but also in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, especially in cancer, which could contribute to therapeutic intervention in human diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Clarkson BDS, Grund E, David K, Johnson RK, Howe CL. ISGylation is induced in neurons by demyelination driving ISG15-dependent microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:258. [PMID: 36261842 PMCID: PMC9583544 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of grey matter pathology and diffuse neuron injury in MS remain incompletely understood. Axonal stress signals arising from white matter lesions has been suggested to play a role in initiating this diffuse grey matter pathology. Therefore, to identify the most upstream transcriptional responses in neurons arising from demyelinated axons, we analyzed the transcriptome of actively translating neuronal transcripts in mouse models of demyelinating disease. Among the most upregulated genes, we identified transcripts associated with the ISGylation pathway. ISGylation refers to the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like molecule interferon stimulated gene (ISG) 15 to lysine residues on substrates targeted by E1 ISG15-activating enzyme, E2 ISG15-conjugating enzymes and E3 ISG15-protein ligases. We further confirmed that ISG15 expression is increased in MS cortical and deep gray matter. Upon investigating the functional impact of neuronal ISG15 upregulation, we noted that ISG15 expression was associated changes in neuronal extracellular vesicle protein and miRNA cargo. Specifically, extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs were skewed toward increased frequency of proinflammatory and neurotoxic miRNAs and decreased frequency of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective miRNAs. Furthermore, we found that ISG15 directly activated microglia in a CD11b-dependent manner and that microglial activation was potentiated by treatment with EVs from neurons expressing ISG15. Further study of the role of ISG15 and ISGylation in neurons in MS and neurodegenerative diseases is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. S. Clarkson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1521C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ethan Grund
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, MN 55905 Rochester, USA
| | - Kenneth David
- grid.418935.20000 0004 0436 053XConcordia College, Moorhead, MN USA
| | - Renee K. Johnson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Charles L. Howe
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XCenter for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiong TC, Wei MC, Li FX, Shi M, Gan H, Tang Z, Dong HP, Liuyu T, Gao P, Zhong B, Zhang ZD, Lin D. The E3 ubiquitin ligase ARIH1 promotes antiviral immunity and autoimmunity by inducing mono-ISGylation and oligomerization of cGAS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5973. [PMID: 36217001 PMCID: PMC9551088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a critical role in antiviral immunity and autoimmunity. The activity and stability of cGAS are fine-tuned by post-translational modifications. Here, we show that ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (ARIH1) catalyzes the mono-ISGylation and induces the oligomerization of cGAS, thereby promoting antiviral immunity and autoimmunity. Knockdown or knockout of ARIH1 significantly inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)- or cytoplasmic DNA-induced expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Consistently, tamoxifen-treated ER-Cre;Arih1fl/fl mice and Lyz2-Cre; Arih1fl/fl mice are hypersensitive to HSV-1 infection compared with the controls. In addition, deletion of ARIH1 in myeloid cells alleviates the autoimmune phenotypes and completely rescues the autoimmune lethality caused by TREX1 deficiency. Mechanistically, HSV-1- or cytosolic DNA-induced oligomerization and activation of cGAS are potentiated by ISGylation at its K187 residue, which is catalyzed by ARIH1. Our findings thus reveal an important role of ARIH1 in innate antiviral and autoimmune responses and provide insight into the post-translational regulation of cGAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Chen Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China.,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Cong Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Xu Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Gan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Peng Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianzi Liuyu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. .,TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. .,Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dandan Lin
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeon SJ, Chung KC. Covalent conjugation of ubiquitin-like ISG15 to apoptosis inducing factor exacerbates toxic stimuli-induced apoptotic cell death. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102464. [PMID: 36075291 PMCID: PMC9547223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a mitochondrion-localized flavoprotein with NADH oxidase activity. AIF normally acts as an oxidoreductase to catalyze the transfer of electrons between molecules, but it can also kill cells when exposed to certain stimuli. For example, intact AIF is cleaved upon exposure to DNA-damaging agents such as etoposide, and truncated AIF (tAIF) is released from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm and translocated to the nucleus where it induces apoptosis. Although the serial events during tAIF-mediated apoptosis and the transition of AIF function have been widely studied from various perspectives, their underlying regulatory mechanisms and the factors involved are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that tAIF is a target of the covalent conjugation of the ubiquitin-like moiety ISG15 (referred to as ISGylation), which is mediated by the ISG15 E3 ligase HERC5. In addition, ISGylation increases the stability of tAIF protein as well as its K6-linked polyubiquitination. Moreover, we found that ISGylation increases the nuclear translocation of tAIF upon cytotoxic etoposide treatment, subsequently causing apoptotic cell death in human lung A549 carcinoma cells. Collectively, these results suggest that HERC5-mediated ISG15 conjugation is a key factor in the positive regulation of tAIF-mediated apoptosis, highlighting a novel role of posttranslational ISG15 modification as a switch that allows cells to live or die under the stress that triggers tAIF release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jeong Jeon
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Evolutionary Dance between Innate Host Antiviral Pathways and SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050538. [PMID: 35631059 PMCID: PMC9147806 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to what we knew at the start of the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic, our understanding of the interplay between the interferon signaling pathway and SARS-CoV-2 infection has dramatically increased. Innate antiviral strategies range from the direct inhibition of viral components to reprograming the host’s own metabolic pathways to block viral infection. SARS-CoV-2 has also evolved to exploit diverse tactics to overcome immune barriers and successfully infect host cells. Herein, we review the current knowledge of the innate immune signaling pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the type I interferon response, as well as the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 impairs those defenses.
Collapse
|
17
|
Vere G, Alam MR, Farrar S, Kealy R, Kessler BM, O’Brien DP, Pinto-Fernández A. Targeting the Ubiquitylation and ISGylation Machinery for the Treatment of COVID-19. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020300. [PMID: 35204803 PMCID: PMC8869442 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation and ISGylation are protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) and two of the main events involved in the activation of pattern recognition receptor (PRRs) signals allowing the host defense response to viruses. As with similar viruses, SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, hijacks these pathways by removing ubiquitin and/or ISG15 from proteins using a protease called PLpro, but also by interacting with enzymes involved in ubiquitin/ISG15 machinery. These enable viral replication and avoidance of the host immune system. In this review, we highlight potential points of therapeutic intervention in ubiquitin/ISG15 pathways involved in key host-pathogen interactions, such as PLpro, USP18, TRIM25, CYLD, A20, and others that could be targeted for the treatment of COVID-19, and which may prove effective in combatting current and future vaccine-resistant variants of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Vere
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (G.V.); (M.R.A.); (S.F.); (B.M.K.)
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Md Rashadul Alam
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (G.V.); (M.R.A.); (S.F.); (B.M.K.)
| | - Sam Farrar
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (G.V.); (M.R.A.); (S.F.); (B.M.K.)
| | - Rachel Kealy
- Environmental Futures & Big Data Impact Lab, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd., Exeter EX4 4PY, UK;
| | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (G.V.); (M.R.A.); (S.F.); (B.M.K.)
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Darragh P. O’Brien
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (G.V.); (M.R.A.); (S.F.); (B.M.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.O.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Adán Pinto-Fernández
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (G.V.); (M.R.A.); (S.F.); (B.M.K.)
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Correspondence: (D.P.O.); (A.P.-F.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhan X, Lu M, Yang L, Yang J, Zhan X, Zheng S, Guo Y, Li B, Wen S, Li J, Li N. Ubiquitination-mediated molecular pathway alterations in human lung squamous cell carcinomas identified by quantitative ubiquitinomics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:970843. [PMID: 36187110 PMCID: PMC9520991 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.970843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal ubiquitination is extensively associated with cancers. To investigate human lung cancer ubiquitination and its potential functions, quantitative ubiquitinomics was carried out between human lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and control tissues, which characterized a total of 627 ubiquitin-modified proteins (UPs) and 1209 ubiquitinated lysine sites. Those UPs were mainly involved in cell adhesion, signal transduction, and regulations of ribosome complex and proteasome complex. Thirty three UPs whose genes were also found in TCGA database were significantly related to overall survival of LSCC. Six significant networks and 234 hub molecules were obtained from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of those 627 UPs. KEGG pathway analysis of those UPs revealed 47 statistically significant pathways, and most of which were tumor-associated pathways such as mTOR, HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, and Ras signaling pathways, and intracellular protein turnover-related pathways such as ribosome complex, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, ER protein processing, and proteasome complex pathways. Further, the relationship analysis of ubiquitination and differentially expressed proteins shows that ubiquitination regulates two aspects of protein turnover - synthesis and degradation. This study provided the first profile of UPs and molecular networks in LSCC tissue, which is the important resource to insight into new mechanisms, and to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets/drugs to treat LSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xianquan Zhan,
| | - Miaolong Lu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingru Yang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhan
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuna Guo
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Biao Li
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Wen
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang M, Li J, Yan H, Huang J, Wang F, Liu T, Zeng L, Zhou F. ISGylation in Innate Antiviral Immunity and Pathogen Defense Responses: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:788410. [PMID: 34901029 PMCID: PMC8662993 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-stimulating gene 15 (ISG15) protein is a ubiquitin-like protein induced by interferons or pathogens. ISG15 can exist in free form or covalently bind to the target protein through an enzymatic cascade reaction, which is called ISGylation. ISGylation has been found to play an important role in the innate immune responses induced by type I interferon, and is, thus, critical for the defense of host cells against RNA, DNA, and retroviruses. Through covalent binding with the host and viral target proteins, ISG15 inhibits the release of viral particles, hinder viral replication, and regulates the incubation period of viruses, thereby exerting strong antiviral effects. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease, a virus-encoded deubiquitinating enzyme, has demonstrated activity on both ubiquitin and ISG15 chain conjugations, thus playing a suppressive role against the host antiviral innate immune response. Here we review the recent research progress in understanding ISG15-type ubiquitin-like modifications, with an emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms. We provide comprehensive references for further studies on the role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity, which may enable development of new antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sarma U, Maiti M, Nair A, Bhadange S, Bansode Y, Srivastava A, Saha B, Mukherjee D. Regulation of STAT3 signaling in IFNγ and IL10 pathways and in their cross-talk. Cytokine 2021; 148:155665. [PMID: 34366205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory IFNγ-STAT1 pathway and anti-inflammatory IL10-STAT3 pathway elicit cellular responses primarily utilizing their canonical STATs. However IL10 mediated STAT1 and IFNγ mediated STAT3 activation is also observed, suggesting crosstalk of these functionally opposing signaling pathways can potentially reshape the canonical dynamics both STATs and alter the expression of their target genes. Herein, we measured the dynamics of STATs in response to different doses of IL10 or IFNγ and in their co-stimulation and employed quantitative modeling to understand the regulatory mechanisms controlling signal responses in individual and co-simulation scenarios. Our experiments show, STAT3 in particular, exhibits a bell-shaped dose-response while treated with IFNγ or IL10 and our model quantiatively captured the dose-dependent dynamics of both the STATs in both pathways. The model next predicted and subsequent experiments validated that STAT3 dynamics would robustly remain IL10 specific when subjected to a co-stimulation of both IFNγ and IL10. Genes common to both pathways also exhibited IL10 specific expression during the co-stimulation. The findings thus uncover anovel feature of the IL10-STAT3 signaling axis during pathway crosstalk. Finally, parameter sampling coupled to information theory based analysis showed that bell-shaped signal-response of STAT3 in both pathways is primarily dependent on receptor concentration whereas robustness of IL10-STAT3 signaling axis in co-stimulation results from the negative regulation of the IFNγ pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Sarma
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
| | - M Maiti
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - A Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - S Bhadange
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Y Bansode
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - A Srivastava
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - B Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - D Mukherjee
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Cells respond to viral infections through sensors that detect non-self-molecules, and through effectors, which can have direct antiviral activities or adapt cell physiology to limit viral infection and propagation. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2, better known as PKR, acts as both a sensor and an effector in the response to viral infections. After sensing double-stranded RNA molecules in infected cells, PKR self-activates and majorly exerts its antiviral function by blocking the translation machinery and inducing apoptosis. The antiviral potency of PKR is emphasized by the number of strategies developed by viruses to antagonize the PKR pathway. In this review, we present an update on the diversity of such strategies, which range from preventing double-stranded RNA recognition upstream from PKR activation, to activating eIF2B downstream from PKR targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cesaro
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Michiels
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xia X, Chen Y, Xu J, Yu C, Chen W. SRC-3 deficiency protects host from Listeria monocytogenes infection through increasing ROS production and decreasing lymphocyte apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107625. [PMID: 33857803 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the third major cause of death among food poisoning. Our previous studies have demonstrated that steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) plays a critical protective role in host defense against extracellular bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium. However, its role involved in intracellular bacterial pathogen infection remains unclear. Herein, we found that SRC-3-/- mice are more resistant to L. monocytogenes infection after tail intravenous injection with L. monocytogenes compared with wild-type mice. After infecting with L. monocytogenes, SRC-3-/- mice exhibited decreased mortality rate, decreased bacterial load, less body weight loss, less proinflammatory cytokines and less severe tissue damage compared with wild-type mice. SRC-3-/- mice produced more ROS and decreased L. monocytogenes-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Mechanically, SRC-3-/- mice displayed decreased expressions of negative regulator of ROS (NRROS) and interferon (IFN)-β and its target genes such as Daxx, Mx1 and TRAIL associated with apoptosis. Taken together, SRC-3 deficiency can protect host from L. monocytogenes infection through increasing ROS production and decreasing lymphocyte apoptosis via affecting the expressions of NRROS and IFN-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chundong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chelbi-Alix MK, Thibault P. Crosstalk Between SUMO and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins: Implication for Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671067. [PMID: 33968942 PMCID: PMC8097047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is a crucial first line of defense against viral infection. This cytokine induces the expression of several IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs), some of which act as restriction factors. Upon IFN stimulation, cells also express ISG15 and SUMO, two key ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers that play important roles in the antiviral response. IFN itself increases the global cellular SUMOylation in a PML-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics enables the large-scale identification of Ubl protein conjugates to determine the sites of modification and the quantitative changes in protein abundance. Importantly, a key difference amongst SUMO paralogs is the ability of SUMO2/3 to form poly-SUMO chains that recruit SUMO ubiquitin ligases such RING finger protein RNF4 and RNF111, thus resulting in the proteasomal degradation of conjugated substrates. Crosstalk between poly-SUMOylation and ISG15 has been reported recently, where increased poly-SUMOylation in response to IFN enhances IFN-induced ISGylation, stabilizes several ISG products in a TRIM25-dependent fashion, and results in enhanced IFN-induced antiviral activities. This contribution will highlight the relevance of the global SUMO proteome and the crosstalk between SUMO, ubiquitin and ISG15 in controlling both the stability and function of specific restriction factors that mediate IFN antiviral defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. Evolutionary conflicts and adverse effects of antiviral factors. eLife 2021; 10:e65243. [PMID: 33450175 PMCID: PMC7811402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells are equipped with a plethora of antiviral proteins protecting them against invading viral pathogens. In contrast to apoptotic or pyroptotic cell death, which serves as ultima ratio to combat viral infections, these cell-intrinsic restriction factors may prevent or at least slow down viral spread while allowing the host cell to survive. Nevertheless, their antiviral activity may also have detrimental effects on the host. While the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral activity of restriction factors are frequently well investigated, potential undesired effects of their antiviral functions on the host cell are hardly explored. With a focus on antiretroviral proteins, we summarize in this review how individual restriction factors may exert adverse effects as trade-off for efficient defense against attacking pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010323. [PMID: 33396899 PMCID: PMC7796338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
Collapse
|
26
|
Deletion of the deISGylating enzyme USP18 enhances tumour cell antigenicity and radiosensitivity. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:817-830. [PMID: 33214684 PMCID: PMC7884788 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN) signalling pathways, a key element of the innate immune response, contribute to resistance to conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, and are often deregulated in cancer. The deubiquitylating enzyme USP18 is a major negative regulator of the IFN signalling cascade and is the predominant human protease that cleaves ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein tightly regulated in the context of innate immunity, from its modified substrate proteins in vivo. METHODS In this study, using advanced proteomic techniques, we have significantly expanded the USP18-dependent ISGylome and proteome in a chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)-derived cell line. USP18-dependent effects were explored further in CML and colorectal carcinoma cellular models. RESULTS Novel ISGylation targets were characterised that modulate the sensing of innate ligands, antigen presentation and secretion of cytokines. Consequently, CML USP18-deficient cells are more antigenic, driving increased activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and are more susceptible to irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide strong evidence for USP18 in regulating antigenicity and radiosensitivity, highlighting its potential as a cancer target.
Collapse
|
27
|
More than Meets the ISG15: Emerging Roles in the DNA Damage Response and Beyond. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111557. [PMID: 33203188 PMCID: PMC7698331 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genome stability is a crucial priority for any organism. To meet this priority, robust signalling networks exist to facilitate error-free DNA replication and repair. These signalling cascades are subject to various regulatory post-translational modifications that range from simple additions of chemical moieties to the conjugation of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) is one such UBL. While classically thought of as a component of antiviral immunity, ISG15 has recently emerged as a regulator of genome stability, with key roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) to modulate p53 signalling and error-free DNA replication. Additional proteomic analyses and cancer-focused studies hint at wider-reaching, uncharacterised functions for ISG15 in genome stability. We review these recent discoveries and highlight future perspectives to increase our understanding of this multifaceted UBL in health and disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kariri YA, Alsaleem M, Joseph C, Alsaeed S, Aljohani A, Shiino S, Mohammed OJ, Toss MS, Green AR, Rakha EA. The prognostic significance of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 185:293-305. [PMID: 33073304 PMCID: PMC7867506 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a prognostic factor in early-stage invasive breast cancer (BC). Through bioinformatics, data analyses of multiple BC cohorts revealed the positive association between interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) LVI status. Thus, we explored the prognostic significance of ISG15 in BC. Methods The prognostic significance of ISG15 mRNA was assessed in METABRIC (n = 1980), TCGA (n = 854) and Kaplan–Meier Plotter (n = 3951). ISG15 protein was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (n = 859) in early-stage invasive BC patients with long-term follow-up. The associations between ISG15 expression and clinicopathological features, expression of immune cell markers and patient outcome data were evaluated. Results High mRNA and protein ISG15 expression were associated with LVI, higher histological grade, larger tumour size, hormonal receptor negativity, HER2 positivity, p53 and Ki67. High ISG15 protein expression was associated with HER2-enriched BC subtypes and immune markers (CD8, FOXP3 and CD68). High ISG15 mRNA and ISG15 expressions were associated with poor patient outcome. Cox proportional multivariate analysis revealed that the elevated ISG15 expression was an independent prognostic factor of shorter BC-specific survival. Conclusion This study provides evidence for the role of ISG15 in LVI development and BC prognosis. Further functional studies in BC are warranted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ISG15. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-020-05955-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousif A Kariri
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Department of Laboratory Medical Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alsaleem
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sami Alsaeed
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Abrar Aljohani
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sho Shiino
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Omar J Mohammed
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael S Toss
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. .,Department of Histopathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
El-Asmi F, McManus FP, Thibault P, Chelbi-Alix MK. Interferon, restriction factors and SUMO pathways. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
30
|
ISGylation of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Promotes Viral RNA Replication via Recruitment of Cyclophilin A. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00532-20. [PMID: 32727878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00532-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently conjugated to many substrate proteins in order to modulate their functions; this conjugation is called ISGylation. Several groups reported that the ISGylation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein affects HCV replication. However, the ISG15 conjugation sites on NS5A are not well determined, and it is unclear whether the role of NS5A ISGylation in HCV replication is proviral or antiviral. Here, we investigated the role of NS5A ISGylation in HCV replication by using HCV RNA replicons that encode a mutation at each lysine (Lys) residue of the NS5A protein. Immunoblot analyses revealed that 5 Lys residues (K44, K68, K166, K215, and K308) of the 14 Lys residues within NS5A (genotype 1b, Con1) have the potential to accept ISGylation. We tested the NS5A ISGylation among different HCV genotypes and observed that the NS5A proteins of all of the HCV genotypes accept ISGylation at multiple Lys residues. Using an HCV luciferase reporter replicon assay revealed that residue K308 of NS5A is important for HCV (1b, Con1) RNA replication. We observed that K308, one of the Lys residues for NS5A ISGylation, is located within the binding region of cyclophilin A (CypA), which is the critical host factor for HCV replication. We obtained evidence derived from all of the HCV genotypes suggesting that NS5A ISGylation enhances the interaction between NS5A and CypA. Taken together, these results suggest that NS5A ISGylation functions as a proviral factor and promotes HCV replication via the recruitment of CypA.IMPORTANCE Host cells have evolved host defense machinery (such as innate immunity) to eliminate viral infections. Viruses have evolved several counteracting strategies for achieving an immune escape from host defense machinery, including type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. ISG15 is an IFN-inducible ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently conjugated to the viral protein via specific Lys residues and suppresses viral functions and viral propagation. Here, we demonstrate that HCV NS5A protein accepts ISG15 conjugation at specific Lys residues and that the HERC5 E3 ligase specifically promotes NS5A ISGylation. We obtained evidence suggesting that NS5A ISGylation facilitates the recruitment of CypA, which is the critical host factor for HCV replication, thereby promoting HCV replication. These findings indicate that E3 ligase HERC5 is a potential therapeutic target for HCV infection. We propose that HCV hijacks an intracellular ISG15 function to escape the host defense machinery in order to establish a persistent infection.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kespohl M, Bredow C, Klingel K, Voß M, Paeschke A, Zickler M, Poller W, Kaya Z, Eckstein J, Fechner H, Spranger J, Fähling M, Wirth EK, Radoshevich L, Thery F, Impens F, Berndt N, Knobeloch KP, Beling A. Protein modification with ISG15 blocks coxsackievirus pathology by antiviral and metabolic reprogramming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1109. [PMID: 32195343 PMCID: PMC7065878 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein modification with ISG15 (ISGylation) represents a major type I IFN-induced antimicrobial system. Common mechanisms of action and species-specific aspects of ISGylation, however, are still ill defined and controversial. We used a multiphasic coxsackievirus B3 (CV) infection model with a first wave resulting in hepatic injury of the liver, followed by a second wave culminating in cardiac damage. This study shows that ISGylation sets nonhematopoietic cells into a resistant state, being indispensable for CV control, which is accomplished by synergistic activity of ISG15 on antiviral IFIT1/3 proteins. Concurrent with altered energy demands, ISG15 also adapts liver metabolism during infection. Shotgun proteomics, in combination with metabolic network modeling, revealed that ISG15 increases the oxidative capacity and promotes gluconeogenesis in liver cells. Cells lacking the activity of the ISG15-specific protease USP18 exhibit increased resistance to clinically relevant CV strains, therefore suggesting that stabilizing ISGylation by inhibiting USP18 could be exploited for CV-associated human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Kespohl
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Bredow
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- University of Tuebingen, Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Voß
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Paeschke
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Zickler
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Clinic for Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Medizinische Klinik für Innere Medizin III: Kardiologie, Angiologie und Pneumologie, Heidelberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Eckstein
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fähling
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Katrin Wirth
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilliana Radoshevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Fabien Thery
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaus Berndt
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute for Computational and Imaging Science in Cardiovascular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Antje Beling
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li C, Wang Y, Zheng H, Dong W, Lv H, Lin J, Guo K, Zhang Y. Antiviral activity of ISG15 against classical swine fever virus replication in porcine alveolar macrophages via inhibition of autophagy by ISGylating BECN1. Vet Res 2020; 51:22. [PMID: 32093773 PMCID: PMC7038623 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) for defense against numerous viral infections, including classical swine fever virus (CSFV). However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of ISGs on CSFV infection are rarely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that IFN-α treatment induces upregulation of ISG15 and thus attenuates CSFV replication. To determine whether ISG15 is critical for controlling CSFV replication, we established porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with stable overexpression or knockdown of ISG15. Overexpression of Flag-ISG15 significantly prevented CSFV replication, whereas loss of ISG15 led to abnormal proliferation of CSFV. Furthermore, upregulated ISG15 promoted beclin-1 (BECN1) ISGylation and dysfunction and subsequently inhibited autophagy, which is indispensable for CSFV replication. In addition, HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5), which functions to catalyze conjugation of ISG15 protein, was confirmed to interact with BECN1. Collectively, these results indicate that IFN-α restricts CSFV replication through ISG15-mediated BECN1 ISGylation and autophagy inhibition, providing insight into the mechanism of CSFV replication control by type I IFN. This mechanism may not be the only antiviral mechanism of ISG15; nonetheless, this study may contribute to the development of CSFV treatment and prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li J, Johnson JA, Su H. Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like proteins in cardiac disease and protection. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 19:989-1002. [PMID: 26648080 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666151209114608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification represents an important mechanism to regulate protein function in cardiac cells. Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are a family of protein modifiers that share a certain extent of sequence and structure similarity. Conjugation of Ub or UBLs to target proteins is dynamically regulated by a set of UBL-specific enzymes and modulates the physical and physiological properties of protein substrates. Ub and UBLs control a strikingly wide spectrum of cellular processes and not surprisingly are involved in the development of multiple human diseases including cardiac diseases. Further identification of novel UBL targets will expand our understanding of the functional diversity of UBL pathways in physiology and pathology. Here we review recent findings on the mechanisms, proteome and functions of a subset of UBLs and highlight their potential impacts on the development and progression of various forms of cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - John A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Huabo Su
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The host response to viral infection includes the induction of type I interferons and the subsequent upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is an interferon-induced protein that has been implicated as a central player in the host antiviral response. Over the past 15 years, efforts to understand how ISG15 protects the host during infection have revealed that its actions are diverse and pathogen-dependent. In this Review, we describe new insights into how ISG15 directly inhibits viral replication and discuss the recent finding that ISG15 modulates the host damage and repair response, immune response and other host signalling pathways. We also explore the viral immune-evasion strategies that counteract the actions of ISG15. These findings are integrated with a discussion of the recent identification of ISG15-deficient individuals and a cellular receptor for ISG15 that provides new insights into how ISG15 shapes the host response to viral infection. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is an interferon-induced protein that has been implicated as a central player in the host antiviral response. In this Review, Perng and Lenschow provide new insights into how ISG15 restricts and shapes the host response to viral infection and the viral immune-evasion strategies that counteract ISG15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Perng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee YS, Kunkeaw N, Lee YS. Protein kinase R and its cellular regulators in cancer: An active player or a surveillant? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 11:e1558. [PMID: 31231984 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR), originally known as an antiviral protein, senses various stresses as well as pathogen-driven double-stranded RNAs. Thereby activated PKR provokes diverse downstream events, including eIF2α phosphorylation and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation. Consequently, PKR induces apoptosis and inflammation, both of which are highly important in cancer as much as its original antiviral role. Therefore, cellular proteins and RNAs should tightly control PKR activity. PKR and its regulators are often dysregulated in cancer and it is undoubted that such dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. However, PKR's precise role in cancer is still in debate, due to incomprehensible and even contradictory data. In this review, we introduce important cellular PKR regulators and discuss about their roles in cancer. Among them, we pay particular attention to nc886, a PKR repressor noncoding RNA that has been identified relatively recently, because its expression pattern in cancer can explain interesting yet obscure oncologic aspects of PKR. Based on nc886 and its regulation of PKR, we have proposed a tumor surveillance model, which reconciles contradictory data about PKR in cancer. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Nawapol Kunkeaw
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yeon-Su Lee
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Type I interferon signaling, regulation and gene stimulation in chronic virus infection. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101277. [PMID: 31155227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) mediate numerous immune interactions during viral infections, from the establishment of an antiviral state to invoking and regulating innate and adaptive immune cells that eliminate infection. While continuous IFN-I signaling plays critical roles in limiting virus replication during both acute and chronic infections, sustained IFN-I signaling also leads to chronic immune activation, inflammation and, consequently, immune exhaustion and dysfunction. Thus, an understanding of the balance between the desirable and deleterious effects of chronic IFN-I signaling will inform our quest for IFN-based therapies for chronic viral infections as well as other chronic diseases, including cancer. As such the factors involved in induction, propagation and regulation of IFN-I signaling, from the initial sensing of viral nucleotides within the cell to regulatory downstream signaling factors and resulting IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have received significant research attention. This review summarizes recent work on IFN-I signaling in chronic infections, and provides an update on therapeutic approaches being considered to counter such infections.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bou-Nader C, Gordon JM, Henderson FE, Zhang J. The search for a PKR code-differential regulation of protein kinase R activity by diverse RNA and protein regulators. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:539-556. [PMID: 30770398 PMCID: PMC6467004 DOI: 10.1261/rna.070169.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible protein kinase R (PKR) is a key component of host innate immunity that restricts viral replication and propagation. As one of the four eIF2α kinases that sense diverse stresses and direct the integrated stress response (ISR) crucial for cell survival and proliferation, PKR's versatile roles extend well beyond antiviral defense. Targeted by numerous host and viral regulators made of RNA and proteins, PKR is subject to multiple layers of endogenous control and external manipulation, driving its rapid evolution. These versatile regulators include not only the canonical double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that activates the kinase activity of PKR, but also highly structured viral, host, and artificial RNAs that exert a full spectrum of effects. In this review, we discuss our deepening understanding of the allosteric mechanism that connects the regulatory and effector domains of PKR, with an emphasis on diverse structured RNA regulators in comparison to their protein counterparts. Through this analysis, we conclude that much of the mechanistic details that underlie this RNA-regulated kinase await structural and functional elucidation, upon which we can then describe a "PKR code," a set of structural and chemical features of RNA that are both descriptive and predictive for their effects on PKR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bou-Nader
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jackson M Gordon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Frances E Henderson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Interferon-Stimulated Genes-Mediators of the Innate Immune Response during Canine Distemper Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071620. [PMID: 30939763 PMCID: PMC6480560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The demyelinating canine distemper virus (CDV)-leukoencephalitis represents a translational animal model for multiple sclerosis. The present study investigated the expression of type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway members in CDV-induced cerebellar lesions to gain an insight into their role in lesion development. Gene expression of 110 manually selected genes in acute, subacute and chronic lesions was analyzed using pre-existing microarray data. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, IRF7, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, STAT2, MX protein, protein kinase R (PKR), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) 1 and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 expression were also evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Cellular origin of STAT1, STAT2, MX and PKR were determined using immunofluorescence. CDV infection caused an increased expression of the antiviral effector proteins MX, PKR, OAS1 and ISG15, which probably contributed to a restricted viral replication, particularly in neurons and oligodendrocytes. This increase might be partly mediated by IRF-dependent pathways due to the lack of changes in IFN-I levels and absence of STAT2 in astrocytes. Nevertheless, activated microglia/macrophages showed a strong expression of STAT1, STAT2 and MX proteins in later stages of the disease, indicating a strong activation of the IFN-I signaling cascade, which might be involved in the aggravation of bystander demyelination.
Collapse
|
39
|
El Asmi F, Brantis-de-Carvalho CE, Blondel D, Chelbi-Alix MK. Rhabdoviruses, Antiviral Defense, and SUMO Pathway. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120686. [PMID: 30513968 PMCID: PMC6316701 DOI: 10.3390/v10120686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) conjugation to proteins has essential roles in several processes including localization, stability, and function of several players implicated in intrinsic and innate immunity. In human, five paralogs of SUMO are known of which three are ubiquitously expressed (SUMO1, 2, and 3). Infection by rhabdoviruses triggers cellular responses through the activation of pattern recognition receptors, which leads to the production and secretion of interferon. This review will focus on the effects of the stable expression of the different SUMO paralogs or Ubc9 depletion on rhabdoviruses-induced interferon production and interferon signaling pathways as well as on the expression and functions of restriction factors conferring the resistance to rhabdoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faten El Asmi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
| | | | - Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Han HG, Moon HW, Jeon YJ. ISG15 in cancer: Beyond ubiquitin-like protein. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
41
|
Albert M, Bécares M, Falqui M, Fernández-Lozano C, Guerra S. ISG15, a Small Molecule with Huge Implications: Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110629. [PMID: 30428561 PMCID: PMC6265978 DOI: 10.3390/v10110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for the majority of infectious diseases, from the common cold to HIV/AIDS or hemorrhagic fevers, the latter with devastating effects on the human population. Accordingly, the development of efficient antiviral therapies is a major goal and a challenge for the scientific community, as we are still far from understanding the molecular mechanisms that operate after virus infection. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) plays an important antiviral role during viral infection. ISG15 catalyzes a ubiquitin-like post-translational modification termed ISGylation, involving the conjugation of ISG15 molecules to de novo synthesized viral or cellular proteins, which regulates their stability and function. Numerous biomedically relevant viruses are targets of ISG15, as well as proteins involved in antiviral immunity. Beyond their role as cellular powerhouses, mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that act as signaling hubs in antiviral responses. In this review, we give an overview of the biological consequences of ISGylation for virus infection and host defense. We also compare several published proteomic studies to identify and classify potential mitochondrial ISGylation targets. Finally, based on our recent observations, we discuss the essential functions of mitochondria in the antiviral response and examine the role of ISG15 in the regulation of mitochondrial processes, specifically OXPHOS and mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martina Bécares
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fernández-Lozano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Scholte FEM, Zivcec M, Dzimianski JV, Deaton MK, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Nichol ST, Pegan SD, Spiropoulou CF, Bergeron É. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Suppresses Innate Immune Responses via a Ubiquitin and ISG15 Specific Protease. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2396-2407. [PMID: 28877473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral responses are regulated by conjugation of ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) to proteins. Certain classes of viruses encode Ub- or ISG15-specific proteases belonging to the ovarian tumor (OTU) superfamily. Their activity is thought to suppress cellular immune responses, but studies demonstrating the function of viral OTU proteases during infection are lacking. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, family Nairoviridae) is a highly pathogenic human virus that encodes an OTU with both deubiquitinase and deISGylase activity as part of the viral RNA polymerase. We investigated CCHFV OTU function by inactivating protease catalytic activity or by selectively disrupting its deubiquitinase and deISGylase activity using reverse genetics. CCHFV OTU inactivation blocked viral replication independently of its RNA polymerase activity, while deubiquitinase activity proved critical for suppressing the interferon responses. Our findings provide insights into viral OTU functions and support the development of therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Marko Zivcec
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - John V Dzimianski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michelle K Deaton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
El Asmi F, Maarifi G, Ali Maroui M, Dianoux L, Chelbi-Alix MK. SUMO module la stabilité et l’activation de PKR. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:285-288. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20183404002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
44
|
Gao L, Wang Y, Li Y, Dong Y, Yang A, Zhang J, Li F, Zhang R. Genome-wide expression profiling analysis to identify key genes in the anti-HIV mechanism of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1199-1209. [PMID: 29508932 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were performed to explore the key biomarkers in response to HIV infection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of HIV infected individuals were analyzed and the GEO database (GSE6740) was screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HIV infected CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Gene Ontology enrichment, KEGG pathway analyses, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to identify the key pathway and core proteins in anti-HIV virus process of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Finally, we analyzed the expressions of key proteins in HIV-infected T cells (GSE6740 dataset) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) (GSE511 dataset). 1) CD4+ T cells counts and ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ T cells decreased while CD8+ T cells counts increased in HIV positive individuals; 2) 517 DEGs were found in HIV infected CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at acute and chronic stage with the criterial of P-value <0.05 and fold change (FC) ≥2; 3) In acute HIV infection, type 1 interferon (IFN-1) pathway might played a critical role in response to HIV infection of T cells. The main biological processes of the DEGs were response to virus and defense response to virus. At chronic stage, ISG15 protein, in conjunction with IFN-1 pathway might play key roles in anti-HIV responses of CD4+ T cells; and 4) The expression of ISG15 increased in both T cells and PBMCs after HIV infection. Gene expression profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells changed significantly in HIV infection, in which ISG15 gene may play a central role in activating the natural antiviral process of immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Gao
- Medicine College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Department of Urology, Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Medicine College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ya Dong
- Medicine College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Fengying Li
- Immunization Department of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xianyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chung H, Calis JJA, Wu X, Sun T, Yu Y, Sarbanes SL, Dao Thi VL, Shilvock AR, Hoffmann HH, Rosenberg BR, Rice CM. Human ADAR1 Prevents Endogenous RNA from Triggering Translational Shutdown. Cell 2018; 172:811-824.e14. [PMID: 29395325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is produced when host sensors detect foreign nucleic acids, but how sensors differentiate self from nonself nucleic acids, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), is incompletely understood. Mutations in ADAR1, an adenosine-to-inosine editing enzyme of dsRNA, cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, an autoinflammatory disorder associated with spontaneous interferon production and neurologic sequelae. We generated ADAR1 knockout human cells to explore ADAR1 substrates and function. ADAR1 primarily edited Alu elements in RNA polymerase II (pol II)-transcribed mRNAs, but not putative pol III-transcribed Alus. During the IFN response, ADAR1 blocked translational shutdown by inhibiting hyperactivation of PKR, a dsRNA sensor. ADAR1 dsRNA binding and catalytic activities were required to fully prevent endogenous RNA from activating PKR. Remarkably, ADAR1 knockout neuronal progenitor cells exhibited MDA5 (dsRNA sensor)-dependent spontaneous interferon production, PKR activation, and cell death. Thus, human ADAR1 regulates sensing of self versus nonself RNA, allowing pathogen detection while avoiding autoinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hachung Chung
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jorg J A Calis
- Program in Immunogenomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xianfang Wu
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tony Sun
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yingpu Yu
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie L Sarbanes
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Abigail R Shilvock
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - H-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Program in Immunogenomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yoo L, Yoon AR, Yun CO, Chung KC. Covalent ISG15 conjugation to CHIP promotes its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity and inhibits lung cancer cell growth in response to type I interferon. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:97. [PMID: 29367604 PMCID: PMC5833375 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) acts as a ubiquitin E3 ligase and a link between the chaperones Hsp70/90 and the proteasome system, playing a vital role in maintaining protein homeostasis. CHIP regulates a number of proteins involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, but the underlying mechanism of action via posttranslational modification has not been extensively explored. In this study, we investigated a novel modulatory mode of CHIP and its effect on CHIP enzymatic activity. ISG15, an ubiquitin-like modifier, is induced by type I interferon (IFN) stimulation and can be conjugated to target proteins (ISGylation). Here we demonstrated that CHIP may be a novel target of ISGylation in HEK293 cells stimulated with type I IFN. We also found that Lys143/144/145 and Lys287 residues in CHIP are important for and target residues of ISGylation. Moreover, ISGylation promotes the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of CHIP, subsequently causing a decrease in levels of oncogenic c-Myc, one of its many ubiquitination targets, in A549 lung cancer cells and inhibiting A549 cell and tumor growth. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that covalent ISG15 conjugation produces a novel CHIP regulatory mode that enhances the tumor-suppressive activity of CHIP, thereby contributing to the antitumor effect of type I IFN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Differential effects of SUMO1 and SUMO3 on PKR activation and stability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1277. [PMID: 29352251 PMCID: PMC5775435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a serine/threonine kinase that exerts its own phosphorylation and the phosphorylation of the α subunit of the protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2α. PKR was identified as a target of SUMOylation and the triple PKR-SUMO deficient mutant on Lysine residues K60-K150-K440 has reduced PKR activity. We report that SUMO1 and SUMO3 expression exert differential effects on PKR localization, activation and stability. SUMO1 or SUMO3 did not alter the repartition of PKR in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. However, in SUMO3-expressing cells PKR was found more concentrated around the perinuclear membrane and was recruited from small speckles to nuclear dots. Interestingly, SUMO1 expression alone resulted in PKR and eIF-2α activation, whereas SUMO3 reduced PKR and eIF-2α activation upon viral infection or dsRNA transfection. In addition, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) enhanced PKR conjugation to SUMO1 and SUMO3 but only SUMO3 expression promoted caspase-dependent EMCV-induced PKR degradation. Furthermore, the higher EMCV-induced PKR activation by SUMO1 was correlated with an inhibition of EMCV. Importantly SUMO1, by inducing PKR activation in the absence of viral infection, and SUMO3, by counteracting both PKR activation and stability upon viral infection, shed a new light on the differential effects of SUMO-modified PKR.
Collapse
|
48
|
de la Cruz-Herrera CF, Baz-Martínez M, Motiam AE, Vidal S, Collado M, Vidal A, Rodríguez MS, Esteban M, Rivas C. Phosphorylable tyrosine residue 162 in the double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase PKR modulates its interaction with SUMO. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14055. [PMID: 29070839 PMCID: PMC5656663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine kinase PKR phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), resulting in a shut-off of general translation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of virus replication. PKR can be activated by binding to dsRNA or cellular proteins such as PACT/RAX, or by its conjugation to ISG15 or SUMO. Here, we demonstrate that PKR also interacts with SUMO in a non-covalent manner. We identify the phosphorylable tyrosine residue 162 in PKR (Y162) as a modulator of the PKR-SUMO non-covalent interaction as well as of the PKR SUMOylation. Finally, we show that the efficient SUMO-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation and inhibition of protein synthesis induced by PKR in response to dsRNA depend on this residue. In summary, our data identify a new mechanism of regulation of PKR activity and reinforce the relevance of both, tyrosine phosphorylation and SUMO interaction in controlling the activity of PKR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F de la Cruz-Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Maite Baz-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, E15706, Spain
| | - Ahmed El Motiam
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, E15706, Spain
| | - Santiago Vidal
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, E15706, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, E15706, Spain
| | - Anxo Vidal
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, E15782, Spain
| | - Manuel S Rodríguez
- Advanced Technology Institute in Life Sciences (ITAV) CNRS-USR3505, 31106, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS-UMR5089, 31077, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Rivas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, E15706, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Viral infection upregulates myostatin promoter activity in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186506. [PMID: 29036192 PMCID: PMC5643063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin is a negative regulator of myogenesis and has been suggested to be an important factor in the development of muscle wasting during viral infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the main regulatory element of the grouper myostatin promoter and to study changes in promoter activity due to viral stimulation. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the E-box E6 is a positive cis-and trans-regulation motif, and an essential binding site for MyoD. In contrast, the E-box E5 is a dominant negative cis-regulatory. The characteristics of grouper myostatin promoter are similar in regulation of muscle growth to that of other species, but mainly through specific regulatory elements. According to these results, we conducted a study to investigate the effect of viral infection on myostatin promoter activity and its regulation. The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) treatment significantly induced myostatin promoter activity. The present study is the first report describing that specific myostatin motifs regulate promoter activity and response to viral infection.
Collapse
|
50
|
Poletto M, Yang D, Fletcher SC, Vendrell I, Fischer R, Legrand AJ, Dianov GL. Modulation of proteostasis counteracts oxidative stress and affects DNA base excision repair capacity in ATM-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10042-10055. [PMID: 28973444 PMCID: PMC5622344 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a syndrome associated with loss of ATM protein function. Neurodegeneration and cancer predisposition, both hallmarks of A-T, are likely to emerge as a consequence of the persistent oxidative stress and DNA damage observed in this disease. Surprisingly however, despite these severe features, a lack of functional ATM is still compatible with early life, suggesting that adaptation mechanisms contributing to cell survival must be in place. Here we address this gap in our knowledge by analysing the process of human fibroblast adaptation to the lack of ATM. We identify profound rearrangement in cellular proteostasis occurring very early on after loss of ATM in order to counter protein damage originating from oxidative stress. Change in proteostasis, however, is not without repercussions. Modulating protein turnover in ATM-depleted cells also has an adverse effect on the DNA base excision repair pathway, the major DNA repair system that deals with oxidative DNA damage. As a consequence, the burden of unrepaired endogenous DNA lesions intensifies, progressively leading to genomic instability. Our study provides a glimpse at the cellular consequences of loss of ATM and highlights a previously overlooked role for proteostasis in maintaining cell survival in the absence of ATM function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Poletto
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Di Yang
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Sally C. Fletcher
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX37FZ, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX37FZ, UK
| | - Arnaud J. Legrand
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Grigory L. Dianov
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|