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Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Ge L, Zhang W, Zhang W, Song F, Huang P. Role of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) in HBV-induced hepatitis: Opportunities for developing novel therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115956. [PMID: 38049009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the HBV virus. It presents a significant challenge for treatment due to its chronic nature and the potential for developing severe complications, including hepatocirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These complications not only cause physical and psychological distress to patients but also impose substantial economic and social burdens on both individuals and society as a whole. The internalization of HBV relies on endocytosis and necessitates the involvement of various proteins, including heparin sulfate proteoglycans, epidermal growth factor receptors, and NTCP. Among these proteins, NTCP is pivotal in HBV internalization and is primarily located in the liver's basement membrane. As a transporter of bile acids, NTCP also serves as a receptor facilitating HBV entry into cells. Numerous molecules have been identified to thwart HBV infection by stifling NTCP activity, although only a handful exhibit low IC50 values. In this systematic review, our primary focus dwells on the structure and regulation of NTCP, as well as the mechanism involved in HBV internalization. We underscore recent drug breakthroughs that specifically target NTCP to combat HBV infection. By shedding light on these advances, this review contributes novel insights into developing effective anti-HBV medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yutao Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luqi Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifeng Song
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Zakrzewicz D, Geyer J. Interactions of Na +/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide with host cellular proteins upon hepatitis B and D virus infection: novel potential targets for antiviral therapy. Biol Chem 2023:hsz-2022-0345. [PMID: 37103224 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is a member of the solute carrier (SLC) family 10 transporters (gene symbol SLC10A1) and is responsible for the sodium-dependent uptake of bile salts across the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes. In addition to its primary transporter function, NTCP is the high-affinity hepatic receptor for hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis D (HDV) viruses and, therefore, is a prerequisite for HBV/HDV virus entry into hepatocytes. The inhibition of HBV/HDV binding to NTCP and internalization of the virus/NTCP receptor complex has become a major concept in the development of new antiviral drugs called HBV/HDV entry inhibitors. Hence, NTCP has emerged as a promising target for therapeutic interventions against HBV/HDV infections in the last decade. In this review, recent findings on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between NTCP and cofactors relevant for entry of the virus/NTCP receptor complex are summarized. In addition, strategies aiming to block PPIs with NTCP to dampen virus tropism and HBV/HDV infection rates are discussed. Finally, this article suggests novel directions for future investigations evaluating the functional contribution of NTCP-mediated PPIs in the development and progression of HBV/HDV infection and subsequent chronic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zakrzewicz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Ueda K, Suwanmanee Y. ATP5B Is an Essential Factor for Hepatitis B Virus Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179570. [PMID: 36076968 PMCID: PMC9455612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the factors responsible for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is extremely important in order to understand the viral life cycle and pathogenesis, and thereby explore potential anti-HBV drugs. The recent determination that sodium taurocholate co-transporting peptide (NTCP) is an essential molecule for the HBV entry into cells led to the development of an HBV infection system in vitro using a human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line expressing NTCP; however, the precise mechanism of HBV entry is still largely unknown, and thus it may be necessary to elucidate all the molecules involved. Here, we identified ATP5B as another essential factor for HBV entry. ATP5B was expressed on the cell surface of the HCC cell lines and bound with myristoylated but not with non-myristoylated preS1 2-47, which supported the notion that ATP5B is involved in the HBV entry process. Knockdown of ATP5B in NTCP-expressing HepG2 cells, which allowed HBV infection, reduced HBV infectivity with less cccDNA formation. Taken together, these results strongly suggested that ATP5B is an essential factor for HBV entry into the cells.
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Novel Neplanocin A Derivatives as Selective Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus with a Unique Mechanism of Action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0207321. [PMID: 35604213 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02073-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel neplanocin A derivatives have been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vitro. These include (1S,2R,5R)-5-(5-bromo-4-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-7-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-3-ene-1,2-diol (AR-II-04-26) and (1S,2R,5R)-5-(4-amino-3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxylmethyl)cyclopent-3-ene-1,2-diol (MK-III-02-03). The 50% effective concentrations of AR-II-04-26 and MK-III-02-03 were 0.77 ± 0.23 and 0.83 ± 0.36 μM in HepG2.2.15.7 cells, respectively. These compounds reduced intracellular HBV RNA levels in HepG2.2.15.7 cells and infected primary human hepatocytes. Accordingly, they could reduce HBs and HBe antigen production in the culture supernatants, which was not observed with clinically approved anti-HBV nucleosides and nucleotides (reverse transcriptase inhibitors). The neplanocin A derivatives also inhibited HBV RNA derived from cccDNA. In addition, unlike neplanocin A itself, the compounds did not inhibit S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase activity. Thus, it appears that the mechanism of action of AR-II-04-26 and MK-III-02-03 differs from that of the clinically approved anti-HBV agents. Although their exact mechanism (target molecule) remains to be elucidated, the novel neplanocin A derivatives are considered promising candidate drugs for inhibition of HBV replication.
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Li Y, Zhou J, Li T. Regulation of the HBV Entry Receptor NTCP and its Potential in Hepatitis B Treatment. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:879817. [PMID: 35495620 PMCID: PMC9039015 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.879817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a globally prevalent human DNA virus responsible for more than 250 million cases of chronic liver infection, a condition that can lead to liver inflammation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), a transmembrane protein highly expressed in human hepatocytes and a mediator of bile acid transport, has been identified as the receptor responsible for the cellular entry of both HBV and its satellite, hepatitis delta virus (HDV). This has led to significant advances in our understanding of the HBV life cycle, especially the early steps of infection. HepG2-NTCP cells and human NTCP-expressing transgenic mice have been employed as the primary cell culture and animal models, respectively, for the study of HBV, and represent valuable approaches for investigating its basic biology and developing treatments for infection. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of NTCP transcription, translation, post-translational modification, and transport are still largely elusive. Improvements in our understanding of NTCP biology would likely facilitate the design of new therapeutic drugs for the prevention of the de novo infection of naïve hepatocytes. In this review, we provide critical findings regarding NTCP biology and discuss important questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- *Correspondence: Yan Li, ; Tianliang Li,
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Kobayashi C, Watanabe Y, Oshima M, Hirose T, Yamasaki M, Iwamoto M, Iwatsuki M, Asami Y, Kuramochi K, Wakae K, Aizaki H, Muramatsu M, Sureau C, Sunazuka T, Watashi K. Fungal Secondary Metabolite Exophillic Acid Selectively Inhibits the Entry of Hepatitis B and D Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040764. [PMID: 35458494 PMCID: PMC9026752 DOI: 10.3390/v14040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs are suppressive but not curative for HBV infection, so there is considerable demand for the development of new anti-HBV agents. In this study, we found that fungus-derived exophillic acid inhibits HBV infection with a 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.1 µM and a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of >30 µM in primary human hepatocytes. Exophillic acid inhibited preS1-mediated viral attachment to cells but did not affect intracellular HBV replication. Exophillic acid appears to target the host cells to reduce their susceptibility to viral attachment rather than acting on the viral particles. We found that exophillic acid interacted with the HBV receptor, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Exophillic acid impaired the uptake of bile acid, the original function of NTCP. Consistent with our hypothesis that it affects NTCP, exophillic acid inhibited infection with HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV), but not that of hepatitis C virus. Moreover, exophillic acid showed a pan-genotypic anti-HBV effect. We thus identified the anti-HBV/HDV activity of exophillic acid and revealed its mode of action. Exophillic acid is expected to be a potential new lead compound for the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (Y.W.); (T.H.); (M.I.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mizuki Oshima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Tomoyasu Hirose
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (Y.W.); (T.H.); (M.I.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masako Yamasaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Masashi Iwamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (Y.W.); (T.H.); (M.I.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Asami
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (Y.W.); (T.H.); (M.I.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Camille Sureau
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75739 Paris, France;
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (Y.W.); (T.H.); (M.I.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (C.K.); (M.O.); (M.Y.); (M.I.); (K.W.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- MIRAI, JST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Gad SA, Sugiyama M, Tsuge M, Wakae K, Fukano K, Oshima M, Sureau C, Watanabe N, Kato T, Murayama A, Li Y, Shoji I, Shimotohno K, Chayama K, Muramatsu M, Wakita T, Nozaki T, Aly HH. The kinesin KIF4 mediates HBV/HDV entry through the regulation of surface NTCP localization and can be targeted by RXR agonists in vitro. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009983. [PMID: 35312737 PMCID: PMC8970526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport via microtubule-based dynein and kinesin family motors plays a key role in viral reproduction and transmission. We show here that Kinesin Family Member 4 (KIF4) plays an important role in HBV/HDV infection. We intended to explore host factors impacting the HBV life cycle that can be therapeutically addressed using siRNA library transfection and HBV/NLuc (HBV/NL) reporter virus infection in HepG2-hNTCP cells. KIF4 silencing resulted in a 3-fold reduction in luciferase activity following HBV/NL infection. KIF4 knockdown suppressed both HBV and HDV infection. Transient KIF4 depletion reduced surface and raised intracellular NTCP (HBV/HDV entry receptor) levels, according to both cellular fractionation and immunofluorescence analysis (IF). Overexpression of wild-type KIF4 but not ATPase-null KIF4 mutant regained the surface localization of NTCP and significantly restored HBV permissiveness in these cells. IF revealed KIF4 and NTCP colocalization across microtubule filaments, and a co-immunoprecipitation study revealed that KIF4 interacts with NTCP. KIF4 expression is regulated by FOXM1. Interestingly, we discovered that RXR agonists (Bexarotene, and Alitretinoin) down-regulated KIF4 expression via FOXM1-mediated suppression, resulting in a substantial decrease in HBV-Pre-S1 protein attachment to HepG2-hNTCP cell surface and subsequent HBV infection in both HepG2-hNTCP and primary human hepatocyte (PXB) (Bexarotene, IC50 1.89 ± 0.98 μM) cultures. Overall, our findings show that human KIF4 is a critical regulator of NTCP surface transport and localization, which is required for NTCP to function as a receptor for HBV/HDV entry. Furthermore, small molecules that suppress or alleviate KIF4 expression would be potential antiviral candidates targeting HBV and HDV entry. Understanding HBV/HDV entry machinery and the mechanism by which NTCP (HBV/HDV entry receptor) surface expression is regulated is crucial to develop antiviral entry inhibitors. We found that NTCP surface transport is mainly controlled by the motor kinesin KIF4. Surprisingly, KIF4 was negatively regulated by RXR receptors through FOXM1-mediated suppression. This study not only mechanistically correlated the role of RXR receptors in regulating HBV/HDV entry but also suggested a novel approach to develop therapeutic rexinoids for preventing HBV and/or HDV infections in important clinical situations, such as in patients undergoing liver transplantation or those who are at a high risk of HBV infection and unresponsive to HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A. Gad
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Oshima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Camille Sureau
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Noriyuki Watanabe
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Murayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yingfang Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Shoji
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Collaborative Research Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TW); (HHA)
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hussein H. Aly
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TW); (HHA)
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Na+-Taurocholate Co-Transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) in Livers, Function, Expression Regulation, and Potential in Hepatitis B Treatment. LIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/livers1040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has become one of the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally. The discovery of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), a solute carrier, as a key receptor for HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) has opened new avenues for HBV treatment. Additionally, it has led researchers to generate hepatoma cell lines (including HepG2-NTCP and Huh-7-NTCP) susceptible to HBV infection in vitro, hence, paving the way to develop and efficiently screen new and novel anti-HBV drugs. This review summarizes the history, function and critical findings regarding NTCP as a viral receptor for HBV/HDV, and it also discusses recently developed drugs targeting NTCP.
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Qu B, Brown RJP. Strategies to Inhibit Hepatitis B Virus at the Transcript Level. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071327. [PMID: 34372533 PMCID: PMC8310268 DOI: 10.3390/v13071327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), despite four decades of effective HBV vaccination. During chronic infection, HBV forms two distinct templates responsible for viral transcription: (1) episomal covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA and (2) host genome-integrated viral templates. Multiple ubiquitous and liver-specific transcription factors are recruited onto these templates and modulate viral gene transcription. This review details the latest developments in antivirals that inhibit HBV gene transcription or destabilize viral transcripts. Notably, nuclear receptor agonists exhibit potent inhibition of viral gene transcription from cccDNA. Small molecule inhibitors repress HBV X protein-mediated transcription from cccDNA, while small interfering RNAs and single-stranded oligonucleotides result in transcript degradation from both cccDNA and integrated templates. These antivirals mediate their effects by reducing viral transcripts abundance, some leading to a loss of surface antigen expression, and they can potentially be added to the arsenal of drugs with demonstrable anti-HBV activity. Thus, these candidates deserve special attention for future repurposing or further development as anti-HBV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Qu
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.Q.); (R.J.P.B.)
| | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.Q.); (R.J.P.B.)
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Inoue J, Sato K, Ninomiya M, Masamune A. Envelope Proteins of Hepatitis B Virus: Molecular Biology and Involvement in Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:1124. [PMID: 34208172 PMCID: PMC8230773 DOI: 10.3390/v13061124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is required for the entry to hepatocytes, consists of a lipid bilayer derived from hepatocyte and HBV envelope proteins, large/middle/small hepatitis B surface antigen (L/M/SHBs). The mechanisms and host factors for the envelope formation in the hepatocytes are being revealed. HBV-infected hepatocytes release a large amount of subviral particles (SVPs) containing L/M/SHBs that facilitate escape from the immune system. Recently, novel drugs inhibiting the functions of the viral envelope and those inhibiting the release of SVPs have been reported. LHBs that accumulate in ER is considered to promote carcinogenesis and, especially, deletion mutants in the preS1/S2 domain have been reported to be associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we summarize recent reports on the findings regarding the biological characteristics of HBV envelope proteins, their involvement in HCC development and new agents targeting the envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (K.S.); (M.N.); (A.M.)
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11
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Xu R, Hu P, Li Y, Tian A, Li J, Zhu C. Advances in HBV infection and replication systems in vitro. Virol J 2021; 18:105. [PMID: 34051803 PMCID: PMC8164799 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family that has limited tissue and species specificity. Due to the persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in host cells after HBV infection, current antiviral drugs cannot eradicate HBV. Therefore, the development of an active cell culture system supporting HBV infection has become the key to studying HBV and developing effective therapeutic drugs. Main body This review summarizes the significant research achievements in HBV cell culture systems in vitro, including embryonic hepatocytes and primary hepatocytes, which support the virus infection process most similar to that in the body and various liver tumor cells. The discovery of the bile-acid pump sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as the receptor of HBV has advanced our understanding of HBV biology. Subsequently, various liver cancer cells overexpressing NTCP that support HBV infection have been established, opening a new door for studying HBV infection. The fact that induced pluripotent stem cells that differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells support HBV infection provides a novel idea for the establishment of an HBV cell culture system. Conclusion Because of the host and tissue specificity of HBV, a suitable in vitro HBV infection system is critical for the study of HBV pathogenesis. Nevertheless, recent advances regarding HBV infection in vitro offer hope for better studying the biological characteristics of HBV, the pathogenesis of hepatitis B, the screening of anti-HBV drugs and the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingping Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anran Tian
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China.
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12
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Li B, Cai SY, Boyer JL. The role of the retinoid receptor, RAR/RXR heterodimer, in liver physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166085. [PMID: 33497820 PMCID: PMC11152086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activated by retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes, including embryo development, homeostasis, cell proliferation, differentiation and death. In this review, we summarized the functional roles of nuclear receptor RAR/RXR heterodimers in liver physiology. Specifically, RAR/RXR modulate the synthesis and metabolism of lipids and bile acids in hepatocytes, regulate cholesterol transport in macrophages, and repress fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells. We have also listed the specific genes that carry these functions and how RAR/RXR regulate their expression in liver cells, providing a mechanistic view of their roles in liver physiology. Meanwhile, we pointed out many questions regarding the detailed signaling of RAR/RXR in regulating the expression of liver genes, and hope future studies will address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixue Li
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - James L Boyer
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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13
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Kirstgen M, Lowjaga KAAT, Müller SF, Goldmann N, Lehmann F, Glebe D, Baringhaus KH, Geyer J. Hepatitis D Virus Entry Inhibitors Based on Repurposing Intestinal Bile Acid Reabsorption Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040666. [PMID: 33921515 PMCID: PMC8068820 DOI: 10.3390/v13040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as high-affinity hepatic entry receptor for the Hepatitis B and D viruses (HBV/HDV) opened the field for target-based development of cell-entry inhibitors. However, most of the HBV/HDV entry inhibitors identified so far also interfere with the physiological bile acid transporter function of NTCP. The present study aimed to identify more virus-selective inhibitors of NTCP by screening of 87 propanolamine derivatives from the former development of intestinal bile acid reabsorption inhibitors (BARIs), which interact with the NTCP-homologous intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). In NTCP-HEK293 cells, the ability of these compounds to block the HBV/HDV-derived preS1-peptide binding to NTCP (virus receptor function) as well as the taurocholic acid transport via NTCP (bile acid transporter function) were analyzed in parallel. Hits were subsequently validated by performing in vitro HDV infection experiments in NTCP-HepG2 cells. The most potent compounds S985852, A000295231, and S973509 showed in vitro anti-HDV activities with IC50 values of 15, 40, and 70 µM, respectively, while the taurocholic acid uptake inhibition occurred at much higher IC50 values of 24, 780, and 490 µM, respectively. In conclusion, repurposing of compounds from the BARI class as novel HBV/HDV entry inhibitors seems possible and even enables certain virus selectivity based on structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirstgen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.K.); (K.A.A.T.L.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Kira Alessandra Alicia Theresa Lowjaga
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.K.); (K.A.A.T.L.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Simon Franz Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.K.); (K.A.A.T.L.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Nora Goldmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (N.G.); (F.L.); (D.G.)
| | - Felix Lehmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (N.G.); (F.L.); (D.G.)
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (N.G.); (F.L.); (D.G.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen-Marburg-Langen Partner Site, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.K.); (K.A.A.T.L.); (S.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-99-38404; Fax: +49-641-99-38409
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14
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Zhuang X, Forde D, Tsukuda S, D'Arienzo V, Mailly L, Harris JM, Wing PAC, Borrmann H, Schilling M, Magri A, Rubio CO, Maidstone RJ, Iqbal M, Garzon M, Minisini R, Pirisi M, Butterworth S, Balfe P, Ray DW, Watashi K, Baumert TF, McKeating JA. Circadian control of hepatitis B virus replication. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1658. [PMID: 33712578 PMCID: PMC7955118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of liver disease and cancer worldwide for which there are no curative therapies. The major challenge in curing infection is eradicating or silencing the covalent closed circular DNA (cccDNA) form of the viral genome. The circadian factors BMAL1/CLOCK and REV-ERB are master regulators of the liver transcriptome and yet their role in HBV replication is unknown. We establish a circadian cycling liver cell-model and demonstrate that REV-ERB directly regulates NTCP-dependent hepatitis B and delta virus particle entry. Importantly, we show that pharmacological activation of REV-ERB inhibits HBV infection in vitro and in human liver chimeric mice. We uncover a role for BMAL1 to bind HBV genomes and increase viral promoter activity. Pharmacological inhibition of BMAL1 through REV-ERB ligands reduces pre-genomic RNA and de novo particle secretion. The presence of conserved E-box motifs among members of the Hepadnaviridae family highlight an evolutionarily conserved role for BMAL1 in regulating this family of small DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Donall Forde
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | | | - Laurent Mailly
- University of Strasbourg and Inserm, UMR-S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - James M Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mirjam Schilling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Robert J Maidstone
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Miguel Garzon
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sam Butterworth
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Ray
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Japan and Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- University of Strasbourg and Inserm, UMR-S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire (IHU), Hopitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg and Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Kirstgen M, Lowjaga KAAT, Müller SF, Goldmann N, Lehmann F, Alakurtti S, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Glebe D, Geyer J. Selective hepatitis B and D virus entry inhibitors from the group of pentacyclic lupane-type betulin-derived triterpenoids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21772. [PMID: 33303817 PMCID: PMC7729925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options against hepatitis B and D virus (HBV/HDV) infections have only limited curative effects. Identification of Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as the high-affinity hepatic receptor for both viruses in 2012 enables target-based development of HBV/HDV cell-entry inhibitors. Many studies already identified appropriate NTCP inhibitors. However, most of them interfere with NTCP’s physiological function as a hepatic bile acid transporter. To overcome this drawback, the present study aimed to find compounds that specifically block HBV/HDV binding to NTCP without affecting its transporter function. A novel assay was conceptualized to screen for both in parallel; virus binding to NTCP (measured via binding of a preS1-derived peptide of the large HBV/HDV envelope protein) and bile acid transport via NTCP. Hits were subsequently validated by in vitro HDV infection studies using NTCP-HepG2 cells. Derivatives of the birch-derived pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoid betulin revealed clear NTCP inhibitory potency and selectivity for the virus receptor function of NTCP. Best performing compounds in both aspects were 2, 6, 19, and 25. In conclusion, betulin derivatives show clear structure–activity relationships for potent and selective inhibition of the HBV/HDV virus receptor function of NTCP without tackling its physiological bile acid transport function and therefore are promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirstgen
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kira Alessandra Alicia Theresa Lowjaga
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Simon Franz Müller
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nora Goldmann
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmann
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sami Alakurtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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16
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Choudhary S, Malik YS, Tomar S. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Inhibitors by Drug Repurposing Using in silico Structure-Based Virtual Screening Approach. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1664. [PMID: 32754161 PMCID: PMC7365927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly spreading, highly contagious and pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The novel 2019 SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell by binding of the viral surface spike glycoprotein (S-protein) to cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The virus specific molecular interaction with the host cell represents a promising therapeutic target for identifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs. The repurposing of drugs can provide a rapid and potential cure toward exponentially expanding COVID-19. Thereto, high throughput virtual screening approach was used to investigate FDA approved LOPAC library drugs against both the receptor binding domain of spike protein (S-RBD) and ACE2 host cell receptor. Primary screening identified a few promising molecules for both the targets, which were further analyzed in details by their binding energy, binding modes through molecular docking, dynamics and simulations. Evidently, GR 127935 hydrochloride hydrate, GNF-5, RS504393, TNP, and eptifibatide acetate were found binding to virus binding motifs of ACE2 receptor. Additionally, KT203, BMS195614, KT185, RS504393, and GSK1838705A were identified to bind at the receptor binding site on the viral S-protein. These identified molecules may effectively assist in controlling the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 by not only potentially inhibiting the virus at entry step but are also hypothesized to act as anti-inflammatory agents, which could impart relief in lung inflammation. Timely identification and determination of an effective drug to combat and tranquilize the COVID-19 global crisis is the utmost need of hour. Further, prompt in vivo testing to validate the anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition efficiency by these molecules could save lives is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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17
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Herrscher C, Roingeard P, Blanchard E. Hepatitis B Virus Entry into Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061486. [PMID: 32570893 PMCID: PMC7349259 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped partially double-stranded DNA virus, is a widespread human pathogen responsible for more than 250 million chronic infections worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies cannot eradicate HBV due to the persistence of the viral genome in a special DNA structure (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA). The identification of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an entry receptor for both HBV and its satellite virus hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has led to great advances in our understanding of the life cycle of HBV, including the early steps of infection in particular. However, the mechanisms of HBV internalization and the host factors involved in this uptake remain unclear. Improvements in our understanding of HBV entry would facilitate the design of new therapeutic approaches targeting this stage and preventing the de novo infection of naïve hepatocytes. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge about the process of HBV internalization into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Herrscher
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-2-3437-9646 (E.B.)
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-2-3437-9646 (E.B.)
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18
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Non-nucleoside hepatitis B virus polymerase inhibitors identified by an in vitro polymerase elongation assay. J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:441-452. [PMID: 31768802 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase is the only virus-encoded enzyme essential for producing the HBV genome and is regarded as an attractive drug target. However, the difficulty of synthesizing and purifying recombinant HBV polymerase protein has hampered the development of new drugs targeting this enzyme, especially compounds unrelated to the nucleoside structure. We recently have developed a technique for the synthesis and purification of recombinant HBV polymerase containing the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain that carried DNA elongation activity in vitro. METHODS We used the overproduced protein to establish an in vitro high-throughput screening system to identify compounds that inhibit the elongation activity of HBV polymerase. RESULTS We screened 1120 compounds and identified a stilbene derivative, piceatannol, as a potential anti-HBV agent. Derivative analysis identified another stilbene derivative, PDM2, that was able to inhibit HBV replication with an IC50 of 14.4 ± 7.7 μM. An infection experiment suggested that the compounds inhibit the replication of HBV rather than the entry process, as expected. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated a specific interaction between PDM2 and the RT domain. Importantly, PDM2 showed similar inhibitory activity against the replication of both wild-type HBV and a lamivudine/entecavir-resistant HBV variant. Furthermore, PDM2 showed an additive effect in combination with clinically used nucleos(t)ide analogs. CONCLUSIONS We report the development of a screening system that is useful for identifying non-nucleos(t)ide RT inhibitors.
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19
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Xiao Y, Liu C, Tang W, Zhang H, Chen X. Evans Blue Inhibits HBV Replication Through a Dual Antiviral Mechanism by Targeting Virus Binding and Capsid Assembly. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2638. [PMID: 31798562 PMCID: PMC6868041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a global health problem caused by human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Current treatment with interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) can cause population tolerance and drug resistance. Therefore, new antiviral drugs, especially those targeting host factors, are urgently needed. Here, we identified Evans blue as a new HBV inhibitor by screening an FDA drug library using Huh7DhNTCP cells and confirmed the antiviral activity in primary human hepatocytes and human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (hNTCP)-transfected porcine primary hepatocytes. Our efficacy study showed that Evans blue has an IC50 of 2 μM against HBV infection in Huh7DhNTCP cells, and no apparent toxicity at up to 1000 μM. The IC50 of Evans blue against HBV in primary human hepatocytes was approximately 5 μM. Mechanism studies revealed that Evans blue has a dual anti-HBV effect. It inhibits both the binding of viral preS1 to host cells through the host factor NTCP and the virus capsid assembly by targeting the host factor BK channel. The KD of the direct interaction between Evans blue and NTCP is 8.82E-8 M. Evans blue can suppress capsid assembly at micromolar concentrations by reducing the cytosolic calcium ion concentration. Since the antiviral effects on HBV binding and assembly are both achieved through targeting host factors, Evans blue inhibits the infection of nucleos(t)ide analog drug-resistant HBV strains in Huh7DhNTCP cells. Taken together, our results suggest that Evans blue may be a promising anti-HBV drug candidate in the classes of both entry and assembly inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Cheng X, Wang Y, Tian J, Zhou L, Chen X, Guo H, Zeng J, Shen N, Li J, Ke J, Zhu Y, Gong J, Chang J, Liu L, Zhong R. SLC10A1 S267F variant influences susceptibility to HBV infection and reduces cholesterol level by impairing bile acid uptake. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:1178-1185. [PMID: 31177598 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The SLC10A1 Ser267Phe (S267F) variant has been reported to severely inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and taurocholate transport activity. This study aimed to clarify the effects of this variant on HBV infection and bile acid metabolism. SLC10A1 S267F was genotyped in 2907 HBV-exposed subjects (including HBV persistent carriers and spontaneously recovered subjects) and 1364 unexposed subjects (HBV marker-negative subjects), followed by replication I, comprising 914 exposed subjects and 1123 unexposed subjects, and replication II, comprising 355 children born to HBsAg-positive mothers (226 HBV-infected children and 129 controls). Intriguingly, SLC10A1 AA was observed only in the unexposed group, but not in the exposed group. The SLC10A1 A allele consistently decreased HBV infection risk compared with the G allele (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64-0.90 in combined samples). In addition, children with the SLC10A1 GA genotype had a reduced risk of perinatal transmission (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.71). Moreover, unexposed subjects with the SLC10A1 AA genotype exhibited decreased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to those with the GG or GA genotypes (P = 2.975 × 10-4 and 0.004, respectively). The study highlighted the role of the SLC10A1 S267F variant in the loss of the ability to support HBV infection and taurocholate transport activity. Subjects with the AA genotype may escape from HBV infection and present decreased cholesterol levels as a consequence of impaired bile acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Virology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junchao Zeng
- Medical Examination Center, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Nkongolo S, Nußbaum L, Lempp FA, Wodrich H, Urban S, Ni Y. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α-specific agonist Am80 (tamibarotene) and other RAR agonists potently inhibit hepatitis B virus transcription from cccDNA. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:146-155. [PMID: 31018112 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the human Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health problem. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite of HBV that uses HBV envelope proteins for cell egress and entry. Using infection systems encoding the HBV/HDV receptor human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), we screened 1181 FDA-approved drugs applying markers for interference for HBV and HDV infection. As one primary hit we identified Acitretin, a retinoid, as an inhibitor of HBV replication and HDV release. Based on this, other retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists with different specificities were found to interfere with HBV replication, verifying that the retinoic acid receptor pathway regulates replication. Of the eight agonists investigated, RARα-specific agonist Am80 (tamibarotene) was most active. Am80 reduced secretion of HBeAg and HBsAg with IC50s < 10 nM in differentiated HepaRG-NTCP cells. Similar effects were observed in primary human hepatocytes. In HepG2-NTCP cells, profound Am80-mediated inhibition required prolonged treatment of up to 35 days. Am80 treatment of cells with an established HBV cccDNA pool resulted in a reduction of secreted HBsAg and HBeAg, which correlated with reduced intracellular viral RNA levels, but not cccDNA copy numbers. The effect lasted for >12 days after removal of the drug. HBV genotypes B, D, and E were equally inhibited. By contrast, Am80 did not affect HBV replication in transfected cells or HepG2.2.15 cells, which carry an integrated HBV genome. In conclusion, our results indicate a persistent inhibition of HBV transcription by Am80, which might be used for drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Nkongolo
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
| | - Lea Nußbaum
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany.
| | - Florian A Lempp
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
| | - Harald Wodrich
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, University of Bordeaux, France.
| | - Stephan Urban
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
| | - Yi Ni
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
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22
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Ke Q, Li R, Cai L, Wu SD, Li CM. Ro41-5253, a selective antagonist of retinoic acid receptor α, ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors in rats: Involvement of regulating HPA axis and improving hippocampal neuronal deficits. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:302-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Fukano K, Tsukuda S, Oshima M, Suzuki R, Aizaki H, Ohki M, Park SY, Muramatsu M, Wakita T, Sureau C, Ogasawara Y, Watashi K. Troglitazone Impedes the Oligomerization of Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide and Entry of Hepatitis B Virus Into Hepatocytes. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3257. [PMID: 30671048 PMCID: PMC6331526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents, which include nucleos(t)ide analogs and interferons, can significantly suppress HBV infection. However, there are limitations in the therapeutic efficacy of these agents, indicating the need to develop anti-HBV agents with different modes of action. In this study, through a functional cell-based chemical screening, we found that a thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, inhibits HBV infection independently of the compound's ligand activity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Analog analysis suggested chemical moiety required for the anti-HBV activity and identified ciglitazone as an analog having higher anti-HBV potency. Whereas, most of the reported HBV entry inhibitors target viral attachment to the cell surface, troglitazone blocked a process subsequent to viral attachment, i.e., internalization of HBV preS1 and its receptor, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). We also found that NTCP was markedly oligomerized in the presence of HBV preS1, but such NTCP oligomerization was abrogated by treatment with troglitazone, but not with pioglitazone, correlating with inhibition activity to viral internalization. Also, competitive peptides that blocked NTCP oligomerization impeded viral internalization and infection. This work represents the first report identifying small molecules and peptides that specifically inhibit the internalization of HBV. This study is also significant in proposing a possible role for NTCP oligomerization in viral entry, which will shed a light on a new aspect of the cellular mechanisms regulating HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Mizuki Oshima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Ohki
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camille Sureau
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, CNRS, INSERM U1134, Paris, France
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,JST CREST, Saitama, Japan
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24
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Hu J, Lin YY, Chen PJ, Watashi K, Wakita T. Cell and Animal Models for Studying Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Drug Development. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:338-354. [PMID: 30243619 PMCID: PMC6649672 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many cell culture and animal models have been used to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and its effects in the liver; these have facilitated development of strategies to control and clear chronic HBV infection. We discuss the advantages and limitations of systems for studying HBV and developing antiviral agents, along with recent advances. New and improved model systems are needed. Cell culture systems should be convenient, support efficient HBV infection, and reproduce responses of hepatocytes in the human body. We also need animals that are fully permissive to HBV infection, convenient for study, and recapitulate human immune responses to HBV and effects in the liver. High-throughput screening technologies could facilitate drug development based on findings from cell and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Hu
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University.
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Identification of Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonists as Potent Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitors via a Drug Repurposing Screen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00465-18. [PMID: 30224536 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00465-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can efficiently reduce viremia but induce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss in very few patients; also, these therapies do not greatly affect the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). To discover new agents with complementary anti-HBV effects, we performed a drug repurposing screen of 1,018 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds using HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Several compounds belonging to the family of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists were identified that reduced HBsAg levels in a dose-dependent manner without significant cytotoxicity. Among them, tazarotene exhibited the most potent anti-HBV effect, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for HBsAg of less than 30 nM in PHH. The inhibitory effect was also observed in HBV-infected differentiated HepaRG (dHepaRG) models, but not in HepG2.215 cells, and HBV genotypes A to D were similarly inhibited. Tazarotene was further demonstrated to repress HBV cccDNA transcription, as determined by the levels of HBV cccDNA and RNAs and the activation of HBV promoters. Moreover, RNA sequence analysis showed that tazarotene did not induce an interferon response but altered the expression of a number of genes associated with RAR and metabolic pathways. Inhibition of RARβ, but not RARα, by a specific antagonist significantly attenuated the anti-HBV activity of tazarotene, suggesting that tazarotene inhibits HBV in part through RARβ. Finally, a synergistic effect of tazarotene and entecavir on HBV DNA levels was observed. Therefore, RAR agonists as represented by tazarotene were identified as potential novel anti-HBV agents.
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26
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Mitra B, Thapa RJ, Guo H, Block TM. Host functions used by hepatitis B virus to complete its life cycle: Implications for developing host-targeting agents to treat chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:185-198. [PMID: 30145242 PMCID: PMC6193490 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Similar to other mammalian viruses, the life cycle of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is heavily dependent upon and regulated by cellular (host) functions. These cellular functions can be generally placed in to two categories: (a) intrinsic host restriction factors and innate defenses, which must be evaded or repressed by the virus; and (b) gene products that provide functions necessary for the virus to complete its life cycle. Some of these functions may apply to all viruses, but some may be specific to HBV. In certain cases, the virus may depend upon the host function much more than does the host itself. Knowing which host functions regulate the different steps of a virus' life cycle, can lead to new antiviral targets and help in developing novel treatment strategies, in addition to improving a fundamental understanding of viral pathogenesis. Therefore, in this review we will discuss known host factors which influence key steps of HBV life cycle, and further elucidate therapeutic interventions targeting host-HBV interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mitra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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27
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Sun Y, Wang S, Yi Y, Zhang J, Duan Z, Yuan K, Liu W, Li J, Zhu Y. The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Binding Protein: An Immunoglobulin G Constant Region-Like Protein That Interacts With HBV Envelop Proteins and Mediates HBV Entry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:338. [PMID: 30319994 PMCID: PMC6167546 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure, affecting 350 million people worldwide. Currently available anti-HBV drugs include (PEGylated-) interferon-α and nucleos(t)ide analogs, which can cause significant side effects and drug-resistance in many cases of long-term treatment. The lack of a reliable and robust in vitro infection system is a major barrier for understanding the HBV life cycle and discovering novel therapeutic targets. In the present study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the hepatitis B surface antigen binding protein (SBP) in HepG2 cells (HepG2-SBP) resulted in their susceptibility to HBV infection. HepG2-SBP cells supported the uptake of the viral surface protein (HBsAg-preS), HBV-pseudotyped virus, and live HBV in patient sera. Moreover, SBP-mediated HBsAg-preS uptake, and HBV pseudotyped virus infections were efficiently blocked by preS1- and SBP-specific antibodies. These observations suggest that SBP is involved in HBV entry and that HepG2-SBP cells can serve as a cellular model to study the post-binding steps of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yi
- The 306th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kehu Yuan
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Yu Y, Li S, Liang W. Bona fide receptor for hepatitis B and D viral infections: Mechanism, research models and molecular drug targets. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:134. [PMID: 30050063 PMCID: PMC6062556 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B infections have become a serious public health issue globally, and the current first-line antiviral treatment for this disease is not a true cure. Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a liver-specific bile acid transporter, was identified as a bona fide receptor for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its satellite virus, hepatitis delta virus (HDV). Identification of the HBV receptor has led to the development of robust cell cultures and provides a potential target for new treatments. This review summarizes the process by which NTCP was discovered and describes its clinical significance as the receptor for HBV and HDV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueran Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shengzhou, 312400, China
| | - Shangda Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Weifeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shengzhou, 312400, China.
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29
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Abstract
With high morbidity and mortality worldwide, there is great interest in effective therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus. There are currently several dozen investigational agents being developed for treatment of CHB. They can be broadly divided into two categories: (1) direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that interfere with a specific step in viral replication; and (2) host-targeting agents that inhibit viral replication by modifying host cell function, with the latter group further divided into the subcategories of immune modulators and agents that target other host functions. Included among the DAAs being developed are RNA interference therapies, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) formation and transcription inhibitors, core/capsid inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) release inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides, and helioxanthin analogues. Included among the host-targeting agents are entry inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, and multiple immunomodulatory agents, including Toll-like receptor agonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, engineered T cells, and several cytokine agents, including recombinant human interleukin-7 (CYT107) and SB 9200, a novel therapy that is believed to both have direct antiviral properties and to induce endogenous interferon. In this review we discuss agents that are currently in the clinical stage of development for CHB treatment as well as strategies and agents currently at the evaluation and discovery phase and potential future targets. Effective approaches to CHB may require suppression of viral replication combined with one or more host-targeting agents. Some of the recent research advances have led to the hope that with such a combined approach we may have a functional cure for CHB in the not distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Dawood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Syed Abdul Basit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Mahendran Jayaraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA.
- Asian Pacific Health Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA.
- National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable, Washington, DC, USA.
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30
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Passioura T, Watashi K, Fukano K, Shimura S, Saso W, Morishita R, Ogasawara Y, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Sureau C, Suga H, Wakita T. De Novo Macrocyclic Peptide Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus Cellular Entry. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:906-915.e5. [PMID: 29779957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) constitutes a significant public health burden, and currently available treatment options are not generally curative, necessitating the development of new therapeutics. Here we have applied random non-standard peptide integrated discovery (RaPID) screening to identify small macrocyclic peptide inhibitors of HBV entry that target the cell-surface receptor for HBV, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). In addition to their anti-HBV activity, these molecules also inhibit cellular entry by the related hepatitis D virus (HDV), and are active against diverse strains of HBV (including clinically relevant nucleos(t)ide analog-resistant and vaccine escaping strains). Importantly, these macrocyclic peptides, in contrast to other NTCP-binding HBV entry inhibitors, exhibited no inhibition of NTCP-mediated bile acid uptake, making them appealing candidates for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Passioura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan; JST CREST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Satomi Shimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Wakana Saso
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medicinal Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan
| | - Camille Sureau
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, INSERM U1134, Paris 75015, France
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; JST CREST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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31
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Miyakawa K, Matsunaga S, Yamaoka Y, Dairaku M, Fukano K, Kimura H, Chimuro T, Nishitsuji H, Watashi K, Shimotohno K, Wakita T, Ryo A. Development of a cell-based assay to identify hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors targeting the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23681-23694. [PMID: 29805766 PMCID: PMC5955094 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is a major entry receptor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and one of the most attractive targets for anti-HBV drugs. We developed a cell-mediated drug screening method to monitor NTCP expression on the cell surface by generating a HepG2 cell line with tetracycline-inducible expression of NTCP and a monoclonal antibody that specifically detects cell-surface NTCP. Using this system, we screened a small molecule library for compounds that protected against HBV infection by targeting NTCP. We found that glabridin, a licorice-derived isoflavane, could suppress viral infection by inducing caveolar endocytosis of cell-surface NTCP with an IC50 of ~40 μM. We also found that glabridin could attenuate the inhibitory effect of taurocholate on type I interferon signaling by depleting the level of cell-surface NTCP. These results demonstrate that our screening system could be a powerful tool for discovering drugs targeting HBV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.,Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Mina Dairaku
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Chimuro
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Hironori Nishitsuji
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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32
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Kaneko M, Futamura Y, Tsukuda S, Kondoh Y, Sekine T, Hirano H, Fukano K, Ohashi H, Saso W, Morishita R, Matsunaga S, Kawai F, Ryo A, Park SY, Suzuki R, Aizaki H, Ohtani N, Sureau C, Wakita T, Osada H, Watashi K. Chemical array system, a platform to identify novel hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors targeting sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2769. [PMID: 29426822 PMCID: PMC5807303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20987-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents including interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogs efficiently suppress HBV infection. However, as it is difficult to eliminate HBV from chronically infected liver, alternative anti-HBV agents targeting a new molecule are urgently needed. In this study, we applied a chemical array to high throughput screening of small molecules that interacted with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), an entry receptor for HBV. From approximately 30,000 compounds, we identified 74 candidates for NTCP interactants, and five out of these were shown to inhibit HBV infection in cell culture. One of such compound, NPD8716, a coumarin derivative, interacted with NTCP and inhibited HBV infection without causing cytotoxicity. Consistent with its NTCP interaction capacity, this compound was shown to block viral attachment to host hepatocytes. NPD8716 also prevented the infection with hepatitis D virus, but not hepatitis C virus, in agreement with NPD8716 specifically inhibiting NTCP-mediated infection. Analysis of derivative compounds showed that the anti-HBV activity of compounds was apparently correlated with the affinity to NTCP and the capacity to impair NTCP-mediated bile acid uptake. These results are the first to show that the chemical array technology represents a powerful platform to identify novel viral entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kaneko
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yushi Futamura
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sekine
- Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirano
- Chemical Resource Development Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wakana Saso
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kawai
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohtani
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Camille Sureau
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, INSERM U1134, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan. .,Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan. .,CREST, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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Sargiacomo C, El-Kehdy H, Dallmeier K, de Kock J, Hernandez-Kelly C, Rogiers V, Ortega A, Neyts J, Sokal E, Najimi M. Upregulation of sodium taurocholate cotransporter polypeptide during hepatogenic differentiation of umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells facilitates hepatitis B entry. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 28962642 PMCID: PMC5622580 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers worldwide number approximately 240 million people and around 780,000 people die every year from HBV infection. HBV entry and uptake are functionally linked to the presence of the human sodium-taurocholate cotransporting peptide (hNTCP) receptor. Recently, our group demonstrated that human umbilical cord matrix stem cells (UCMSCs) become susceptible to HBV after in-vitro hepatogenic differentiation (D-UCMSCs). METHODS In the present study, we examined the involvement of hNTCP in governing D-UCMSC susceptibility to HBV infection by characterizing the modulation of this transporter expression during hepatogenic differentiation and by appreciating the inhibition of its activity on infection efficacy. RESULTS We show here that in-vitro hepatogenic differentiation upregulated hNTCP mRNA and protein expression as well as its activity in D-UCMSCs. Pre-treatment of D-UCMSCs with taurocholate, a specific NTCP substrate, blocked their infection by HBV which supports the crucial involvement of this transporter in the early steps of the virus entry. CONCLUSION Altogether, our data support the usefulness of D-UCMSCs as a unique human and non-transformed in-vitro model to study the early stages of HBV infection thanks to its ability to endogenously regulate the expression of hNTCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Sargiacomo
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hoda El-Kehdy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joery de Kock
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Dermato-Cosmetology and Pharmacognosy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Hernandez-Kelly
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN),Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Dermato-Cosmetology and Pharmacognosy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN),Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Functional association of cellular microtubules with viral capsid assembly supports efficient hepatitis B virus replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10620. [PMID: 28878350 PMCID: PMC5587681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit host factors and environment for their efficient replication. The virus-host interaction mechanisms for achieving an optimal hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication have been largely unknown. Here, a single cell cloning revealed that HepAD38 cells, a widely-used HBV-inducible cell line, contain cell clones with diverse permissiveness to HBV replication. The HBV permissiveness was impaired upon treatment with microtubule inhibitor nocodazole, which was identified as an HBV replication inhibitor from a pharmacological screening. In the microtubule-disrupted cells, the efficiency of HBV capsid assembly was remarkably decreased without significant change in pre-assembly process. We further found that HBV core interacted with tubulin and co-localized with microtubule-like fibriforms, but this association was abrogated upon microtubule-disassembly agents, resulting in attenuation of capsid formation. Our data thus suggest a significant role of microtubules in the efficient capsid formation during HBV replication. In line with this, a highly HBV permissive cell clone of HepAD38 cells showed a prominent association of core-microtubule and thus a high capacity to support the capsid formation. These findings provide a new aspect of virus-cell interaction for rendering efficient HBV replication.
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Tsukuda S, Watashi K, Hojima T, Isogawa M, Iwamoto M, Omagari K, Suzuki R, Aizaki H, Kojima S, Sugiyama M, Saito A, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Sureau C, Wakita T. A new class of hepatitis B and D virus entry inhibitors, proanthocyanidin and its analogs, that directly act on the viral large surface proteins. Hepatology 2017; 65:1104-1116. [PMID: 27863453 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Introduction of direct-acting antivirals against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has provided a revolutionary improvement in the treatment outcome. In contrast to HCV, however, the strategy for developing new antiviral agents against hepatitis B virus (HBV), especially viral-targeting compounds, is limited because HBV requires only four viral genes for its efficient replication/infection. Here, we identify an oligomeric flavonoid, proanthocyanidin (PAC) and its analogs, which inhibit HBV entry into host cells by targeting the HBV large surface protein (LHBs). Through cell-based chemical screening, PAC was identified to inhibit HBV infection with little cytotoxic effect. PAC prevented the attachment of the preS1 region in the LHBs to its cellular receptor, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). PAC was shown to target HBV particles and impair their infectivity, whereas it did not affect the NTCP-mediated bile acid transport activity. Chemical biological techniques demonstrated that PAC directly interacted with the region essential for receptor binding in the preS1 region in the LHBs protein. Importantly, PAC had a pan-genotypic anti-HBV activity and was also effective against a clinically relevant nucleoside analog-resistant HBV isolate. We further showed that PAC augmented the ability of a nucleoside analog, tenofovir, to interrupt HBV spread over time in primary human hepatocytes by cotreatment. Moreover, derivative analysis could identify small molecules that demonstrated more-potent anti-HBV activity over PAC. CONCLUSION PAC and its analogs represent a new class of anti-HBV agents that directly target the preS1 region of the HBV large surface protein. These agents could contribute to the development of a potent, well-tolerated, and broadly active inhibitor of HBV infection. (Hepatology 2017;65:1104-1116).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN CLST, Wako, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Taichi Hojima
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicinal Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Katsumi Omagari
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicinal Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN CLST, Wako, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicinal Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Camille Sureau
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Shimura S, Watashi K, Fukano K, Peel M, Sluder A, Kawai F, Iwamoto M, Tsukuda S, Takeuchi JS, Miyake T, Sugiyama M, Ogasawara Y, Park SY, Tanaka Y, Kusuhara H, Mizokami M, Sureau C, Wakita T. Cyclosporin derivatives inhibit hepatitis B virus entry without interfering with NTCP transporter activity. J Hepatol 2017; 66:685-692. [PMID: 27890789 PMCID: PMC7172969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) is the main target of most hepatitis B virus (HBV) specific entry inhibitors. Unfortunately, these agents also block NTCP transport of bile acids into hepatocytes, and thus have the potential to cause adverse effects. We aimed to identify small molecules that inhibit HBV entry while maintaining NTCP transporter function. METHODS We characterized a series of cyclosporine (CsA) derivatives for their anti-HBV activity and NTCP binding specificity using HepG2 cells overexpressing NTCP and primary human hepatocytes. The four most potent derivatives were tested for their capacity to prevent HBV entry, but maintain NTCP transporter function. Their antiviral activity against different HBV genotypes was analysed. RESULTS We identified several CsA derivatives that inhibited HBV infection with a sub-micromolar IC50. Among them, SCY446 and SCY450 showed low activity against calcineurin (CN) and cyclophilins (CyPs), two major CsA cellular targets. This suggested that instead, these compounds interacted directly with NTCP to inhibit viral attachment to host cells, and have no immunosuppressive function. Importantly, we found that SCY450 and SCY995 did not impair the NTCP-dependent uptake of bile acids, and inhibited multiple HBV genotypes including a clinically relevant nucleoside analog-resistant HBV isolate. CONCLUSIONS This is the first example of small molecule selective inhibition of HBV entry with no decrease in NTCP transporter activity. It suggests that the anti-HBV activity can be functionally separated from bile acid transport. These broadly active anti-HBV molecules are potential candidates for developing new drugs with fewer adverse effects. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we identified new compounds that selectively inhibited hepatitis B virus (HBV) entry, and did not impair bile acid uptake. Our evidence offers a new strategy for developing anti-HBV drugs with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Shimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; SCYNEXIS, Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Noda 278-8510, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (J.S.T.), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | | | | | - Fumihiro Kawai
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko S Takeuchi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyake
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicinal Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan
| | - Camille Sureau
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Quantifying antiviral activity optimizes drug combinations against hepatitis C virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1922-1927. [PMID: 28174263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610197114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), treatment against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has significantly improved. To manage and control this worldwide infectious disease better, the "best" multidrug treatment is demanded based on scientific evidence. However, there is no method available that systematically quantifies and compares the antiviral efficacy and drug-resistance profiles of drug combinations. Based on experimental anti-HCV profiles in a cell culture system, we quantified the instantaneous inhibitory potential (IIP), which is the logarithm of the reduction in viral replication events, for both single drugs and multiple-drug combinations. From the calculated IIP of 15 anti-HCV drugs from different classes [telaprevir, danoprevir, asunaprevir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir (SOF), VX-222, dasabuvir, nesbuvir, tegobuvir, daclatasvir, ledipasvir, IFN-α, IFN-λ1, cyclosporin A, and SCY-635], we found that the nucleoside polymerase inhibitor SOF had one of the largest potentials to inhibit viral replication events. We also compared intrinsic antiviral activities of a panel of drug combinations. Our quantification analysis clearly indicated an advantage of triple-DAA treatments over double-DAA treatments, with triple-DAA treatments showing enhanced antiviral activity and a significantly lower probability for drug resistance to emerge at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Our framework provides quantitative information to consider in designing multidrug strategies before costly clinical trials.
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39
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Fungus-Derived Neoechinulin B as a Novel Antagonist of Liver X Receptor, Identified by Chemical Genetics Using a Hepatitis C Virus Cell Culture System. J Virol 2016; 90:9058-74. [PMID: 27489280 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00856-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell culture systems reproducing virus replication can serve as unique models for the discovery of novel bioactive molecules. Here, using a hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell culture system, we identified neoechinulin B (NeoB), a fungus-derived compound, as an inhibitor of the liver X receptor (LXR). NeoB was initially identified by chemical screening as a compound that impeded the production of infectious HCV. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and reporter assays revealed that NeoB specifically inhibits LXR-mediated transcription. NeoB was also shown to interact directly with LXRs. Analysis of structural analogs suggested that the molecular interaction of NeoB with LXR correlated with the capacity to inactivate LXR-mediated transcription and to modulate lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Our data strongly suggested that NeoB is a novel LXR antagonist. Analysis using NeoB as a bioprobe revealed that LXRs support HCV replication: LXR inactivation resulted in dispersion of double-membrane vesicles, putative viral replication sites. Indeed, cells treated with NeoB showed decreased replicative permissiveness for poliovirus, which also replicates in double-membrane vesicles, but not for dengue virus, which replicates via a distinct membrane compartment. Together, our data suggest that LXR-mediated transcription regulates the formation of virus-associated membrane compartments. Significantly, inhibition of LXRs by NeoB enhanced the activity of all known classes of anti-HCV agents, and NeoB showed especially strong synergy when combined with interferon or an HCV NS5A inhibitor. Thus, our chemical genetics analysis demonstrates the utility of the HCV cell culture system for identifying novel bioactive molecules and characterizing the virus-host interaction machinery. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly dependent on host factors for efficient replication. In the present study, we used an HCV cell culture system to screen an uncharacterized chemical library. Our results identified neoechinulin B (NeoB) as a novel inhibitor of the liver X receptor (LXR). NeoB inhibited the induction of LXR-regulated genes and altered lipid metabolism. Intriguingly, our results indicated that LXRs are critical to the process of HCV replication: LXR inactivation by NeoB disrupted double-membrane vesicles, putative sites of viral replication. Moreover, NeoB augmented the antiviral activity of all known classes of currently approved anti-HCV agents without increasing cytotoxicity. Thus, our strategy directly links the identification of novel bioactive compounds to basic virology and the development of new antiviral agents.
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40
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Chen X, Wang Y, Chen X, Cheng K, Li J, Lou J, Ke J, Yang Y, Gong Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Zhong R. Genetic variants in the regulatory region of SLC10A1 are not associated with the risk of hepatitis B virus infection and clearance. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:495-500. [PMID: 27491457 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Na/taurocholate cotransporter NTCP (encoded by SLC10A1) was identified as a cellular entry receptor for the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanism of HBV infection. An alternative hypothesis was put forward that regulatory variants in SLC10A1 might play an important role in HBV susceptibility by potentially influencing expression levels of NTCP. The three regulatory SNPs (rs8011311, rs7154439, rs111409076) were genotyped in 1023 HBV-persistent carriers, 735 subjects with HBV natural clearance and 732 HBV marker-negative subjects in a Han Chinese population. Real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis and luciferase assays have been performed to dissect the potential functionality. In logistic regression analysis, when subjects with HBV natural clearance were compared with HBV marker-negative subjects, no significant associations with the risk of HBV infection were observed for any of the three SNPs after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status and alcohol consumption (P>0.05). Similar negative results were also found for the three SNPs when HBV-persistent carriers were compared with HBV marker-negative subjects. Likewise, no significant associations with the risk of HBV clearance were observed when HBV-persistent carriers were compared with subjects with HBV natural clearance (P>0.05). Quantitative RT/PCR showed no significant difference in NTCP expression levels in normal liver tissue amongst individuals with different rs111409076 genotypes (P=0.317 for the general linear model). Moreover, no evident effect of the SLC10A1 rs111409076 AACA/- polymorphism on transcriptional activity was found by luciferase assay in either HepG2 (P=0.161) or Hep3b (P=0.129) cell lines. The present study indicated that the common variants in the regulatory region of SLC10A1 may not influence the expression of NTCP at the level of transcriptional regulation, and ultimately may not be associated with HBV susceptibility in this Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Quality Management, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Virology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, No 161 Hospital of PLA, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Kailiang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao Lou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajie Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Takamatsu S, Shimomura M, Kamada Y, Maeda H, Sobajima T, Hikita H, Iijima M, Okamoto Y, Misaki R, Fujiyama K, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Takehara T, Ueda K, Kuroda S, Miyoshi E. Core-fucosylation plays a pivotal role in hepatitis B pseudo virus infection: a possible implication for HBV glycotherapy. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1180-1189. [PMID: 27329181 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of cell surface proteins, such as growth factor receptors and virus/bacteria-entry receptors, can be dynamically regulated by oligosaccharide modifications. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of glycosylation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) entry into hepatoma cells. Infection of oligosaccharide-remodeling hepatoma cells with a pseudo virus of HBV, bio-nanocapsule (BNC), was evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Among various experiments using several hepatoma cells, marked difference was observed between Huh6 cells and HB611 cells, which were established by HBV gene transfection into hepatoma cells. Comprehensive oligosaccharide analysis showed dramatic increases of core fucosylation in HB611 cells, compared with Huh6 cells. Knock down of fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) reduced BNC entry into HB611 cells. In contrast, overexpression of FUT8 in Huh6 cells increased BNC entry. Although expression of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), which is one of HBV receptors was very similar between Huh6 and HB611 cells, proteins coprecipitated with NTCP were dependent on levels of core-fucosylation, suggesting that core-fucosylation regulates BNC entry into hepatoma cells. Our findings demonstrate that core-fucosylation is an important glycosylation for HBV infection of hepatoma cells through HBV-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Down-regulation of core-fucosylation may be a novel target for HBV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Mayuka Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruka Maeda
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihoga-oka Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuta Okamoto
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Misaki
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihoga-oka Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
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Nakabori T, Hikita H, Murai K, Nozaki Y, Kai Y, Makino Y, Saito Y, Tanaka S, Wada H, Eguchi H, Takahashi T, Suemizu H, Sakamori R, Hiramatsu N, Tatsumi T, Takehara T. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide inhibition efficiently blocks hepatitis B virus spread in mice with a humanized liver. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27782. [PMID: 27278060 PMCID: PMC4899802 DOI: 10.1038/srep27782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is a recently discovered hepatitis B virus (HBV) receptor. In the present study, we used TK-NOG mice with a humanized liver to examine the impact of endogenous NTCP expression on HBV infection. Upon inoculation with HBV, these mice exhibited clear viremia in 2 weeks, and serum HBV DNA levels gradually increased. The frequency of HBsAg-positive hepatocytes in the liver was 5.1 ± 0.6% at 2 weeks and increased with increasing HBV DNA levels, reaching 92.9 ± 2.8% at 10 to 12 weeks. In vivo siRNA-mediated NTCP knockdown before and after HBV inoculation significantly suppressed the levels of HBV replication and the frequency of HBsAg-positive hepatocytes at 2 weeks, whereas NTCP knockdown 13 weeks after infection did not affect these parameters. Similar to the humanized mouse livers in the early phase of HBV infection, human liver samples from chronic hepatitis B patients, especially those treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues, contained a considerable number of hepatocytes that were negative for the anti-HBs antibody. In conclusion, NTCP inhibition prevents the spread of HBV-infected hepatocytes in mice with a humanized liver. NTCP-targeted therapy has potential for regulating HBV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nakabori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Nozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yugo Kai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Makino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tatsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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43
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Aly HH, Suzuki J, Watashi K, Chayama K, Hoshino SI, Hijikata M, Kato T, Wakita T. RNA Exosome Complex Regulates Stability of the Hepatitis B Virus X-mRNA Transcript in a Non-stop-mediated (NSD) RNA Quality Control Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15958-74. [PMID: 27281821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a stealth virus, minimally inducing the interferon system required for efficient induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, 90% of acutely infected adults can clear the virus, suggesting the presence of other, interferon-independent pathways leading to viral clearance. Given the known ability of helicases to bind viral nucleic acids, we performed a functional screening assay to identify helicases that regulate HBV replication. We identified the superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like (SKIV2L) RNA helicase (a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ski2 protein) on the basis of its direct and preferential interaction with HBV X-mRNA. This interaction was essential for HBV X-mRNA degradation at the RNA exosome. The degradation of HBV X-mRNA at the RNA exosome was also mediated by HBS1L (HBS1-like translational GTPase) protein, a known component of the host RNA quality control system. We found that the redundant HBV-precore translation initiation site present at the 3'-end of HBV X-mRNA (3' precore) is translationally active. The initiation of translation from this site without a proper stop codon was identified by the non-stop-mediated RNA decay mechanism leading to its degradation. Although 3' precore is present in the five main HBV-RNA transcripts, only X-mRNA lacks the presence of an upstream start codons for large, middle, and small (L, M, and S) HBV surface proteins. These upstream codons are in-frame with 3' precore translation initiation site, blocking its translation from the other HBV-mRNA transcripts. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the anti-viral function of the non-stop-mediated RNA decay mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein H Aly
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,
| | - Junya Suzuki
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hoshino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan, and
| | - Makoto Hijikata
- Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,
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44
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Maiwall R, Kumar M. Prevention and Treatment of Recurrent Hepatitis B after Liver Transplantation. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:54-65. [PMID: 27047773 PMCID: PMC4807144 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a global health problem that leads to development of various complications, such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure requiring liver transplantation. The recurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) post-liver transplantation is a major cause of allograft dysfunction, cirrhosis of the allograft, and graft failure. Patients with high viral load at the time of transplantation, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity, or those with a history of anti-viral drug resistance are considered as high-risk for recurrent HBV post-liver transplantation, while patients with low viral load, including HBeAg negative status, acute liver failure, and hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infection are considered to be at low-risk for recurrent HBV post-liver transplantation. Antivirals for patients awaiting liver transplantation(LT) cause suppression of HBV replication and reduce the risk of recurrent HBV infection of the allograft and, therefore, all HBV patients with decompensated cirrhosis should be treated with potent antivirals with high genetic barrier to resistance (entecavir or tenofovir) prior to liver transplantation. Prevention of post-liver transplantation recurrence should be done using a combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and antivirals in patients at high risk of recurrence. Low dose HBIG, HBIG-free protocols, and monoprophylaxis with high potency antivirals can still be considered in patients at low risk of recurrence. Even, marginal grafts from anti-HBc positive donors can be safely used in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative, preferably in anti-hepatitis B core (HBc)/anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs) positive recipients. In this article, we aim to review the mechanisms and risk factors of HBV recurrence post-LT in addition to the various treatment strategies proposed for the prevention of recurrent HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Maiwall
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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45
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Li J, Tong S. From DCPD to NTCP: the long journey towards identifying a functional hepatitis B virus receptor. Clin Mol Hepatol 2015; 21:193-9. [PMID: 26523264 PMCID: PMC4612279 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2015.21.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype of hepatotropic DNA viruses (hepadnaviruses) infecting a wide range of human and non-human hosts. Previous studies with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) identified duck carboxypeptidase D (dCPD) as a host specific binding partner for full-length large envelope protein, and p120 as a binding partner for several truncated versions of the large envelope protein. p120 is the P protein of duck glycine decarboxylase (dGLDC) with restricted expression in DHBV infectible tissues. Several lines of evidence suggest the importance of dCPD, and especially p120, in productive DHBV infection, although neither dCPD nor p120 cDNA could confer susceptibility to DHBV infection in any cell line. Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) has been identified as a binding partner for the N-terminus of HBV large envelope protein. Importantly, knock down and reconstitution experiments unequivocally demonstrated that NTCP is both necessary and sufficient for in vitro infection by HBV and hepatitis delta virus (HDV), an RNA virus using HBV envelope proteins for its transmission. What remains unclear is whether NTCP is the major HBV receptor in vivo. The fact that some HBV patients are homozygous with an NTCP mutation known to abolish its receptor function suggests the existence of NTCP-independent pathways of HBV entry. Also, NTCP very likely mediates just one step of the HBV entry process, with additional co-factors for productive HBV infection still to be discovered. NTCP offers a novel therapeutic target for the control of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Li
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Shuping Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA. ; Key lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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46
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A Novel Tricyclic Polyketide, Vanitaracin A, Specifically Inhibits the Entry of Hepatitis B and D Viruses by Targeting Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide. J Virol 2015; 89:11945-53. [PMID: 26378168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01855-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs are currently limited to nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) and interferons. A challenge of drug development is the identification of small molecules that suppress HBV infection from new chemical sources. Here, from a fungus-derived secondary metabolite library, we identify a structurally novel tricyclic polyketide, named vanitaracin A, which specifically inhibits HBV infection. Vanitaracin A inhibited the viral entry process with a submicromolar 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) (IC50 = 0.61 ± 0.23 μM), without evident cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration of >256 μM; selectivity index value of >419) in primary human hepatocytes. Vanitaracin A did not affect the HBV replication process. This compound was found to directly interact with the HBV entry receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and impaired its bile acid transport activity. Consistent with this NTCP targeting, antiviral activity of vanitaracin A was observed with hepatitis D virus (HDV) but not hepatitis C virus. Importantly, vanitaracin A inhibited infection by all HBV genotypes tested (genotypes A to D) and clinically relevant NA-resistant HBV isolate. Thus, we identified a fungal metabolite, vanitaracin A, which was a potent, well-tolerated, and broadly active inhibitor of HBV and HDV entry. This compound, or its related analogs, could be part of an antiviral strategy for preventing reinfection with HBV, including clinically relevant nucleos(t)ide analog-resistant virus. IMPORTANCE For achieving better treatment and prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, anti-HBV agents targeting a new molecule are in great demand. Although sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) has recently been reported to be an essential host factor for HBV entry, there is a limited number of reports that identify new compounds targeting NTCP and inhibiting HBV entry. Here, from an uncharacterized chemical library, we isolated a structurally new compound, named vanitaracin A, which inhibited the process of entry of HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV). This compound was suggested to directly interact with NTCP and inhibit its transporter activity. Importantly, vanitaracin A inhibited the entry of all HBV genotypes examined and of a clinically relevant nucleos(t)ide analog-resistant HBV isolate.
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47
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Kang L, Pan J, Wu J, Hu J, Sun Q, Tang J. Anti-HBV Drugs: Progress, Unmet Needs, and New Hope. Viruses 2015; 7:4960-77. [PMID: 26389937 PMCID: PMC4584298 DOI: 10.3390/v7092854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 240 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which represents a significant challenge to public health. The current goal in treating chronic HBV infection is to block progression of HBV-related liver injury and inflammation to end-stage liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, because we are unable to eliminate chronic HBV infection. Available therapies for chronic HBV infection mainly include nucleos/tide analogues (NAs), non-NAs, and immunomodulatory agents. However, none of them is able to clear chronic HBV infection. Thus, a new generation of anti-HBV drugs is urgently needed. Progress has been made in the development and testing of new therapeutics against chronic HBV infection. This review aims to summarize the state of the art in new HBV drug research and development and to forecast research and development trends and directions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 New Songjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jiaqian Pan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 New Songjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jiaofen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, 57 Xingning Road, Ningbo 315040, China.
| | - Jiali Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Staff Hospital of Baogang Group, 15 Qingnian Road, Baotou 014010, China.
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 New Songjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 New Songjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.
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48
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NTCP opens the door for hepatitis B virus infection. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Molecular Mechanisms to Control Post-Transplantation Hepatitis B Recurrence. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17494-513. [PMID: 26263973 PMCID: PMC4581205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B often progresses to decompensated liver cirrhosis requiring orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although newer nucleos(t)ide analogues result in >90% viral and hepatitis activity control, severely decompensated patients still need OLT because of drug-resistant virus, acute exacerbation, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Acute hepatitis B is also an indication for OLT, because it can progress to fatal acute liver failure. After OLT, the hepatitis B recurrence rate is >80% without prevention, while >90% of transplant recipients are clinically controlled with combined hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment. However, long-term HBIG administration is associated with several unresolved issues, including limited availability and extremely high cost; therefore, several treatment protocols with low-dose HBIG, combined with nucleos(t)ide analogues, have been investigated. Another approach is to induce self-producing anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies using an HBV envelope (HBs) antigen vaccine. Patients who are not HBV carriers, such as those with acutely infected liver failure, are good candidates for vaccination. For chronic HBV carrier liver cirrhosis patients, a successful vaccine response can only be achieved in selected patients, such as those treated with experimentally reduced immunosuppression protocols. The present protocol for post-OLT HBV control and the future prospects of newer treatment strategies are reviewed.
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50
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Tawada A, Kanda T, Yokosuka O. Current and future directions for treating hepatitis B virus infection. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1541-1552. [PMID: 26085913 PMCID: PMC4462692 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistently infects approximately 350 million people, and approximately 600000 liver-related deaths are observed per year worldwide. HBV infection is also one of the major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The persistence of serum hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and high level of serum HBV DNA are thought to reflect a high HBV replication status in hepatocytes, causing cirrhosis, HCC and liver-related deaths. It has been reported that antiviral therapy, such as peginterferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs), could suppress liver-related death by inhibiting the HBV DNA levels and inducing seroconversion from HBeAg to antibody to HBe antigen. Currently, peginterferon is widely used, but there are also several disadvantages in the use of peginterferon, such as various adverse events, the administration route and duration. It is difficult to predict the effects of treatment and interferon is contraindicated for the patients with advanced fibrosis of the liver and cirrhosis. With respect to NUCs, entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are current the first-choice drugs. NUCs can be administered orally, and their anti-viral effects are stronger than that of peginterferon. However, because cessation of NUC administration leads to high levels of viral replication and causes severe hepatitis, they must be administered for a long time. On the other hand, the use of both interferon and NUCs cannot eliminate covalently closed circular DNA of HBV. In this review, we evaluate the natural course of chronic HBV infection and then provide an outline of these representative drugs, such as peginterferon, entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
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