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Monnig MA, Negash S. Immune biomarkers in non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers who used a probiotic supplement for 30 days: An open-label pilot study. Alcohol 2024; 114:43-50. [PMID: 37604322 PMCID: PMC10875145 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with significant psychological and economic burdens, as well as physical comorbidities that can lead to death. Previous research has found that probiotics may reduce inflammatory biomarkers in persons with AUD and comorbid conditions such as cirrhosis of the liver. This relationship has not been explored in heavy drinkers without comorbid conditions. In a proof-of-concept study, individuals who were heavy drinkers without known comorbidities received a 30-day course of a daily probiotic supplement in an open-label pilot trial. Eligible participants (N = 16) met NIAAA guidelines for heavy alcohol use and did not report any preexisting medical problems. Blood samples were taken at four timepoints: prior to the probiotic course, at the midpoint, at the end, and after a washout period of at least one month. Immunoassays were conducted on plasma samples to quantify the following inflammatory biomarkers: IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, LBP, MCP-1, sCD14, sCD163, and TNF-α. Linear mixed models were used to test within-subjects changes in biomarker concentrations over the study period, with alcohol use included as a time-varying covariate. Biomarker concentrations did not change significantly. A higher number of heavy drinking days was statistically associated with higher concentrations of IL-6 (F(1,8) = 6.66, p = 0.0326) and IL-8 (F(1,17) = 6.38, p = 0.0218). Greater days since last drink was associated with a lower concentration of MCP-1 (F(1,17) = 5.77, p = 0.028). In summary, biomarker trajectories were associated with alcohol consumption variables, but not probiotic use, in this open-label pilot study. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate fully the potential benefits of probiotics in heavy drinkers without known comorbidities and under conditions of non-abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
| | - Seraphina Negash
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
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2
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Fan Y, Guan B, Xu J, Zhang H, Yi L, Yang Z. Role of toll-like receptor-mediated pyroptosis in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115493. [PMID: 37734261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening dysregulated status of the host response to infection, can cause multiorgan dysfunction and mortality. Sepsis places a heavy burden on the cardiovascular system due to the pathological imbalance of hyperinflammation and immune suppression. Myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction caused by the aberrant host responses to pathogens can lead to cardiomyopathy, one of the most critical complications of sepsis. However, many questions about the specific mechanisms and characteristics of this complication remain to be answered. The causes of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction include abnormal cardiac perfusion, myocardial inhibitory substances, autonomic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and calcium homeostasis dysregulation. The fight between the host and pathogens acts as the trigger for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, plays a critical role in the progress of sepsis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as pattern recognition receptors and participate in innate immune pathways that recognize damage-associated molecular patterns as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns to mediate pyroptosis. Notably, pyroptosis is tightly associated with cardiac dysfunction in sepsis and septic shock. In line with these observations, induction of TLR-mediated pyroptosis may be a promising therapeutic approach to treat sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. This review focuses on the potential roles of TLR-mediated pyroptosis in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, to shed light on this promising therapeutic approach, thus helping to prevent and control septic shock caused by cardiovascular disorders and improve the prognosis of sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Fan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyi Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianxing Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Yi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixu Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Son Y, Kim BY, Kim M, Kim J, Kwon RJ, Kim K. Glucocorticoids Impair the 7α-Hydroxycholesterol-Enhanced Innate Immune Response. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e40. [PMID: 37970232 PMCID: PMC10643330 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids suppress the vascular inflammation that occurs under hypercholesterolemia, as demonstrated in an animal model fed a high-cholesterol diet. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects remain poorly understood. Because cholesterol is oxidized to form cholesterol oxides (oxysterols) that are capable of inducing inflammation, we investigated whether glucocorticoids affect the immune responses evoked by 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αOHChol). The treatment of human THP-1 monocytic cells with dexamethasone (Dex) and prednisolone (Pdn) downregulated the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLR6 and CD14, and diminished 7αOHChol-enhanced response to FSL-1, a TLR2/6 ligand, and lipopolysaccharide, which interacts with CD14 to initiate immune responses, as determined by the reduced secretion of IL-23 and CCL2, respectively. Glucocorticoids weakened the 7αOHChol-induced production of CCL2 and CCR5 ligands, which was accompanied by decreased migration of monocytic cells and CCR5-expressing Jurkat T cells. Treatment with Dex or Pdn also reduced the phosphorylation of the Akt-1 Src, ERK1/2, and p65 subunits. These results indicate that both Dex and Pdn impair the expression of PRRs and their downstream products, chemokine production, and phosphorylation of signaling molecules. Collectively, glucocorticoids suppress the innate immune response and activation of monocytic cells to an inflammatory phenotype enhanced or induced by 7αOHChol, which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects in hypercholesterolemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Miran Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ryuk Jun Kwon
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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Álvarez B, Revilla C, Poderoso T, Ezquerra A, Domínguez J. Porcine Macrophage Markers and Populations: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2103. [PMID: 37626913 PMCID: PMC10453229 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides its importance as a livestock species, pig is increasingly being used as an animal model for biomedical research. Macrophages play critical roles in immunity to pathogens, tissue development, homeostasis and tissue repair. These cells are also primary targets for replication of viruses such as African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, which can cause huge economic losses to the pig industry. In this article, we review the current status of knowledge on porcine macrophages, starting by reviewing the markers available for their phenotypical characterization and following with the characteristics of the main macrophage populations described in different organs, as well as the effect of polarization conditions on their phenotype and function. We will also review available cell lines suitable for studies on the biology of porcine macrophages and their interaction with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angel Ezquerra
- Departamento de Biotecnología, CSIC INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña, km7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.Á.); (C.R.); (T.P.); (J.D.)
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Lin YH, Kuo NR, Shen HC, Chang YC, Lin R, Liao TL, Yeh HY, Yang YY, Hou MC, Lin HC. Prediction models combining zonulin, LPS, and LBP predict acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13048. [PMID: 37567912 PMCID: PMC10421946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI) in cirrhosis has been associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut-kidney crosstalk. We use the related markers such as zonulin, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) to predict AKI and HRS-AKI in cirrhotic patients and evaluate their in vitro effects on intestinal (Caco-2) cells and renal tubular (HK-2) cells. From 2013 to 2020, we enrolled 70 cirrhotic patients and developed prediction models for AKI and HRS-AKI over a six-month period. There were 13 (18.6%) and 8 (11.4%) cirrhotic patients developed AKI and HRS-AKI. The prediction models incorporated zonulin, LPS, LBP, C-reactive protein, age, and history of hepatitis B for AKI, and zonulin, LPS, LBP, total bilirubin, and Child-Pugh score for HRS-AKI. The area under curve (AUC) for the prediction of AKI and HRS-AKI was 0.94 and 0.95, respectively. Furthermore, the conditioned medium of LPS+hrLBP pre-treated Caco-2 cells induced apoptosis, necrosis, and zonulin release in HK-2 cells, demonstrating the communication between them. This study found that zonulin, LPS, and LBP are potential practical markers for predicting AKI and HRS-AKI in cirrhotic patients, which may serve as potential targets for renal outcomes in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Innovation and Research Office, Clinical Innovation Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Rong Kuo
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Innovation and Research Office, Clinical Innovation Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chin Shen
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Innovation and Research Office, Clinical Innovation Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chien Chang
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Innovation and Research Office, Clinical Innovation Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Roger Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Innovation and Research Office, Clinical Innovation Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Yeh
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Innovation and Research Office, Clinical Innovation Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Innovation and Research Office, Clinical Innovation Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Sharygin D, Koniaris LG, Wells C, Zimmers TA, Hamidi T. Role of CD14 in human disease. Immunology 2023; 169:260-270. [PMID: 36840585 PMCID: PMC10591340 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface antigen CD14 is primarily understood to act as a co-receptor for toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate innate immunity responses to pathogens and tissue injury in macrophages and monocytes. However, roles for CD14 are increasingly being uncovered in disease responses in epithelial and endothelial cells. Consistent with these broader functions, CD14 expression is altered in a variety of non-immune cell types in response to a several of disease states. Moreover, soluble CD14 activated by factors from both pathogens and tissue damage may initiate signalling in a variety of non-immune cells. This review examined the current understanding CD14 in innate immunity as well as its potential functions in nonimmune cells and associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sharygin
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts institute of technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonidas G. Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Clark Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tewfik Hamidi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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7
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Kim BY, Son Y, Kim BJ, Chung SW, Lee D, Eo SK, Kim K. Atheroma-Relevant 7-Oxysterols Differentially Upregulate Cd14 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10542. [PMID: 37445719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of CD14 in monocytic cells is elevated in atherosclerotic lesions where 7-oxyterols are abundant. However, it remains unknown whether atheroma-relevant 7-oxysterols are involved in receptor expression. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αOHChol), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHChol), and 7-ketocholesterol (7K) on CD14 levels in THP-1 cells. The three 7-oxysterols increased CD14 transcript levels at a distinct time point, elevated cellular CD14 protein levels, and promoted the release of soluble CD (sCD14) from THP-1 cells. Our data revealed that CD14 expression was most strongly induced after treatment with 7αOHChol. Moreover, 7αOHChol alone upregulated membrane-bound CD14 levels and enhanced responses to lipopolysaccharides, as determined by CCL2 production and monocytic cell migration. The 7-oxysterols also increased the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9, and a cell-permeable, reversible MMP-9 inhibitor, MMP-9 inhibitor I, significantly impaired sCD14 release. These results indicate that 7-oxysterols differentially induce CD14 expression in vascular cells and contribute to the monocytic cell expression of CD14 via overlapping, but distinct, mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Kim
- Kim Byoung Joon Ledas Varicose Vein Clinic, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47256, Republic of Korea
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woon Chung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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Tian X, Xie Y, Chen J, Yin W, Zhao YL, Yao P, Dong M, Jin C, Wu N. Increased Microbial Translocation is a Prognostic Biomarker of Different Immune Responses to ART in People Living with HIV. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3871-3878. [PMID: 37351382 PMCID: PMC10284156 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s404384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial translocation (MT) is a characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Whether MT is also a biomarker of different immune responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) received by people living with HIV (PLWH) is not known. Methods We examined the presence of MT in a cohort of 33 HIV-infected immunological responders (IRs) and 28 immunological non-responders (INRs) (≥500 and <200 cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T-cell counts/µL after 2 years of HIV-1 suppression, respectively) with no comorbidities. Plasma samples were used to measure the circulating levels of MT markers. All enrolled study participants had received 2 years of viral-suppression therapy. Results Levels of lipopolysaccharide (P = 0.0185), LPS-binding protein (P < 0.0001), soluble-CD14 (P < 0.0001), and endogenous endotoxin-core antibody (P < 0.0001) at baseline were significantly higher in INRs than in IRs and were associated with an increased risk of an immunological non-response, whereas the level of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein did not show this association. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the utility of these individual microbial markers in discriminating INRs after ART in people living with HIV with high sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve. Conclusion INRs in HIV infection are characterized by increased MT at baseline. These markers could be used as a rapid prognostic tool for predicting immune responses in people infected with the HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Tian
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Xie
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Hospital Office, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanpeng Yin
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Long Zhao
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Yao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Qingchun Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Dong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Qingchun Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Chen D, Wang H, Cai X. Curcumin interferes with sepsis-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via TLR1 inhibition. Rev Port Cardiol 2023; 42:209-221. [PMID: 36702348 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in sepsis and is characterized by reversible myocardial depression. However, the specific mechanisms responsible for myocardial injury in sepsis are not known. The present study used bioinformatic analysis to explore the possible mechanisms of sepsis-induced myocardial injury and the therapeutic potential of curcumin. METHODS The GSE125042 microarray gene expression matrix was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which includes 10 septic cardiomyocyte samples from cecum ligation perforation constructs and 10 sham-operated groups cardiomyocyte samples. Background correction and matrix data normalization were performed using the robust multiarray average algorithm. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screening was performed using the Limma R package expression matrix, and whole gene analysis was performed using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis R package to construct gene networks and identify modules. Enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis was performed on the genes to be selected. Construct cellular and animal models of myocardial injury in sepsis were assessed and the effects of curcumin on a rat or cardiac myocytes were observed. RESULTS A total of 2876 DEGs were screened based on the GSE125042 chip, of which 1424 genes were upregulated and 1452 genes were down regulated. WGCNA analysis of the whole genes was also performed and a total of 20 gene modules were generated. Among them, the selected TLR1 gene was present in the most strongly correlated Brown module. Enrichment analysis of the upregulated DEGs with the Brown module showed that they were significantly enriched in biological processes related to ribosomal protein complex generation, cellular components related to phagocytic vesicles and molecular functions related to Toll-like receptor binding, affecting cardiomyocyte survival as a target for molecular intervention in septic cardiomyopathy. Animal experiments showed that curcumin reduced inflammation levels, improved cardiac function and increased survival in rats with septic myocardial injury. Cellular experiments showed that curcumin increased the survival rate of lipopolysaccharide-treated cardiomyocytes and down regulated TLR1 expression and inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation in cells in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking analysis revealed that curcumin interacted with TLR1 by hydrogen bonding and could be stably bound to inhibit the biological function of TLR1. CONCLUSION Our study shows that curcumin attenuates myocardial injury in sepsis by inhibiting TLR1 expression, which provides a molecular theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Haikou Hospital, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Haikou Hospital, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, China
| | - Xingjun Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, China.
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10
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Li Z, Chen A, Wan H, Gao X, Li C, Xiong L, Liang H. Immunohistochemical Localization of MD2, a Co-Receptor of TLR4, in the Adult Mouse Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:400-417. [PMID: 36657737 PMCID: PMC9897217 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) is a co-receptor of a classical proinflammatory protein TLR4 whose activation leads to neuroinflammation. It is widely accepted that TLR4 is expressed on the cell surface of microglia and astrocytes, and MD2 is expected to be expressed by these cells as well. However, our previous study showed that neurons from certain nuclei also expressed MD2. Whether MD2 is expressed by other brain nuclei is still unknown. It is the aim of the present study to map the distribution of MD2-positive cells in the adult mouse brain. Immunohistochemical staining against MD2 was completed to localize MD2-positive cells in the mouse brain by comparing the location of positive cells with the mouse brain atlas. MD2-positive cells were found in the majority of mouse brain nuclei with clusters of cells in the olfactory bulb, cortices, the red nucleus, and cranial nuclei. Subcortical nuclei had heterogeneous staining of MD2 with more prominent cells in the basolateral and the central amygdaloid nuclei. The ventral pallidum and the diagonal bands had positive cells with similar density and shape. Prominent cells were present in thalamic nuclei which were nearly homogeneous and in reticular formation of the brainstem where cells were dispersed with similar density. The hypothalamus had fewer outstanding cells compared with the thalamus. The red nucleus, the substantia nigra, and the ventral tegmental area in the pretectum had outstanding cells. Motor cranial nuclei also had outstanding MD2-positive cells, whereas raphe, sensory cranial, and deep cerebellar nuclei had MD2-positive cells with moderate density. The presence of MD2 in these nuclei may suggest the involvement of MD2 in their corresponding physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Clinical
Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Translational
Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s
Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Aiwen Chen
- Clinical
Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Translational
Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s
Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Hanxi Wan
- Clinical
Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Translational
Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s
Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Clinical
Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Translational
Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s
Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Chunguang Li
- NICM
Health Research Institute, Western Sydney
University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Lize Xiong
- Clinical
Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Translational
Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s
Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Clinical
Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Translational
Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai
Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s
Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai 200434, China
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11
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Zemanova M, Langova L, Novotná I, Dvorakova P, Vrtkova I, Havlicek Z. Immune mechanisms, resistance genes, and their roles in the prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:371-384. [PMID: 36415759 PMCID: PMC9673033 DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-371-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases of the mammary gland. The increased incidence of this disease in cows is due to the breeding of dairy cattle for higher yields, which is accompanied by an increased susceptibility to mastitis. Therefore, the difficulty involved with preventing this disease has increased. An integral part of current research is the elimination of mastitis in order to reduce the consumption of antibiotic drugs, thereby reducing the resistance of microorganisms and decreasing companies' economic losses due to mastitis (i.e. decreased milk yield, increased drug costs, and reduced milk supply). Susceptibility to mastitis is based on dairy cows' immunity, health, nutrition, and welfare. Thus, it is important to understand the immune processes in the body in order to increase the resistance of animals. Recently, various studies have focused on the selection of mastitis resistance genes. An important point is also the prevention of mastitis. This publication aims to describe the physiology of the mammary gland along with its immune mechanisms and to approximate their connection with potential mastitis resistance genes. This work describes various options for mastitis elimination and focuses on genetic selection and a closer specification of resistance genes to mastitis. Among the most promising resistance genes for mastitis, we consider CD14, CXCR1, lactoferrin, and lactoglobulin.
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae Compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae Avoids Induction of Proinflammatory Epithelial Cell Responses despite Robustly Inducing TLR2 Signaling. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0012922. [PMID: 35862703 PMCID: PMC9387261 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00129-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common bacterial causes of pneumonia in children. The clinical characteristics of pneumonia differ significantly between the two bacteria. We aimed to elucidate the differences in pathogenesis between M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae by characterizing the respiratory epithelial cell immune response to both pathogens. Using primary human bronchial epithelial cells in air-liquid interface cultures, we observed lower production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in response to M. pneumoniae than to S. pneumoniae. In contrast to the differences in proinflammatory cytokine production, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated signaling in response to M. pneumoniae was stronger than to S. pneumoniae. This difference largely depended on TLR1 and not TLR6. We found that M. pneumoniae, but not S. pneumoniae, also induced signaling of TLR10, a coreceptor of TLR2 that has inhibitory properties. M. pneumoniae-induced TLR10 signaling on airway epithelial cells was partially responsible for low IL-8 production, as blocking TLR10 by specific antibodies increased cytokine production. M. pneumoniae maintained Th2-associated cytokine production by epithelial cells, which concurs with the known association of M. pneumoniae infection with asthma. M. pneumoniae left IL-33 levels unchanged, whereas S. pneumoniae downregulated IL-33 production both under homeostatic and Th2-promoting conditions. By directly comparing M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae, we demonstrate that M. pneumoniae avoids induction of proinflammatory cytokine response despite its ability to induce robust TLR2 signaling. Our new findings suggest that this apparent paradox may be partially explained by M. pneumoniae-induced signaling of TLR2/TLR10.
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13
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Šrajer Gajdošik M, Kovač Peić A, Begić M, Grbčić P, Brilliant KE, Hixson DC, Josić D. Possible Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatotoxicity of Acetaminophen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8870. [PMID: 36012131 PMCID: PMC9408656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined proteomic profiles of rat liver extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed following treatment with a sub-toxic dose (500 mg/kg) of the pain reliever drug, acetaminophen (APAP). EVs representing the entire complement of hepatic cells were isolated after perfusion of the intact liver and analyzed with LC-MS/MS. The investigation was focused on revealing the function and cellular origin of identified EVs proteins shed by different parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells and their possible role in an early response of this organ to a toxic environment. Comparison of EV proteomic profiles from control and APAP-treated animals revealed significant differences. Alpha-1-macroglobulin and members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily were highly abundant proteins in EVs shed by the normal liver. In contrast, proteins like aminopeptidase N, metalloreductase STEAP4, different surface antigens like CD14 and CD45, and most members of the annexin family were detected only in EVs that were shed by livers of APAP-treated animals. In EVs from treated livers, there was almost a complete disappearance of members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily and a major decrease in other enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Additionally, there were proteins that predominated in non-parenchymal liver cells and in the extracellular matrix, like fibronectin, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C, and endothelial type gp91. These differences indicate that even treatment with a sub-toxic concentration of APAP initiates dramatic perturbation in the function of this vital organ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Begić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Petra Grbčić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Kate E. Brilliant
- Proteomics Core, COBRE CCRD, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Douglas C. Hixson
- Proteomics Core, COBRE CCRD, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Djuro Josić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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14
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Holen E, Espe M, Larsen AK, Olsvik PA. Dietary chlorpyrifos-methyl exposure impair transcription of immune-, detoxification- and redox signaling genes in leukocytes isolated from cod (Gadus morhua). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:549-560. [PMID: 35803506 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion of new environmental toxicants increase with the amount of plant ingredients substituting marine proteins and oils in feed for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salma salar). Agricultural pesticides like chlorpyrifos-methyl, present in commercial salmon feeds, may affect salmon immune and detoxification responses. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), surrounding the net pens, grazing on feces and uneaten pellets may be affected accordingly. The aim of this study was to analyze transcription responses in Atlantic cod head kidney tissue and isolated leukocytes following dietary chlorpyrifos-methyl inclusions and possible interactions with proinflammatory signals. Head kidney tissues and leukocytes were isolated from cod fed diets contaminated with chlorpyrifos-methyl (0.5 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg, 23.2 mg/kg) for 30 days. The isolated leukocytes were further challenged with bacteria (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), virus (polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid (PIC) mimic and l-arginine, an immuno-modulating amino acid, in vitro. The LPS-induced transcription of the interleukin genes il-1β, il-6, il-8 increased in leukocytes isolated from cod fed chlorpyrifos-methyl 23.2 mg/kg, compared to cod fed the control diet, indicating increased inflammation. Transcriptional levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (cpt1a), aryl hydrogen receptor (ahr) and catalase (cat) were all reduced by dietary inclusions of chlorpyrifos-methyl in the leukocytes. The findings suggests that dietary chlorpyrifos-methyl exposure impair inflammation, detoxification and redox signaling in cod leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Anett K Larsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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15
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Bonhomme D, Werts C. Host and Species-Specificities of Pattern Recognition Receptors Upon Infection With Leptospira interrogans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:932137. [PMID: 35937697 PMCID: PMC9353586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.932137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease affecting all vertebrates. It is caused by species of the genus Leptospira, among which are the highly pathogenic L. interrogans. Different mammals can be either resistant or susceptible to the disease which can present a large variety of symptoms. Humans are mostly asymptomatic after infection but can have in some cases symptoms varying from a flu-like syndrome to more severe forms such as Weil’s disease, potentially leading to multiorgan failure and death. Similarly, cattle, pigs, and horses can suffer from acute forms of the disease, including morbidity, abortion, and uveitis. On the other hand, mice and rats are resistant to leptospirosis despite chronical colonization of the kidneys, excreting leptospires in urine and contributing to the transmission of the bacteria. To this date, the immune mechanisms that determine the severity of the infection and that confer susceptibility to leptospirosis remain enigmatic. To our interest, differential immune sensing of leptospires through the activation of or escape from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) has recently been described. In this review, we will summarize these findings that suggest that in various hosts, leptospires differentially escape recognition by some Toll-like and NOD-like receptors, including TLR4, TLR5, and NOD1, although TLR2 and NLRP3 responses are conserved independently of the host. Overall, we hypothesize that these innate immune mechanisms could play a role in determining host susceptibility to leptospirosis and suggest a central, yet complex, role for TLR4.
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Garantziotis S, Savani RC. Proteoglycans in Toll-like receptor responses and innate immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C202-C214. [PMID: 35675639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active and dynamic feature of tissues that not only provides gross structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. The ever-changing microenvironment responds dynamically to cellular and external signals, and in turn influences cell fate, tissue development, and response to environmental injury or microbial invasion. It is therefore paramount to understand how the ECM components interact with each other, the environment and cells, and how they mediate their effects. Among the ECM components that have recently garnered increased attention, proteoglycans (PGs) deserve special note. Recent evidence strongly suggests that they play a crucial role both in health maintenance and disease development. In particular, proteoglycans dictate whether homeostasis or cell death will result from a given injury, by triggering and modulating activation of the innate immune system, via a conserved array of receptors that recognize exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (tissue damage) molecular patterns. Innate immune activation by proteoglycans has important implications for the understanding of cell-matrix interactions in health and disease. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of innate immune signaling by proteoglycans, discuss the implications, and explore future directions to define progress in this area of extracellular matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Center for Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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17
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Fibronectin Functions as a Selective Agonist for Distinct Toll-like Receptors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132074. [PMID: 35805158 PMCID: PMC9265717 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of tumors is characterized by structural changes in the fibronectin matrix, which include increased deposition of the EDA isoform of fibronectin and the unfolding of the fibronectin Type III domains. The impact of these structural changes on tumor progression is not well understood. The fibronectin EDA (FnEDA) domain and the partially unfolded first Type III domain of fibronectin (FnIII-1c) have been identified as endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which induce innate immune responses by serving as agonists for Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Using two triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231, we show that FnEDA and FnIII-1c induce the pro-tumorigenic cytokine, IL-8, by serving as agonists for TLR5 and TLR2, the canonical receptors for bacterial flagellin and lipoprotein, respectively. We also find that FnIII-1c is not recognized by MDA-MB-468 cells but is recognized by MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting a cell type rather than ligand specific utilization of TLRs. As IL-8 plays a major role in the progression of TNBC, these studies suggest that tumor-induced structural changes in the fibronectin matrix promote an inflammatory microenvironment conducive to metastatic progression.
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Sadeghi M, Azari M, Kafi M, Hossein N, Ghaemi M, Najafi M, Eshghi D. Bovine salpingitis: histopathology, bacteriology, cytology and transcriptomic approaches and its impact on the oocyte competence. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 242:107004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Nathella PK, Moideen K, Viswanathan V, Sivakumar S, Ahamed SF, Ponnuraja C, Hissar S, Kornfeld H, Babu S. Heightened microbial translocation is a prognostic biomarker of recurrent tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1820-1826. [PMID: 35352112 PMCID: PMC9662171 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial translocation is a known characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Whether microbial translocation is also a biomarker of recurrence in PTB is not known. METHODS We examined the presence of microbial translocation in a cohort of newly diagnosed, sputum smear and culture positive individuals with drug-sensitive PTB. Participants were followed up for a year following the end of anti-tuberculosis treatment. They were classified as cases (in the event of recurrence, n=30) and compared to age and gender matched controls (in the event of successful, recurrence free cure; n=51). Plasma samples were used to measure the circulating microbial translocation markers. All the enrolled study participants were treatment naïve, HIV negative and with or without diabetes mellitus. RESULTS Baseline levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (p=0.0002), sCD14 (p=0.0191) and LPS-binding protein (LBP) (p<0.0001) were significantly higher in recurrence than controls and were associated with increased risk for recurrence, while Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and Endocab showed no association. ROC curve analysis demonstrated the utility of these individual microbial markers in discriminating recurrence from cure with high sensitivity, specificity and AUC. CONCLUSION Recurrence following microbiological cure in PTB is characterized by heightened baseline microbial translocation. These markers can be used as a rapid prognostic tool for predicting recurrence in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT- International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - C Ponnuraja
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Syed Hissar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.,LPD, NIAID, NIH, MD, USA
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20
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Reil PM, Maghiar TT, Vîlceanu N, Pascalau A, Judea Pusta CT, Marcu F, Cavalu S, Pop O. Assessing the Role of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Receptor (CD14) in Septic Cardiomyopathy: The Value of Immunohistochemical Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040781. [PMID: 35453829 PMCID: PMC9027368 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is one of the major predictors of morbidity and mortality of sepsis. A high percentage of patients with SIMD develop a status similar to cardiogenic shock. A high level of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) associated with an overexpression of CD14 acts as the trigger for the release of a broad spectrum of cytokines. Our study aimed to understand the correlation between septic cardiomyopathy and CD14 immunohistochemical expression. The study included 29 patients who died of septic shock. Increased values of membranous CD14 and soluble CD14 in the heart tissue were correlated with adverse patient evolution. A high cellular expression of CD14 was noted in the study group vs. the control group (p = 0.0013). Therefore, a close positive association between the amount of LPS related to sCD14 and the cellular expression of mCD14 is probable. By extrapolation, we suggest that a large amount of sCD14 detected in the cardiac tissue will activate the mCD14–TRL4–LBP–LPS complex, which in turn will induce an inadequate immune response, resulting in heart damage proportional to the amount of LPS. CD14 could represent a valuable marker for septic cardiomyopathy; thus, apoptosis of cardiomyocytes could be foreseen by its high value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teodor Traian Maghiar
- Department of Morphology Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (T.T.M.); (N.V.); (C.T.J.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Narcis Vîlceanu
- Department of Morphology Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (T.T.M.); (N.V.); (C.T.J.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Andrei Pascalau
- Department of Morphology Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (T.T.M.); (N.V.); (C.T.J.P.); (O.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-74-5778666
| | - Claudia Teodora Judea Pusta
- Department of Morphology Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (T.T.M.); (N.V.); (C.T.J.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Florin Marcu
- Department of Psycho-Neuro-Sciences and Recovery, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Pop
- Department of Morphology Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (T.T.M.); (N.V.); (C.T.J.P.); (O.P.)
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21
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Bezhaeva T, Karper J, Quax PHA, de Vries MR. The Intriguing Role of TLR Accessory Molecules in Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:820962. [PMID: 35237675 PMCID: PMC8884272 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.820962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Toll like receptors (TLR) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease development, progression and outcomes. Complex TLR mediated signaling affects vascular and cardiac function including tissue remodeling and repair. Being central components of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, TLRs interact as pattern recognition receptors with a series of exogenous ligands and endogenous molecules or so-called danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released upon tissue injury and cellular stress. Besides immune cells, a number of structural cells within the cardiovascular system, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes express TLRs and are able to release or sense DAMPs. Local activation of TLR-mediated signaling cascade induces cardiovascular tissue repair but in a presence of constant stimuli can overshoot and cause chronic inflammation and tissue damage. TLR accessory molecules are essential in guiding and dampening these responses toward an adequate reaction. Furthermore, accessory molecules assure specific and exclusive TLR-mediated signal transduction for distinct cells and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Although much has been learned about TLRs activation in cardiovascular remodeling, the exact role of TLR accessory molecules is not entirely understood. Deeper understanding of the role of TLR accessory molecules in cardiovascular system may open therapeutic avenues aiming at manipulation of inflammatory response in cardiovascular disease. The present review outlines accessory molecules for membrane TLRs that are involved in cardiovascular disease progression. We first summarize the up-to-date knowledge on TLR signaling focusing on membrane TLRs and their ligands that play a key role in cardiovascular system. We then survey the current evidence of the contribution of TLRs accessory molecules in vascular and cardiac remodeling including myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, atherosclerosis, vein graft disease and arterio-venous fistula failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisiya Bezhaeva
- Department of Surgery and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jacco Karper
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Department of Surgery and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- Department of Surgery and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Margreet R. de Vries
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22
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Holen E, Austgulen MH, Espe M. RNA form baker's yeast cultured with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modulates gene transcription in an intestinal epithelial cell model, RTgutGC from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:397-408. [PMID: 34687880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate if the intestinal RTgutGC cell line could be suitable for research on dietary ingredients and their function as modulators of inflammation during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced stress. The RTgutGC cells cultured together with RNA from baker's yeast, reached confluency after 72 h. The cells were grown in either compete L-15 (CM) or nutrient deprived L-15 (DM). Then, the RTgutGC cells were exposed to LPS or RNA from baker's yeast, either alone, or in combination, in CM or DM. All cultures were harvested following LPS challenge for 48 h and 72 h. LPS induced transcription of Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin -8 (IL-8), Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3), interferon regulating factor 3 (irf3), Nuclear factor ĸβ (NFĸβ), one of the multidrug transporters, ABCC2, and glutamine synthase 1 (GLS01) in RTgutGC cells at one or both sampling points (48 h and/or 72 h post LPS challenge). RNA from baker's yeast in culture alone, (cultured 120 h and 144 h with RTgutGC cells and harvested at the respective LPS sampling points) induced transcription of INF1, TNFα and ticam/trif, not induced by LPS. In addition, RNA from baker's yeast affected IL-1β, TLR3, irf3 and NFĸβ, comparable to the responses triggered by LPS. RNA from baker's yeast alone did not affect ABCC2 or GLS01 transcriptions in this set up. So, LPS and RNA from baker's yeast affects distinct but also common gene transcripts in this intestinal cell line. Culturing RTgutGC cells in DM, adding a combination of LPS and RNA from baker's yeast, reduced IL-1β transcription compared to cells grown in CM, 48 h and 72 h post LPS challenge. Also, in RTgutGC cells, grown in DM, the LPS induced transcription of ABCC2 declined, measured 48 h post LPS challenge. Possibly indicating that optimal transcription of IL-1β and ABBC2 in RTgutGC cells, cultured over time, requires access of adequate nutrients under stressful condition. RNA from baker's yeast induced INF1 transcription in the RTgutGC cells, regardless if the medium was complete or deprived of nutrients. However, culturing RTgutGC cells in DM enriched with RNA from baker's yeast for a longer period of time (120 h, 144 h), seemed beneficial for INF1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Holen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postbox 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, Postbox 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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Effect of gluten-free diet on levels of soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in adult patients with celiac disease. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:225-230. [PMID: 34764791 PMCID: PMC8568036 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In CD, activation of the immune response causes damage of the intestinal mucosa, and a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only available therapy. Intestinal damage can lead to an increase in the circulation of components of bacteria from the intestinal lumen, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) participate in the recognition of LPS, and their levels are altered in different pathologies. In the present study, the circulating levels of sCD14 and LBP from untreated CD patients were evaluated and compared to CD patients on a GFD and controls. Material and methods In total seventy-two adult patients with CD, twenty-three untreated CD patients and forty-nine on a GFD were included. In addition, fifty-five healthy individuals were included as controls. Additionally, the effect of LPS on sCD14 production by both normal and inflamed intestinal tissue culture was explored. Results Serum levels of sCD14 were found to be significantly increased in untreated CD patients compared to patients on a GFD and controls. In addition, we found that LPS induced the production of sCD14 by biopsies of intestinal tissue from untreated CD patients. Conclusions The data from this study show that circulating levels of sCD14 are increased in the untreated CD patients compared to patients on a GFD. Our data show that LPS induces the production of sCD14 by the intestinal tissue from untreated CD patients.
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Su H, Chang R, Zheng W, Sun Y, Xu T. microRNA-210 and microRNA-3570 Negatively Regulate NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Responses by Targeting RIPK2 in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617753. [PMID: 33868233 PMCID: PMC8044448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen infection can cause the production of inflammatory cytokines, which are key mediators that cause the host’s innate immune response. Therefore, proper regulation of immune genes associated with inflammation is essential for immune response. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) as gene regulator have been widely reported to be involved in the innate immune response of mammals. However, the regulatory network in which miRNAs are involved in the development of inflammation is largely unknown in lower vertebrates. Here, we identified two miRNAs from miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy), miR-210 and miR-3570, which play a negative regulatory role in host antibacterial immunity. We found that the expressions of miR-210 and miR-3570 were significantly upregulated under the stimulation of Gram-negative bacterium vibrio harveyi and LPS (lipopolysaccharide). Induced miR-210 and miR-3570 inhibit inflammatory cytokine production by targeting RIPK2, thereby avoiding excessive inflammation. In particular, we found that miR-210 and miR-3570 negatively regulate antimicrobial immunity by regulating the RIPK2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. The collective results indicated that both miRNAs are used as negative feedback regulators to regulate RIPK2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway and thus play a regulatory role in bacteria-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Su
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chang
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Ha EK, Kim JH, Yon DK, Lee SW, Kim MA, Lee KS, Sung M, Jee HM, Shin YH, Han MY. Association of serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein level with sensitization to food allergens in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2143. [PMID: 33495502 PMCID: PMC7835372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase reactant that mediates innate immune responses triggered by LPS. Recent studies indicated a positive correlation of circulating LBP level with chronic low-grade inflammation, a condition present in many non-communicable diseases. We determined the association of serum LBP concentration with allergic sensitization in a general pediatric population. Serum LBP was measured in a sample of children (n = 356; mean age = 9.6 ± 0.2 years) in this population-based cross-sectional study. Skin prick tests (SPTs) were performed to assess allergic sensitization to 22 common inhalant and food allergens. One hundred and seven children (30.1%) were nonsensitized, 160 (44.9%) were monosensitized, and 89 (25.0%) were polysensitized. Children who were mono- or polysensitized had a significantly higher median serum LBP level (25.5 ng/mL, inter-quartile range [IQR] 20.3-30.7) than those who were nonsensitized (20.3 ng/mL, IQR = 14.81-25.8, P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for confounders indicated that serum LBP level was positively associated with allergic sensitization overall (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.041; 95% CI 1.007-1.076, P = 0.016), with sensitization to food allergens in particular (aOR 1.080, 95% CI 1.029-1.133, P = 0.002), but not with sensitization to aeroallergens (aOR 1.010, 95% CI 0.982-1.040, P = 0.467). LBP level was not associated with allergic diseases after adjustment. We suggest the possibility of sensitization to food allergens may be related to gut-derived low-grade inflammation, and large sized longitudinal investigations are needed to elucidate the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyo Ha
- Department of Pediatris, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Myongsoon Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Soon Chun Hyang University Gumi Hospital, Soon Chun Hyang University College of Medicine, Gumi-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Mi Jee
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Ho Shin
- Deparment of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 566 Nonhyeon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06135, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Zheng W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, E X, Gao W, Zhang M, Zhai W, Rajkumar RS, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways. Virol J 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 33298111 PMCID: PMC7726878 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Mogen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Weijie Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | | | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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27
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Chen Y, Tibbs Cortes LE, Ashley C, Putz AM, Lim KS, Dyck MK, Fortin F, Plastow GS, Dekkers JCM, Harding JCS. The genetic basis of natural antibody titers of young healthy pigs and relationships with disease resilience. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:648. [PMID: 32962629 PMCID: PMC7510148 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease resilience is the ability to maintain performance under pathogen exposure but is difficult to select for because breeding populations are raised under high health. Selection for resilience requires a trait that is heritable, easy to measure on healthy animals, and genetically correlated with resilience. Natural antibodies (NAb) are important parts of the innate immune system and are found to be heritable and associated with disease susceptibility in dairy cattle and poultry. Our objective was to investigate NAb and total IgG in blood of healthy, young pigs as potential indicator traits for disease resilience. Results Data were from Yorkshire x Landrace pigs, with IgG and IgM NAb (four antigens) and total IgG measured by ELISA in blood plasma collected ~ 1 week after weaning, prior to their exposure to a natural polymicrobial challenge. Heritability estimates were lower for IgG NAb (0.12 to 0.24, + 0.05) and for total IgG (0.19 + 0.05) than for IgM NAb (0.33 to 0.53, + 0.07) but maternal effects were larger for IgG NAb (0.41 to 0.52, + 0.03) and for total IgG (0.19 + 0.05) than for IgM NAb (0.00 to 0.10, + 0.04). Phenotypically, IgM NAb titers were moderately correlated with each other (average 0.60), as were IgG NAb titers (average 0.42), but correlations between IgM and IgG NAb titers were weak (average 0.09). Phenotypic correlations of total IgG were moderate with NAb IgG (average 0.46) but weak with NAb IgM (average 0.01). Estimates of genetic correlations among NAb showed similar patterns but with small SE, with estimates averaging 0.76 among IgG NAb, 0.63 among IgM NAb, 0.17 between IgG and IgM NAb, 0.64 between total IgG and IgG NAb, and 0.13 between total IgG and IgM NAb. Phenotypically, pigs that survived had slightly higher levels of NAb and total IgG than pigs that died. Genetically, higher levels of NAb tended to be associated with greater disease resilience based on lower mortality and fewer parenteral antibiotic treatments. Genome-wide association analyses for NAb titers identified several genomic regions, with several candidate genes for immune response. Conclusions Levels of NAb in blood of healthy young piglets are heritable and potential genetic indicators of resilience to polymicrobial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Ashley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Austin M Putz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frederic Fortin
- Centre de développement du porc du Québec inc. (CDPQ), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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28
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Oczkowicz M, Szmatoła T, Świątkiewicz M, Koseniuk A, Smołucha G, Witarski W, Wierzbicka A. 3'quant mRNA-Seq of Porcine Liver Reveals Alterations in UPR, Acute Phase Response, and Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in Response to Different Dietary Fats. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091087. [PMID: 32961898 PMCID: PMC7565913 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal fats are considered to be unhealthy, in contrast to vegetable fats, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, the use of some fats, such as coconut oil, is still controversial. In our experiment, we divided experimental animals (domestic pigs) into three groups differing only in the type of fat used in the diet: group R: rapeseed oil (n = 5); group B: beef tallow (n = 5); group C: coconut oil (n = 6). After transcriptomic analysis of liver samples, we identified 188, 93, and 53 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in R vs. B, R vs. C, and B vs. C comparisons, respectively. Next, we performed a functional analysis of identified DEGs with String and IPA software. We observed the enrichment of genes engaged in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the acute phase response among genes upregulated in B compared to R. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol efflux enrichments were observed among genes downregulated in B when compared to R. Moreover, activation of the UPR and inhibition of the sirtuin signaling pathway were noted in C when compared to R. The most striking difference in liver transcriptomic response between C and B was the activation of the acute phase response and inhibition of bile acid synthesis in the latest group. Our results suggest that excessive consumption of animal fats leads to the activation of a cascade of mutually propelling processes harmful to the liver: inflammation, UPR, and imbalances in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and bile acids via altered organelle membrane composition. Nevertheless, these studies should be extended with analysis at the level of proteins and their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oczkowicz
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48666081109
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
- Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Anna Koseniuk
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Smołucha
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Wojciech Witarski
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Alicja Wierzbicka
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
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29
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Oo TT, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Potential Roles of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2 on Neuroinflammation and Its Possible Interventions. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4825-4844. [PMID: 32803490 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the primary response by immune cells in the nervous system to protect against infection. Chronic and uncontrolled neuroinflammation triggers neuronal injury and neuronal death resulting in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, fine tuning of the immune response in the nervous system is now extensively considered as a potential therapeutic intervention for those diseases. The immune cells of the nervous system express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) together with myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) to protect against the pathogens. Over the last 10 years, antagonists targeting the functional domains of MD-2 have become attractive pharmacological intervention strategies in pre-clinical studies into neuroinflammation and its associated brain pathologies. This review aims to summarize and discuss the roles of TLR4-MD-2 signaling pathway activation in various models of neuroinflammation. This review article also highlights the studies reporting the effect of MD-2 antagonists on neuroinflammation in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thura Tun Oo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. .,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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30
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Bonhomme D, Santecchia I, Vernel-Pauillac F, Caroff M, Germon P, Murray G, Adler B, Boneca IG, Werts C. Leptospiral LPS escapes mouse TLR4 internalization and TRIF‑associated antimicrobial responses through O antigen and associated lipoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008639. [PMID: 32790743 PMCID: PMC7447051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. All vertebrate species can be infected; humans are sensitive hosts whereas other species, such as rodents, may become long-term renal carrier reservoirs. Upon infection, innate immune responses are initiated by recognition of Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Among MAMPs, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by the Toll-Like-Receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates both the MyD88-dependent pathway at the plasma membrane and the TRIF-dependent pathway after TLR4 internalization. We previously showed that leptospiral LPS is not recognized by the human-TLR4, whereas it signals through mouse-TLR4 (mTLR4), which mediates mouse resistance to acute leptospirosis. However, although resistant, mice are known to be chronically infected by leptospires. Interestingly, the leptospiral LPS has low endotoxicity in mouse cells and is an agonist of TLR2, the sensor for bacterial lipoproteins. Here, we investigated the signaling properties of the leptospiral LPS in mouse macrophages. Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we showed that the LPS of L. interrogans did not induce internalization of mTLR4, unlike the LPS of Escherichia coli. Consequently, the LPS failed to induce the production of the TRIF-dependent nitric oxide and RANTES, both important antimicrobial responses. Using shorter LPS and LPS devoid of TLR2 activity, we further found this mTLR4-TRIF escape to be dependent on both the co-purifying lipoproteins and the full-length O antigen. Furthermore, our data suggest that the O antigen could alter the binding of the leptospiral LPS to the co-receptor CD14 that is essential for TLR4-TRIF activation. Overall, we describe here a novel leptospiral immune escape mechanism from mouse macrophages and hypothesize that the LPS altered signaling could contribute to the stealthiness and chronicity of the leptospires in mice. Leptospira interrogans is a bacterial pathogen, responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide neglected reemerging disease. L. interrogans may cause an acute severe disease in humans, whereas rodents and other animals asymptomatically carry the leptospires in their kidneys. They can therefore excrete live bacteria in urine and contaminate the environment. Leptospires are stealth pathogens known to escape the innate immune defenses of their hosts. They are covered in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial motif recognized in mammals through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which triggers two different signaling pathways. We showed previously that pathogenic leptospires fully escape TLR4 recognition in humans. Here we focused on the LPS signaling in mice that are, although resistant to acute leptospirosis, chronically infected. We showed in mouse cells that the leptospiral LPS triggers only one arm of the TLR4 pathway and escapes the other, hence avoiding production of antimicrobial compounds. Removing the lipoproteins that always co-purify with the leptospiral LPS, or using shorter LPS, restores the stimulation of both pathways. This suggests a novel escape mechanism linked to the LPS and involving lipoproteins that could be instrumental for leptospires to escape the mouse defense and to allow for their chronic renal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Caroff
- LPS-BioSciences, Université de Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- INRAE, UMR ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gerald Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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31
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Nogieć A, Bzowska M, Demczuk A, Varol C, Guzik K. Phenotype and Response to PAMPs of Human Monocyte-Derived Foam Cells Obtained by Long-Term Culture in the Presence of oxLDLs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1592. [PMID: 32849539 PMCID: PMC7417357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-laden, foam macrophages constitute the most characteristic component of human atherosclerotic plaques. Persistent uptake of oxLDLs results in accumulation of lipid bodies inside the cells and determines their phenotype and subsequent functions. In this work, we describe the phenotype of human monocyte-derived foam cells obtained by differentiation in the constant presence of oxLDLs for 30 days (prolonged-hMDFCs). Although neither the total cellular nor the cell surface expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) was regulated by oxLDLs, the prolonged-hMDFCs changed dramatically their responsiveness to TLR ligands and inactivated bacteria. Using multiplex technology, we observed an acute decline in cytokine and chemokine production after surface and endosomal TLR stimulation with the exception of TLR2/6 triggering with agonists Pam2CSK4 and MALP-2. We also noted significant reduction of some surface receptors which can have accessory function in recognition of particulate antigens (CD47, CD81, and CD11b). In contrast, the prolonged-hMDFCs responded to inflammasome activation by LPS/nigericin with extensive, necrotic type cell death, which was partially independent of caspase-1. This pyroptosis-like cell death was aggravated by necrostatin-1 and rapamycin. These findings identify a potential contribution of mature foam cells to inflammatory status by increasing the immunogenic cell death burden. The observed cross-talk between foam cell death pathways may lead to recognition of a potential new marker for atherosclerosis disease severity. Overall, our study demonstrates that, in contrast to other cellular models of foam cells, the prolonged-hMDFCs acquire a functional phenotype which may help understanding the role of foam cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nogieć
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bzowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Demczuk
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract & Liver Diseases, The Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Messner CB, Demichev V, Wendisch D, Michalick L, White M, Freiwald A, Textoris-Taube K, Vernardis SI, Egger AS, Kreidl M, Ludwig D, Kilian C, Agostini F, Zelezniak A, Thibeault C, Pfeiffer M, Hippenstiel S, Hocke A, von Kalle C, Campbell A, Hayward C, Porteous DJ, Marioni RE, Langenberg C, Lilley KS, Kuebler WM, Mülleder M, Drosten C, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M, Kurth F, Sander LE, Ralser M. Ultra-High-Throughput Clinical Proteomics Reveals Classifiers of COVID-19 Infection. Cell Syst 2020; 11:11-24.e4. [PMID: 32619549 PMCID: PMC7264033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global challenge, and point-of-care diagnostic classifiers are urgently required. Here, we present a platform for ultra-high-throughput serum and plasma proteomics that builds on ISO13485 standardization to facilitate simple implementation in regulated clinical laboratories. Our low-cost workflow handles up to 180 samples per day, enables high precision quantification, and reduces batch effects for large-scale and longitudinal studies. We use our platform on samples collected from a cohort of early hospitalized cases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and identify 27 potential biomarkers that are differentially expressed depending on the WHO severity grade of COVID-19. They include complement factors, the coagulation system, inflammation modulators, and pro-inflammatory factors upstream and downstream of interleukin 6. All protocols and software for implementing our approach are freely available. In total, this work supports the development of routine proteomic assays to aid clinical decision making and generate hypotheses about potential COVID-19 therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph B Messner
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Vadim Demichev
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB21GA, UK
| | - Daniel Wendisch
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Michalick
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Institute of Physiology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew White
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Charité Universitätsmedizin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Textoris-Taube
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Spyros I Vernardis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Anna-Sophia Egger
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Marco Kreidl
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Daniela Ludwig
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Kilian
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Federica Agostini
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksej Zelezniak
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thibeault
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Pfeiffer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Clinical Study Center (CSC), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Nine, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB21GA, UK
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Institute of Physiology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mülleder
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Department of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leif Erik Sander
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK; Charité Universitätsmedizin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Lee H, Fessler MB, Qu P, Heymann J, Kopp JB. Macrophage polarization in innate immune responses contributing to pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:270. [PMID: 32660446 PMCID: PMC7358194 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by inflammation, injury and fibrosis. Dysregulated innate immune responses mediated by macrophages play critical roles in progressive renal injury. The differentiation and polarization of macrophages into pro-inflammatory 'M1' and anti-inflammatory 'M2' states represent the two extreme maturation programs of macrophages during tissue injury. However, the effects of macrophage polarization on the pathogenesis of CKD are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the innate immune mechanisms underlying macrophage polarization and the role of macrophage polarization in the initiation, progression, resolution and recurrence of CKD. Macrophage activation and polarization are initiated through recognition of conserved endogenous and exogenous molecular motifs by pattern recognition receptors, chiefly, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are located on the cell surface and in endosomes, and NLR inflammasomes, which are positioned in the cytosol. Recent data suggest that genetic variants of the innate immune molecule apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) that are associated with increased CKD prevalence in people of African descent, mediate an atypical M1 macrophage polarization. Manipulation of macrophage polarization may offer novel strategies to address dysregulated immunometabolism and may provide a complementary approach along with current podocentric treatment for glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewang Lee
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Affiliated Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Peng Qu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Affiliated Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Differential Expression of IFN- γ, IL-10, TLR1, and TLR2 and Their Potential Effects on Downgrading Leprosy Reaction and Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3405103. [PMID: 31781675 PMCID: PMC6875386 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3405103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactions are acute immunological events that occur during the evolution of chronic infectious disease causing neural damage and disabilities. A study using blood samples of 17 leprosy reaction patients and 17 reaction-free was carried out by means of associations between antigens, receptors, and expression of cytokines, using path analysis providing new insights into the immunological mechanisms involved in triggering leprosy reactions. Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR1 and TLR2, presented balanced expression in the reaction-free multibacillary (MB) group (TLR1: 1.01 ± 0.23, TLR2: 1.22 ± 0.18; p = 0.267). On the other hand, downgrading type 1 reaction (T1R) (TLR1: 1.24 ± 0.17, TLR2: 2.88 ± 0.37; p = 0.002) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (TLR1: 1.93 ± 0.17, TLR2: 2.81 ± 0.15; p = 0.004) revealed an unbalance in relation to the expression of these receptors. When the path analysis was approached, it was noted that interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression showed a dependence relation with phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) in downgrading T1R (direct effect = 0.503 > residual effect = 0.364), whereas in ENL, such relationship occurred with lipoarabinomannan (LAM) (direct effect = 0.778 > residual effect = 0.280). On the contrary, in the reaction-free leprosy group, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were dependent on the association between TLR2 and TLR1 (0.8735). The high TLR2 expression associated with IL-10 levels, in the leprosy reaction groups, may be hypothetically related to the formation of TLR2/2 homodimers and/or TLR2/6 heterodimers linked to evasion mechanisms in downgrading reactions and pathophysiology of ENL.
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Kopp R, Krautloher A, Ramírez-Fernández A, Nicke A. P2X7 Interactions and Signaling - Making Head or Tail of It. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:183. [PMID: 31440138 PMCID: PMC6693442 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenine nucleotides play important roles in cell-cell communication and tissue homeostasis. High concentrations of extracellular ATP released by dying cells are sensed as a danger signal by the P2X7 receptor, a non-specific cation channel. Studies in P2X7 knockout mice and numerous disease models have demonstrated an important role of this receptor in inflammatory processes. P2X7 activation has been shown to induce a variety of cellular responses that are not usually associated with ion channel function, for example changes in the plasma membrane composition and morphology, ectodomain shedding, activation of lipases, kinases, and transcription factors, as well as cytokine release and apoptosis. In contrast to all other P2X family members, the P2X7 receptor contains a long intracellular C-terminus that constitutes 40% of the whole protein and is considered essential for most of these effects. So far, over 50 different proteins have been identified to physically interact with the P2X7 receptor. However, few of these interactions have been confirmed in independent studies and for the majority of these proteins, the interaction domains and the physiological consequences of the interactions are only poorly described. Also, while the structure of the P2X7 extracellular domain has recently been resolved, information about the organization and structure of its C-terminal tail remains elusive. After shortly describing the structure and assembly of the P2X7 receptor, this review gives an update of the identified or proposed interaction domains within the P2X7 C-terminus, describes signaling pathways in which this receptor has been involved, and provides an overlook of the identified interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Krautloher
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Ramírez-Fernández
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Soluble CD14 Enhances the Response of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells to Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonists. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8127301. [PMID: 31178663 PMCID: PMC6507176 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8127301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) do not express membrane-bound CD14, and their responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is drastically enhanced by soluble CD14 (sCD14), which is due to the facilitation of the interaction between LPS and Toll-like receptor- (TLR-) 4. Several studies also show that sCD14 enhances the responsiveness of different immune cells to TLR-2, but such effect in hPDLSCs has not been studied so far. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the potential effect of sCD14 on the hPDLSC response to two different TLR-2 agonists, in vitro. Primary hPDLSCs were stimulated with synthetic lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in concentrations 1-1000 ng/ml in the presence/absence of sCD14 (250 ng/ml). Additionally, the effect of different sCD14 concentrations (2.5-250 ng/ml) on the TLR-2 response was determined in Pam3CSK4- or LTA-triggered hPDLSCs. The resulting expression of interleukin- (IL-) 6, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 8 (CXCL8), and chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) was measured by qPCR and ELISA. The production of IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2 was gradually increased by both TLR-2 agonists and was significantly enhanced by sCD14. The response of hPDLSCs to low and submaximal concentrations of TLR-2 agonists (1-100 ng/ml) was most effectively enhanced by sCD14. The effect of sCD14 on TLR-2 response in hPDLSCs was concentration-dependent and was already detectable at low sCD14 levels. Our data showed that exogenous sCD14 significantly enhanced the responsiveness of hPDLSCs to TLR-2 agonists and enabled the detection of their small amounts. This effect was already detectable at low sCD14 levels, which are comparable to those in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. Changes in the local sCD14 level may be considered as a crucial factor influencing the susceptibility of hPDLSCs to different pathogens and thus may contribute to the progression of periodontitis.
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Hu JT, Lai J, Zhou W, Chen XF, Zhang C, Pan YP, Jiang LY, Zhou YX, Zhou B, Tang ZH. Hypothermia alleviated LPS-induced acute lung injury in Rat models through TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:397-404. [PMID: 30663438 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1557299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical syndrome in ICU departments with high mortality. The pathology of ALI is still not clear and there is no specific and efficient treatment against ALI. In this study, we established ALI rat model through lipopolysaccharide administration. We found that hypothermia therapy led to significant improvement in oxygenation index, edema formation and pathological score, demonstrating that hypothermia is beneficial to the recovery of lung function and alleviation of lung injury. Besides, hypothermia resulted in a decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) concentration, showing the inflammation was partially inhibited. This was also confirmed by a decrease in TNF-α mRNA and protein level in hypothermia group. The effect of hypothermia was mediated by TLR2/MyD88 signaling, which led to the alteration in NF-κB p65 level. Collectively, this study indicated that hypothermia therapy was potentially an efficient therapy against ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Hu
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jie Lai
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xian-Feng Chen
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi-Ping Pan
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Liang-Yan Jiang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zhou
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhan-Hong Tang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Aw NH, Canetti E, Suzuki K, Goh J. Monocyte Subsets in Atherosclerosis and Modification with Exercise in Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120196. [PMID: 30572572 PMCID: PMC6315962 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive pathological remodeling of the arteries and one of its hallmarks is the presence of chronic inflammation. Notably, there is an increased proportion and activation state of specific monocyte subsets in systemic blood circulation. Monocyte subsets have distinct contributions to the formation, progression, and destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque. Strong clinical and epidemiological studies show that regular aerobic exercise mitigates the progression of cardiovascular disease. In fact, aerobic fitness is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular mortality in adults, independent of traditional risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Acute bouts and chronic exercise training modulate monocyte behavior, ranging from their recruitment from the bone marrow or marginal pool, to tissue margination and functional changes in cytokine and chemokine production. Such modulation could reflect a potential mechanism for the cardio-protective effect of exercise on atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of monocyte subsets and highlights what is known about their responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hong Aw
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore 139651, Singapore.
| | - Elisa Canetti
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina QLD 4226, Australia.
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Jorming Goh
- Ageing Research Institute for Society & Education (ARISE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
- Exercise Medicine & Physiology Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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The Mechanism behind Bacterial Lipoprotein Release: Phenol-Soluble Modulins Mediate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activation via Extracellular Vesicle Release from Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01851-18. [PMID: 30459192 PMCID: PMC6247081 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01851-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study highlights the roles of surfactant-like molecules in bacterial inflammation with important implications for the prevention and therapy of inflammatory disorders. It describes a potential pathway for the transfer of hydrophobic bacterial lipoproteins, the major TLR2 agonists, from the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria to the TLR2 receptor at the surface of host cells. Moreover, our study reveals a molecular mechanism that explains how cytoplasmic and membrane-embedded bacterial proteins can be released by bacterial cells without using any of the typical protein secretion routes, thereby contributing to our understanding of the processes used by bacteria to communicate with host organisms and the environment. The innate immune system uses Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 to detect conserved bacterial lipoproteins of invading pathogens. The lipid anchor attaches lipoproteins to the cytoplasmic membrane and prevents their release from the bacterial cell envelope. How bacteria release lipoproteins and how these molecules reach TLR2 remain unknown. Staphylococcus aureus has been described to liberate membrane vesicles. The composition, mode of release, and relevance for microbe-host interaction of such membrane vesicles have remained ambiguous. We recently reported that S. aureus can release lipoproteins only when surfactant-like small peptides, the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), are expressed. Here we demonstrate that PSM peptides promote the release of membrane vesicles from the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus via an increase in membrane fluidity, and we provide evidence that the bacterial turgor is the driving force for vesicle budding under hypotonic osmotic conditions. Intriguingly, the majority of lipoproteins are released by S. aureus as components of membrane vesicles, and this process depends on surfactant-like molecules such as PSMs. Vesicle disruption at high detergent concentrations promotes the capacity of lipoproteins to activate TLR2. These results reveal that vesicle release by bacterium-derived surfactants is required for TLR2-mediated inflammation.
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Nakayama K, Wakamatsu K, Fujii H, Shinzaki S, Takamatsu S, Kitazume S, Kamada Y, Takehara T, Taniguchi N, Miyoshi E. Core fucose is essential glycosylation for CD14-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 and Toll-like receptor 2 signalling in macrophages. J Biochem 2018; 165:227-237. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kana Wakamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation
| | - Hironobu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Disease Glycomics Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Glyco-Oncology and Medical Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipoprotein and Lipoglycan Binding to Toll-Like Receptor 2 Correlates with Agonist Activity and Functional Outcomes. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00450-18. [PMID: 30037791 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00450-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes persistent infection due to its ability to evade host immune responses. M. tuberculosis induces Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, which influences immune responses to M. tuberculosis TLR2 agonists expressed by M. tuberculosis include lipoproteins (e.g., LprG), the glycolipid phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM6), and the lipoglycan lipomannan (LM). Another M. tuberculosis lipoglycan, mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), lacks TLR2 agonist activity. In contrast, PILAM, from Mycobacterum smegmatis, does have TLR2 agonist activity. Our understanding of how M. tuberculosis lipoproteins and lipoglycans interact with TLR2 is limited, and binding of these molecules to TLR2 has not been measured directly. Here, we directly measured M. tuberculosis lipoprotein and lipoglycan binding to TLR2 and its partner receptor, TLR1. LprG, LAM, and LM were all found to bind to TLR2 in the absence of TLR1, but not to TLR1 in the absence of TLR2. Trimolecular interactions were revealed by binding of TLR2-LprG or TLR2-PIM6 complexes to TLR1, whereas binding of TLR2 to TLR1 was not detected in the absence of the lipoprotein or glycolipid. ManLAM exhibited low affinity for TLR2 in comparison to PILAM, LM, and LprG, which correlated with reduced ability of ManLAM to induce TLR2-mediated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion in macrophages. We provide the first direct affinity measurement and kinetic analysis of M. tuberculosis lipoprotein and lipoglycan binding to TLR2. Our results demonstrate that binding affinity correlates with the functional ability of agonists to induce TLR2 signaling.
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Wang W, Wang J. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Regulates Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by NF-κB Activation. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5588-5597. [PMID: 30098292 PMCID: PMC6180953 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling has been implicated in invasion, metastasis, and survival of various cancers. Activation of TLR4 can promote cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). However, little is known about the effects of TLR4/COX-2 in prostate cancer (PCa). Material/Methods In our study, TLR4 and COX-2 expressions were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in PCa tissues (n=34). Cell proliferation was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assays. The migration and invasion abilities were detected by wound healing and Transwell assays. qRT-PCR and western blot assays were performed to detect TLR4, COX-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, epithelial-cadherin (E-cadherin), vimentin, NF-κB (p65), and p-p65 expressions. Results The results revealed that TLR4 and COX-2 were upregulated in PCa tissues; Silencing of TLR4 or COX-2 inhibited PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and TLR4 siRNAs combined with COX-2 siRNAs synergistically suppressed PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Silencing of TLR4 or COX-2 also downregulated MMP-2, MMP-9, and E-cadherin expressions, and upregulated TIMP-1 and vimentin expressions. In addition, silencing of TLR4 or COX-2 inhibited p65 phosphorylation and had a synergistic effect. Conclusions We demonstrated that TLR4/COX-2 inhibits PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Tiantai People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jiye Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Tiantai People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Chen K, Lu Z. Immune responses to bacterial and fungal infections in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:3-11. [PMID: 29289612 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori, an economically important insect that is usually reared indoors, is susceptible to various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microsporidia. As with other insects, the silkworm lacks an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against infection. Compared to other intensively studied insects, such as the fruit fly and tobacco hornworm, the principal immune pathways in the silkworm remain unclear. In this article, we review the literature concerning silkworm immune responses to bacteria and fungi and present our perspectives on future research into silkworm immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Evaluation of immune responses in mice and sheep inoculated with a live attenuated Brucella melitensis REV1 vaccine produced in bioreactor. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 198:44-53. [PMID: 29571517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Brucella melitensis REV1 vaccine is the most widely employed vaccine for prophylaxis against brucellosis in sheep and goats. The objective of vaccination is disease control in herds or preventing infection in farms. In this study, we produced REV1 vaccine with a protocol, based on the use of liquid medium in a bioreactor, that resulted efficient, safe, relatively fast, and cost-effective. The live attenuated vaccine produced was tested in mice and sheep to investigate its immunogenicity and efficacy. Seventy-two female BALB/c mice were obtained and subdivided in 2 groups, one was stimulated with 1 × 106 colony-forming units (CFUs) of B. melitensis while the other with physiological solution alone and acting as control group. Furthermore, 25 sheep were subdivided into 5 groups: four were inoculated with a B. melitensis dose, ranging from 0.6 × 109 and 3.2 × 109 CFUs and the other was the control group. In addition, a serological diagnosis was performed for sheep by rapid serum agglutination and the complement-fixation test. Immunocompetent cells from both experiment were collected at different times post vaccination and immunostained to evaluate innate and adaptive-immune responses. In mice flow cytometry was used to detect macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, memory cells, naïve cells, natural killer cells, major histocompatibility complex type II, B lymphocytes, regulatory T lymphocytes, T helper lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and recently activated CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. In sheep, macrophages, T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, regulatory T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, memory cells and naïve lymphocytes, by the same method, were analyzed. The results showed, both in mice and sheep, that the live, attenuated REV1 vaccine stimulated all immunocompetent cells tested, with a balanced innate and adaptive response. In the sheep experiment, the administered vaccine dose was very important because, at the lower doses, immunological tolerance tended to disappear, while, at the highest dose, the immunological tolerance remained active for a long period. In our experimental conditions, the optimal vaccine dose for sheep was 3.2 × 109 CFUs, although a good immune response was found using a dose of 1.6 × 109 CFUs. The vaccine produced in this study could be extensively employed in developing countries to control the brucellosis in sheep and goats.
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Basic M, Buettner M, Keubler LM, Smoczek A, Bruesch I, Buchheister S, Bleich A. Loss of CD14 leads to disturbed epithelial-B cell crosstalk and impairment of the intestinal barrier after E. coli Nissle monoassociation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:719. [PMID: 29335601 PMCID: PMC5768714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The TLR4 co-receptor CD14 was identified as an IBD candidate gene. Here, its influence on the intestinal barrier was addressed utilizing E. coli Nissle (EcN), which induces severe inflammation in germfree TLR4-/- mice. After monoassociation, EcN was detected in spleens and livers of TLR4-/- and CD14-/- but not wildtype mice. Barrier impairment was characterized by increased apoptosis and decreased epithelial junction (EJ) expression and was reversed by TLR2 stimulation in CD14-/- mice. Bone marrow (BM) transplantation revealed contribution of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells towards intestinal homeostasis. EcN inoculated WT mice showed B cell activation, CD14-/- and TLR4-/- mice cytotoxic T cell and impaired B cell responses. The latter was characterized by absence of B cells in TLR4-/- mice, decreased levels of EcN induced immunoglobulins and downregulation of their transporter pIgR. EcN colonization of mice with genetically or antibody induced impaired B cell response resulted in dissemination of EcN and downregulation of EJ. BM chimeras indicated that CD14 originating from radiation resistant cells is sufficient to restore EJ-function. Overall, CD14/TLR4 signalling seems to be critical for intestinal barrier function and for the crosstalk between B cells and the epithelium, underlining that CD14 serves as a protective modulator of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuela Buettner
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lydia M Keubler
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Smoczek
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Bruesch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Buchheister
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Holen E, Araujo P, Sissener NH, Rosenlund G, Waagbø R. A comparative study: Difference in omega-6/omega-3 balance and saturated fat in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affect immune-, fat metabolism-, oxidative and apoptotic-gene expression, and eicosanoid secretion in head kidney leukocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:57-68. [PMID: 29080687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare how different dietary vegetable oil n-6/n-3 ratios affect gene responses involved in inflammation, signaling pathways, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, oxidation and apoptosis as well as eicosanoid production in salmon head kidney tissues and isolated head kidney leukocytes. Salmon smolts (200 g) were fed four different diets where the main lipid components were palm oil (n-6/n-3 ratio = 0.7), rapeseed oil (n-6/n-3 ratio = 0.9), and soybean oil (n-6/n-3 ratio = 2.4) and a high soybean oil diet with an n-6/n-3 ratio = 4. Both head kidney tissue and leukocytes isolated from head kidneys were sampled from the four diets, but from different fish. Leukocytes isolated from the head kidneys were seeded into culture wells and added lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory responses. Controls without LPS were included. Head kidney leukocytes and the tissues should have the same phenotype reflecting the different diets. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) transcription was elevated in head kidney tissue and especially in LPS treated leukocytes isolated from soybean oil (n-6/n-3 = 2.4) fed salmon, which confirmed the suitability of the in vitro model in this experiment. Leukocytes, treated with LPS, and isolated from salmon fed the soybean oil diet (n-6/n-3 = 2.4) also upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α), cyclooxygenase (cox2), prostaglandin D and E synthase (ptgds, ptges), fatty acyl synthase (fas), 5 and 6 desaturases (5des, 6 des) and a fatty acid translocase protein (cd36) when compared to the other diets. The results suggest that diets with a specific n-6/n-3 ratio influence the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and may be cross-linked to transcription of selected fatty acid metabolism genes. Salmon fed the palm oil diet (n-6/n-3 = 0.7) showed a lower expression of inflammatory genes. Instead, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor β1 (pparβ1), acyl coenzyme A (aco), apoptosis regulator (bax) and superoxide dismutase (sod) were upregulated in leukocytes in vitro, while head kidney tissue transcription of a dendritic marker (cd83) was lower than measured in tissues from fish fed the other diets. The concentration of LTB4 (10-20 ng/mL) were relatively constant in leukocyte supernatants, all diets. Head kidney leukocytes from soybean oil (n-6/n-3 = 2.4) fed fish produced LPS induced PGE2 (mean 0.5 ng/mL) while leukocytes isolated from palm oil diet (n-6/n-3 = 0.7) secreted very high amounts of LTB5 (50-70 ng/mL). In addition, equal amounts of LPS induced PGE2 and PGE3 (mean 0, 5 ng/mL) were produced, indicating that the n-6/n-3 ratio of this saturated fatty acid may have a specific impact on eicosanoid production in the head kidney of salmon.
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Lau YT, Sussman L, Pales Espinosa E, Katalay S, Allam B. Characterization of hemocytes from different body fluids of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:372-379. [PMID: 29042324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve hemocytes are involved in a variety of physiological and immunological functions. Circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph represent the main component of the internal self-defense system while hemocytes present in the extrapallial space (between the mantle and the shell) are actively involved in biomineralization and shell formation. This study focused on the characterization of hemocytes from different body fluids of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Hemocytes present in the hemolymph were compared to those contained in the extrapallial fluid. Hemocytes associated with the mucus layer covering pallial organs (mantle, gills, body wall) were also investigated because of their potential role as sentinel cells. Hemocytes were characterized using flow cytometry in conjunction with fluorescent epitope markers (clusters of differentiation, lectins) as well as functional assays (i.e. phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species -ROS). Compared with the hemolymph, there was a significantly greater percentage of granulocytes and agranulocytes among extrapallial and pallial hemocytes, respectively. Accounting for the different percentages of hemocyte sub-populations, significant differences in surface carbohydrate and clusters of differentiation signatures were also revealed between the different fluids. Most informative epitope markers included concanavalin A, peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, CD11b and CD14. Functional assays revealed significant differences in phagocytic activity and ROS production between hemocytes from the extrapallial fluid and hemolymph; however, less robust differences were observed between hemolymph cells and hemocytes associated with the pallial mucus. Findings from this study suggest that there are markedly different hemocyte populations in the three body fluids. The role of peripheral cells, particularly those associated with the pallial mucus, requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Ting Lau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Lauren Sussman
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Selma Katalay
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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Camandola S, Mattson MP. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates fat, sugar, and umami taste preference and food intake and body weight regulation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1237-1245. [PMID: 28500692 PMCID: PMC5487280 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune and inflammatory pathways play important roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. This study investigated the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in orosensory detection of dietary lipids and sugars. METHODS Taste preferences of TLR4 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) male mice under a standard and a high-fat, high-sugar diet were assessed with two-bottle tests. Gene expression of taste signaling molecules was analyzed in the tongue epithelium. The role of TLR4 in food intake and weight gain was investigated in TLR4 KO and WT mice fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet for 12 weeks. RESULTS Compared to WT mice, TLR4 KO mice showed reduced preference for lipids, sugars, and umami in a two-bottle preference test. The altered taste perception was associated with decreased levels of key taste regulatory molecules in the tongue epithelium. TLR4 KO mice on a high-fat and high-sugar diet consumed less food and drink, resulting in diminished weight gain. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 signaling promotes ingestion of sugar and fat by a mechanism involving increased preference for such obesogenic foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Camandola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sanui T, Takeshita M, Fukuda T, Tanaka U, Alshargabi R, Aida Y, Nishimura F. Roles of serum in innate immune responses of human leukocytes to synthetic lipopeptide. Int Immunopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28633072 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-l-Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4) is a highly conserved molecular motif found in various classes of lipoproteins. The requirement for leukocyte to respond to synthetic Pam3CSK4 were studied. Pam3CSK4 primed neutrophils for a respiratory burst in a serum-dependent manner. Pam3CSK4 upregulated CD11b, CD14, and cytochrome b558, and downregulated Leu-8. Treatment of neutrophils with anti-CD14 antibodies and treatment of serum with anti-LPS binding protein (LBP) antibodies resulted in the inhibition of priming for respiratory burst by Pam3CSK4. It should be noted that LBP could not replicate the effects of serum in priming of neutrophils for respiratory burst by Pam3CSK4. Serum LBP bound to immobilized Pam3CSK4. Pam3CSK4 induced the interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by leukocytes in a serum-dependent manner. Further, Pam3CSK4-induced priming of neutrophils for respiratory burst was not inhibited by the LPS antagonists LA-14-PP, Rhodobacter sphaeroides LPS, or E5531, and Pam3CSK4-induced IL-8 production by leukocytes was not affected by LPS antagonist, E5531, indicating that Pam3CSK4 was recognized by a different receptor than LPS. Thus, Pam3CSK4 and LPS had similar biological activities and similar requirement to act on leukocytes, but were recognized by different receptors. Serum in the action of Pam3CSK4 on leukocytes was not replicated by LBP, suggesting that Pam3CSK4 might be disaggregated by serum to result in the activation of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terukazu Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Takeshita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Urara Tanaka
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Rehab Alshargabi
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshitomi Aida
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Di Stefano A, Ricciardolo FL, Caramori G, Adcock IM, Chung KF, Barnes PJ, Brun P, Leonardi A, Andò F, Vallese D, Gnemmi I, Righi L, Cappello F, Balbi B. Bronchial inflammation and bacterial load in stable COPD is associated with TLR4 overexpression. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/5/1602006. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02006-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are two major forms of innate immune sensors but their role in the immunopathology of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is incompletely studied. Our objective here was to investigate TLR and NLR signalling pathways in the bronchial mucosa in stable COPD.Using immunohistochemistry, the expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, NOD1, NOD2, CD14, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), and the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases phospho-IRAK1 and IRAK4 were measured in the bronchial mucosa of subjects with stable COPD of different severity (n=34), control smokers (n=12) and nonsmokers (n=12). The bronchial bacterial load of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae was measured by quantitative real-time PCR.TLR4 and NOD1 expression was increased in the bronchial mucosa of patients with severe/very severe stable COPD compared with control subjects. TLR4 bronchial epithelial expression correlated positively with CD4+ and CD8+ cells and airflow obstruction. NOD1 expression correlated with CD8+ cells. The bronchial load of P. aeruginosa was directly correlated, but H. influenzae inversely correlated, with the degree of airflow obstruction. Bacterial load did not correlate with inflammatory cells.Bronchial epithelial overexpression of TLR4 and NOD1 in severe/very severe stable COPD, associated with increased bronchial inflammation and P. aeruginosa bacterial load, may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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