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Aleksandr G, Andrei V, Maria P, Iana S, Aleksandr D, Anna Z, Daria Z, Aleksei A, Mikhail S, Evgeny I, Valery S, Pavel I. Preclinical comparison of prolgolimab, pembrolizumab and nivolumab. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23136. [PMID: 39367001 PMCID: PMC11452378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolgolimab is a recombinant IgG1-based anti-PD-1 antibody, whose properties were improved by the introduction of the LALA mutation, and which has demonstrated high efficacy in patients with metastatic melanoma. This paper presents the results of comparative preclinical studies of antigen-binding and effector functions involving prolgolimab and conventional IgG4 antibodies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab. None of the studied antibodies had undesirable antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity. Prolgolimab has shown higher PD-1 receptor occupancy and T-cell activation, but lower propensity to activate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis as compared to nivolumab and pembrolizumab. An in vivo study in mice inoculated with CT26.wt cancer cells showed that tumor growth inhibition was 16% for pembrolizumab and 56% for prolgolimab. This study warrants clinical comparison of IgG1- and IgG4-based anti-PD-1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Imyanitov Evgeny
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Russia
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Toledo-Stuardo K, Ribeiro CH, González-Herrera F, Matthies DJ, Le Roy MS, Dietz-Vargas C, Latorre Y, Campos I, Guerra Y, Tello S, Vásquez-Sáez V, Novoa P, Fehring N, González M, Rodríguez-Siza J, Vásquez G, Méndez P, Altamirano C, Molina MC. Therapeutic antibodies in oncology: an immunopharmacological overview. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:242. [PMID: 39358613 PMCID: PMC11448508 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
The biotechnological development of monoclonal antibodies and their immunotherapeutic use in oncology have grown exponentially in the last decade, becoming the first-line therapy for some types of cancer. Their mechanism of action is based on the ability to regulate the immune system or by interacting with targets that are either overexpressed in tumor cells, released into the extracellular milieu or involved in processes that favor tumor growth. In addition, the intrinsic characteristics of each subclass of antibodies provide specific effector functions against the tumor by activating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, among other mechanisms. The rational design and engineering of monoclonal antibodies have improved their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features, thus optimizing the therapeutic regimens administered to cancer patients and improving their clinical outcomes. The selection of the immunoglobulin G subclass, modifications to its crystallizable region (Fc), and conjugation of radioactive substances or antineoplastic drugs may all improve the antitumor effects of therapeutic antibodies. This review aims to provide insights into the immunological and pharmacological aspects of therapeutic antibodies used in oncology, with a rational approach at molecular modifications that can be introduced into these biological tools, improving their efficacy in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Toledo-Stuardo
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Douglas J Matthies
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Soledad Le Roy
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Dietz-Vargas
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yesenia Latorre
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ivo Campos
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yuneisy Guerra
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samantha Tello
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Valeria Vásquez-Sáez
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Novoa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicolás Fehring
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Siza
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Vásquez
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pamela Méndez
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Regional de Estudio en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy (IMPACT), Santiago, Chile
| | - María Carmen Molina
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Independencia 1027, Block I, 3er piso, Santiago, Chile.
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Liu Z, Song L, Yang J, Liu H, Zhang Y, Pi X, Yan Y, Chen H, Yu D, Yin C, Liu T, Li X, Zhang C, Li D, Wang Z, Xiao W. Discovery and preclinical evaluation of KYS202004A, a novel bispecific fusion protein targeting TNF-α and IL-17A, in autoimmune disease models. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112383. [PMID: 38843642 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases often requires targeting multiple pathogenic pathways. KYS202004A is a novel bispecific fusion protein designed to antagonize TNF-α and IL-17A, pivotal in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Our initial efforts focused on screening for optimal structure by analyzing expression levels, purity, and binding capabilities. The binding affinity of KYS202004A to TNF-α and IL-17A was evaluated using SPR. In vitro, we assessed the inhibitory capacity of KYS202004A on cytokine-induced CXCL1 expression in HT29 cells. In vivo, its efficacy was tested using a Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) model in transgenic human-IL-17A mice and an imiquimod-induced psoriasis model in cynomolgus monkeys. KYS202004A demonstrated significant inhibition of IL-17A and TNF-α signaling pathways, outperforming the efficacy of monotherapeutic agents ixekizumab and etanercept in reducing CXCL1 expression in vitro and ameliorating disease markers in vivo. In the CIA model, KYS202004A significantly reduced clinical symptoms, joint destruction, and serum IL-6 concentrations. The psoriasis model revealed that KYS202004A, particularly at a 2 mg/kg dose, was as effective as the combination of ixekizumab and etanercept. This discovery represents a significant advancement in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, offering a dual-targeted therapeutic approach with enhanced efficacy over current monotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Liu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liying Song
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 182, Tongguan Road, Lianyungang City 222002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuelei Pi
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongna Chen
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengkai Yin
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianyan Liu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Li
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenfeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Deshan Li
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Jiangning Industrial City, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City 222001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Croote D, Wong JJW, Creeks P, Aruva V, Landers JJ, Kwok M, Jama Z, Hamilton RG, Santos AF, O'Konek JJ, Ferrini R, Thomas GR, Lowman HB. Preclinical efficacy of peanut-specific IgG4 antibody therapeutic IGNX001. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00743-7. [PMID: 39069172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing therapeutic strategies are challenged by long times to achieve effect and often require frequent administration. Peanut-allergic individuals would benefit from a therapeutic that provides rapid protection against accidental exposure within days of administration while carrying little risk of adverse reactions. OBJECTIVE Guided by the repertoire of human IgE mAbs from allergic individuals, we sought to develop a treatment approach leveraging the known protective effects of allergen-specific IgG4 antibodies. METHODS We applied our single-cell RNA-sequencing SEQ SIFTER platform (IgGenix, Inc, South San Francisco, Calif) to whole blood samples from peanut-allergic individuals to discover IgE mAbs. These were then class-switched by replacing the IgE constant region with IgG4 while retaining the allergen-specific variable regions. In vitro mast cell activation tests, basophil activation tests, ELISAs, and an in vivo peanut allergy mouse model were used to evaluate the specificity, affinity, and activity of these recombinant IgG4 mAbs. RESULTS We determined that human peanut-specific IgE mAbs predominantly target immunodominant epitopes on Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 and that recombinant IgG4 mAbs effectively block these epitopes. IGNX001, a mixture of 2 such high-affinity IgG4 mAbs, provided robust protection against peanut-mediated mast cell activation in vitro as well as against anaphylaxis upon intragastric peanut challenge in a peanut allergy mouse model. CONCLUSIONS We developed a peanut-specific IgG4 antibody therapeutic with convincing preclinical efficacy starting from a large repertoire of human IgE mAbs from demographically and geographically diverse individuals. These results warrant further clinical investigation of IGNX001 and underscore the opportunity for the application of this therapeutic development strategy in other food and environmental allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Venu Aruva
- IgGenix, Inc, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Jeffrey J Landers
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Matthew Kwok
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zainab Jama
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica J O'Konek
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
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Rabin RL, Croote D, Chen A, Dobrovolskaia E, Wong JJW, Grossman J, Hamilton RG. A human monoclonal antibody based immunoenzymetric assay to measure Fel d 1 concentrations in cat hair and pelt allergenic extracts. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1417879. [PMID: 39076462 PMCID: PMC11284339 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1417879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In the United States, 19 allergen extracts of different specificities are standardized, which means that their potencies are determined in comparison to a US reference standard. For cat allergen extracts, potency is determined by measuring Fel d 1 content expressed in in Fel d 1 units, and with a unitage that correlates with skin test reactions (bioequivalent allergy units or BAU). Currently, Fel d 1 content is measured with a radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay that uses polyclonal sheep antisera to detect the allergenic protein by producing a white precipitin line in agar gel. However, the RID is considered cumbersome, and the polyclonal sera may qualitatively vary among animals and may recognize epitopes irrelevant to human allergic disease. In this report, we describe a quantitative two-site immunoenzymetric assay (IEMA) for Fel d 1 that uses immobilized capture and soluble biotin-labeled detection Fel d 1-specific human IgE monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that have been class-switched to IgG4. Together, they sandwich Fel d 1 molecules from extracts. Using purified natural Fel d 1 as a calibrator, the historically reported ∼4 micrograms Fel d 1/Fel d 1 unit assignment was directly measured in this mAb-based IEMA at 3.12 ± 0.24 micrograms of Fel d 1 per Fel d 1 unit. This IEMA appears to be equivalent to RID in the measurement of biological potencies of commercial cat hair and cat pelt extracts marketed in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L. Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Derek Croote
- IgGenix Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Chen
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ekaterina Dobrovolskaia
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Robert G. Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Lee JH, Kim JW, Lee HE, Song JY, Cho AH, Hwang JH, Heo K, Lee S. A dual-targeting approach using a human bispecific antibody against the receptor-binding domain of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Virus Res 2024; 345:199383. [PMID: 38697296 PMCID: PMC11074968 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has posed a significant global health concern due to its severe respiratory illness and high fatality rate. Currently, despite the potential for resurgence, there are no specific treatments for MERS-CoV, and only supportive care is available. Our study aimed to address this therapeutic gap by developing a potent neutralizing bispecific antibody (bsAb) against MERS-CoV. Initially, we isolated four human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically target the MERS-CoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) using phage display technology and an established human antibody library. Among these four selected mAbs, our intensive in vitro functional analyses showed that the MERS-CoV RBD-specific mAb K111.3 exhibited the most potent neutralizing activity against MERS-CoV pseudoviral infection and the molecular interaction between MERS-CoV RBD and human dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Consequently, we engineered a novel bsAb, K207.C, by utilizing K111.3 as the IgG base and fusing it with the single-chain variable fragment of its non-competing pair, K111.1. This engineered bsAb showed significantly enhanced neutralization potential against MERS-CoV compared to its parental mAb. These findings suggest that K207.C may serve as a potential candidate for effective MERS-CoV neutralization, further highlighting the promise of the bsAb dual-targeting approach in MERS-CoV neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Eon Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Song
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyun Cho
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang W, Chen X, Chen X, Li J, Wang H, Yan X, Zha H, Ma X, Zhao C, Su M, Hong L, Li P, Ling Y, Zhao W, Xia Y, Li B, Zheng T, Gu J. Fc-Fc interactions and immune inhibitory effects of IgG4: implications for anti-PD-1 immunotherapies. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009034. [PMID: 38925680 PMCID: PMC11203076 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of anti-programmed cell-death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) use S228P mutation IgG4 as the structural basis to avoid the activation of immune cells or complement. However, little attention has been paid to the Fc-Fc interactions between IgG4 and other IgG Fc fragments that could result in adverse effects. Fc-null IgG1 framework is a potential safer alternative to avoid the undesirable Fc-Fc interactions and Fc receptor binding derived effects observed with IgG4. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of anti-PD-1 mAbs of these two frameworks. METHODS Trastuzumab and rituximab (both IgG1), wildtype IgG1 and IgG4 were immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes, coated to microplates and biosensor chips, and bound to tumor cells as targets for Fc-Fc interactions. Wildtype IgG1 and IgG4, anti-PD-1 mAb nivolumab (IgG4 S228P), penpulimab (Fc-null IgG1), and tislelizumab (Fc-null IgG4 S228P-R409K) were assessed for their binding reactions to the immobilized IgG proteins and quantitative kinetic data were obtained. To evaluate the effects of the two anti-PD-1 mAbs on immune responses mediated by trastuzumab and rituximab in the context of combination therapy, we employed classic immune models for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement dependent cytotoxicity. Tumor-bearing mouse models, both wildtype and humanized, were used for in vivo investigation. Furthermore, we also examined the effects of IgG1 and IgG4 on diverse immune cell populations RESULTS: Experiments demonstrated that wildtype IgG4 and nivolumab bound to immobilized IgG through Fc-Fc interactions, diminishing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis reactions. Quantitative analysis of kinetic parameters suggests that nivolumab and wildtype IgG4 exhibit comparable binding affinities to immobilized IgG1 in both non-denatured and denatured states. IgG4 exerted inhibitory effects on various immune cell types. Wildtype IgG4 and nivolumab both promoted tumor growth in wildtype mouse models. Conversely, wildtype IgG1, penpulimab, and tislelizumab did not show similar adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Fc-null IgG1 represents a safer choice for anti-PD-1 immunotherapies by avoiding both the adverse Fc-Fc interactions and Fc-related immune inhibitory effects of IgG4. Fc-null IgG4 S228P-R409K and Fc-null IgG1 displayed similar structural properties and benefits. This study contributes to the understanding of immunotherapy resistance and the advancement of safer immune therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jirui Li
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaomiao Yan
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Xinan Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Zha
- The People's Hospital of Qijiang District Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Meng Su
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liangli Hong
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Penghao Li
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Xinan Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyu Ling
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Akeso Biopharma Inc, Zhongshan, China
| | | | - Tianjing Zheng
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Guangdong Provincial International Collaborative Center of Molecular Medicine, Center of Collaboration and Creative, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medical, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Xinan Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, China
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8
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Izadi S, Gumpelmair S, Coelho P, Duarte HO, Gomes J, Leitner J, Kunnummel V, Mach L, Reis CA, Steinberger P, Castilho A. Plant-derived Durvalumab variants show efficient PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and therapeutically favourable FcR binding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1224-1237. [PMID: 38050338 PMCID: PMC11022803 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blocking therapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signalling pathway has produced encouraging results in the treatment of a variety of cancers. Durvalumab (Imfinzi®) targeting PD-L1 is currently used for immunotherapy of several tumour malignancies. The Fc region of this IgG1 antibody has been engineered to reduce FcγR interactions with the aim of enhancing blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions without the depletion of PD-L1-expressing immune cells. Here, we used Nicotiana benthamiana to produce four variants of Durvalumab (DL): wild-type IgG1 and its 'Fc-effector-silent' variant (LALAPG) carrying further modifications to increase antibody half-life (YTE); IgG4S228P and its variant (PVA) with Fc mutations to decrease binding to FcγRI. In addition, DL variants were produced with two distinct glycosylation profiles: afucosylated and decorated with α1,6-core fucose. Plant-derived DL variants were compared to the therapeutic antibody regarding their ability to (i) bind to PD-L1, (ii) block PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signalling and (iii) engage with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and various Fcγ receptors. It was found that plant-derived DL variants bind to recombinant PD-L1 and to PD-L1 expressed in gastrointestinal cancer cells and are able to effectively block its interaction with PD-1 on T cells, thereby enhancing their activation. Furthermore, we show a positive impact of Fc amino acid mutations and core fucosylation on DL's therapeutic potential. Compared to Imfinzi®, DL-IgG1 (LALAPG) and DL-IgG4 (PVA)S228P show lower affinity to CD32B inhibitory receptor which can be therapeutically favourable. Importantly, DL-IgG1 (LALAPG) also shows enhanced binding to FcRn, a key determinant of serum half-life of IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Izadi
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Simon Gumpelmair
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell ActivationInstitute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pedro Coelho
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
| | - Henrique O. Duarte
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell ActivationInstitute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Vinny Kunnummel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Celso A. Reis
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP)University of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell ActivationInstitute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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9
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Tietz J, Gunde T, Warmuth S, Weinert C, Brock M, Simonin A, Hess C, Johansson M, Spiga F, Muntwiler S, Wickihalder B, Mahler D, Diem D, Zeberer J, Heiz R, Flückiger N, Shiraishi N, Miyake Y, Takahashi N, Fehrholz M, Bertolini M, Lichtlen P, Urech D, Snell D. A Bispecific, Tetravalent Antibody Targeting Inflammatory and Pruritogenic Pathways in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100258. [PMID: 38375189 PMCID: PMC10875227 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2024.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 signaling has dramatically improved the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, in many patients, clinical responses are slow to develop and remain modest. Indeed, some symptoms of AD are dependent on IL-31, which is only partially reduced by IL-4/IL-13 inhibition. Thus, there is an unmet need for AD treatments that concomitantly block IL-4/IL-13 and IL-31 pathways. We engineered NM26-2198, a bispecific tetravalent antibody designed to accomplish this task. In reporter cell lines, NM26-2198 concomitantly inhibited IL-4/IL-13 and IL-31 signaling with a potency comparable with that of the combination of an anti-IL-4Rα antibody (dupilumab) and an anti-IL-31 antibody (BMS-981164). In human PBMCs, NM26-2198 inhibited IL-4-induced upregulation of CD23, demonstrating functional binding to FcγRII (CD32). NM26-2198 also inhibited the secretion of the AD biomarker thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) in blood samples from healthy human donors. In male cynomolgus monkeys, NM26-2198 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics and significantly inhibited IL-31-induced scratching at a dose of 30 mg/kg. In a repeat-dose, good laboratory practice toxicology study in cynomolgus monkeys, no adverse effects of NM26-2198 were observed at a weekly dose of 125 mg/kg. Together, these results justify the clinical investigation of NM26-2198 as a treatment for moderate-to-severe AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Gunde
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dania Diem
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Robin Heiz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Kim JW, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Heo K, Lee Y, Jang HJ, Lee HY, Park JW, Cho YB, Shin HG, Yang HR, Lee HE, Song JY, Lee S. Empowering SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization with a bifunctional antibody engineered with tandem heptad repeat 2 peptides. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29506. [PMID: 38445718 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
With the global pandemic and the continuous mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the need for effective and broadly neutralizing treatments has become increasingly urgent. This study introduces a novel strategy that targets two aspects simultaneously, using bifunctional antibodies to inhibit both the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to host cell membranes and viral fusion. We developed pioneering IgG4-(HR2)4 bifunctional antibodies by creating immunoglobulin G4-based and phage display-derived human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically bind to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, engineered with four heptad repeat 2 (HR2) peptides. Our in vitro experiments demonstrate the superior neutralization efficacy of these engineered antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 variants, ranging from original SARS-CoV-2 strain to the recently emerged Omicron variants, as well as SARS-CoV, outperforming the parental mAb. Notably, intravenous monotherapy with the bifunctional antibody neutralizes a SARS-CoV-2 variant in a murine model without causing significant toxicity. In summary, this study unveils the significant potential of HR2 peptide-driven bifunctional antibodies as a potent and versatile strategy for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infections. This approach offers a promising avenue for rapid development and management in the face of the continuously evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants, holding substantial promise for pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonwoo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Bin Cho
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Gyeong Shin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Eon Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Song
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Stone CA, Spiller BW, Smith SA. Engineering therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:539-548. [PMID: 37995859 PMCID: PMC11437839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of human antibodies as biologic therapeutics has revolutionized patient care throughout fields of medicine. As our understanding of the many roles antibodies play within our natural immune responses continues to advance, so will the number of therapeutic indications for which an mAb will be developed. The great breadth of function, long half-life, and modular structure allow for nearly limitless therapeutic possibilities. Human antibodies can be rationally engineered to enhance their desired immune functions and eliminate those that may result in unwanted effects. Antibody therapeutics now often start with fully human variable regions, either acquired from genetically engineered humanized mice or from the actual human B cells. These variable genes can be further engineered by widely used methods for optimization of their specificity through affinity maturation, random mutagenesis, targeted mutagenesis, and use of in silico approaches. Antibody isotype selection and deliberate mutations are also used to improve efficacy and tolerability by purposeful fine-tuning of their immune effector functions. Finally, improvements directed at binding to the neonatal Fc receptor can endow therapeutic antibodies with unbelievable extensions in their circulating half-life. The future of engineered antibody therapeutics is bright, with the global mAb market projected to exhibit compound annual growth, forecasted to reach a revenue of nearly half a trillion dollars in 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosby A Stone
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Benjamin W Spiller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Scott A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
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12
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Wang Y, Cho JW, Kastrunes G, Buck A, Razimbaud C, Culhane AC, Sun J, Braun DA, Choueiri TK, Wu CJ, Jones K, Nguyen QD, Zhu Z, Wei K, Zhu Q, Signoretti S, Freeman GJ, Hemberg M, Marasco WA. Immune-restoring CAR-T cells display antitumor activity and reverse immunosuppressive TME in a humanized ccRCC mouse model. iScience 2024; 27:108879. [PMID: 38327771 PMCID: PMC10847687 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major barriers that have restricted successful use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in the treatment of solid tumors is an unfavorable tumor microenvironment (TME). We engineered CAR-T cells targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) to secrete anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), termed immune-restoring (IR) CAR G36-PDL1. We tested CAR-T cells in a humanized clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) orthotopic mouse model with reconstituted human leukocyte antigen (HLA) partially matched human leukocytes derived from fetal CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bearing human ccRCC skrc-59 cells under the kidney capsule. G36-PDL1 CAR-T cells, haploidentical to the tumor cells, had a potent antitumor effect compared to those without immune-restoring effect. Analysis of the TME revealed that G36-PDL1 CAR-T cells restored active antitumor immunity by promoting tumor-killing cytotoxicity, reducing immunosuppressive cell components such as M2 macrophages and exhausted CD8+ T cells, and enhancing T follicular helper (Tfh)-B cell crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jae-Won Cho
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriella Kastrunes
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alicia Buck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cecile Razimbaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aedin C. Culhane
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jiusong Sun
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David A. Braun
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kristen Jones
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martin Hemberg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wayne A. Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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13
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Zikos J, Webb GM, Wu HL, Reed JS, Watanabe J, Usachenko JL, Shaqra AM, Schiffer CA, Van Rompay KKA, Sacha JB, Magnani DM. FcRn-enhancing mutations lead to increased and prolonged levels of the HIV CCR5-blocking monoclonal antibody leronlimab in the fetuses and newborns of pregnant rhesus macaques. MAbs 2024; 16:2406788. [PMID: 39324549 PMCID: PMC11441024 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2406788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Prenatal administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a strategy that could be exploited to prevent viral infections during pregnancy and early life. To reach protective levels in fetuses, mAbs must be transported across the placenta, a selective barrier that actively and specifically promotes the transfer of antibodies (Abs) into the fetus through the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Because FcRn also regulates Ab half-life, Fc mutations like the M428L/N434S, commonly known as LS mutations, and others have been developed to enhance binding affinity to FcRn and improve drug pharmacokinetics. We hypothesized that these FcRn-enhancing mutations could similarly affect the delivery of therapeutic Abs to the fetus. To test this hypothesis, we measured the transplacental transfer of leronlimab, an anti-CCR5 mAb, in clinical development for preventing HIV infections, using pregnant rhesus macaques to model in utero mAb transfer. We also generated a stabilized and FcRn-enhanced form of leronlimab, termed leronlimab-PLS. Leronlimab-PLS maintained higher levels within the maternal compartment while also reaching higher mAb levels in the fetus and newborn circulation. Further, a single dose of leronlimab-PLS led to complete CCR5 receptor occupancy in mothers and newborns for almost a month after birth. These findings support the optimization of FcRn interactions in mAb therapies designed for administration during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Fetus/immunology
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Animals, Newborn
- Humans
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/genetics
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology
- Mutation
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/genetics
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zikos
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource (NHPRR), Department of Medicine - Innate Immunity, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela M Webb
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Helen L Wu
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jodie L Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ala M Shaqra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource (NHPRR), Department of Medicine - Innate Immunity, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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14
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Thaller AL, Jönsson F, Fiquet O, Marie S, Doisne JM, Girelli-Zubani G, Eri T, Fernandes P, Tatirovsky E, Langa-Vives F, Bruhns P, Strick-Marchand H, Di Santo JP. A human immune system (HIS) mouse model that dissociates roles for mouse and human FcR + cells during antibody-mediated immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350454. [PMID: 37621208 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mice provide a model to study human immune responses in vivo. Currently available HIS mouse models may harbor mouse Fc Receptor (FcR)-expressing cells that exert potent effector functions following administration of human Ig. Previous studies showed that the ablation of the murine FcR gamma chain (FcR-γ) results in loss of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis in vivo. We created a new FcR-γ-deficient HIS mouse model to compare host (mouse) versus graft (human) effects underlying antibody-mediated immune responses in vivo. FcR-γ-deficient HIS recipients lack expression and function of mouse activating FcRs and can be stably and robustly reconstituted with human immune cells. By screening blood B-cell depletion by rituximab Ig variants, we found that human FcγRs-mediated IgG1 effects, whereas mouse activating FcγRs were dominant in IgG4 effects. Complement played a role as an IgG1 variant (IgG1 K322A) lacking complement binding activity was largely ineffective. Finally, we provide evidence that FcγRIIIA on human NK cells could mediate complement-independent B-cell depletion by IgG1 K322A. We anticipate that our FcR-γ-deficient HIS model will help clarify mechanisms of action of exogenous administered human antibodies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Louisa Thaller
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Institut Pasteur, Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1222, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Solenne Marie
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Doisne
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Girelli-Zubani
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Toshiki Eri
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Priyanka Fernandes
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Evgeny Tatirovsky
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Francina Langa-Vives
- Institut Pasteur, Mouse Genetics Engineering Platform, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1222, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Strick-Marchand
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
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15
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Narsimhan M, Kim J, Morris NA, Bower MA, Gunawardena HP, Bowen E, Regnier FE. Mobile Affinity Selection Chromatography Analysis of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16115-16122. [PMID: 37883730 PMCID: PMC10633814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Federal regulatory agencies require continuous verification of recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) quality that is commonly achieved in a two-step process. First, the host-cell proteome and metabolome are removed from the production medium by protein A affinity chromatography. Second, following recovery from the affinity column with an acidic wash, mAb quality is assessed in multiple ways by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, lengthy sample preparation and the lack of higher-order structure analyses are limitations of this approach. To address these issues, this report presents an integrated approach for the analysis of two critical quality attributes of mAbs, namely titer and relative aggregate content. Integration of sample preparation and molecular-recognition-based analyses were achieved in a single step utilizing an isocratically eluted mobile affinity selection chromatography (MASC) column. MASC circumvents the protein A step, simplifying sample preparation. Within 10 min, (i) mAbs are fluorescently coded for specific detection, (ii) monomers and aggregates are resolved, (iii) the mAb titer is quantified, (iv) relative aggregate content is determined, (v) analytes are detected, and (vi) the column is ready for the next sample. It is suggested herein that this mode of rapid quality assessment will be of value at all stages of discovery (screening, clone selection, characterization), process R&D, and manufacturing. Rapid monitoring of variant formation is a critical element of quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena
L. Narsimhan
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Nathan A. Morris
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Mary A. Bower
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen
Research & Development, The Janssen
Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric Bowen
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Fred E. Regnier
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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16
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Ridgley LA, Falci Finardi N, Gengenbach BB, Opdensteinen P, Croxford Z, Ma JKC, Bodman-Smith M, Buyel JF, Teh AYH. Killer to cure: Expression and production costs calculation of tobacco plant-made cancer-immune checkpoint inhibitors. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1254-1269. [PMID: 36811226 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved huge clinical success. However, many still have limited response rates, and are prohibitively costly. There is a need for effective and affordable ICIs, as well as local manufacturing capacity to improve accessibility, especially to low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). Here, we have successfully expressed three key ICIs (anti-PD-1 Nivolumab, anti-NKG2A Monalizumab, and anti-LAG-3 Relatimab) transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum plants. The ICIs were expressed with a combination of different Fc regions and glycosylation profiles. They were characterized in terms of protein accumulation levels, target cell binding, binding to human neonatal Fc receptors (hFcRn), human complement component C1q (hC1q) and various Fcγ receptors, as well as protein recovery during purification at 100 mg- and kg-scale. It was found that all ICIs bound to the expected target cells. Furthermore, the recovery during purification, as well as Fcγ receptor binding, can be altered depending on the Fc region used and the glycosylation profiles. This opens the possibility of using these two parameters to fine-tune the ICIs for desired effector functions. A scenario-based production cost model was also generated based on two production scenarios in hypothetical high- and low-income countries. We have shown that the product accumulation and recovery of plant production platforms were as competitive as mammalian cell-based platforms. This highlights the potential of plants to deliver ICIs that are more affordable and accessible to a widespread market, including LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Ridgley
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Institute for Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy, London, UK
| | - Nicole Falci Finardi
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick Opdensteinen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zack Croxford
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Institute for Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy, London, UK
| | - Johannes F Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Audrey Y-H Teh
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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17
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Eke AC, Gebreyohannes RD, Fernandes MFS, Pillai VC. Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy and Impact on Small-Molecule Drugs, Biologic (Monoclonal Antibody) Disposition, and Response. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63 Suppl 1:S34-S50. [PMID: 37317492 PMCID: PMC10365893 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a unique physiological state that results in many changes in bodily function, including cellular, metabolic, and hormonal changes. These changes can have a significant impact on the way small-molecule drugs and monoclonal antibodies (biologics) function and are metabolized, including efficacy, safety, potency, and adverse effects. In this article, we review the various physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy and their effects on drug and biologic metabolism, including changes in the coagulation, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, hepatic, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Additionally, we discuss how these changes can affect the processes of drug and biologic absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (pharmacokinetics), and how drugs and biologics interact with biological systems, including mechanisms of drug action and effect (pharmacodynamics) during pregnancy, as well as the potential for drug-induced toxicity and adverse effects in the mother and developing fetus. The article also examines the implications of these changes for the use of drugs and biologics during pregnancy, including consequences of suboptimal plasma drug concentrations, effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of biologics, and the need for careful monitoring and individualized drug dosing. Overall, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the physiologic changes during pregnancy and their effects on drug and biologic metabolism to improve the safe and effective use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahizechukwu C Eke
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rahel D Gebreyohannes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Addis Ababa University College of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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18
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Gullipalli D, Miwa T, Golla M, Sato S, Angampalli S, Song WC. MASP3 Deficiency in Mice Reduces but Does Not Abrogate Alternative Pathway Complement Activity Due to Intrinsic Profactor D Activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1543-1551. [PMID: 36988282 PMCID: PMC10159988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Complement factor D (FD) is a rate-limiting enzyme of the alternative pathway (AP). Recent studies have suggested that it is synthesized as an inactive precursor and that its conversion to enzymatically active FD is catalyzed by mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 3 (MASP3). However, whether MASP3 is essential for AP complement activity remains uncertain. It has been shown that Masp1/3 gene knockout did not prevent AP complement overactivation in a factor H-knockout mouse, and a human patient lacking MASP3 still retained AP complement activity. In this study, we have assessed AP complement activity in a Masp3-knockout mouse generated by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the Masp1/3 gene. We confirmed specific Masp3 gene inactivation by showing intact MASP1 protein expression and absence of mature FD in the mutant mice. Using several assays, including LPS- and zymosan-induced C3b deposition and rabbit RBC lysis tests, we detected plasma concentration-dependent AP complement activity in Masp3 gene-inactivated mice. Thus, although not measurable in 5% plasma, significant AP complement activity was detected in 20-50% plasma of Masp3 gene-inactivated mice. Furthermore, whereas FD gene deletion provided more than 90% protection of CD55/Crry-deficient RBCs from AP complement-mediated extravascular hemolysis, Masp3 gene deletion only provided 30% protection in the same study. We also found pro-FD to possess intrinsic catalytic activity, albeit at a much lower level than mature FD. Our data suggest that MASP3 deficiency reduces but does not abrogate AP complement activity and that this is explained by intrinsic pro-FD activity, which can be physiologically relevant in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodar Gullipalli
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Takashi Miwa
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Madhu Golla
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sayaka Sato
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sree Angampalli
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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19
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Kim JW, Heo K, Kim HJ, Yoo Y, Cho HS, Jang HJ, Lee HY, Ko IY, Woo JR, Cho YB, Lee JH, Yang HR, Shin HG, Choi HL, Hwang K, Kim S, Kim H, Chun K, Lee S. Novel bispecific human antibody platform specifically targeting a fully open spike conformation potently neutralizes multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105576. [PMID: 36870394 PMCID: PMC9979629 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted an urgent need for the development of broadly applicable and potently neutralizing antibody platform against the SARS-CoV-2, which can be used for combatting the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, based on a noncompeting pair of phage display-derived human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from human synthetic antibody library, we generated K202.B, a novel engineered bispecific antibody with an immunoglobulin G4-single-chain variable fragment design, with sub- or low nanomolar antigen-binding avidity. Compared with the parental mAbs or mAb cocktail, the K202.B antibody showed superior neutralizing potential against a variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro. Furthermore, structural analysis of bispecific antibody-antigen complexes using cryo-electron microscopy revealed the mode of action of K202.B complexed with a fully open three-RBD-up conformation of SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike proteins by simultaneously interconnecting two independent epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD via inter-protomer interactions. Intravenous monotherapy using K202.B exhibited potent neutralizing activity in SARS-CoV-2 wild-type- and B.1.617.2 variant-infected mouse models, without significant toxicity in vivo. The results indicate that this novel approach of development of immunoglobulin G4-based bispecific antibody from an established human recombinant antibody library is likely to be an effective strategy for the rapid development of bispecific antibodies, and timely management against fast-evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea; Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea; Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngki Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Ko
- New Drug Development Center, KBIOHealth, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Rang Woo
- New Drug Development Center, KBIOHealth, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Bin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Gyeong Shin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Choi
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusang Hwang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sokho Kim
- Research Center, KNOTUS Co. Ltd., Incheon, 22014, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseong Kim
- Baobab AiBIO, POSCO Green Building, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangrok Chun
- R&D Center, Binex, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea; Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea; Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Datta-Mannan A, Molitoris BA, Feng Y, Martinez MM, Sandoval RM, Brown RM, Merkel D, Croy JE, Dunn KW. Intravital Microscopy Reveals Unforeseen Biodistribution Within the Liver and Kidney Mechanistically Connected to the Clearance of a Bifunctional Antibody. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:403-412. [PMID: 36460476 PMCID: PMC11022859 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional antibody (BfAb) therapeutics offer the potential for novel functionalities beyond those of the individual monospecific entities. However, combining these entities into a single molecule can have unpredictable effects, including changes in pharmacokinetics that limit the compound's therapeutic profile. A better understanding of how molecular modifications affect in vivo tissue interactions could help inform BfAb design. The present studies were predicated on the observation that a BfAb designed to have minimal off-target interactions cleared from the circulation twice as fast as the monoclonal antibody (mAb) from which it was derived. The present study leverages the spatial and temporal resolution of intravital microscopy (IVM) to identify cellular interactions that may explain the different pharmacokinetics of the two compounds. Disposition studies of mice demonstrated that radiolabeled compounds distributed similarly over the first 24 hours, except that BfAb accumulated approximately two- to -three times more than mAb in the liver. IVM studies of mice demonstrated that both distributed to endosomes of liver endothelia but with different kinetics. Whereas mAb accumulated rapidly within the first hour of administration, BfAb accumulated only modestly during the first hour but continued to accumulate over 24 hours, ultimately reaching levels similar to those of the mAb. Although neither compound was freely filtered by the mouse or rat kidney, BfAb, but not mAb, was found to accumulate over 24 hours in endosomes of proximal tubule cells. These studies demonstrate how IVM can be used as a tool in drug design, revealing unpredicted cellular interactions that are undetectable by conventional analyses. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Bifunctional antibodies offer novel therapeutic functionalities beyond those of the individual monospecific entities. However, combining these entities into a single molecule can have unpredictable effects, including undesirable changes in pharmacokinetics. Studies of the dynamic distribution of a bifunctional antibody and its parent monoclonal antibody presented here demonstrate how intravital microscopy can expand our understanding of the in vivo disposition of therapeutics, detecting off-target interactions that could not be detected by conventional pharmacokinetics approaches or predicted by conventional physicochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Datta-Mannan
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Michelle M Martinez
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Robin M Brown
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Daniel Merkel
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Johnny E Croy
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
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21
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McNamara B, Chang Y, Mutlu L, Harold J, Santin AD. Pembrolizumab with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:227-233. [PMID: 36800548 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2182679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite progress on prevention and treatment of cervical cancer, global morbidity and mortality remain high. Immunotherapy, in conjunction with standard chemotherapy, presents an opportunity for further benefit. AREAS COVERED Here we report the pharmacologic properties, evidence for clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pembrolizumab in addition to standard chemotherapy with and without bevacizumab for treatment of advanced or recurrent cervical cancer. EXPERT OPINION In patients with progressive, recurrent, or metastatic PD-L1 expressing cervical cancer, without contraindication to anti-VEGF therapy, the use of pembrolizumab with bevacizumab and standard chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel is warranted. There is no evidence to support the use of pembrolizumab for this population broadly, and no evidence to support its use in PD-L1 non-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair McNamara
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yifan Chang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Levent Mutlu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Justin Harold
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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22
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Peptide Mimotope-Enabled Quantification of Natalizumab Arm Exchange During Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Ther Drug Monit 2023; 45:55-60. [PMID: 36201847 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natalizumab, a therapeutic antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis, undergoes in vivo Fab arm exchange to form a monovalent bispecific antibody. Although highly efficacious, the immunosuppressive activity of natalizumab has been associated with JC polyomavirus-driven progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Development of assays that can distinguish between and quantify bivalent (unexchanged) and monovalent (exchanged) forms of natalizumab in clinical samples may be useful for optimizing extended interval dosing and reducing the risk of PML. METHODS In vitro natalizumab arm exchange was conducted, along with peptide mimotope and anti-idiotype surface capture chemistry, to enable the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS An assay using a unique peptide Veritope TM was developed, which can exclusively bind to bivalent natalizumab. In combination with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that quantifies total natalizumab, the assay system allows quantification of both natalizumab forms. CONCLUSIONS In this article, a novel assay for the quantification of unexchanged and exchanged natalizumab variants in clinical samples was developed. This assay will enable investigations into the clinical significance of the relationship of PK/PD with the monovalent-to-bivalent ratio, as it relates to the efficacy of the drug and risk of PML.
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23
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Maciuba S, Bowden GD, Stratton HJ, Wisniewski K, Schteingart CD, Almagro JC, Valadon P, Lowitz J, Glaser SM, Lee G, Dolatyari M, Navratilova E, Porreca F, Rivière PJ. Discovery and characterization of prolactin neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of female-prevalent pain disorders. MAbs 2023; 15:2254676. [PMID: 37698877 PMCID: PMC10498814 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2254676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has recently been demonstrated to elicit female-selective nociceptor sensitization and increase pain-like behaviors in female animals. Here we report the discovery and characterization of first-in-class, humanized PRL neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (PRL mAbs). We obtained two potent and selective PRL mAbs, PL 200,031 and PL 200,039. PL 200,031 was engineered as human IgG1 whereas PL 200,039 was reformatted as human IgG4. Both mAbs have sub-nanomolar affinity for human PRL (hPRL) and produce concentration-dependent and complete inhibition of hPRL signaling at the hPRL receptor (hPRLR). These two PRL mAbs are selective for hPRL as they do not inhibit other hPRLR agonists such as human growth hormone or placental lactogen. They also cross-react with non-human primate PRL but not with rodent PRL. Further, both mAbs show long clearance half-lives after intravenous administration in FcRn-humanized mice. Consistent with their isotypes, these mAbs only differ in binding affinities to Fcγ receptors, as expected by design. Finally, PL 200,019, the murine parental mAb of PL 200,031 and PL 200,039, fully blocked stress-induced and PRL-dependent pain behaviors in female PRL-humanized mice, thereby providing in vivo preclinical proof-of-efficacy for PRL mAbs in mechanisms relevant to pain in females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Grace Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mahdi Dolatyari
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edita Navratilova
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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PEAR1 regulates expansion of activated fibroblasts and deposition of extracellular matrix in pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7114. [PMID: 36402779 PMCID: PMC9675736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic interstitial lung disease that causes irreversible and progressive lung scarring and respiratory failure. Activation of fibroblasts plays a central role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Here we show that platelet endothelial aggregation receptor 1 (PEAR1) in fibroblasts may serve as a target for pulmonary fibrosis therapy. Pear1 deficiency in aged mice spontaneously causes alveolar collagens accumulation. Mesenchyme-specific Pear1 deficiency aggravates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, confirming that PEAR1 potentially modulates pulmonary fibrosis progression via regulation of mesenchymal cell function. Moreover, single cell and bulk tissue RNA-seq analysis of pulmonary fibroblast reveals the expansion of Activated-fibroblast cluster and enrichment of marker genes in extracellular matrix development in Pear1-/- fibrotic lungs. We further show that PEAR1 associates with Protein Phosphatase 1 to suppress fibrotic factors-induced intracellular signalling and fibroblast activation. Intratracheal aerosolization of monoclonal antibodies activating PEAR1 greatly ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis in both WT and Pear1-humanized mice, significantly improving their survival rate.
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25
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Thudium K, Selby M, Zorn JA, Rak G, Wang XT, Bunch RT, Hogan JM, Strop P, Korman AJ. Preclinical Characterization of Relatlimab, a Human LAG-3-Blocking Antibody, Alone or in Combination with Nivolumab. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1175-1189. [PMID: 35981087 PMCID: PMC9530649 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic approaches combining immune-checkpoint inhibitors are needed to improve clinical outcomes for patients with cancer. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an immune-checkpoint molecule that inhibits T-cell activity and antitumor immune responses, acting through an independent mechanism from that of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Here, we describe the development and preclinical characterization of relatlimab, a human antibody that binds to human LAG-3 with high affinity and specificity to block the interaction of LAG-3 with the ligands MHC II and fibrinogen-like protein-1, and to reverse LAG-3-mediated inhibition of T-cell function in vitro. Consistent with previous reports, in mouse models, the combined blockade of LAG-3 and PD-1 with surrogate antibodies resulted in enhanced antitumor activity greater than the individual blockade of either receptor. In toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys, relatlimab was generally well tolerated when combined with nivolumab. These results are consistent with findings from the RELATIVITY-047 phase II/III trial showing that relatlimab combined with nivolumab is a well-tolerated regimen that demonstrates superior progression-free survival compared with nivolumab monotherapy in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Selby
- Walking Fish Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California
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26
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Mostböck S, Wu HH, Fenn T, Riegler B, Strahlhofer S, Huang Y, Hansen G, Kroe-Barrett R, Tirapu I, Vogt AB. Distinct immune stimulatory effects of anti-human VISTA antibodies are determined by Fc-receptor interaction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862757. [PMID: 35967294 PMCID: PMC9367637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
VISTA (PD-1H) is an immune regulatory molecule considered part of the next wave of immuno-oncology targets. VISTA is an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily cell surface molecule mainly expressed on myeloid cells, and to some extent on NK cells and T cells. In previous preclinical studies, some VISTA-targeting antibodies provided immune inhibitory signals, while other antibodies triggered immune stimulatory signals. Importantly, for therapeutic antibodies, the isotype backbone can have a strong impact on antibody function. To elucidate the mode of action of immune stimulatory anti-VISTA antibodies, we studied three different anti-human VISTA antibody clones, each on three different IgG isotypes currently used for therapeutic antibodies: unaltered IgG1 (IgG1-WT), IgG1-KO (IgG1-LL234,235AA-variant with reduced Fc-effector function), and IgG4-Pro (IgG4- S228P-variant with stabilized hinge region). Antibody functionality was analysed in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as a model system for ongoing immune reactions, on unstimulated human PBMCs, as a model system for a resting immune system, and also on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples to evaluate anti-VISTA antibody effects on primary tumor material. The functions of three anti-human VISTA antibodies were determined by their IgG isotype backbones. An MLR of healthy donor PBMCs was effectively augmented by anti-VISTA-IgG4-Pro and anti-VISTA-IgG1-WT antibodies, as indicated by increased levels of cytokines, T cell activation markers and T cell proliferation. However, in a culture of unstimulated PBMCs of single healthy donors, only anti-VISTA-IgG1-WT antibodies increased the activation marker HLA-DR on resting myeloid cells, and chemokine levels. Interestingly, interactions with different Fc-receptors were required for these effects, namely CD64 for augmentation of MLR, and CD16 for activation of resting myeloid cells. Furthermore, anti-VISTA-IgG1-KO antibodies had nearly no impact in any model system. Similarly, in AML patient samples, anti-VISTA-antibody on IgG4-Pro backbone, but not on IgG1-KO backbone, increased interactions, as a novel readout of activity, between immune cells and CD34+ AML cancer cells. In conclusion, the immune stimulatory effects of antagonistic anti-VISTA antibodies are defined by the antibody isotype and interaction with different Fc-gamma-receptors, highlighting the importance of understanding these interactions when designing immune stimulatory antibody therapeutics for immuno-oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Mostböck
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Sven Mostböck,
| | - Helen Haixia Wu
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Timothy Fenn
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Bettina Riegler
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Strahlhofer
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yining Huang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Gale Hansen
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Iñigo Tirapu
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne B. Vogt
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Zettl M, Wurm M, Schaaf O, Mostböck S, Tirapu I, Apfler I, Lorenz IC, Frego L, Kenny C, Thibodeau M, Oquendo Cifuentes E, Reschke M, Moll J, Kraut N, Vogt A, Sedgwick JD, Waizenegger IC. Combination of two novel blocking antibodies, anti-PD-1 antibody ezabenlimab (BI 754091) and anti-LAG-3 antibody BI 754111, leads to increased immune cell responses. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2080328. [PMID: 35756842 PMCID: PMC9225207 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2080328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of inhibitory receptors, such as lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), may limit the antitumor activity of therapeutic antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway. We describe the binding properties of ezabenlimab, an anti-human PD-1 antibody, and BI 754111, an anti-human LAG-3 antibody, and assess their activity alone and in combination. Ezabenlimab bound with high affinity to human PD-1 (KD = 6 nM) and blocked the interaction of PD-1 with PD-L1 and PD-L2. Ezabenlimab dose-dependently increased interferon-γ secretion in human T cells expressing PD-1 in co-culture with PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells. Administration of ezabenlimab to human PD-1 knock-in mice dose-dependently inhibited growth of MC38 tumors. To reduce immunogenicity, ezabenlimab was reformatted from a human IgG4 to a chimeric variant with a mouse IgG1 backbone (BI 905725) for further in vivo studies. Combining BI 905725 with anti-mouse LAG-3 antibodies improved antitumor activity versus BI 905725 monotherapy in the MC38 tumor model. We generated BI 754111, which bound with high affinity to human LAG-3 and prevented LAG-3 interaction with its ligand, major histocompatibility complex class II. In an in vitro model of antigen-experienced memory T cells expressing PD-1 and LAG-3, interferon-γ secretion increased by an average 1.8-fold versus isotype control (p = 0.027) with BI 754111 monotherapy, 6.9-fold (p < 0.0001) with ezabenlimab monotherapy and 13.2-fold (p < 0.0001) with BI 754111 plus ezabenlimab. Overall, ezabenlimab and BI 754111 bound to their respective targets with high affinity and prevented ligand binding. Combining ezabenlimab with BI 754111 enhanced in vitro activity versus monotherapy, supporting clinical investigation of this combination (NCT03156114; NCT03433898).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zettl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Wurm
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otmar Schaaf
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Mostböck
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iñigo Tirapu
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Apfler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo C Lorenz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Lee Frego
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Cynthia Kenny
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Moll
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Vogt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Wu HH, Crames M, Wei Y, Liu D, Gueneva-Boucheva K, Son I, Frego L, Han F, Kroe-Barrett R, Nixon A, Michael M. Effect of the ADCC-modulating mutations and the selection of human IgG isotypes on physicochemical properties of Fc. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2411-2421. [PMID: 35760121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, particularly IgGs and Ig-based molecules, are a well-established and growing class of biotherapeutic drugs. In order to improve efficacy, potency and pharmacokinetics of these therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical industries have investigated significantly in engineering fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of these drugs to optimize the interactions of these drugs and Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) in recent ten years. The biological function of the therapeutics with the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhanced double mutation (S239D/I332E) of isotype IgG1, the ADCC reduced double mutation (L234A/L235A) of isotype IgG1, and ADCC reduced isotype IgG4 has been well understood. However, limited information regarding the effect of these mutations or isotype difference on physicochemical properties (PCP), developability, and manufacturability of therapeutics bearing these different Fc regions is available. In this report, we systematically characterize the effects of the mutations and IgG4 isotype on conformation stability, colloidal stability, solubility, and storage stability at accelerated conditions in two buffer systems using six Fc variants. Our results provide a basis for selecting appropriate Fc region during development of IgG or Ig-based therapeutics and predicting effect of the mutations on CMC development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haixia Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Maureen Crames
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Amgen Inc., Drug Product Technologies, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kristina Gueneva-Boucheva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ikbae Son
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lee Frego
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Nixon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marlow Michael
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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29
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Congdon EE, Jiang Y, Sigurdsson EM. Targeting tau only extracellularly is likely to be less efficacious than targeting it both intra- and extracellularly. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 126:125-137. [PMID: 34896021 PMCID: PMC9680670 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the tau protein is thought to be responsible for the neurodegeneration and subsequent functional impairments in diseases that are collectively named tauopathies. Alzheimer's disease is the most common tauopathy, but the group consists of over 20 different diseases, many of which have tau pathology as their primary feature. The development of tau therapies has mainly focused on preventing the formation of and/or clearing these aggregates. Of these, immunotherapies that aim to either elicit endogenous tau antibodies or deliver exogenous ones are the most common approach in clinical trials. While their mechanism of action can involve several pathways, both extra- and intracellular, pharmaceutical companies have primarily focused on antibody-mediated clearance of extracellular tau. As we have pointed out over the years, this is rather surprising because it is well known that most of pathological tau protein is found intracellularly. It has been repeatedly shown by several groups over the past decades that antibodies can enter neurons and that their cellular uptake can be enhanced by various means, particularly by altering their charge. Here, we will briefly describe the potential extra- and intracellular mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated clearance of tau pathology, discuss these in the context of recent failures of some of the tau antibody trials, and finally provide a brief overview of how the intracellular efficacy of tau antibodies can potentially be further improved by certain modifications that aim to enhance tau clearance via specific intracellular degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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30
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Mittal L, Tonk R, Awasthi A, Asthana S. Traversing through the Dynamic Protein-Protein Interaction Landscape and Conformational Plasticity of PD-1 for Small-Molecule Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5941-5953. [PMID: 35420421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 interface have shown remarkable success in treating malignancies, but they may also initiate lethal immune-related adverse events. Small molecules may circumvent the mAb limitations; however, none has entered clinical trials targeting PD-1. Its complex protein-protein interaction interfaces necessitate an atomic-level understanding of recognition and binding mechanisms. Hence, we have aimed to highlight the PD-1's sequence-structure-dynamic-function link with its cognate ligands and diversely reported inhibitors. We focus primarily on the anti-PD-1 mAbs, their mode of actions, and interactions with PD-1 epitopes. The comparison of co-crystals showed that these ligands/inhibitors harness the PD-1's conformational plasticity and structural determinants differentially. The relationship between modulator binding patterns and biological activity is demonstrated using interaction fingerprinting of all reported human PD-1 co-crystals. The significant dynamical events and hot-spot residues underpinned from crystallographic wealth and computational studies have been highlighted to expedite small-molecule discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovika Mittal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Haryana 121001, India.,Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Delhi 110017, India
| | - Rajiv Tonk
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Delhi 110017, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Haryana 121001, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Haryana 121001, India
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31
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Sharma SK, Suzuki M, Xu H, Korsen JA, Samuels Z, Guo H, Nemieboka B, Piersigilli A, Edwards KJ, Cheung NKV, Lewis JS. Influence of Fc Modifications and IgG Subclass on Biodistribution of Humanized Antibodies Targeting L1CAM. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:629-636. [PMID: 34353869 PMCID: PMC8973293 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-PET is a powerful tool to noninvasively characterize the in vivo biodistribution of engineered antibodies. Methods: L1 cell adhesion molecule-targeting humanized (HuE71) IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies bearing identical variable heavy- and light-chain sequences but different fragment crystallizable (Fc) portions were radiolabeled with 89Zr, and the in vivo biodistribution was studied in SKOV3 ovarian cancer xenografted nude mice. Results: In addition to showing uptake in L1 cell adhesion molecule-expressing SKOV3 tumors, as does its parental counterpart HuE71 IgG1, the afucosylated variant having enhanced Fc-receptor affinity showed high nonspecific uptake in lymph nodes. On the other hand, aglycosylated HuE71 IgG1 with abrogated Fc-receptor binding did not show lymphoid uptake. The use of the IgG4 subclass showed high nonspecific uptake in the kidneys, which was prevented by mutating serine at position 228 to proline in the hinge region of the IgG4 antibody to mitigate in vivo fragment antigen-binding arm exchange. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the influence of Fc modifications and the choice of IgG subclass on the in vivo biodistribution of antibodies and the potential outcomes thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kiran Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maya Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joshua A Korsen
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Zachary Samuels
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hongfen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Brandon Nemieboka
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Tri-Institutional Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Kimberly J Edwards
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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32
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Wang Y, Krémer V, Iannascoli B, Goff ORL, Mancardi DA, Ramke L, de Chaisemartin L, Bruhns P, Jönsson F. Specificity of mouse and human Fcgamma receptors and their polymorphic variants for IgG subclasses of different species. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:753-759. [PMID: 35133670 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant antibody class generated during infections and used for the generation of therapeutic antibodies. Antibodies are mainly characterized in or generated from animal models that support particular infections, respond to particular antigens or allow the generation of hybridomas. Due to the availability of numerous transgenic mouse models and the ease of performing bioassays with human blood cells in vitro, most antibodies from species other than mice and humans are tested in vitro using human cells and/or in vivo using mice. In this process, it is expected, but not yet systematically documented, that IgG from these species interact with human or mouse IgG receptors (FcγRs). In this study, we undertook a systematic assessment of binding specificities of IgG from various species to the families of mouse and human FcγRs, including their polymorphic variants. Our results document the specific binding patterns for each of these IgG (sub)classes, reveal possible caveats of antibody-based immunoassays, and will be a useful reference for the transition from one animal model to preclinical mouse models or human cell-based bioassays. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015
| | - Vanessa Krémer
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015
| | - Bruno Iannascoli
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015
| | - Odile Richard-Le Goff
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015
| | - David A Mancardi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015
| | - Leoni Ramke
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015
| | - Luc de Chaisemartin
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015.,APHP, Bichat Hospital, Immunology Department, Paris, F-75018
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, F-75015.,CNRS, Paris, F-75016
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33
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Alfaleh MA, Zawawi A, Al-Amri SS, Hashem AM. David versus goliath: ACE2-Fc receptor traps as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. MAbs 2022; 14:2057832. [PMID: 35380919 PMCID: PMC8986284 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2057832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and vaccines have shown improvement in lowering viral burden and hospitalization. However, emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants contain neutralizing antibody-escape mutations. Therefore, several reports have suggested the administration of recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rACE2) as a soluble receptor trap to block SARS-CoV-2 infection and limit viral escape potential. Several strategies have been implemented to enhance the efficacy of rACE2 as a therapeutic agent. Fc fusions have been used to improve pharmacokinetics and boost the affinity and avidity of ACE2 decoys for the virus spike protein. Furthermore, the intrinsic catalytic activity of ACE2 can be eliminated by introducing point mutations on the catalytic site of ACE2 to obtain an exclusive antiviral activity. This review summarizes different evolution platforms that have been used to enhance ACE2-Fc (i.e., immunoadhesins) as potential therapeutics for the current pandemic or future outbreaks of SARS-associated betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan S Al-Amri
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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34
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Irani V, Soliman C, Raftis MA, Guy AJ, Elbourne A, Ramsland PA. Expression of monoclonal antibodies for functional and structural studies. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Communication pathways bridge local and global conformations in an IgG4 antibody. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23197. [PMID: 34853348 PMCID: PMC8636491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The affinity of an antibody for its antigen is primarily determined by the specific sequence and structural arrangement of the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Recent evidence, however, points toward a nontrivial relation between the CDR and distal sites: variations in the binding strengths have been observed upon mutating residues separated from the paratope by several nanometers, thus suggesting the existence of a communication network within antibodies, whose extension and relevance might be deeper than insofar expected. In this work, we test this hypothesis by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the IgG4 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab, an approved drug that targets the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). The molecule is simulated in both the apo and holo states, totalling 4 μs of MD trajectory. The analysis of these simulations shows that the bound antibody explores a restricted range of conformations with respect to the apo one, and that the global conformation of the molecule correlates with that of the CDR. These results support the hypothesis that pembrolizumab featues a multi-scale hierarchy of intertwined global and local conformational changes. The analysis pipeline developed in this work is general, and it can help shed further light on the mechanistic aspects of antibody function.
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36
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Siegemund M, Oak P, Hansbauer EM, Allersdorfer A, Utschick K, Winter A, Grasmüller C, Galler G, Mayer JP, Weiche B, Prassler J, Kontermann RE, Rothe C. Pharmacokinetic Engineering of OX40-Blocking Anticalin Proteins Using Monomeric Plasma Half-Life Extension Domains. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759337. [PMID: 34759826 PMCID: PMC8573339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticalin® proteins have been proven as versatile clinical stage biotherapeutics. Due to their small size (∼20 kDa), they harbor a short intrinsic plasma half-life which can be extended, e.g., by fusion with IgG or Fc. However, for antagonism of co-immunostimulatory Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) members in therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, a monovalent, pharmacokinetically optimized Anticalin protein format that avoids receptor clustering and therefore potential activation is favored. We investigated the suitability of an affinity-improved streptococcal Albumin-Binding Domain (ABD) and the engineered Fab-selective Immunoglobulin-Binding Domain (IgBD) SpGC3Fab for plasma Half-Life Extension (HLE) of an OX40-specific Anticalin and bispecific Duocalin proteins, neutralizing OX40 and a second co-immunostimulatory TNFRSF member. The higher affinity of ABD fusion proteins to human serum albumin (HSA) and Mouse Serum Albumin (MSA), with a 4 to 5-order of magnitude lower KD compared with the binding affinity of IgBD fusions to human/mouse IgG, translated into longer terminal plasma half-lives (t1/2). Hence, the anti-OX40 Anticalin-ABD protein reached t1/2 values of ∼40 h in wild-type mice and 110 h in hSA/hFcRn double humanized mice, in contrast to ∼7 h observed for anti-OX40 Anticalin-IgBD in wild-type mice. The pharmacokinetics of an anti-OX40 Anticalin-Fc fusion protein was the longest in both models (t1/2 of 130 h and 146 h, respectively). Protein formats composed of two ABDs or IgBDs instead of one single HLE domain clearly showed longer presence in the circulation. Importantly, Anticalin-ABD and -IgBD fusions showed OX40 receptor binding and functional competition with OX40L-induced cellular reactivity in the presence of albumin or IgG, respectively. Our results suggest that fusion to ABD or IgBD can be a versatile platform to tune the plasma half-life of Anticalin proteins in response to therapeutic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Siegemund
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prajakta Oak
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hallbergmoos, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Lai PK, Ghag G, Yu Y, Juan V, Fayadat-Dilman L, Trout BL. Differences in human IgG1 and IgG4 S228P monoclonal antibodies viscosity and self-interactions: Experimental assessment and computational predictions of domain interactions. MAbs 2021; 13:1991256. [PMID: 34747330 PMCID: PMC8583000 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1991256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human/humanized IgG4 antibodies have reduced effector function relative to IgG1 antibodies, which is desirable for certain therapeutic purposes. However, the developability and biophysical properties for IgG4 antibodies are not well understood. This work focuses on the head-to-head comparison of key biophysical properties, such as self-interaction and viscosity, for 14 human/humanized, and chimeric IgG1 and IgG4 S228P monoclonal antibody pairs that contain the identical variable regions. Experimental measurements showed that the IgG4 S228P antibodies have similar or higher self-interaction and viscosity than that of IgG1 antibodies in 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5. We report sequence and structural drivers for the increased viscosity and self-interaction detected in IgG4 S228P antibodies through a combination of experimental data and computational models. Further, we applied and extended a previously established computational model for IgG1 antibodies to predict the self-interaction and viscosity behavior for each antibody pair, providing insight into the structural characteristics and differences of these two isotypes. Interestingly, we observed that the IgG4 S228P swapped variants, where the CH3 domain was swapped for that of an IgG1, showed reduced self-interaction behavior. These domain swapped IgG4 S228P molecules also showed reduced viscosity from experiment and coarse-grained simulations. We also observed that experimental diffusion interaction parameter (kD) values have a high correlation with computational diffusivity prediction for both IgG1 and IgG4 S228P isotypes. Abbreviations: AHc, constant region Hamaker constant; AHv, variable region Hamaker constant; CDRs, Complementarity-determining regions; CG, Coarse-grained model; CH1, Constant heavy chain 1; CH2 Constant heavy chain 2; CH3 Constant heavy chain 3; chgCH3 Effective charge on the CH3 region; CL Constant light chain; cP, Centipoise; DLS, Dynamic light scattering; Fab, Fragment antigen-binding; Fc, Fragment crystallizable; Fv, Variable domaing; (r) Radial distribution function; H1 CDR1 of Heavy Chain; H2 CDR2 of Heavy Chain; H3 CDR3 of Heavy Chain; HVI, High viscosity index; IgG1 human immunoglobulin of IgG1 subclass; IgG4 human immunoglobulin of IgG4 subclass; kD, Diffusion interaction parameter; L1 CDR1 of Light Chain; L2 CDR2 of Light Chain; L3 CDR3 of Light Chain; mAb, Monoclonal antibody; MD, Molecular dynamics; PPI Protein–protein interactions; SCM, Spatial charge map; UP-SEC, Ultra-high-performance size-exclusion chromatography; VH, Variable domain of Heavy Chain; VL, Variable domain of Light Chain
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Kuang Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA.,Current Address: Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey USA
| | - Gaurav Ghag
- Merck & Co, Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences Department, South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Merck & Co, Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences Department, South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Veronica Juan
- Merck & Co, Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences Department, South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | | | - Bernhardt L Trout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
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Chen Z, Qian Y, Song Y, Xu X, Tao L, Mussa N, Ghose S, Li ZJ. Design of next-generation therapeutic IgG4 with improved manufacturability and bioanalytical characteristics. MAbs 2021; 12:1829338. [PMID: 33044887 PMCID: PMC7577236 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1829338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Manufacturability of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibodies from the Chemistry, Manufacture, and Controls (CMC) perspective has received little attention during early drug discovery. Despite the success of protein engineering in improving antibody biophysical properties, a clear gap still exists between rational design of IgG4 candidates and their manufacturing suitability. Here, we illustrate that undesirable two-peak elution profiles in cation-exchange chromatography are attributed to the S228P mutation (in IgG4 core-hinge region) intentionally designed to prevent Fab-arm exchange. A new scaffolding platform for engineering IgG4 antibodies amenable to bioprocessing and bioanalysis is proposed by introducing an “IgG1-like” single-point mutation in the hinge or CH1 region of IgG4S228P. This work offers insight into the design, discovery, and development of innovative therapeutic antibodies that are well suited for robust biomanufacturing and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Yueming Qian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Biophysical Characterization, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nesredin Mussa
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
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Miao YR, Thakkar KN, Qian J, Kariolis MS, Huang W, Nandagopal S, Yang TTC, Diep AN, Cherf GM, Xu Y, Moon EJ, Xiao Y, Alemany H, Li T, Yu W, Wei B, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Neutralization of PD-L2 is Essential for Overcoming Immune Checkpoint Blockade Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4435-4448. [PMID: 34011561 PMCID: PMC8338886 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer represents a major clinical hurdle for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), with reported low patient response rates. We found that the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L2 is robustly expressed in patient samples of ovarian cancers and other malignancies exhibiting suboptimal response to ICB but not in cancers that are ICB sensitive. Therefore, we hypothesize that PD-L2 can facilitate immune escape from ICB through incomplete blockade of the PD-1 signaling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We engineered a soluble form of the PD-1 receptor (sPD-1) capable of binding and neutralizing both PD-L2 and PD-L1 with ×200 and ×10,000 folds improvement in binding affinity over wild-type PD-1 leading to superior inhibition of ligand-mediated PD-1 activities. RESULTS Both in vitro and in vivo analyses performed in this study demonstrated that the high-affinity sPD-1 molecule is superior at blocking both PD-L1- and PD-L2-mediated immune evasion and reducing tumor growth in immune-competent murine models of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this study provide justification for using a dual targeting, high-affinity sPD-1 receptor as an alternative to PD-1 or PD-L1 therapeutic antibodies for achieving superior therapeutic efficacy in cancers expressing both PD-L2 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kaushik N Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mihalis S Kariolis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Wei Huang
- ChemPartner Shanghai, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Haizea Alemany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tiane Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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40
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Handlogten MW, Peng L, Christian EA, Xu W, Lin S, Venkat R, Dall'Acqua W, Ahuja S. Prevention of Fab-arm exchange and antibody reduction via stabilization of the IgG4 hinge region. MAbs 2021; 12:1779974. [PMID: 32633193 PMCID: PMC7531514 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1779974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4s are dynamic molecules that undergo a process called Fab-arm exchange. Disulfide bonds between heavy chains are transiently reduced, resulting in half antibodies that reform intact antibodies with other IgG4 half antibodies. In vivo, therapeutic IgG4s can recombine with endogenous IgG4s, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of bispecific antibodies. A related issue that can occur for any therapeutic protein during manufacturing is interchain disulfide bond reduction. For IgG4s, this primarily results in high levels of half-mAb that persist through purification processes. The S228P mutation has been used to prevent half-mAb formation. However, we demonstrated that IgG4s with the S228P mutation are subject to half-mAb formation and Fab-arm exchange in reducing environments. We identified two novel mutations that stabilize the heavy-heavy chain interaction via incorporation of additional disulfide bonds in the hinge region. Individually, these mutations increase stability toward reduction and lessen Fab-arm exchange. Combination of all three mutations, Y219C, G220C, and S228P, has an additive benefit resulting in an IgG4 with ˃7-fold increase in stability toward reduction while preventing Fab-arm exchange. Importantly, the mutations do not affect antigen binding or Fc effector function. These mutations hold great promise for solving mAb reduction during manufacturing and preventing Fab-arm exchange in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Handlogten
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Li Peng
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Christian
- Analytical Sciences, Bioassay, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Weichen Xu
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Shihua Lin
- Analytical Sciences, Bioassay, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Raghavan Venkat
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - William Dall'Acqua
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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41
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Bogen JP, Grzeschik J, Jakobsen J, Bähre A, Hock B, Kolmar H. Treating Bladder Cancer: Engineering of Current and Next Generation Antibody-, Fusion Protein-, mRNA-, Cell- and Viral-Based Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672262. [PMID: 34123841 PMCID: PMC8191463 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a frequent malignancy and has a clinical need for new therapeutic approaches. Antibody and protein technologies came a long way in recent years and new engineering approaches were applied to generate innovative therapeutic entities with novel mechanisms of action. Furthermore, mRNA-based pharmaceuticals recently reached the market and CAR-T cells and viral-based gene therapy remain a major focus of biomedical research. This review focuses on the engineering of biologics, particularly therapeutic antibodies and their application in preclinical development and clinical trials, as well as approved monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of bladder cancer. Besides, newly emerging entities in the realm of bladder cancer like mRNA, gene therapy or cell-based therapeutics are discussed and evaluated. As many discussed molecules exhibit unique mechanisms of action based on innovative protein engineering, they reflect the next generation of cancer drugs. This review will shed light on the engineering strategies applied to develop these next generation treatments and provides deeper insights into their preclinical profiles, clinical stages, and ongoing trials. Furthermore, the distribution and expression of the targeted antigens and the intended mechanisms of action are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Joern Jakobsen
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, International PharmaScience Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Bähre
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, International PharmaScience Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Hock
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ferring International Center S.A., Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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42
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Binder C, Sellberg F, Cvetkovski F, Berg S, Berglund E, Berglund D. Siplizumab Induces NK Cell Fratricide Through Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:599526. [PMID: 33643309 PMCID: PMC7904868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein CD2 is expressed on T and NK cells and contributes to cell-cell conjugation, agonistic signaling and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. CD2 has previously been shown to have an important function in natural NK cell cytotoxicity but to be expendable in antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Siplizumab is a monoclonal anti-CD2 IgG1 antibody that is currently undergoing clinical trials in the field of transplantation. This study investigated the effect of CD2 binding and Fc γ receptor binding by siplizumab (Fc-active) and Fc-silent anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction and autologous lymphocyte culture. Further, induction of NK cell fratricide and inhibition of natural cytotoxicity as well as antibody-dependent cytotoxicity by these agents were assessed. Blockade of CD2 via monoclonal antibodies in the absence of Fc γ receptor binding inhibited NK cell activation in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. In contrast, siplizumab increased NK cell activation in both mixed lymphocyte reaction and autologous lymphocyte culture due to FcγRIIIA binding. However, experiments using purified NK cells did not show an inhibitory effect of CD2 blockade on natural cytotoxicity or antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Lastly, it was shown that siplizumab induces NK cell fratricide. Concluding, siplizumab is a promising biopharmaceutical drug candidate for depletion of T and NK cells with minimal off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Binder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felix Sellberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Berg
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Berglund
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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Marken J, Muralidharan S, Giltiay NV. Anti-CD40 antibody KPL-404 inhibits T cell-mediated activation of B cells from healthy donors and autoimmune patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:5. [PMID: 33407802 PMCID: PMC7789801 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40-CD40L is a key co-stimulatory pathway for B cell activation. As such, its blockade can inhibit pathogenic B cell responses in autoimmune diseases, such as Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we examined the in vitro effects of KPL-404, a humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (Ab), on primary human B cells derived from either healthy donors (HD) or autoimmune patients and compared them to the effects of G28-5, a partially antagonistic anti-CD40 antibody. METHODS PBMCs from HD or SjS and SLE patients were cultured in high-density cell cultures in the presence of IgG4 isotype control or anti-CD40 Abs KPL-404 or G28-5. Cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 cross-linking reagent ImmunoCult (IC) to induce CD40L-CD40-mediated B cell responses. B cell proliferation and activation, measured by dilution of proliferation tracker dye and the upregulation of CD69 and CD86, respectively, were assessed by flow cytometry. Anti-CD40 Ab cell-internalization was examined by imaging flow cytometry. Cytokine release in the PBMC cultures was quantified by bead-based multiplex assay. RESULTS KPL-404 binds to CD40 expressed on different subsets of B cells without inducing cell depletion, or B cell proliferation and activation in in vitro culture. Under the same conditions, G28-5 promoted proliferation of and increased CD69 expression on otherwise unstimulated B cells. KPL-404 efficiently blocked the CD40L-CD40-mediated activation of B cells from HD at concentrations between 1 and 10 μg/ml. Treatment with KPL-404 alone did not promote cytokine production and blocked the production of IFNβ in healthy PBMC cultures. KPL-404 efficiently blocked CD40L-CD40-mediated activation of B cells from patients with SjS and SLE, without affecting their anti-IgM responses or affecting their cytokine production. Consistent with the differences of their effects on B cell responses, KPL-404 was not internalized by cells, whereas G28-5 showed partial internalization upon CD40 binding. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD40 mAb KPL-404 showed purely antagonistic effects on B cells and total PBMCs. KPL-404 inhibited CD40L-CD40-mediated B cell activation in PBMC cultures from both healthy controls and autoimmune patients. These data support the therapeutic potential of CD40 targeting by KPL-404 Ab for inhibiting B cell responses in SjS and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Marken
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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Haines BB, Denslow A, Grzesik P, Lee JS, Farkaly T, Hewett J, Wambua D, Kong L, Behera P, Jacques J, Goshert C, Ball M, Colthart A, Finer MH, Hayes MW, Feau S, Kennedy EM, Lerner L, Quéva C. ONCR-177, an Oncolytic HSV-1 Designed to Potently Activate Systemic Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 9:291-308. [PMID: 33355229 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ONCR-177 is an engineered recombinant oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) with complementary safety mechanisms, including tissue-specific miRNA attenuation and mutant UL37 to inhibit replication, neuropathic activity, and latency in normal cells. ONCR-177 is armed with five transgenes for IL12, FLT3LG (extracellular domain), CCL4, and antagonists to immune checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4. In vitro assays demonstrated that targeted miRNAs could efficiently suppress ONCR-177 replication and transgene expression, as could the HSV-1 standard-of-care therapy acyclovir. Although ONCR-177 was oncolytic across a panel of human cancer cell lines, including in the presence of type I IFN, replication was suppressed in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes. Dendritic cells activated with ONCR-177 tumor lysates efficiently stimulated tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. In vivo, biodistribution analyses suggested that viral copy number and transgene expression peaked approximately 24 to 72 hours after injection and remained primarily within the injected tumor. Intratumoral administration of ONCR-177 mouse surrogate virus, mONCR-171, was efficacious across a panel of syngeneic bilateral mouse tumor models, resulting in partial or complete tumor regressions that translated into significant survival benefits and to the elicitation of a protective memory response. Antitumor effects correlated with local and distant intratumoral infiltration of several immune effector cell types, consistent with the proposed functions of the transgenes. The addition of systemic anti-PD-1 augmented the efficacy of mONCR-171, particularly for abscopal tumors. Based in part upon these preclinical results, ONCR-177 is being evaluated in patients with metastatic cancer (ONCR-177-101, NCT04348916).
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45
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Liu R, Oldham RJ, Teal E, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Fc-Engineering for Modulated Effector Functions-Improving Antibodies for Cancer Treatment. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E64. [PMID: 33212886 PMCID: PMC7709126 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics possess the ability to engage innate immune effectors through interactions mediated by their fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain. By delivering Fc-Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) and Fc-C1q interactions, mAb are able to link exquisite specificity to powerful cellular and complement-mediated effector functions. Fc interactions can also facilitate enhanced target clustering to evoke potent receptor signaling. These observations have driven decades-long research to delineate the properties within the Fc that elicit these various activities, identifying key amino acid residues and elucidating the important role of glycosylation. They have also fostered a growing interest in Fc-engineering whereby this knowledge is exploited to modulate Fc effector function to suit specific mechanisms of action and therapeutic purposes. In this review, we document the insight that has been generated through the study of the Fc domain; revealing the underpinning structure-function relationships and how the Fc has been engineered to produce an increasing number of antibodies that are appearing in the clinic with augmented abilities to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Liu
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK;
| | - Robert J. Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK; (R.J.O.); (E.T.); (M.S.C.)
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - Emma Teal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK; (R.J.O.); (E.T.); (M.S.C.)
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK; (R.J.O.); (E.T.); (M.S.C.)
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK; (R.J.O.); (E.T.); (M.S.C.)
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
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46
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Plotkin SS, Cashman NR. Passive immunotherapies targeting Aβ and tau in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105010. [PMID: 32682954 PMCID: PMC7365083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins currently represent the two most promising targets to treat Alzheimer's disease. The most extensively developed method to treat the pathologic forms of these proteins is through the administration of exogenous antibodies, or passive immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the molecular-level strategies that researchers are using to design an effective therapeutic antibody, given the challenges in treating this disease. These challenges include selectively targeting a protein that has misfolded or is pathological rather than the more abundant, healthy protein, designing strategic constructs for immunizing an animal to raise an antibody that has the appropriate conformational selectivity to achieve this end, and clearing the pathological protein species before prion-like cell-to-cell spread of misfolded protein has irreparably damaged neurons, without invoking damaging inflammatory responses in the brain that naturally arise when the innate immune system is clearing foreign agents. The various solutions to these problems in current clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Plotkin
- University of British Columbia, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Genome Sciences and Technology Program, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Neil R Cashman
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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47
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Al-Khami AA, Youssef S, Abdiche Y, Nguyen H, Chou J, Kimberlin CR, Chin SM, Kamperschroer C, Jessen B, Kern B, Budimir N, Dillon CP, Xu A, Clark JD, Chou J, Kraynov E, Rajpal A, Lin JC, Salek-Ardakani S. Pharmacologic Properties and Preclinical Activity of Sasanlimab, A High-affinity Engineered Anti-Human PD-1 Antibody. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2105-2116. [PMID: 32847983 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of antagonistic mAbs that specifically target the immune checkpoint receptor, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), is of great interest for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report the biophysical characteristics and nonclinical antagonistic activities of sasanlimab (PF-06801591), a humanized anti-PD-1 antibody of IgG4 isotype. We show that sasanlimab binds selectively and with similar high potency to human and cynomolgus monkey PD-1 receptor and blocks its interaction with PD-L1 and PD-L2, with no detectable Fc-dependent effector function. The binding of sasanlimab to human and cynomolgus PD-1 is associated with the formation of a stable complex, which is likely to be the main driver of this high-affinity interaction. In vitro, sasanlimab significantly augmented T-cell proliferation and cytokine production in mixed lymphocyte reaction and superantigen stimulation assays. In vivo, sasanlimab accelerated the incidence of GvHD by enhancing T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in a xenogeneic model of acute GvHD and halted the growth of MC-38 colon adenocarcinoma tumors in human PD-1 knock-in mice. Pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic findings from cynomolgus monkey showed that sasanlimab was active and well-tolerated. Taken together, the data presented here support the clinical development of sasanlimab for the treatment of patients with advanced cancers as a single agent or in combination with other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Al-Khami
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Sawsan Youssef
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Yasmina Abdiche
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - HoangKim Nguyen
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Joyce Chou
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Sherman M Chin
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Bart Jessen
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Brent Kern
- BioMedicine Design, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Allison Xu
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Jerry D Clark
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global R&D, St. Louis Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey Chou
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Arvind Rajpal
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - John C Lin
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
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48
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Fichtner ML, Jiang R, Bourke A, Nowak RJ, O'Connor KC. Autoimmune Pathology in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes Is Governed by Divergent Mechanisms of Immunopathology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:776. [PMID: 32547535 PMCID: PMC7274207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical autoantibody mediated disease. The autoantibodies in MG target structures within the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), thus affecting neuromuscular transmission. The major disease subtypes of autoimmune MG are defined by their antigenic target. The most common target of pathogenic autoantibodies in MG is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR), followed by muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) and lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4). MG patients present with similar symptoms independent of the underlying subtype of disease, while the immunopathology is remarkably distinct. Here we highlight these distinct immune mechanisms that describe both the B cell- and autoantibody-mediated pathogenesis by comparing AChR and MuSK MG subtypes. In our discussion of the AChR subtype, we focus on the role of long-lived plasma cells in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies, the IgG1 subclass mediated pathology, and contributions of complement. The similarities underlying the immunopathology of AChR MG and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are highlighted. In contrast, MuSK MG is caused by autoantibody production by short-lived plasmablasts. MuSK MG autoantibodies are mainly of the IgG4 subclass which can undergo Fab-arm exchange (FAE), a process unique to this subclass. In FAE IgG4, molecules can dissociate into two halves and recombine with other half IgG4 molecules resulting in bispecific antibodies. Similarities between MuSK MG and other IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases, including pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), are highlighted. Finally, the immunological distinctions are emphasized through presentation of biological therapeutics that provide clinical benefit depending on the MG disease subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam L Fichtner
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ruoyi Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Aoibh Bourke
- Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Nowak
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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49
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Sperinde G, Montgomery D, Mytych DT. Clinical Immunogenicity Risk Assessment for a Fusion Protein. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:64. [PMID: 32246297 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This document highlights some relevant factors in the assessment of immunogenicity risk of fusion protein therapeutics. Our aim is to highlight specific risks associated with this type of molecule, while also aligning with general risk assessment factors, through a hypothetical case study, where the therapeutic molecule of interest is a Receptor-Fc Fusion protein (RFF) expressed within a typical manufacturing process in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CHO). Given that the components are comprised of endogenous sequences, the risk of developing an ADA response to this molecule is generally considered to be low. However, the consequences of such an immune response may be more severe, specifically, if there is cross reactivity with the endogenous receptor, inducing cell lysis, or if any ADA act as an agonist to trigger receptor signaling. The risk factors described below are not meant to provide a comprehensive list, but rather a framework for factors that should be considered. Immunogenicity risk is difficult to quantify and relies on a comprehensive analysis of both product and patient-related factors. The goal is not necessarily to quantify risk, but rather to demonstrate an understanding of factors that may pose a risk, implement a strategy to minimize risk factors and then align overall risk with a bioanalytical immunogenicity monitoring strategy. The consequences resulting from unexpected outcome will likely depend on severity and impact on patient safety. An immunogenicity risk assessment is an ongoing and continuous process throughout clinical development with the goal of maximizing the safety of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizette Sperinde
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Diana Montgomery
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Daniel T Mytych
- Clinical Immunology-Translational Medicine, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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50
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Swope N, Chung WK, Cao M, Motabar D, Liu D, Ahuja S, Handlogten M. Impact of enzymatic reduction on bivalent bispecific antibody fragmentation and loss of product purity upon reoxidation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1063-1071. [PMID: 31930476 PMCID: PMC10947566 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibody disulfide bond (DSB) reduction during manufacturing processes is a widely observed phenomenon attributed to host cell reductases present in harvest cell culture fluid. Enzyme-induced antibody reduction leads to product fragments and aggregates that increase the impurity burden on the purification process. The impact of reduction on bivalent bispecific antibodies (BisAbs), which are increasingly entering the clinic, has yet to be investigated. We focused on the reduction and reoxidation properties of a homologous library of bivalent BisAb formats that possess additional single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments with engineered DSBs. Despite all BisAbs having similar susceptibilities to enzymatic reduction, fragmentation pathways were dependent on the scFv-fusion site. Reduced molecules were allowed to reoxidize with and without low pH viral inactivation treatment. Both reoxidation studies demonstrated that multiple, complex BisAb species formed as a result of DSB mispairing. Furthermore, aggregate levels increased for all molecules when no low pH treatment was applied. Combined, our results show that complex DSB mispairing occurs during downstream processes while aggregate formation is dependent on sample treatment. These results are applicable to other novel monoclonal antibody-like formats containing engineered DSBs, thus highlighting the need to prevent reduction of novel protein therapeutics to avoid diminished product quality during manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Swope
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wai Keen Chung
- Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mingyan Cao
- Analytical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Dana Motabar
- Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- Analytical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Michael Handlogten
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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