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Guseva EA, Buev VS, Mirzaeva SE, Pletnev PI, Dontsova OA, Sergiev PV. Structure and Composition of Spermatozoa Fibrous Sheath in Diverse Groups of Metazoa. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7663. [PMID: 39062905 PMCID: PMC11276731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning and assembly of the sperm flagella structures contribute significantly to spermatozoa motility and overall male fertility. However, the fine mechanisms of assembly steps are poorly studied due to the high diversity of cell types, low solubility of the corresponding protein structures, and high tissue and cell specificity. One of the open questions for investigation is the attachment of longitudinal columns to the doublets 3 and 8 of axonemal microtubules through the outer dense fibers. A number of mutations affecting the assembly of flagella in model organisms are known. Additionally, evolutionary genomics data and comparative analysis of flagella morphology are available for a set of non-model species. This review is devoted to the analysis of diverse ultrastructures of sperm flagellum of Metazoa combined with an overview of the evolutionary distribution and function of the mammalian fibrous sheath proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Guseva
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025 Skolkovo, Russia; (E.A.G.); (O.A.D.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.B.); (S.E.M.); (P.I.P.)
| | - Vitaly S. Buev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.B.); (S.E.M.); (P.I.P.)
- Faculty of Bioengeneering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sabina E. Mirzaeva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.B.); (S.E.M.); (P.I.P.)
| | - Philipp I. Pletnev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.B.); (S.E.M.); (P.I.P.)
| | - Olga A. Dontsova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025 Skolkovo, Russia; (E.A.G.); (O.A.D.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.B.); (S.E.M.); (P.I.P.)
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr V. Sergiev
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025 Skolkovo, Russia; (E.A.G.); (O.A.D.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.B.); (S.E.M.); (P.I.P.)
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Zeng Y, Gao S, Li Y, Marangoni D, De Silva T, Wong WT, Chew EY, Sun X, Li T, Sieving PA, Qian H. OCT Intensity of the Region between Outer Retina Band 2 and Band 3 as a Biomarker for Retinal Degeneration and Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:449. [PMID: 38790316 PMCID: PMC11118669 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used to probe retinal structure and function. This study investigated the outer retina band (ORB) pattern and reflective intensity for the region between bands 2 and 3 (Dip) in three mouse models of inherited retinal degeneration (Rs1KO, TTLL5KO, RPE65KO) and in human AMD patients from the A2A database. OCT images were manually graded, and reflectivity signals were used to calculate the Dip ratio. Qualitative analyses demonstrated the progressive merging band 2 and band 3 in all three mouse models, leading to a reduction in the Dip ratio compared to wildtype (WT) controls. Gene replacement therapy in Rs1KO mice reverted the ORB pattern to one resembling WT and increased the Dip ratio. The degree of anatomical rescue in these mice was highly correlated with level of transgenic RS1 expression and with the restoration of ERG b-wave amplitudes. While the inner retinal cavity was significantly enlarged in dark-adapted Rs1KO mice, the Dip ratio was not altered. A reduction of the Dip ratio was also detected in AMD patients compared with healthy controls and was also positively correlated with AMD severity on the AMD score. We propose that the ORB and Dip ratio can be used as non-invasive early biomarkers for retina health, which can be used to probe therapeutic gene expression and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zeng
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shasha Gao
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dario Marangoni
- Section for Translational Research in Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Tharindu De Silva
- Unit on Clinical Investigation of Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wai T. Wong
- Section on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Clinical Trials Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xun Sun
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory (N-NRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (T.L.)
| | - Tiansen Li
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory (N-NRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (T.L.)
| | | | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.L.)
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Zhang G, Guo J, Yang H, Li Q, Ye F, Song Y, Xiong D, Zeng J, Zhi W, Yuan S, Lv Y, Li T, Wang Y, Liao L, Deng D, Liu W, Xu W. Metabolic profiling identifies Qrich2 as a novel glutamine sensor that regulates microtubule glutamylation and mitochondrial function in mouse sperm. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:170. [PMID: 38597976 PMCID: PMC11006759 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In our prior investigation, we discerned loss-of-function variants within the gene encoding glutamine-rich protein 2 (QRICH2) in two consanguineous families, leading to various morphological abnormalities in sperm flagella and male infertility. The Qrich2 knockout (KO) in mice also exhibits multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) phenotype with a significantly decreased sperm motility. However, how ORICH2 regulates the formation of sperm flagella remains unclear. Abnormal glutamylation levels of tubulin cause dysplastic microtubules and flagella, eventually resulting in the decline of sperm motility and male infertility. In the current study, by further analyzing the Qrich2 KO mouse sperm, we found a reduced glutamylation level and instability of tubulin in Qrich2 KO mouse sperm flagella. In addition, we found that the amino acid metabolism was dysregulated in both testes and sperm, leading to the accumulated glutamine (Gln) and reduced glutamate (Glu) concentrations, and disorderly expressed genes responsible for Gln/Glu metabolism. Interestingly, mice fed with diets devoid of Gln/Glu phenocopied the Qrich2 KO mice. Furthermore, we identified several mitochondrial marker proteins that could not be correctly localized in sperm flagella, which might be responsible for the reduced mitochondrial function contributing to the reduced sperm motility in Qrich2 KO mice. Our study reveals a crucial role of a normal Gln/Glu metabolism in maintaining the structural stability of the microtubules in sperm flagella by regulating the glutamylation levels of the tubulin and identifies Qrich2 as a possible novel Gln sensor that regulates microtubule glutamylation and mitochondrial function in mouse sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Juncen Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haoxuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dongsheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jiuzhi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Weiwei Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Shuiqiao Yuan
- Institute Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Reproduction Medical Center of West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lu Liao
- Puhua Bioscience, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Dong Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Weixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Wenming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Kolawole OU, Gregory-Evans CY, Bikoo R, Huang AZ, Gregory-Evans K. Novel pathogenic variants in Tubulin Tyrosine Like 5 ( TTLL5) associated with cone-dominant retinal dystrophies and an abnormal optical coherence tomography phenotype. Mol Vis 2023; 29:329-337. [PMID: 38264610 PMCID: PMC10805330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autosomal recessive cone and cone-rod dystrophies (CD/CRD) are inherited forms of vison loss. Here, we report on and correlate the clinical phenotypes with the underlying genetic mutations. Methods Clinical information was collected from subjects, including a family history with a chart review. They underwent a full ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, color vision testing, color fundus photography, contrast sensitivity, autofluorescence, and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and full-field electroretinography. Next-generation panel-based genetic testing was used to identify DNA variants in subject buccal swab samples. Results Genetic testing in two patients revealed three novel variants in the TTLL5 gene associated with CD/CRD: two missense variants (c.1433G>A;p.(Arg478Gln), c.241C>G;p.(Leu81Val), and one loss-of-function variant (c.2384_2387del;p.(Ala795Valfs*9). Based on in-silico analysis, structural modeling, and comparison to previously reported mutations, these novel variants are very likely to be disease-causing mutations. Combining retinal imaging with SD-OCT analysis, we observed an unusual sheen in the CD/CRD phenotypes. Conclusion Based on the protein domain location of novel TTLL5 variants and the localization of TTLL5 to the connecting cilium, we conclude that the CD/CRD disease phenotype is characterized as a ciliopathy caused by protein tracking dysfunction. This initially affects cone photoreceptors, where photoreceptor cilia express a high level of TTLL5, but extends to rod photoreceptors over time. Fundus photography correlated with SD-OCT imaging suggests that the macular sheen characteristically seen with TTLL5 mutations derives from the photoreceptor's outer segments at the posterior pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubayo U Kolawole
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Riyaz Bikoo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Albert Z Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
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Jin HJ, Wang JL, Geng XY, Wang CY, Wang BB, Chen SR. CFAP70 is a solid and valuable target for the genetic diagnosis of oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia in infertile men. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104675. [PMID: 37352829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility is a worldwide population health concern, but its aetiology remains largely understood. Although CFAP70 variants have already been reported in two oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia (OAT) individuals by sequencing, animal evidence to support CFAP70 as a credible OAT-pathogenic gene is lacking. METHOD Cfap70-KO mice were generated to explore the physiological role of CFAP70. CFAP70 variants were detected in infertile men with OAT by whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing confirmation. Cfap70-truncated mice were further generated to explore the pathogenicity of the nonsense variant of CFAP70 identified in the proband. FINDINGS Here, we demonstrate that Cfap70-KO mice are sterile mainly due to OAT and further identify a Chinese infertile man carrying a homozygous nonsense variant (c.2962C > T/p.R988X) of CFAP70. Cfap70-truncated mice lacking 5-8 tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) mimic the patient's symptoms. CFAP70 is required for the biogenesis of spermatid flagella partially by regulating the expression of OAT-associated proteins (e.g., QRICH2), assisting the cytoplasmic preassembly of the calmodulin- and radial spoke-associated complex (CSC), and controlling the manchette localization of axoneme-related proteins. Moreover, we suggest that CFAP70-associated male infertility could be overcome by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment. INTERPRETATION Overall, we demonstrate that CFAP70 is necessary to assemble spermatid flagella and that CFAP70 gene could be used as a diagnostic target for male infertility with OAT in the clinic. FUNDING This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (2019YFA0802101 to S.C), Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education (to S.C), Central Government to Guide Local Scientific and Technological Development (ZY21195023 to B.W), and Basic Research Projects of Central Scientific Research Institutes (to B.W).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jun-Li Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China; Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Prevention Engineering Center of Ecological Aluminum Industry Base of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Yan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute of Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bin-Bin Wang
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute of Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research (NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, 100081 Beijing, China.
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Xia XH, Liang N, Ma XY, Qin L, Wang SY, Chang ZJ. Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway affects gonadal differentiation and leads to male bias in Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Theriogenology 2023; 207:82-95. [PMID: 37269599 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, sex-controlled breeding has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance the yields of economic animals with different growth characteristics, while increasing the economic benefits of aquaculture. It is known that the NF-κB pathway participates in gonadal differentiation and reproduction. Therefore, we used the large-scale loach as a research model for the present study and selected an effective inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway (QNZ). This, to investigates the impacts of the NF-κB signaling pathway on gonadal differentiation during a critical period of gonad development and after maturation. Simultaneously, the sex ratio bias and the reproductive capacities of adult fish were analyzed. Our results indicated that the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway influenced the expression of genes related to gonad development, regulated the gene expression related to the brain-gonad-liver axis of juvenile loaches, and finally impacted the gonadal differentiation of the large-scale loach and promoted a male-biased sex ratio. Meanwhile, high QNZ concentrations affected the reproductive abilities of adult loaches and inhibited the growth performance of offspring. Thus, our results deepened the exploration of sex control in fish and provided a certain research basis for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Ning Liang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Lu Qin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Song-Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Zhong-Jie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo X, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Feng S, Wu HY. CCP5 and CCP6 retain CP110 and negatively regulate ciliogenesis. BMC Biol 2023; 21:124. [PMID: 37226238 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The axonemal microtubules of primary cilium undergo a conserved protein posttranslational modification (PTM) - polyglutamylation. This reversible procedure is processed by tubulin tyrosine ligase-like polyglutamylases to form secondary polyglutamate side chains, which are metabolized by the 6-member cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) family. Although polyglutamylation modifying enzymes have been linked to ciliary architecture and motility, it was unknown whether they also play a role in ciliogenesis. RESULTS In this study, we found that CCP5 expression is transiently downregulated upon the initiation of ciliogenesis, but recovered after cilia are formed. Overexpression of CCP5 inhibited ciliogenesis, suggesting that a transient downregulation of CCP5 expression is required for ciliation initiation. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of CCP5 on ciliogenesis does not rely on its enzyme activity. Among other 3 CCP members tested, only CCP6 can similarly suppress ciliogenesis. Using CoIP-MS analysis, we identified a protein that potentially interacts with CCP - CP110, a known negative regulator of ciliogenesis, whose degradation at the distal end of mother centriole permits cilia assembly. We found that both CCP5 and CCP6 can modulate CP110 level. Particularly, CCP5 interacts with CP110 through its N-terminus. Loss of CCP5 or CCP6 led to the disappearance of CP110 at the mother centriole and abnormally increased ciliation in cycling RPE-1 cells. Co-depletion of CCP5 and CCP6 synergized this abnormal ciliation, suggesting their partially overlapped function in suppressing cilia formation in cycling cells. In contrast, co-depletion of the two enzymes did not further increase the length of cilia, although CCP5 and CCP6 differentially regulate polyglutamate side-chain length of ciliary axoneme and both contribute to limiting cilia length, suggesting that they may share a common pathway in cilia length control. Through inducing the overexpression of CCP5 or CCP6 at different stages of ciliogenesis, we further demonstrated that CCP5 or CCP6 inhibited cilia formation before ciliogenesis, while shortened the length of cilia after cilia formation. CONCLUSION These findings reveal the dual role of CCP5 and CCP6. In addition to regulating cilia length, they also retain CP110 level to suppress cilia formation in cycling cells, pointing to a novel regulatory mechanism for ciliogenesis mediated by demodifying enzymes of a conserved ciliary PTM, polyglutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yiqiang Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 51063, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Identification of sex-specific splicing via comparative transcriptome analysis of gonads from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101031. [PMID: 36371882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is an essential post-transcriptional regulation mechanism for sex differentiation and gonadal development, which has rarely been reported in marine invertebrates. Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is an economically important marine benthic echinoderm with a potential XX/XY sex determination mechanism, whose molecular mechanism in the gonadal differentiation has not been clearly understood. In this study, we analyzed available RNA-seq datasets of male and female gonads to explore if AS mechanism exerts an essential function in sex differentiation and gonadal development of A. japonicus. In our results, a total of 20,338 AS events from 7219 alternatively spliced genes, and 189 sexually differential alternative splicing (DAS) events from 156 genes were identified in gonadal transcriptome of sea cucumber. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that these DAS genes were significantly enriched in spermatogenesis-related GO terms. Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) was then applied for protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis to search for protein interactions and hub DAS gene. Among all DAS genes, we identified 10 DAS genes closely related to spermatogenesis and (or) sperm motility and a hub gene dnah1. Thus, this study revealed that alternative isoforms were generated from certain genes in female and male gonads through alternative splicing, which may provide direct evidence that alternative splicing mechanisms participate in female and male gonads. These results suggested a novel perspective for explaining the molecular mechanisms underlying gonadal differentiation between male and female sea cucumbers.
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Minamino N, Norizuki T, Mano S, Ebine K, Ueda T. Remodeling of organelles and microtubules during spermiogenesis in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Development 2022; 149:276198. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Gametogenesis is an essential event for sexual reproduction in various organisms. Bryophytes employ motile sperm (spermatozoids) as male gametes, which locomote to the egg cells to accomplish fertilization. The spermatozoids of bryophytes harbor distinctive morphological characteristics, including a cell body with a helical shape and two flagella. During spermiogenesis, the shape and cellular contents of the spermatids are dynamically reorganized. However, the reorganization patterns of each organelle remain obscure. In this study, we classified the developmental processes during spermiogenesis in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha according to changes in cellular and nuclear shapes and flagellar development. We then examined the remodeling of microtubules and the reorganization of endomembrane organelles. The results indicated that the state of glutamylation of tubulin changes during formation of the flagella and spline. We also found that the plasma membrane and endomembrane organelles are drastically reorganized in a precisely regulated manner, which involves the functions of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machineries in endocytic and vacuolar transport. These findings are expected to provide useful indices to classify developmental and subcellular processes of spermiogenesis in bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Minamino
- National Institute for Basic Biology 1 Division of Cellular Dynamics , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
| | - Takuya Norizuki
- National Institute for Basic Biology 1 Division of Cellular Dynamics , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- National Institute for Basic Biology 2 Laboratory of Organelle Regulation , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) 3 Department of Basic Biology , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- National Institute for Basic Biology 1 Division of Cellular Dynamics , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) 3 Department of Basic Biology , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- National Institute for Basic Biology 1 Division of Cellular Dynamics , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) 3 Department of Basic Biology , , Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 , Japan
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10
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Li AM, He WZ, Wei JL, Chen ZL, Liao F, Qin CX, Pan YQ, Shang XK, Lakshmanan P, Wang M, Tan HW, Huang DL. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Genes Related to Sex Determination and Differentiation in Sugarcane Borer (Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060500. [PMID: 35735837 PMCID: PMC9225334 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer is an important sugarcane pest globally. The identification of key genes associated with sex determination and differentiation will provide important basic information for the sterile insect technique control strategy. In this study, the comparative transcriptomic analysis of female and male adults revealed sex-biased gene expression, indicating putative genetic elements of sex determination and differentiation in this species. Abstract Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer is an important sugarcane pest globally. Along with genetic modification strategies, the sterile insect technique (SIT) has gained more attention as an environment-friendly method for pest control. The identification of key genes associated with sex determination and differentiation will provide important basic information for this control strategy. As such, the transcriptome sequencing of female and male adults was conducted in order to understand the sex-biased gene expression and molecular basis of sex determination and differentiation in this species. A total of 60,429 unigenes were obtained; among them, 34,847 genes were annotated. Furthermore, 11,121 deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 8986 were male-biased and 2135 were female-biased genes. The male-biased genes were enriched for carbon metabolism, peptidase activity and transmembrane transport, while the female-biased genes were enriched for the cell cycle, DNA replication, and the MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, 102 genes related to sex-determination and differentiation were identified, including the protein toll, ejaculatory bulb-specific protein, fruitless, transformer-2, sex-lethal, beta-Catenin, sox, gata4, beta-tubulin, cytosol aminopeptidase, seminal fluid, and wnt4. Furthermore, transcription factors such as myb, bhlh and homeobox were also found to be potentially related to sex determination and differentiation in this species. Our data provide new insights into the genetic elements associated with sex determination and differentiation in Chilo sacchariphagus, and identified potential candidate genes to develop pest-control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Wei-Zhong He
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Ji-Li Wei
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Fen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Cui-Xian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - You-Qiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xian-Kun Shang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Prakash Lakshmanan
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Hong-Wei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Correspondence: (H.-W.T.); (D.-L.H.)
| | - Dong-Liang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530007, China; (A.-M.L.); (W.-Z.H.); (J.-L.W.); (Z.-L.C.); (F.L.); (C.-X.Q.); (Y.-Q.P.); (X.-K.S.); (P.L.); (M.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning 530007, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Correspondence: (H.-W.T.); (D.-L.H.)
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11
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Wu HY, Rong Y, Bansal PK, Wei P, Guo H, Morgan JI. TTLL1 and TTLL4 polyglutamylases are required for the neurodegenerative phenotypes in pcd mice. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010144. [PMID: 35404950 PMCID: PMC9022812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a dynamic posttranslational modification where glutamate residues are added to substrate proteins by 8 tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) family members (writers) and removed by the 6 member Nna1/CCP family of carboxypeptidases (erasers). Genetic disruption of polyglutamylation leading to hyperglutamylation causes neurodegenerative phenotypes in humans and animal models; the best characterized being the Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mouse, a mutant of the gene encoding Nna1/CCP1, the prototypic eraser. Emphasizing the functional importance of the balance between glutamate addition and elimination, loss of TTLL1 prevents Purkinje cell degeneration in pcd. However, whether Ttll1 loss protects other vulnerable neurons in pcd, or if elimination of other TTLLs provides protection is largely unknown. Here using a mouse genetic rescue strategy, we characterized the contribution of Ttll1, 4, 5, 7, or 11 to the degenerative phenotypes in cerebellum, olfactory bulb and retinae of pcd mutants. Ttll1 deficiency attenuates Purkinje cell loss and function and reduces olfactory bulb mitral cell death and retinal photoreceptor degeneration. Moreover, degeneration of photoreceptors in pcd is preceded by impaired rhodopsin trafficking to the rod outer segment and likely represents the causal defect leading to degeneration as this too is rescued by elimination of TTLL1. Although TTLLs have similar catalytic properties on model substrates and several are highly expressed in Purkinje cells (e.g. TTLL5 and 7), besides TTLL1 only TTLL4 deficiency attenuated degeneration of Purkinje and mitral cells in pcd. Additionally, TTLL4 loss partially rescued photoreceptor degeneration and impaired rhodopsin trafficking. Despite their common properties, the polyglutamylation profile changes promoted by TTLL1 and TTLL4 deficiencies in pcd mice are very different. We also report that loss of anabolic TTLL5 synergizes with loss of catabolic Nna1/CCP1 to promote photoreceptor degeneration. Finally, male infertility in pcd is not rescued by loss of any Ttll. These data provide insight into the complexity of polyglutamate homeostasis and function in vivo and potential routes to ameliorate disorders caused by disrupted polyglutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Wu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongqi Rong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Parmil K. Bansal
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James I. Morgan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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12
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Oh JK, Vargas Del Valle JG, Lima de Carvalho JR, Sun YJ, Levi SR, Ryu J, Yang J, Nagasaki T, Emanuelli A, Rasool N, Allikmets R, Sparrow JR, Izquierdo NJ, Duncan JL, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH. Expanding the phenotype of TTLL5-associated retinal dystrophy: a case series. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:146. [PMID: 35365235 PMCID: PMC8973795 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited retinal dystrophies describe a heterogeneous group of retinal diseases that lead to the irreversible degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors and eventual blindness. Recessive loss-of-function mutations in Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase Like 5 (TTLL5) represent a recently described cause of inherited cone-rod and cone dystrophy. This study describes the unusual phenotypes of three patients with autosomal recessive mutations in TTLL5. Examination of these patients included funduscopic evaluation, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, short-wavelength autofluorescence, and full-field electroretinography (ffERG). Genetic diagnoses were confirmed using whole exome capture. Protein modeling of the identified variants was performed to explore potential genotype-phenotype correlations. RESULTS Genetic testing revealed five novel variants in TTLL5 in three unrelated patients with retinal dystrophy. Clinical imaging demonstrated features of sectoral cone-rod dystrophy and cone dystrophy, with phenotypic variability seen across all three patients. One patient also developed high-frequency hearing loss during a similar time period as the onset of retinal disease, potentially suggestive of a syndromic disorder. Retinal structure findings were corroborated with functional measures including ffERG findings that supported these diagnoses. Modeling of the five variants suggest that they cause different effects on protein function, providing a potential reason for genotype-phenotype correlation in these patients. CONCLUSIONS The authors report retinal phenotypic findings in three unrelated patients with novel mutations causing autosomal recessive TTLL5-mediated retinal dystrophy. These findings broaden the understanding of the phenotypes associated with TTLL5-mediated retinal disease and suggest that mutations in TTLL5 should be considered as a potential cause of sectoral retinal dystrophy in addition to cone-rod and cone dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyun Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- State University of New York at Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Jose Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital das Clinicas de Pernambuco (HCPE) - Empresa Brasileira de Servicos Hospitalares (EBSERH), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Young Joo Sun
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R Levi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Ryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andres Emanuelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Nailyn Rasool
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalio J Izquierdo
- Department of Surgery, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 West 165th Street, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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13
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Rocha C, Prinos P. Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Modifications of Primary Cilia: How to Fine Tune Your Neuronal Antenna. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:809917. [PMID: 35295905 PMCID: PMC8918543 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.809917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia direct cellular signaling events during brain development and neuronal differentiation. The primary cilium is a dynamic organelle formed in a multistep process termed ciliogenesis that is tightly coordinated with the cell cycle. Genetic alterations, such as ciliary gene mutations, and epigenetic alterations, such as post-translational modifications and RNA processing of cilia related factors, give rise to human neuronal disorders and brain tumors such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. This review discusses the important role of genetics/epigenetics, as well as RNA processing and post-translational modifications in primary cilia function during brain development and cancer formation. We summarize mouse and human studies of ciliogenesis and primary cilia activity in the brain, and detail how cilia maintain neuronal progenitor populations and coordinate neuronal differentiation during development, as well as how cilia control different signaling pathways such as WNT, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and PDGF that are critical for neurogenesis. Moreover, we describe how post-translational modifications alter cilia formation and activity during development and carcinogenesis, and the impact of missplicing of ciliary genes leading to ciliopathies and cell cycle alterations. Finally, cilia genetic and epigenetic studies bring to light cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rocha
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Cecilia Rocha,
| | - Panagiotis Prinos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Panagiotis Prinos,
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14
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Gadadhar S, Hirschmugl T, Janke C. The tubulin code in mammalian sperm development and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:26-37. [PMID: 35067438 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements that play key roles throughout the different steps of sperm development. As an integral part of the sperm flagellum, the molecular machine that generates sperm motility, microtubules are also essential for the progressive swimming of sperm to the oocyte, which is a prerequisite for fertilisation. Given the central role of microtubules in all steps of spermatogenesis, their functions need to be tightly controlled. Recent work has showcased tubulin posttranslational modifications as key players in sperm development and function, with aberrations often leading to male infertility with a broad spectrum of sperm defects. Posttranslational modifications are part of the tubulin code, a mechanism that can control microtubule functions by modulating the properties of their molecular building blocks, the tubulin proteins. Here we review the current knowledge on the implications of the tubulin code in sperm development and functions and its importance for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
| | | | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
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15
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Liang C, Carrel D, Singh NK, Hiester LL, Fanget I, Kim H, Firestein BL. Carboxypeptidase E Independently Changes Microtubule Glutamylation, Dendritic Branching, and Neuronal Migration. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914211062765. [PMID: 35014548 PMCID: PMC8755936 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211062765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration and dendritogenesis are dependent on dynamic changes to the microtubule (MT) network. Among various factors that regulate MT dynamics and stability, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of MTs play a critical role in conferring specificity of regulatory protein binding to MTs. Thus, it is important to understand the regulation of PTMs during brain development as multiple developmental processes are dependent on MTs. In this study, we identified that carboxypeptidase E (CPE) changes tubulin polyglutamylation, a major PTM in the brain, and we examine the impact of CPE-mediated changes to polyglutamylation on cortical neuron migration and dendrite morphology. We show, for the first time, that overexpression of CPE increases the level of polyglutamylated α-tubulin while knockdown decreases the level of polyglutamylation. We also demonstrate that CPE-mediated changes to polyglutamylation are dependent on the CPE zinc-binding motif and that this motif is necessary for CPE action on p150Glued localization. However, overexpression of a CPE mutant that does not increase MT glutamylation mimics the effects of overexpression of wild type CPE on dendrite branching. Furthermore, although overexpression of wild type CPE does not alter cortical neuron migration, overexpression of the mutant may act in a dominant-negative manner as it decreases the number of neurons that reach the cortical plate (CP), as we previously reported for CPE knockdown. Overall, our data suggest that CPE changes MT glutamylation and redistribution of p150Glued and that this function of CPE is independent of its role in shaping dendrite development but plays a partial role in regulating cortical neuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, 242612The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Damien Carrel
- SPPIN Laboratory, 555089Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8003, Paris, France
| | - Nisha K Singh
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, 242612The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Liam L Hiester
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, 242612The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Isabelle Fanget
- SPPIN Laboratory, 555089Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8003, Paris, France
| | - Hyuck Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, 242612The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, 242612The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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16
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Feng Y, Wang R, Su D, Zhai Y, Wang L, Yu L, Zhang Y, Ma X, Ma F. Identifying new sperm Western blot loading controls. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14226. [PMID: 34478154 DOI: 10.1111/and.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of protein expression level plays a pivotal role in both biological and medical studies. Housekeeping proteins, generally encoded by housekeeping genes are used as loading control proteins to normalize protein expression. Obviously, proper reference standards are essential for adequate analysis of protein expression. However, our study showed that the widely used normalisation proteins, whose expression levels varied greatly among sperm samples, were unsuitable for data standardisation. To uncover the proteins steadily expressed in sperm, we analysed several published transcriptome data of sperm. Seven proteins whose expression levels were relatively stable (co-efficient variation values less than 0.35) were selected and further evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western Blot (WB) and immunocytochemistry. Our results showed that among the classical housekeeping proteins, only β-tubulin remained constant in sperm samples from 85 individuals. Compared with other classical housekeeping proteins such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin and histone H3, Cullin-1 (CUL1) and F-box only protein 7 (FBXO7) seemed to be more suitable to be used as internal controls for WB in sperm protein studies. Combined with the locations of these proteins, CUL1 and FBXO7 were suggested to be used as a housekeeping protein for total proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Su
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pediatric Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Smirnov V, Grunewald O, Muller J, Zeitz C, Obermaier CD, Devos A, Pelletier V, Bocquet B, Andrieu C, Bacquet JL, Lebredonchel E, Mohand-Saïd S, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Sahel JA, Dollfus H, Zanlonghi X, Audo I, Meunier I, Boulanger-Scemama E, Dhaenens CM. Novel TTLL5 Variants Associated with Cone-Rod Dystrophy and Early-Onset Severe Retinal Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126410. [PMID: 34203883 PMCID: PMC8232641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants of the TTLL5 gene, which encodes tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member five, are a rare cause of cone dystrophy (COD) or cone-rod dystrophy (CORD). To date, only a few TTLL5 patients have been clinically and genetically described. In this study, we report five patients harbouring biallelic variants of TTLL5. Four adult patients presented either COD or CORD with onset in the late teenage years. The youngest patient had a phenotype of early onset severe retinal dystrophy (EOSRD). Genetic analysis was performed by targeted next generation sequencing of gene panels and assessment of copy number variants (CNV). We identified eight variants, of which six were novel, including two large multiexon deletions in patients with COD or CORD, while the EOSRD patient harboured the novel homozygous p.(Trp640*) variant and three distinct USH2A variants, which might explain the observed rod involvement. Our study highlights the role of TTLL5 in COD/CORD and the importance of large deletions. These findings suggest that COD or CORD patients lacking variants in known genes may harbour CNVs to be discovered in TTLL5, previously undetected by classical sequencing methods. In addition, variable phenotypes in TTLL5-associated patients might be due to the presence of additional gene defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Smirnov
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, 59037 Lille, France;
- CHU Lille, Service d’Exploration Fonctionnelle de la Vision et de Neuro-Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Salengro, 59037 Lille, France;
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France; (C.Z.); (S.M.-S.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Olivier Grunewald
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59045 Lille, France;
| | - Jean Muller
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), INSERM U1112, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg UMRS_1112, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace (IGMA), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France; (C.Z.); (S.M.-S.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Carolin D. Obermaier
- Praxis für Humangenetik Tuebingen & Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, CeGaT GmbH, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Aurore Devos
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, 59037 Lille, France; (A.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Valérie Pelletier
- Centre de Référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologiques, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.P.); (J.-L.B.); (H.D.)
| | - Béatrice Bocquet
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, University of Montpellier, Montpellier University Hospital, Sensgene Care Network, ERN-EYE Network, 34295 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.M.)
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Andrieu
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Jean-Louis Bacquet
- Centre de Référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologiques, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.P.); (J.-L.B.); (H.D.)
| | - Elodie Lebredonchel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, 59037 Lille, France; (A.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Saddek Mohand-Saïd
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France; (C.Z.); (S.M.-S.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Sabine Defoort-Dhellemmes
- CHU Lille, Service d’Exploration Fonctionnelle de la Vision et de Neuro-Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Salengro, 59037 Lille, France;
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France; (C.Z.); (S.M.-S.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France;
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France;
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Centre de Référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologiques, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.P.); (J.-L.B.); (H.D.)
| | | | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France; (C.Z.); (S.M.-S.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France;
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, University of Montpellier, Montpellier University Hospital, Sensgene Care Network, ERN-EYE Network, 34295 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.M.)
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59045 Lille, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-320-444-953
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18
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Mathieu H, Patten SA, Aragon-Martin JA, Ocaka L, Simpson M, Child A, Moldovan F. Genetic variant of TTLL11 gene and subsequent ciliary defects are associated with idiopathic scoliosis in a 5-generation UK family. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11026. [PMID: 34040021 PMCID: PMC8155187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a complex 3D deformation of the spine with a strong genetic component, most commonly found in adolescent girls. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects around 3% of the general population. In a 5-generation UK family, linkage analysis identified the locus 9q31.2-q34.2 as a candidate region for AIS; however, the causative gene remained unidentified. Here, using exome sequencing we identified a rare insertion c.1569_1570insTT in the tubulin tyrosine ligase like gene, member 11 (TTLL11) within that locus, as the IS causative gene in this British family. Two other TTLL11 mutations were also identified in two additional AIS cases in the same cohort. Analyses of primary cells of individuals carrying the c.1569_1570insTT (NM_194252) mutation reveal a defect at the primary cilia level, which is less present, smaller and less polyglutamylated compared to control. Further, in a zebrafish, the knock down of ttll11, and the mutated ttll11 confirmed its role in spine development and ciliary function in the fish retina. These findings provide evidence that mutations in TTLL11, a ciliary gene, contribute to the pathogenesis of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Mathieu
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, 2.17.026, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Shunmoogum A Patten
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé et Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, H7V1B7, Canada
| | | | - Louise Ocaka
- Centre for Translational Omics-GOSgene, Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL GOSH Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Michael Simpson
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Anne Child
- Marfan Trust, NHLI, Imperial College, Guy Scadding Building, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
| | - Florina Moldovan
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, 2.17.026, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
- Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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19
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Yang WT, Hong SR, He K, Ling K, Shaiv K, Hu J, Lin YC. The Emerging Roles of Axonemal Glutamylation in Regulation of Cilia Architecture and Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622302. [PMID: 33748109 PMCID: PMC7970040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, which either generate coordinated motion or sense environmental cues and transmit corresponding signals to the cell body, are highly conserved hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface among diverse species. Disruption of ciliary functions leads to numerous human disorders, collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Cilia are mechanically supported by axonemes, which are composed of microtubule doublets. It has been recognized for several decades that tubulins in axonemes undergo glutamylation, a post-translational polymodification, that conjugates glutamic acid chains onto the C-terminal tail of tubulins. However, the physiological roles of axonemal glutamylation were not uncovered until recently. This review will focus on how cells modulate glutamylation on ciliary axonemes and how axonemal glutamylation regulates cilia architecture and functions, as well as its physiological importance in human health. We will also discuss the conventional and emerging new strategies used to manipulate glutamylation in cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Rong Hong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - Kai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kritika Shaiv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - JingHua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Mayo Clinic Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
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20
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Jentzsch J, Sabri A, Speckner K, Lallinger-Kube G, Weiss M, Ersfeld K. Microtubule polyglutamylation is important for regulating cytoskeletal architecture and motility in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248047. [PMID: 32843576 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of kinetoplastids, such as Trypanosoma brucei, is precisely defined during the stages of the life cycle and governed by a stable subpellicular microtubule cytoskeleton. During the cell cycle and transitions between life cycle stages, this stability has to transiently give way to a dynamic behaviour to enable cell division and morphological rearrangements. How these opposing requirements of the cytoskeleton are regulated is poorly understood. Two possible levels of regulation are activities of cytoskeleton-associated proteins and microtubule post-translational modifications (PTMs). Here, we investigate the functions of two putative tubulin polyglutamylases in T. brucei, TTLL6A and TTLL12B. Depletion of both proteins leads to a reduction in tubulin polyglutamylation in situ and is associated with disintegration of the posterior cell pole, loss of the microtubule plus-end-binding protein EB1 and alterations of microtubule dynamics. We also observe a reduced polyglutamylation of the flagellar axoneme. Quantitative motility analysis reveals that the PTM imbalance correlates with a transition from directional to diffusive cell movement. These data show that microtubule polyglutamylation has an important role in regulating cytoskeletal architecture and motility in the parasite T. bruceiThis article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jentzsch
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Adal Sabri
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Speckner
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lallinger-Kube
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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21
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The emerging role of tubulin posttranslational modifications in cilia and ciliopathies. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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22
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Amargant F, Barragan M, Vassena R, Vernos I. Insights of the tubulin code in gametes and embryos: from basic research to potential clinical applications in humans†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:575-589. [PMID: 30247519 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are intracellular filaments that define in space and in time a large number of essential cellular functions such as cell division, morphology and motility, intracellular transport and flagella and cilia assembly. They are therefore essential for spermatozoon and oocyte maturation and function, and for embryo development. The dynamic and functional properties of the microtubules are in large part defined by various classes of interacting proteins including MAPs (microtubule associated proteins), microtubule-dependent motors, and severing and modifying enzymes. Multiple mechanisms regulate these interactions. One of them is defined by the high diversity of the microtubules themselves generated by the combination of different tubulin isotypes and by several tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs). This generates a so-called tubulin code that finely regulates the specific set of proteins that associates with a given microtubule thereby defining the properties and functions of the network. Here we provide an in depth review of the current knowledge on the tubulin isotypes and PTMs in spermatozoa, oocytes, and preimplantation embryos in various model systems and in the human species. We focus on functional implications of the tubulin code for cytoskeletal function, particularly in the field of human reproduction and development, with special emphasis on gamete quality and infertility. Finally, we discuss some of the knowledge gaps and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farners Amargant
- Clínica EUGIN, Barcelona, Spain.,Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Isabelle Vernos
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Bompard G, van Dijk J, Cau J, Lannay Y, Marcellin G, Lawera A, van der Laan S, Rogowski K. CSAP Acts as a Regulator of TTLL-Mediated Microtubule Glutamylation. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2866-2877.e5. [PMID: 30517872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin glutamylation is a reversible posttranslational modification that accumulates on stable microtubules (MTs). While abnormally high levels of this modification lead to a number of disorders such as male sterility, retinal degeneration, and neurodegeneration, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of glutamylase activity. Here, we found that CSAP forms a complex with TTLL5, and we demonstrate that the two proteins regulate their reciprocal abundance. Moreover, we show that CSAP increases TTLL5-mediated glutamylation and identify the TTLL5-interacting domain. Deletion of this domain leads to complete loss of CSAP activating function without impacting its MT binding. Binding of CSAP to TTLL5 promotes relocalization of TTLL5 toward MTs. Finally, we show that CSAP binds and activates all of the remaining autonomously active TTLL glutamylases. As such, we present CSAP as a major regulator of tubulin glutamylation and associated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bompard
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Juliette van Dijk
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Cau
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Yoann Lannay
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Marcellin
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Aleksandra Lawera
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Siem van der Laan
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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24
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Moye AR, Bedoni N, Cunningham JG, Sanzhaeva U, Tucker ES, Mathers P, Peter VG, Quinodoz M, Paris LP, Coutinho-Santos L, Camacho P, Purcell MG, Winkelmann AC, Foster JA, Pugacheva EN, Rivolta C, Ramamurthy V. Mutations in ARL2BP, a protein required for ciliary microtubule structure, cause syndromic male infertility in humans and mice. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008315. [PMID: 31425546 PMCID: PMC6715254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved hair-like structures with a wide spectrum of key biological roles, and their dysfunction has been linked to a growing class of genetic disorders, known collectively as ciliopathies. Many strides have been made towards deciphering the molecular causes for these diseases, which have in turn expanded the understanding of cilia and their functional roles. One recently-identified ciliary gene is ARL2BP, encoding the ADP-Ribosylation Factor Like 2 Binding Protein. In this study, we have identified multiple ciliopathy phenotypes associated with mutations in ARL2BP in human patients and in a mouse knockout model. Our research demonstrates that spermiogenesis is impaired, resulting in abnormally shaped heads, shortened and mis-assembled sperm tails, as well as in loss of axonemal doublets. Additional phenotypes in the mouse included enlarged ventricles of the brain and situs inversus. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from knockout animals revealed delayed depolymerization of primary cilia. Our results suggest that ARL2BP is required for the structural maintenance of cilia as well as of the sperm flagellum, and that its deficiency leads to syndromic ciliopathy. The flagellated tails of sperm cells require a stringent developmental process that is essential for motility and fertility. The components that comprise the sperm tail assemble in regulated steps with protein processing, transport, and structural assembly dependent on each other for sperm tail maturity. In this work, we have identified ARL2BP, a previously retinal-associated protein, to be essential for sperm tail development and assembly. We show that without functional ARL2BP in humans or mice, sperm tails fail to develop, starting with the assembly of the core microtubular structure within the tail. Loss of ARL2BP also effects other ciliated cells, indicating a unique role for ARL2BP in ciliary microtubule formation. This research on ARL2BP provides further understanding on the links between vision and fertility. This work also demonstrates how genomic studies for human patients and murine models can coincide to provide greater insight into disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Moye
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
| | - Nicola Bedoni
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessica G. Cunningham
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Urikhan Sanzhaeva
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Tucker
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Peter Mathers
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Virginie G. Peter
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Quinodoz
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liliana P. Paris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de Oftalmologia Dr Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luísa Coutinho-Santos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de Oftalmologia Dr Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Camacho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de Oftalmologia Dr Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madeleine G. Purcell
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, United States of America
| | - Abbie C. Winkelmann
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, United States of America
| | - James A. Foster
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, United States of America
| | - Elena N. Pugacheva
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Clinical Research Center, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (CR); (VR)
| | - Visvanathan Ramamurthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (VR)
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25
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Gheiratmand L, Coyaud E, Gupta GD, Laurent EMN, Hasegan M, Prosser SL, Gonçalves J, Raught B, Pelletier L. Spatial and proteomic profiling reveals centrosome-independent features of centriolar satellites. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101109. [PMID: 31304627 PMCID: PMC6627244 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centriolar satellites are small electron-dense granules that cluster in the vicinity of centrosomes. Satellites have been implicated in multiple critical cellular functions including centriole duplication, centrosome maturation, and ciliogenesis, but their precise composition and assembly properties have remained poorly explored. Here, we perform in vivo proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) on 22 human satellite proteins, to identify 2,113 high-confidence interactions among 660 unique polypeptides. Mining this network, we validate six additional satellite components. Analysis of the satellite interactome, combined with subdiffraction imaging, reveals the existence of multiple unique microscopically resolvable satellite populations that display distinct protein interaction profiles. We further show that loss of satellites in PCM1-depleted cells results in a dramatic change in the satellite interaction landscape. Finally, we demonstrate that satellite composition is largely unaffected by centriole depletion or disruption of microtubules, indicating that satellite assembly is centrosome-independent. Together, our work offers the first systematic spatial and proteomic profiling of human centriolar satellites and paves the way for future studies aimed at better understanding the biogenesis and function(s) of these enigmatic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Gheiratmand
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoONCanada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Gagan D Gupta
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Present address:
Department of Chemistry and BiologyRyerson UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | | | - Monica Hasegan
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoONCanada
| | - Suzanna L Prosser
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoONCanada
| | - João Gonçalves
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoONCanada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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26
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Lin J, He J, Liang A, Wang F. Transcriptome profiling and dimorphic expression of sex-related genes in fifth-instar nymphs of Sogatella furcifera, an important rice pest. Genomics 2019; 112:1105-1111. [PMID: 31247330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sogatella furcifera is an important rice pest. In order to understand the molecular basis of the sex determination in this pest, we performed de novo transcriptome sequencing of six cDNA libraries (three biological replicates) of female and male fifth-instar nymphs. Total 65,199 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 971.5 bp and N50 length of 1708 bp. 20,287 open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted and annotated. Total 1019 differentially expressed genes with 873 upregulated and 146 downregulated were found in male compared to female. Total 164 sex-determining genes were identified, including the key sex-determining genes in fruit flies, such as Sxl, tra, dsx, etc. It implied that the sex determination mechanisms of S. furcifera may be the same as that of fruit flies. This study provided transcriptome resource as a fundamental support for future functional studies to elucidate the sex determination regulatory networks governing sexual dimorphism of S. furcifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jingyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Anwen Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fanghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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27
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Zabeo D, Croft JT, Höög JL. Axonemal doublet microtubules can split into two complete singlets in human sperm flagellum tips. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:892-902. [PMID: 30959570 PMCID: PMC6594080 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motile flagella are crucial for human fertility and embryonic development. The distal tip of the flagellum is where growth and intra-flagellar transport are coordinated. In most model organisms, but not all, the distal tip includes a 'singlet region', where axonemal doublet microtubules (dMT) terminate and only complete A-tubules extend as singlet microtubules (sMT) to the tip. How a human flagellar tip is structured is unknown. Here, the flagellar tip structure of human spermatozoa was investigated by cryo-electron tomography, revealing the formation of a complete sMT from both the A-tubule and B-tubule of dMTs. This different tip arrangement in human spermatozoa shows the need to investigate human flagella directly in order to understand their role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zabeo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacob T Croft
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna L Höög
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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He K, Ma X, Xu T, Li Y, Hodge A, Zhang Q, Torline J, Huang Y, Zhao J, Ling K, Hu J. Axoneme polyglutamylation regulated by Joubert syndrome protein ARL13B controls ciliary targeting of signaling molecules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3310. [PMID: 30120249 PMCID: PMC6098020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polyglutamylation is a predominant axonemal post-translational modification. However, if and how axoneme polyglutamylation is essential for primary cilia and contribute to ciliopathies are unknown. Here, we report that Joubert syndrome protein ARL13B controls axoneme polyglutamylation, which is marginally required for cilia stability but essential for cilia signaling. ARL13B interacts with RAB11 effector FIP5 to promote cilia import of glutamylase TTLL5 and TTLL6. Hypoglutamylation caused by a deficient ARL13B-RAB11-FIP5 trafficking pathway shows no effect on ciliogenesis, but promotes cilia disassembly and, importantly, impairs cilia signaling by disrupting the proper anchoring of sensory receptors and trafficking of signaling molecules. Remarkably, depletion of deglutamylase CCP5, the predominant cilia deglutamylase, effectively restores hypoglutamylation-induced cilia defects. Our study reveals a paradigm that tubulin polyglutamylation is a major contributor for cilia signaling and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy by targeting polyglutamylation machinery to promote ciliary targeting of signaling machineries and correct signaling defects in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Allen Hodge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julia Torline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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29
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Hong SR, Wang CL, Huang YS, Chang YC, Chang YC, Pusapati GV, Lin CY, Hsu N, Cheng HC, Chiang YC, Huang WE, Shaner NC, Rohatgi R, Inoue T, Lin YC. Spatiotemporal manipulation of ciliary glutamylation reveals its roles in intraciliary trafficking and Hedgehog signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1732. [PMID: 29712905 PMCID: PMC5928066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells and are suggested to be involved in a wide range of cellular activities. However, the complexity and dynamic distribution of tubulin PTMs within cells have hindered the understanding of their physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments. Here, we develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamylation inside the primary cilia, a microtubule-based sensory organelle protruding on the cell surface, by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the cilia in minutes. This rapid deglutamylation quickly leads to altered ciliary functions such as kinesin-2-mediated anterograde intraflagellar transport and Hedgehog signaling, along with no apparent crosstalk to other PTMs such as acetylation and detyrosination. Our study offers a feasible approach to spatiotemporally manipulate tubulin PTMs in living cells. Future expansion of the repertoire of actuators that regulate PTMs may facilitate a comprehensive understanding of how diverse tubulin PTMs encode ciliary as well as cellular functions. Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells, therefore assessing the physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments has been challenging. Here the authors develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamylation inside the primary cilia by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rong Hong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cuei-Ling Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ning Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chen Chiang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Nathan C Shaner
- Department of Photobiology and Bioimaging, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, 92121, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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30
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Bedoni N, Haer-Wigman L, Vaclavik V, Tran VH, Farinelli P, Balzano S, Royer-Bertrand B, El-Asrag ME, Bonny O, Ikonomidis C, Litzistorf Y, Nikopoulos K, Yioti GG, Stefaniotou MI, McKibbin M, Booth AP, Ellingford JM, Black GC, Toomes C, Inglehearn CF, Hoyng CB, Bax N, Klaver CCW, Thiadens AA, Murisier F, Schorderet DF, Ali M, Cremers FPM, Andréasson S, Munier FL, Rivolta C. Mutations in the polyglutamylase gene TTLL5, expressed in photoreceptor cells and spermatozoa, are associated with cone-rod degeneration and reduced male fertility. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 25:4546-4555. [PMID: 28173158 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary retinal degenerations encompass a group of genetic diseases characterized by extreme clinical variability. Following next-generation sequencing and autozygome-based screening of patients presenting with a peculiar, recessive form of cone-dominated retinopathy, we identified five homozygous variants [p.(Asp594fs), p.(Gln117*), p.(Met712fs), p.(Ile756Phe), and p.(Glu543Lys)] in the polyglutamylase-encoding gene TTLL5, in eight patients from six families. The two male patients carrying truncating TTLL5 variants also displayed a substantial reduction in sperm motility and infertility, whereas those carrying missense changes were fertile. Defects in this polyglutamylase in humans have recently been associated with cone photoreceptor dystrophy, while mouse models carrying truncating mutations in the same gene also display reduced fertility in male animals. We examined the expression levels of TTLL5 in various human tissues and determined that this gene has multiple viable isoforms, being highly expressed in testis and retina. In addition, antibodies against TTLL5 stained the basal body of photoreceptor cells in rat and the centrosome of the spermatozoon flagellum in humans, suggesting a common mechanism of action in these two cell types. Taken together, our data indicate that mutations in TTLL5 delineate a novel, allele-specific syndrome causing defects in two as yet pathogenically unrelated functions, reproduction and vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bedoni
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lonneke Haer-Wigman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veronika Vaclavik
- Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Fertas Andrology Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viet H Tran
- Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Farinelli
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Balzano
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beryl Royer-Bertrand
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Ophtalmology, University of Lausanne and Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed E El-Asrag
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christos Ikonomidis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yan Litzistorf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Nikopoulos
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgia G Yioti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria I Stefaniotou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Martin McKibbin
- The Eye Department, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Adam P Booth
- Royal Eye Infirmary, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jamie M Ellingford
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Graeme C Black
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carmel Toomes
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bax
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alberta A Thiadens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel F Schorderet
- Institute for Research in Ophtalmology, University of Lausanne and Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manir Ali
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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O'Hagan R, Silva M, Nguyen KCQ, Zhang W, Bellotti S, Ramadan YH, Hall DH, Barr MM. Glutamylation Regulates Transport, Specializes Function, and Sculpts the Structure of Cilia. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3430-3441.e6. [PMID: 29129530 PMCID: PMC5698134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary microtubules (MTs) are extensively decorated with post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glutamylation of tubulin tails. PTMs and tubulin isotype diversity act as a "tubulin code" that regulates cytoskeletal stability and the activity of MT-associated proteins such as kinesins. We previously showed that, in C. elegans cilia, the deglutamylase CCPP-1 affects ciliary ultrastructure, localization of the TRP channel PKD-2 and the kinesin-3 KLP-6, and velocity of the kinesin-2 OSM-3/KIF17, whereas a cell-specific α-tubulin isotype regulates ciliary ultrastructure, intraflagellar transport, and ciliary functions of extracellular vesicle (EV)-releasing neurons. Here we examine the role of PTMs and the tubulin code in the ciliary specialization of EV-releasing neurons using genetics, fluorescence microscopy, kymography, electron microscopy, and sensory behavioral assays. Although the C. elegans genome encodes five tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) glutamylases, only ttll-11 specifically regulates PKD-2 localization in EV-releasing neurons. In EV-releasing cephalic male (CEM) cilia, TTLL-11 and the deglutamylase CCPP-1 regulate remodeling of 9+0 MT doublets into 18 singlet MTs. Balanced TTLL-11 and CCPP-1 activity fine-tunes glutamylation to control the velocity of the kinesin-2 OSM-3/KIF17 and kinesin-3 KLP-6 without affecting the intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesin-II. TTLL-11 is transported by ciliary motors. TTLL-11 and CCPP-1 are also required for the ciliary function of releasing bioactive EVs, and TTLL-11 is itself a novel EV cargo. Therefore, MT glutamylation, as part of the tubulin code, controls ciliary specialization, ciliary motor-based transport, and ciliary EV release in a living animal. We suggest that cell-specific control of MT glutamylation may be a conserved mechanism to specialize the form and function of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O'Hagan
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Winnie Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sebastian Bellotti
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yasmin H Ramadan
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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32
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Wloga D, Joachimiak E, Fabczak H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications and Microtubule Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102207. [PMID: 29065455 PMCID: PMC5666887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are hollow tube-like polymeric structures composed of α,β-tubulin heterodimers. They play an important role in numerous cellular processes, including intracellular transport, cell motility and segregation of the chromosomes during cell division. Moreover, microtubule doublets or triplets form a scaffold of a cilium, centriole and basal body, respectively. To perform such diverse functions microtubules have to differ in their properties. Post-translational modifications are one of the factors that affect the properties of the tubulin polymer. Here we focus on the direct and indirect effects of post-translational modifications of tubulin on microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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33
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Wloga D, Joachimiak E, Louka P, Gaertig J. Posttranslational Modifications of Tubulin and Cilia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028159. [PMID: 28003186 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin undergoes several highly conserved posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including acetylation, detyrosination, glutamylation, and glycylation. These PTMs accumulate on a subset of microtubules that are long-lived, including those in the basal bodies and axonemes. Tubulin PTMs are distributed nonuniformly. In the outer doublet microtubules of the axoneme, the B-tubules are highly enriched in the detyrosinated, polyglutamylated, and polyglycylated tubulin, whereas the A-tubules contain mostly unmodified tubulin. The nonuniform patterns of tubulin PTMs may functionalize microtubules in a position-dependent manner. Recent studies indicate that tubulin PTMs contribute to the assembly, disassembly, maintenance, and motility of cilia. In particular, tubulin glutamylation has emerged as a key PTM that affects ciliary motility through regulation of axonemal dynein arms and controls the stability and length of the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Panagiota Louka
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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34
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Natarajan K, Gadadhar S, Souphron J, Magiera MM, Janke C. Molecular interactions between tubulin tails and glutamylases reveal determinants of glutamylation patterns. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1013-1026. [PMID: 28483842 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of tubulin currently emerge as key regulators of microtubule functions. Polyglutamylation generates a variety of modification patterns that are essential for controlling microtubule functions in different cell types and organelles, and deregulation of these patterns has been linked to ciliopathies, cancer and neurodegeneration. How the different glutamylating enzymes determine precise modification patterns has so far remained elusive. Using computational modelling, molecular dynamics simulations and mutational analyses we now show how the carboxy-terminal tails of tubulin bind into the active sites of glutamylases. Our models suggest that the glutamylation sites on α- and β-tubulins are determined by the positioning of the tails within the catalytic pocket. Moreover, we found that the binding modes of α- and β-tubulin tails are highly similar, implying that most enzymes could potentially modify both, α- and β-tubulin. This supports a model in which the binding of the enzymes to the entire microtubule lattice, but not the specificity of the C-terminal tubulin tails to their active sites, determines the catalytic specificities of glutamylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiresan Natarajan
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France .,CNRS, UMR 3348, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,CNRS, UMR 3348, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Judith Souphron
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,CNRS, UMR 3348, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,CNRS, UMR 3348, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France .,CNRS, UMR 3348, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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35
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Dias MDS, Hamel CP, Meunier I, Varin J, Blanchard S, Boyard F, Sahel JA, Zeitz C. Novel splice-site mutation in TTLL5 causes cone dystrophy in a consanguineous family. Mol Vis 2017; 23:131-139. [PMID: 28356705 PMCID: PMC5360453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the clinical and genetic findings of one family with autosomal recessive cone dystrophy (CD) and to identify the causative mutation. METHODS An institutional study of three family members from two generations. The clinical examination included best-corrected Snellen visual acuity measurement, fundoscopy, the Farnsworth D-15 color vision test, a full-field electroretinogram (ERG) that incorporated the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards and methodology, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and infrared (IR), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Genetic findings were achieved with DNA analysis using whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The proband, a 9-year-old boy, presented with a condition that appeared to be congenital and stationary. The clinical presentation initially reflected incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (icCSNB) because of myopia, a decrease in visual acuity, abnormal oscillatory potentials, and reduced amplitudes on the 30 Hz flicker ERG but was atypical because there were no clear electronegative responses. However, no disease-causing mutations in the genes underlying icCSNB were identified. Following WES analysis of family members, a homozygous splice-site mutation in intron 3 of TTLL5 (c.182-3_182-1delinsAA) was found cosegregating within the phenotype in the family. CONCLUSIONS The distinction between icCSNB and CD phenotypes is not always straightforward in young patients. The patient was quite young, which most likely explains why the progression of the CD was not obvious. WES analysis provided prompt diagnosis for this family; thus, the use of this technique to refine the diagnosis is highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Sousa Dias
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, France
| | - Christian P. Hamel
- INSERM U 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France,Affections Sensorielles Génétiques, CHU de Montpellier, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, France,Université Montpellier, 163 Avenue Auguste Broussonnet, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- INSERM U 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France,Affections Sensorielles Génétiques, CHU de Montpellier, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, France,Université Montpellier, 163 Avenue Auguste Broussonnet, Montpellier, France
| | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, France
| | | | - Fiona Boyard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, France,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC1423, 28 rue de Charenton, Paris, France,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London EC1V 9EL, UK,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France,Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, Paris, France,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburghschool of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, France
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Chawla DG, Shah RV, Barth ZK, Lee JD, Badecker KE, Naik A, Brewster MM, Salmon TP, Peel N. Caenorhabditis elegans glutamylating enzymes function redundantly in male mating. Biol Open 2016; 5:1290-8. [PMID: 27635036 PMCID: PMC5051658 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule glutamylation is an important modulator of microtubule function and has been implicated in the regulation of centriole stability, neuronal outgrowth and cilia motility. Glutamylation of the microtubules is catalyzed by a family of tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) enzymes. Analysis of individual TTLL enzymes has led to an understanding of their specific functions, but how activities of the TTLL enzymes are coordinated to spatially and temporally regulate glutamylation remains relatively unexplored. We have undertaken an analysis of the glutamylating TTLL enzymes in C. elegans. We find that although all five TTLL enzymes are expressed in the embryo and adult worm, loss of individual enzymes does not perturb microtubule function in embryonic cell divisions. Moreover, normal dye-filling, osmotic avoidance and male mating behavior indicate the presence of functional amphid cilia and male-specific neurons. A ttll-4(tm3310); ttll-11(tm4059); ttll-5(tm3360) triple mutant, however, shows reduced male mating efficiency due to a defect in the response step, suggesting that these three enzymes function redundantly, and that glutamylation is required for proper function of the male-specific neurons. Summary: Although mutations in individual microtubule glutamylating enzymes do not disrupt essential microtubule functions in C. elegans, combining mutations in three enzymes uncovers a redundant function for glutamylation in male mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Chawla
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Ruchi V Shah
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Zachary K Barth
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Jessica D Lee
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
| | | | - Anar Naik
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Megan M Brewster
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Timothy P Salmon
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Nina Peel
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA
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Tanaka Y, Nakayama J. Upregulated epidermal growth factor receptor expression following near-infrared irradiation simulating solar radiation in a three-dimensional reconstructed human corneal epithelial tissue culture model. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1027-33. [PMID: 27536083 PMCID: PMC4975136 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Humans are increasingly exposed to near-infrared (NIR) radiation from both natural (eg, solar) and artificial (eg, electrical appliances) sources. Although the biological effects of sun and ultraviolet (UV) exposure have been extensively investigated, the biological effect of NIR radiation is still unclear. We previously reported that NIR as well as UV induces photoaging and standard UV-blocking materials, such as sunglasses, do not sufficiently block NIR. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in gene expression in three-dimensional reconstructed corneal epithelial tissue culture exposed to broad-spectrum NIR irradiation to simulate solar NIR radiation that reaches human tissues. Materials and methods DNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to assess gene expression levels in a three-dimensional reconstructed corneal epithelial model composed of normal human corneal epithelial cells exposed to water-filtered broad-spectrum NIR irradiation with a contact cooling (20°C). The water-filter allowed 1,000–1,800 nm wavelengths and excluded 1,400–1,500 nm wavelengths. Results A DNA microarray with >62,000 different probes showed 25 and 150 genes that were up- or downregulated by at least fourfold and twofold, respectively, after NIR irradiation. In particular, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was upregulated by 19.4-fold relative to control cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that two variants of EGFR in human corneal epithelial tissue were also significantly upregulated after five rounds of 10 J/cm2 irradiation (P<0.05). Conclusion We found that NIR irradiation induced the upregulated expression of EGFR in human corneal cells. Since over half of the solar energy reaching the Earth is in the NIR region, which cannot be adequately blocked by eyewear and thus can induce eye damage with intensive or long-term exposure, protection from both UV and NIR radiation may prevent changes in gene expression and in turn eye damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Tanaka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Clinica Tanaka Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Anti-aging Center; Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Konno A, Ikegami K, Konishi Y, Yang HJ, Abe M, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Yao I, Shiba K, Inaba K, Setou M. Ttll9-/- mice sperm flagella show shortening of doublet 7, reduction of doublet 5 polyglutamylation and a stall in beating. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2757-66. [PMID: 27257088 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine outer doublet microtubules in axonemes of flagella and cilia are heterogeneous in structure and biochemical properties. In mammalian sperm flagella, one of the factors to generate the heterogeneity is tubulin polyglutamylation, although the importance of the heterogeneous modification is unclear. Here, we show that a tubulin polyglutamylase Ttll9 deficiency (Ttll9(-/-)) causes a unique set of phenotypes related to doublet heterogeneity. Ttll9(-/-) sperm axonemes had frequent loss of a doublet and reduced polyglutamylation. Intriguingly, the doublet loss selectively occurred at the distal region of doublet 7, and reduced polyglutamylation was observed preferentially on doublet 5. Ttll9(-/-) spermatozoa showed aberrant flagellar beating, characterized by frequent stalls after anti-hook bending. This abnormal motility could be attributed to the reduction of polyglutamylation on doublet 5, which probably occurred at a position involved in the switching of bending. These results indicate that mammalian Ttll9 plays essential roles in maintaining the normal structure and beating pattern of sperm flagella by establishing normal heterogeneous polyglutamylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alu Konno
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Konishi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 9518585, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 9518585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 9518585, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yao
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 4150025, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 4150025, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4313192, Japan Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F, William MW Mong Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China Division of Neural Systematics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 4440867, Japan Riken Center for Molecular Imaging Science, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan
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Loss of RPGR glutamylation underlies the pathogenic mechanism of retinal dystrophy caused by TTLL5 mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2925-34. [PMID: 27162334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523201113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene are a major cause of retinitis pigmentosa, a blinding retinal disease resulting from photoreceptor degeneration. A photoreceptor specific ORF15 variant of RPGR (RPGR(ORF15)), carrying multiple Glu-Gly tandem repeats and a C-terminal basic domain of unknown function, localizes to the connecting cilium where it is thought to regulate cargo trafficking. Here we show that tubulin tyrosine ligase like-5 (TTLL5) glutamylates RPGR(ORF15) in its Glu-Gly-rich repetitive region containing motifs homologous to the α-tubulin C-terminal tail. The RPGR(ORF15) C-terminal basic domain binds to the noncatalytic cofactor interaction domain unique to TTLL5 among TTLL family glutamylases and targets TTLL5 to glutamylate RPGR. Only TTLL5 and not other TTLL family glutamylases interacts with RPGR(ORF15) when expressed transiently in cells. Consistent with this, a Ttll5 mutant mouse displays a complete loss of RPGR glutamylation without marked changes in tubulin glutamylation levels. The Ttll5 mutant mouse develops slow photoreceptor degeneration with early mislocalization of cone opsins, features resembling those of Rpgr-null mice. Moreover TTLL5 disease mutants that cause human retinal dystrophy show impaired glutamylation of RPGR(ORF15) Thus, RPGR(ORF15) is a novel glutamylation substrate, and this posttranslational modification is critical for its function in photoreceptors. Our study uncovers the pathogenic mechanism whereby absence of RPGR(ORF15) glutamylation leads to retinal pathology in patients with TTLL5 gene mutations and connects these two genes into a common disease pathway.
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Rao KN, Anand M, Khanna H. The carboxyl terminal mutational hotspot of the ciliary disease protein RPGRORF15 (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator) is glutamylated in vivo. Biol Open 2016; 5:424-8. [PMID: 26941104 PMCID: PMC4890669 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in RPGRORF15 (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator) are a major cause of inherited retinal degenerative diseases. RPGRORF15 (1152 residues) is a ciliary protein involved in regulating the composition and function of photoreceptor cilia. The mutational hotspot in RPGRORF15 is an unusual C-terminal domain encoded by exon ORF15, which is rich in polyglutamates and glycine residues (Glu-Gly domain) followed by a short stretch of basic amino acid residues (RPGRC2 domain; residues 1072-1152). However, the properties of the ORF15-encoded domain and its involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease are unclear. Here we show that RPGRORF15 is glutamylated at the C-terminus, as determined by binding to GT335, which recognizes glutamylated substrates. This reactivity is lost in two mouse mutants of Rpgr, which do not express RPGRORF15 due to disease-causing mutations in exon ORF15. Our results indicate that RPGRORF15 is posttranslationally glutamylated in the Glu-Gly domain and that the GT335 antibody predominantly recognizes RPGRORF15 in photoreceptor cilia. Summary: This study shows that the mutational hotspot of ciliary protein RPGRORF15, commonly associated with severe blindness, is posttranslationally glutamylated at its C-terminus and is a target of GT335.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kollu N Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Manisha Anand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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de Boer P, de Vries M, Ramos L. A mutation study of sperm head shape and motility in the mouse: lessons for the clinic. Andrology 2014; 3:174-202. [PMID: 25511638 DOI: 10.1111/andr.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mutants that show effects on sperm head shape, the sperm tail (flagellum), and motility were analysed in a systematic way. This was achieved by grouping mutations in the following classes: manchette, acrosome, Sertoli cell contact, chromatin remodelling, and mutations involved in complex regulations such as protein (de)phosphorylation and RNA stability, and flagellum/motility mutations. For all mutant phenotypes, flagellum function (motility) was affected. Head shape, including the nucleus, was also affected in spermatozoa of most mouse models, though with considerable variation. For the mutants that were categorized in the flagellum/motility group, generally normal head shapes were found, even when the flagellum did not develop or only poorly so. Most mutants are sterile, an occasional one semi-sterile. For completeness, the influence of the sex chromosomes on sperm phenotype is included. Functionally, the genes involved can be categorized as regulators of spermiogenesis. When extrapolating these data to human sperm samples, in vivo selection for motility would be the tool for weeding out the products of suboptimal spermiogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation. The striking dependency of motility on proper sperm head development is not easy to understand, but likely is of evolutionary benefit. Also, sperm competition after mating can never act against the long-term multi-generation interest of genetic integrity. Hence, it is plausible to suggest that short-term haplophase fitness i.e., motility, is developmentally integrated with proper nucleus maturation, including genetic integrity to protect multi-generation fitness. We hypothesize that, when the prime defect is in flagellum formation, apparently a feedback loop was not necessary as head morphogenesis in these mutants is mostly normal. Extrapolating to human-assisted reproductive techniques practice, this analysis would supply the arguments for the development of tools to select for motility as a continuous (non-discrete) parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Boer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are dynamically assembled from α/β-tubulin heterodimers. The primary sequence and structure of the tubulin proteins and, consequently, the properties and architecture of microtubules are highly conserved in eukaryotes. Despite this conservation, tubulin is subject to heterogeneity that is generated in two ways: by the expression of different tubulin isotypes and by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Identifying the mechanisms that generate and control tubulin heterogeneity and how this heterogeneity affects microtubule function are long-standing goals in the field. Recent work on tubulin PTMs has shed light on how these modifications could contribute to a “tubulin code” that coordinates the complex functions of microtubules in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 3306, 91405 Orsay, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1005, 91405 Orsay, France Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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Rocha C, Papon L, Cacheux W, Marques Sousa P, Lascano V, Tort O, Giordano T, Vacher S, Lemmers B, Mariani P, Meseure D, Medema JP, Bièche I, Hahne M, Janke C. Tubulin glycylases are required for primary cilia, control of cell proliferation and tumor development in colon. EMBO J 2014; 33:2247-60. [PMID: 25180231 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
TTLL3 and TTLL8 are tubulin glycine ligases catalyzing posttranslational glycylation of microtubules. We show here for the first time that these enzymes are required for robust formation of primary cilia. We further discover the existence of primary cilia in colon and demonstrate that TTLL3 is the only glycylase in this organ. As a consequence, colon epithelium shows a reduced number of primary cilia accompanied by an increased rate of cell division in TTLL3-knockout mice. Strikingly, higher proliferation is compensated by faster tissue turnover in normal colon. In a mouse model for tumorigenesis, lack of TTLL3 strongly promotes tumor development. We further demonstrate that decreased levels of TTLL3 expression are linked to the development of human colorectal carcinomas. Thus, we have uncovered a novel role for tubulin glycylation in primary cilia maintenance, which controls cell proliferation of colon epithelial cells and plays an essential role in colon cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rocha
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France PSL Research University, Paris, France CNRS UMR3306, Orsay, France INSERM U1005, Orsay, France IGMM CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier Sud de France, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Papon
- IGMM CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier Sud de France, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Patricia Marques Sousa
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France PSL Research University, Paris, France CNRS UMR3306, Orsay, France INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
| | | | - Olivia Tort
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France PSL Research University, Paris, France CNRS UMR3306, Orsay, France INSERM U1005, Orsay, France Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Tiziana Giordano
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France PSL Research University, Paris, France CNRS UMR3306, Orsay, France INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
| | | | - Benedicte Lemmers
- IGMM CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier Sud de France, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Hahne
- IGMM CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier Sud de France, Montpellier, France Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France PSL Research University, Paris, France CNRS UMR3306, Orsay, France INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
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Sergouniotis PI, Chakarova C, Murphy C, Becker M, Lenassi E, Arno G, Lek M, MacArthur DG, Bhattacharya SS, Moore AT, Holder GE, Robson AG, Wolfrum U, Webster AR, Plagnol V. Biallelic variants in TTLL5, encoding a tubulin glutamylase, cause retinal dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:760-9. [PMID: 24791901 PMCID: PMC4067560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a subset of inherited retinal degenerations (including cone, cone-rod, and macular dystrophies), cone photoreceptors are more severely affected than rods; ABCA4 mutations are the most common cause of this heterogeneous class of disorders. To identify retinal-disease-associated genes, we performed exome sequencing in 28 individuals with "cone-first" retinal disease and clinical features atypical for ABCA4 retinopathy. We then conducted a gene-based case-control association study with an internal exome data set as the control group. TTLL5, encoding a tubulin glutamylase, was highlighted as the most likely disease-associated gene; 2 of 28 affected subjects harbored presumed loss-of-function variants: c.[1586_1589delAGAG];[1586_1589delAGAG], p.[Glu529Valfs(∗)2];[Glu529Valfs(∗)2], and c.[401delT(;)3354G>A], p.[Leu134Argfs(∗)45(;)Trp1118(∗)]. We then inspected previously collected exome sequence data from individuals with related phenotypes and found two siblings with homozygous nonsense variant c.1627G>T (p.Glu543(∗)) in TTLL5. Subsequently, we tested a panel of 55 probands with retinal dystrophy for TTLL5 mutations; one proband had a homozygous missense change (c.1627G>A [p.Glu543Lys]). The retinal phenotype was highly similar in three of four families; the sibling pair had a more severe, early-onset disease. In human and murine retinae, TTLL5 localized to the centrioles at the base of the connecting cilium. TTLL5 has been previously reported to be essential for the correct function of sperm flagella in mice and play a role in polyglutamylation of primary cilia in vitro. Notably, genes involved in the polyglutamylation and deglutamylation of tubulin have been associated with photoreceptor degeneration in mice. The electrophysiological and fundus autofluorescence imaging presented here should facilitate the molecular diagnosis in further families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mirjana Becker
- Institute of Zoology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany
| | - Eva Lenassi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Graham E Holder
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Anthony G Robson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Zoology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
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Pathak N, Austin-Tse CA, Liu Y, Vasilyev A, Drummond IA. Cytoplasmic carboxypeptidase 5 regulates tubulin glutamylation and zebrafish cilia formation and function. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1836-44. [PMID: 24743595 PMCID: PMC4055263 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-01-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamylation is a functionally important tubulin posttranslational modification enriched on stable microtubules of neuronal axons, mitotic spindles, centrioles, and cilia. In vertebrates, balanced activities of tubulin glutamyl ligase and cytoplasmic carboxypeptidase deglutamylase enzymes maintain organelle- and cell type-specific tubulin glutamylation patterns. Tubulin glutamylation in cilia is regulated via restricted subcellular localization or expression of tubulin glutamyl ligases (ttlls) and nonenzymatic proteins, including the zebrafish TPR repeat protein Fleer/Ift70. Here we analyze the expression patterns of ccp deglutamylase genes during zebrafish development and the effects of ccp gene knockdown on cilia formation, morphology, and tubulin glutamylation. The deglutamylases ccp2, ccp5, and ccp6 are expressed in ciliated cells, whereas ccp1 expression is restricted to the nervous system. Only ccp5 knockdown increases cilia tubulin glutamylation, induces ciliopathy phenotypes, including axis curvature, hydrocephalus, and pronephric cysts, and disrupts multicilia motility, suggesting that Ccp5 is the principal tubulin deglutamylase that maintains functional levels of cilia tubulin glutamylation. The ability of ccp5 knockdown to restore cilia tubulin glutamylation in fleer/ift70 mutants and rescue pronephric multicilia formation in both fleer- and ift88-deficient zebrafish indicates that tubulin glutamylation is a key driver of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Pathak
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | | | - Yan Liu
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Aleksandr Vasilyev
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Bosch Grau M, Gonzalez Curto G, Rocha C, Magiera MM, Marques Sousa P, Giordano T, Spassky N, Janke C. Tubulin glycylases and glutamylases have distinct functions in stabilization and motility of ependymal cilia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:441-51. [PMID: 23897886 PMCID: PMC3734080 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin glutamylating enzymes are important for beating behavior of ependymal cilia in the brain, whereas glycylating enzymes are critical for stability and maintenance of these cilia. Microtubules are subject to a variety of posttranslational modifications that potentially regulate cytoskeletal functions. Two modifications, glutamylation and glycylation, are highly enriched in the axonemes of most eukaryotes, and might therefore play particularly important roles in cilia and flagella. Here we systematically analyze the dynamics of glutamylation and glycylation in developing mouse ependymal cilia and the expression of the corresponding enzymes in the brain. By systematically screening enzymes of the TTLL family for specific functions in ependymal cilia, we demonstrate that the glycylating enzymes TTLL3 and TTLL8 were required for stability and maintenance of ependymal cilia, whereas the polyglutamylase TTLL6 was necessary for coordinated beating behavior. Our work provides evidence for a functional separation of glutamylating and glycylating enzymes in mammalian ependymal cilia. It further advances the elucidation of the functions of tubulin posttranslational modifications in motile cilia of the mammalian brain and their potential importance in brain development and disease.
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