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Silva D, Quintas C, Gonçalves J, Fresco P. β 2-Adrenoceptor Activation Favor Acquisition of Tumorigenic Properties in Non-Tumorigenic MCF-10A Breast Epithelial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:262. [PMID: 38334654 PMCID: PMC10854540 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Noradrenaline and adrenaline, and their cognate receptors, are currently accepted to participate in cancer progression. They may also participate in cancer initiation, although their role in this phase is much less explored. The aim of this work was to study the influence of adrenergic stimulation in several processes related to breast cancer carcinogenesis, using several adrenergic agonists in the MCF-10A non-tumorigenic breast cells. Activation of the β-adrenoceptors promoted an epithelial phenotype in MCF-10A cells, revealed by an increased expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and a decrease in the mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin and vimentin. MCF-10A cell motility and migration were also impaired after the β-adrenoceptors activation. Concomitant with this effect, β-adrenoceptors decrease cell protrusions (lamellipodia and filopodia) while increasing cell adhesion. Activation of the β-adrenoceptors also decreases MCF-10A cell proliferation. When the MCF-10A cells were cultured under low attachment conditions, activation the of β- (likely β2) or of α2-adrenoceptors had protective effects against cell death, suggesting a pro-survival role of these adrenoceptors. Overall, our results showed that, in breast cells, adrenoceptor activation (mainly through β-adrenoceptors) may be a risk factor in breast cancer by inducing some cancer hallmarks, providing a mechanistic explanation for the increase in breast cancer incidences that may be associated with conditions that cause massive adrenergic stimulation, such as stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.S.); (C.Q.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Quintas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.S.); (C.Q.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.S.); (C.Q.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Fresco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.S.); (C.Q.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Li D, Park Y, Hemati H, Liu X. Cell aggregation activates small GTPase Rac1 and induces CD44 cleavage by maintaining lipid raft integrity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105377. [PMID: 37866630 PMCID: PMC10692920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are highly ordered membrane domains that are enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids and serve as major platforms for signal transduction. Cell detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM) triggers lipid raft disruption and anoikis, which is a barrier for cancer cells to metastasize. Compared to single circulating tumor cells (CTCs), our recent studies have demonstrated that CD44-mediatd cell aggregation enhances the stemness, survival and metastatic ability of aggregated cells. Here, we investigated whether and how lipid rafts are involved in CD44-mediated cell aggregation. We found that cell detachment, which mimics the condition when tumor cells detach from the ECM to metastasize, induced lipid raft disruption in single cells, but lipid raft integrity was maintained in aggregated cells. We further found that lipid raft integrity in aggregated cells was required for Rac1 activation to prevent anoikis. In addition, CD44 and γ-secretase coexisted at lipid rafts in aggregated cells, which promoted CD44 cleavage and generated CD44 intracellular domain (CD44 ICD) to enhance stemness of aggregated cells. Consequently, lipid raft disruption inhibited Rac1 activation, CD44 ICD generation, and metastasis. Our findings reveal two new pathways regulated by CD44-mediated cell aggregation via maintaining lipid raft integrity. These findings also suggest that targeting cell aggregation-mediated pathways could be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent CTC cluster-initiated metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Younhee Park
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hami Hemati
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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3
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He J, Abikoye AM, McLaughlin BP, Middleton RS, Sheldon R, Jones RG, Schafer ZT. Reprogramming of iron metabolism confers ferroptosis resistance in ECM-detached cells. iScience 2023; 26:106827. [PMID: 37250802 PMCID: PMC10209538 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often acquire resistance to cell death programs induced by loss of integrin-mediated attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM). Given that adaptation to ECM-detached conditions can facilitate tumor progression and metastasis, there is significant interest in effective elimination of ECM-detached cancer cells. Here, we find that ECM-detached cells are remarkably resistant to the induction of ferroptosis. Although alterations in membrane lipid content are observed during ECM detachment, it is instead fundamental changes in iron metabolism that underlie resistance of ECM-detached cells to ferroptosis. More specifically, our data demonstrate that levels of free iron are low during ECM detachment because of changes in both iron uptake and iron storage. In addition, we establish that lowering the levels of ferritin sensitizes ECM-detached cells to death by ferroptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that therapeutics designed to kill cancer cells by ferroptosis may be hindered by lack of efficacy toward ECM-detached cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Abigail M. Abikoye
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brett P. McLaughlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ryan S. Middleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ryan Sheldon
- Metabolomics and Bioenergetics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Russell G. Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zachary T. Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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4
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Lee AR, Park CY. Orai1 is an Entotic Ca 2+ Channel for Non-Apoptotic Cell Death, Entosis in Cancer Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205913. [PMID: 36960682 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Entosis is a non-apoptotic cell death process that forms characteristic cell-in-cell structures in cancers, killing invading cells. Intracellular Ca2+ dynamics are essential for cellular processes, including actomyosin contractility, migration, and autophagy. However, the significance of Ca2+ and Ca2+ channels participating in entosis is unclear. Here, it is shown that intracellular Ca2+ signaling regulates entosis via SEPTIN-Orai1-Ca2+ /CaM-MLCK-actomyosin axis. Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in entotic cells show spatiotemporal variations during engulfment, mediated by Orai1 Ca2+ channels in plasma membranes. SEPTIN controlled polarized distribution of Orai1 for local MLCK activation, resulting in MLC phosphorylation and actomyosin contraction, leads to internalization of invasive cells. Ca2+ chelators and SEPTIN, Orai1, and MLCK inhibitors suppress entosis. This study identifies potential targets for treating entosis-associated tumors, showing that Orai1 is an entotic Ca2+ channel that provides essential Ca2+ signaling and sheds light on the molecular mechanism underlying entosis that involves SEPTIN filaments, Orai1, and MLCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Reum Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sattari Fard F, Jalilzadeh N, Mehdizadeh A, Sajjadian F, Velaei K. Understanding and targeting anoikis in metastasis for cancer therapies. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:683-698. [PMID: 36453448 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective treatments for cancers requires investigations for a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of the basic cellular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. One of those driving mechanisms is anoikis, a special type of apoptosis, which is induced by losing anchorage from the extracellular matrix (ECM). In other words, resisting death in detached cells (cells without ECM) forms an anoikis-resistant phenotype. Since the anoikis-resistance state compensates for the initial steps of cancer metastasis, this review aimed to discuss mechanisms of gaining anoikis/anoikis resistance phenotype in tumor cells. Finally, we highlighted the significance of anoikis in malignancies so as to provide clear insight into cancer diagnosis and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Sattari Fard
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Jalilzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fakhrosadat Sajjadian
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kobra Velaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Li D, Park Y, Hemati H, Liu X. Cell aggregation prevents anoikis and induces CD44 cleavage by maintaining lipid raft integrity to promote triple negative breast cancer metastasis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2535728. [PMID: 36824757 PMCID: PMC9949249 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2535728/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, and metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is urgent to discover novel therapeutic targets and develop effective treatments for this lethal disease. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are considered "seeds of metastasis". Compared to single CTCs, our previous studies have demonstrated that CD44 homophilic interaction mediates CTC aggregation to enhance the stemness, survival and metastatic ability of aggregated cells. Importantly, the presence of CD44+ CTC clusters correlates with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Here, we further investigated the underlying mechanism of how CD44-mediated cell aggregation promotes TNBC metastasis. We found that cell detachment, which mimics the condition when tumor cells detach from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to metastasize, induces lipid raft disruption in single cells, but lipid rafts integrity is maintained in aggregated cells. We further found that lipid rafts integrity in aggregated cells is required for Rac1 activation to prevent anoikis. In addition, CD44 and γ-secretase coexisted at lipid rafts in aggregated cells, which promotes CD44 cleavage and generates CD44 intracellular domain (CD44 ICD) to enhance stemness. Consequently, lipid rafts disruption inhibited Rac1 activation, CD44 ICD generation and metastasis. These data reveal a new mechanism of cell aggregation-mediated TNBC metastasis via maintaining lipid raft integrity after cell detachment. The finding provides a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent CTC cluster-initiated metastasis by disrupting lipid raft integrity and its-mediated downstream pathways.
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7
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Baqai U, Purwin TJ, Bechtel N, Chua V, Han A, Hartsough EJ, Kuznetsoff JN, Harbour JW, Aplin AE. Multi-omics profiling shows BAP1 loss is associated with upregulated cell adhesion molecules in uveal melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1260-1271. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in cancer, including uveal melanoma (UM). Loss-of-function BAP1 mutations are associated with UM metastasis and poor prognosis, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Upregulation of cell-cell adhesion proteins is involved with collective migration and metastatic seeding of cancer cells. Here, we show that BAP1 loss in UM patient samples is associated with upregulated gene expression of multiple cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including E-cadherin (CDH1), cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), and syndecan-2 (SDC2). Similar findings were observed in UM cell lines and scRNA seq data from UM patient samples. BAP1 re-expression in UM cells reduced E-cadherin and CADM1 levels. Functionally, knockdown of E-cadherin decreased spheroid cluster formation and knockdown of CADM1 decreased growth of BAP1 mutant UM cells. Together, our findings demonstrate that BAP1 regulates the expression of CAMs which may regulate metastatic traits. Implications: BAP1 mutations and increased metastasis may be due to upregulation of cell adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Baqai
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Nelisa Bechtel
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vivian Chua
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna Han
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward J. Hartsough
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | | | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Peerapen P, Sueksakit K, Boonmark W, Yoodee S, Thongboonkerd V. ARID1A knockdown enhances carcinogenesis features and aggressiveness of Caco-2 colon cancer cells: An in vitro cellular mechanism study. J Cancer 2022; 13:373-384. [PMID: 35069887 PMCID: PMC8771531 DOI: 10.7150/jca.65511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of ARID1A, a tumor suppressor gene, is associated with the higher grade of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the progression and aggressiveness of CRC induced by the loss of ARID1A remain poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of ARID1A knockdown on the carcinogenesis features and aggressiveness of CRC cells. A human CRC cell line (Caco-2) was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to ARID1A (siARID1A) or scrambled (non-specific) siRNA (siControl). Cell death, proliferation, senescence, chemoresistance and invasion were then evaluated. In addition, formation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), self-aggregation (multicellular spheroid) and secretion of an angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were examined. The results showed that ARID1A knockdown led to significant decreases in cell death and senescence. On the other hand, ARID1A knockdown enhanced cell proliferation, chemoresistance and invasion. The siARID1A-transfected cells also had greater number of PGCCs and larger spheroid size and secreted greater level of VEGF compared with the siControl-transfected cells. These data, at least in part, explain the cellular mechanisms of ARID1A deficiency in carcinogenesis and aggressiveness features of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paleerath Peerapen
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Sueksakit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wanida Boonmark
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sunisa Yoodee
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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9
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Wrenn E, Huang Y, Cheung K. Collective metastasis: coordinating the multicellular voyage. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:373-399. [PMID: 34254215 PMCID: PMC8346286 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metastatic process is arduous. Cancer cells must escape the confines of the primary tumor, make their way into and travel through the circulation, then survive and proliferate in unfavorable microenvironments. A key question is how cancer cells overcome these multiple barriers to orchestrate distant organ colonization. Accumulating evidence in human patients and animal models supports the hypothesis that clusters of tumor cells can complete the entire metastatic journey in a process referred to as collective metastasis. Here we highlight recent studies unraveling how multicellular coordination, via both physical and biochemical coupling of cells, induces cooperative properties advantageous for the completion of metastasis. We discuss conceptual challenges and unique mechanisms arising from collective dissemination that are distinct from single cell-based metastasis. Finally, we consider how the dissection of molecular transitions regulating collective metastasis could offer potential insight into cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wrenn
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yin Huang
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kevin Cheung
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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10
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Liu X, Adorno-Cruz V, Chang YF, Jia Y, Kawaguchi M, Dashzeveg NK, Taftaf R, Ramos EK, Schuster EJ, El-Shennawy L, Patel D, Zhang Y, Cristofanilli M, Liu H. EGFR inhibition blocks cancer stem cell clustering and lung metastasis of triple negative breast cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:6632-6643. [PMID: 33995681 PMCID: PMC8120216 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive and metastatic breast cancer subtypes lacking targeted therapy. Our recent work demonstrated that circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters and polyclonal metastasis of TNBC are driven by aggregation of CD44+ cancer stem cells (CSC) and associated with an unfavorable prognosis, such as low overall survival. However, there is no existing therapeutic that can specifically block CTC or CSC cluster formation. Methods: Using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, we established an ex vivo tumor cell clustering assay for a pilot screening of blockade antibodies. After identifying EGFR as a target candidate, we modulated the gene expression and inhibited its kinase activity to determine its functional importance in tumor cell clustering and therapeutic inhibition of lung metastasis. We also examined the molecular regulation network of EGFR and a potential connection to CSC marker CD44 and microRNAs, which regulate CTC clustering. Results: We report here that EGFR inhibition successfully blocks circulating CSC (cCSC) clustering and lung metastasis of TNBC. EGFR enhances CD44-mediated tumor cell aggregation and CD44 stabilizes EGFR. Importantly, blocking EGFR by a novel anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (clone LA1) effectively blocked cell aggregation in vitro and reduced lung metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that the tumor suppressor microRNA-30c serves as another negative regulator of cCSC clustering and lung metastasis by targeting CD44 as well as its downstream effector EGFR. Conclusion: Our studies identify a novel anti-EGFR therapeutic strategy to inhibit cCSC aggregation and therefore abolish cCSC cluster-mediated metastasis of TNBC.
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11
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Han HJ, Sung JY, Kim SH, Yun UJ, Kim H, Jang EJ, Yoo HE, Hong EK, Goh SH, Moon A, Lee JS, Ye SK, Shim J, Kim YN. Fibronectin regulates anoikis resistance via cell aggregate formation. Cancer Lett 2021; 508:59-72. [PMID: 33771684 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss of cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis, known as anoikis. For successful distant metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that have lost matrix attachment need to acquire anoikis resistance in order to survive. Cell aggregate formation confers anoikis resistance, and CTC clusters are more highly metastatic compared to single cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this aggregation are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrated that cell detachment increased cell aggregation and upregulated fibronectin (FN) levels in lung and breast cancer cells, but not in their normal counterparts. FN knockdown decreased cell aggregation and increased anoikis. In addition, cell detachment induced cell-cell adhesion proteins, including E-cadherin, desmoglein-2, desmocollin-2/3, and plakoglobin. Interestingly, FN knockdown decreased the levels of desmoglein-2, desmocollin-2/3, and plakoglobin, but not E-cadherin, suggesting the involvement of desmosomal junction in cell aggregation. Accordingly, knockdown of desmoglein-2, desmocollin-2, or plakoglobin reduced cell aggregation and increased cell sensitivity to anoikis. Previously, we reported that NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) upregulation is important for anoikis resistance. Nox4 inhibition by siRNA or apocynin decreased cell aggregation and increased anoikis with the downregulation of FN, and, consequently, decreased desmoglein-2, desmocollin-2/3, or plakoglobin. The coexpression of Nox4 and FN was found to be significant in lung and breast cancer patients, based on cBioPortal data. In vivo mouse lung metastasis model showed that FN knockdown suppressed lung metastasis and thus enhanced survival. FN staining of micro tissue array revealed that FN expression was positive for human lung cancer (61%) and breast cancer (58%) patients. Furthermore, the expression levels of FN, desmoglein-2, desmocollin-2, and plakoglobin were significantly correlated with the poor survival of lung and breast cancer patients, as per the Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis. Altogether, our data suggest that FN upregulation and enhanced desmosomal interactions are critical for cell aggregation and anoikis resistance upon cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jun Han
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Sung
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Jung Yun
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeong Kim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Jang
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Yoo
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Hong
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Goh
- Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ku Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegal Shim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Kotrasová V, Keresztesová B, Ondrovičová G, Bauer JA, Havalová H, Pevala V, Kutejová E, Kunová N. Mitochondrial Kinases and the Role of Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020082. [PMID: 33498615 PMCID: PMC7912454 DOI: 10.3390/life11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major role of mitochondria is to provide cells with energy, but no less important are their roles in responding to various stress factors and the metabolic changes and pathological processes that might occur inside and outside the cells. The post-translational modification of proteins is a fast and efficient way for cells to adapt to ever changing conditions. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that signals these changes and propagates these signals throughout the whole cell, but it also changes the structure, function and interaction of individual proteins. In this review, we summarize the influence of kinases, the proteins responsible for phosphorylation, on mitochondrial biogenesis under various cellular conditions. We focus on their role in keeping mitochondria fully functional in healthy cells and also on the changes in mitochondrial structure and function that occur in pathological processes arising from the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kotrasová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbora Keresztesová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Jacob A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Henrieta Havalová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Nina Kunová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
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13
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Engin A. Protein Kinase-Mediated Decision Between the Life and Death. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:1-33. [PMID: 33539010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are intracellular signaling enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of specific residues in their target substrate proteins. They play important role for regulation of life and death decisions. The complexity of the relationship between death receptors and protein kinases' cell death decision-making mechanisms create many difficulties in the treatment of various diseases. The most of fifteen different cell death pathways, which are reported by Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) are protein kinase signal transduction-mediated negative or positive selections. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a main player of death pathways is a dual-functioning molecule in that it can promote both cell survival or cell death. All apoptotic and necrotic signal transductions are conveyed through death domain-containing death receptors, which are expressed on the surface of nearly all human cells. In humans, eight members of the death receptor family have been identified. While the interaction of TNF with TNF Receptor 1 (TNFR1) activates various signal transduction pathways, different death receptors activate three main signal transduction pathways: nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB)-mediated differentiation or pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated stress response and caspase-mediated apoptosis. The link between the NF-ĸB and the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways comprise another check-point to regulate cell death. TNF-α also promotes the "receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1" (RIPK1)/RIPK3/ mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)-dependent necrosis. Thus, necrosome is mainly comprised of MLKL, RIPK3 and, in some cases, RIPK1. In fact, RIPK1 is at the crossroad between life and death, downstream of various receptors as a regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced death. TNFR1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC), which contains multiple kinase activities, promotes phosphorylation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) α/IKKβ, IκBα, and NF-κB. IKKs affect cell-survival pathways in NF-κB-independent manner. Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation triggers various signaling pathways dependent on myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase (IRAK1), IRAK2 and IRAK4, lead to post-translational activation of nucleotide and oligomerization domain (NLRP3). Thereby, cell fate decisions following TLR signaling is parallel with death receptor signaling. Inhibition of IKKα/IKKβ or its upstream activators sensitize cells to death by inducing RIPK1-dependent apoptosis or necroptosis. During apoptosis, several kinases of the NF-κB pathway, including IKK1 and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), are cleaved by cellular caspases. This event can terminate the NF-κB-derived survival signals. In both canonical and non-canonical pathways, IKK is key to NF-κB activation. Whereas, the activation process of IKK, the functions of NEMO ubiquitination, IKK-related non-canonical pathway and the nuclear transportation of NEMO and functions of IKKα are still debated in cell death. In addition, cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95)-mediated non-apoptotic signaling and CD95- death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) interactions are waiting for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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14
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Adaptation of metabolism to multicellular aggregation, hypoxia and obese stromal cell incorporation as potential measure of survival of ovarian metastases. Exp Cell Res 2020; 399:112397. [PMID: 33338477 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian metastases exfoliate from the primary tumor and it is thought that aggregation supports their survival in the peritoneal cavity during dissemination but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly identified. We have previously shown that ovarian cancer cells acquire an increasingly glycolytic and metabolic flexible phenotype during progression. In the present study, we investigated how hypoxia, aggregation, and the incorporation of the obese stromal vascular fraction (SVF) affect cellular metabolism and the response to common anti-cancer and anti-diabetic drugs. Our results show a reduction of glucose uptake, lactate secretion, cellular respiration and ATP synthesis in response to hypoxia and aggregation, suggesting that the observed reduced proliferation of cells aggregated into spheroids is the result of a down-regulation of respiration. Recruitment of SVF to spheroids increased the spheroids invasive capacity but reduced respiration only in the most aggressive cells. Further, aggregation and hypoxia reduced the response to the metabolic drugs AICAR and metformin, and the chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin and paclitaxel. Our results suggest that the adaptation of cellular metabolism may contribute to enhanced survival under non-permissive conditions, and that these metabolic alterations may provide targets for future interventions that aim to enhance the survival of women with metastatic ovarian cancer.
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15
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Endo H, Owada S, Inagaki Y, Shida Y, Tatemichi M. Metabolic reprogramming sustains cancer cell survival following extracellular matrix detachment. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101643. [PMID: 32863227 PMCID: PMC7371916 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells require attachment to a support, such as the extracellular matrix, for survival. During cancer progression and metastasis, cancerous epithelial cells must overcome their dependence on adhesion signals. Dependence on glucose metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells, but the nutrient requirements of cancer cells under anchorage-deficient conditions remain uncharacterized. Here, we report that cancer cells prioritize glutamine-derived tricarboxylic acid cycle energy metabolism over glycolysis to sustain anchorage-independent survival. Moreover, glutamine-dependent metabolic reprogramming is required not only to maintain ATP levels but also to suppress excessive oxidative stress through interaction with cystine. Mechanistically, AMPK, a central regulator of cellular responses to metabolic stress, participates in the induction of the expression of ASCT2, a glutamine transporter, and enhances glutamine consumption. Most interestingly, AMPK activation induces Nrf2 and its target proteins, allowing cancer cells to maintain energy homeostasis and redox status through glutaminolysis. Treatment with an integrin inhibitor was used to mimic the alterations in cell morphology and metabolic reprogramming caused by detachment. Under these conditions, cells were vulnerable to glutamine starvation or glutamine metabolism inhibitors. The observed preference for glutamine over glucose was more pronounced in aggressive cancer cell lines, and treatment with the glutaminase inhibitor, CB839, and cystine transporter inhibitor, sulfasalazine, caused strong cytotoxicity. Our data clearly show that anchorage-independent survival of cancer cells is supported mainly by glutaminolysis via the AMPK-Nrf2 signal axis. The discovery of new vulnerabilities along this route could help slow or prevent cancer progression. AMPK-Nrf2 signaling is crucial in metabolic reprogramming during cancer progression. Cancer metabolism does not preeminently depend on glycolysis. Glutaminolysis mainly supports anchorage-independent cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Endo
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Owada
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Yukari Shida
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Tatemichi
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
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16
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Sharma A, Elble RC. From Orai to E-Cadherin: Subversion of Calcium Trafficking in Cancer to Drive Proliferation, Anoikis-Resistance, and Metastasis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060169. [PMID: 32575848 PMCID: PMC7345168 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common currency of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis is calcium, stored primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, rationed according to need, and replenished from the extracellular milieu via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). This currency is disbursed by the IP3 receptor in response to diverse extracellular signals. The rate of release is governed by regulators of proliferation, autophagy, survival, and programmed cell death, the strength of the signal leading to different outcomes. Intracellular calcium acts chiefly through intermediates such as calmodulin that regulates growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), actin polymerization, and adherens junction assembly and maintenance. Here we review this machinery and its role in differentiation, then consider how cancer cells subvert it to license proliferation, resist anoikis, and enable metastasis, either by modulating the level of intracellular calcium or its downstream targets or effectors such as EGFR, E-cadherin, IQGAP1, TMEM16A, CLCA2, and TRPA1. Implications are considered for the roles of E-cadherin and growth factor receptors in circulating tumor cells and metastasis. The discovery of novel, cell type-specific modulators and effectors of calcium signaling offers new possibilities for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +217-545-7381
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17
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Tsai MY, Aratsu F, Sekida S, Kobayashi S, Tanaka M. Blood-Compatible Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) Induces Blebbing-like Phenomenon and Promotes Viability of Tumor Cells in Serum-Free Medium. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1858-1864. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Tsai
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Aratsu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shogo Sekida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shingo Kobayashi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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18
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Qiao Y, Xu Z, Yu Y, Hou S, Geng J, Xiao T, Liang Y, Dong Q, Mei Y, Wang B, Qiao H, Dai J, Suo G. Single cell derived spheres of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance cell stemness properties, survival ability and therapeutic potential on liver failure. Biomaterials 2019; 227:119573. [PMID: 31670080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) have shown great potentials in regenerative medicine for their extensive sources, multilineage differentiation potential, low immunogenicity and self-renewal ability. However, the clinical application of UCMSCs still confronts many challenges including the requirement of large quantity of cells, low survival ability in vivo and the loss of main original characteristics due to two-dimensional (2D) culture. The traditional three-dimensional (3D)-spheroid culture can mimic in vivo conditions, but still has limitations in clinical application due to large size of spheroid against direct injection and inner cell death. Based on self-renewal tenet, we produced single cell derived sphere (SCDS) of UCMSCs through combining single cell pattern on chip with 3D culture. Compared with the 2D and traditional 3D culture, SCDS culture has many advantages to meet clinical requirements, including small size, higher abilities of survival and migration, and stronger hypoxia resistance and stemness maintenance. Furthermore, SCDS culture promotes angiogenesis in UCMSCs-xenografts and displays greater therapeutic potential on acute liver failure (ALF) in vivo. Our results suggest that SCDS culture may serve as a simple and effective strategy for UCMSCs optimization to meet clinical demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhongjuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yanzhen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shulan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Junsa Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Tongqian Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qun Dong
- Department of Pathology, Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Greepharma Inc., 211100, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular, Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Guangli Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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19
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Saleh A, Marhuenda E, Fabre C, Hassani Z, Weille JD, Boukhaddaoui H, Guelfi S, Maldonado IL, Hugnot JP, Duffau H, Bauchet L, Cornu D, Bakalara N. A novel 3D nanofibre scaffold conserves the plasticity of glioblastoma stem cell invasion by regulating galectin-3 and integrin-β1 expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14612. [PMID: 31601895 PMCID: PMC6787018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) invasiveness renders complete surgical resection impossible and highly invasive Glioblastoma Initiating Cells (GICs) are responsible for tumour recurrence. Their dissemination occurs along pre-existing fibrillary brain structures comprising the aligned myelinated fibres of the corpus callosum (CC) and the laminin (LN)-rich basal lamina of blood vessels. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of these environments regulates GIC migration, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In order to recapitulate the composition and the topographic properties of the cerebral ECM in the migration of GICs, we have set up a new aligned polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-derived nanofiber (NF) scaffold. This system is suitable for drug screening as well as discrimination of the migration potential of different glioblastoma stem cells. Functionalisation with LN increases the spatial anisotropy of migration and modulates its mode from collective to single cell migration. Mechanistically, equally similar to what has been observed for mesenchymal migration of GBM in vivo, is the upregulation of galectin-3 and integrin-β1 in Gli4 cells migrating on our NF scaffold. Downregulation of Calpain-2 in GICs migrating in vivo along the CC and in vitro on LN-coated NF underlines a difference in the turnover of focal adhesion (FA) molecules between single-cell and collective types of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saleh
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Marhuenda
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Fabre
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Zahra Hassani
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan de Weille
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hassan Boukhaddaoui
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Guelfi
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Igor Lima Maldonado
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Univ. Tours, Inserm, Tours, CHRU de Tours, Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean- Philippe Hugnot
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - David Cornu
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Bakalara
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INM, U-1051, Univ. Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, ENSCM, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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20
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Komemi O, Shochet GE, Pomeranz M, Fishman A, Pasmanik-Chor M, Drucker L, Matalon ST, Lishner M. Placenta-conditioned extracellular matrix (ECM) activates breast cancer cell survival mechanisms: A key for future distant metastases. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:1633-1644. [PMID: 30194759 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) affects cancer cell characteristics. Inability of normal epithelial cells to attach to the ECM induces apoptosis (anoikis). Cancer cells are often anoikis resistant, a prerequisite for their metastatic spread. Previously we demonstrated that the placenta manipulates its surrounding ECM in a way that prevents breast cancer cells (BCCL) attachment and induces their motility and aggregation. This fits with the fact that although breast cancer during pregnancy is often advanced, metastasis to the placenta is rarely observed. Placental intervillous space provides suitable conditions for cancer cell arrival. Yet, the outcome of the short communication between the placental ECM to the BCCL and its effect on BCCL malignant potential are unknown, and are the focus of our study. In the current study we analyzed the effect of placental ECM on BCCL survival pathways and drug resistance. Microarray analysis suggested activation of the NF-κB and stress response pathways. Indeed, the placenta-conditioned ECM induced autophagy in ERα + BCCL, inactivated the NF-κB inhibitor (IκB) and increased integrin α5 in the BCCL. The autophagy mediated MCF-7 and T47D migration and the placental ECM-BCCL interactions reduced the BCCL sensitivity to Taxol. We also demonstrated by using siRNA that integrin α5 was responsible for the MCF-7 autophagy and suggest this molecule as a suitable target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Komemi
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Meir Pomeranz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Ami Fishman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Drucker
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shelly Tartakover Matalon
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Lishner
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Internal Medicine A, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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21
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Xiao T, Xu Z, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Geng J, Liang Y, Qiao H, Suo G. Loss of TP53I11 Enhances the Extracellular Matrix-independent Survival by Promoting Activation of AMPK. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:183-191. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongqian Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jiangsu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhongjuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jiangsu China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jiangsu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Hai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jiangsu China
| | - Junsa Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jiangsu China
- A School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics; University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui China
| | - Yu Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jiangsu China
- Laboratory of Biosensing Technology; School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University; Shanghai China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Guangli Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jiangsu China
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22
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Brown CW, Amante JJ, Mercurio AM. Cell clustering mediated by the adhesion protein PVRL4 is necessary for α6β4 integrin-promoted ferroptosis resistance in matrix-detached cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12741-12748. [PMID: 29934307 PMCID: PMC6102132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid-targeting reactive oxygen species that kill cells by damaging their plasma membrane. The lipid repair enzyme GSH peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protects against this oxidative damage and enables cells to resist ferroptosis. Recent work has revealed that matrix-detached carcinoma cells can be susceptible to ferroptosis and that they can evade this fate through the signaling properties of the α6β4 integrin, which sustains GPX4 expression. Although these findings on ferroptosis are provocative, they differ from those in previous studies indicating that matrix-detached cells are prone to apoptosis via a process referred to as anoikis. In an effort to reconcile these discrepant findings, here we observed that matrix-detached epithelial and carcinoma cells cluster spontaneously via a mechanism that involves the cell adhesion protein PVRL4 (also known as Nectin-4). We found that this clustering process allows these cells to survive by stimulating a PVRL4/α6β4/Src signaling axis that sustains GPX4 expression and buffers against lipid peroxidation. In the absence of α6β4, PVRL4-mediated clustering induced an increase in lipid peroxidation that was sufficient for triggering ferroptosis. When the clustering was inhibited, single cells did not exhibit a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the absence of α6β4, and they were more susceptible to apoptosis than to ferroptosis. These results indicate that ferroptosis induction depends on cell clustering in matrix-detached cells that lack α6β4 and imply that the fate of matrix-detached cells can be determined by the state of their cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin W Brown
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - John J Amante
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605.
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23
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Zhou Y, Xu Z, Quan D, Zhang F, Zhang H, Xiao T, Hou S, Qiao H, Harismendy O, Wang JYJ, Suo G. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 promotes spheroid survival and mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:6152-6165. [PMID: 29995872 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells aggregate into spheroids when deprived of matrix, and the proclivity for spheroid formation and survival is a hallmark of normal and tumorigenic mammary stem cells. We show here that Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1) is a spheroid promoter by in silico identification of this transcription factor as highly connected to top shRNA-hits deduced from re-iterative selections for shRNAs enriched in MCF10A spheroids. NRF1-promoted spheroid survival is linked to its stimulation of mitochondrial OXPHOS, cell migration, invasion, and mesenchymal transition. Conversely, NRF1 knockdown in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells reduced spheroids, migration, invasion, and mesenchymal marker expression. NRF1 knockdown also reduced tumor burden in mammary fat pads and lungs of orthotopic- or tail vein-transplanted mice. With the Luminal A subtype of breast cancer, higher NRF1 expression is associated with lower survival. These results show that NRF1, an activator of mitochondrial metabolism, supports mammary spheroid survival and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuai Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhongjuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Daniel Quan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tongqian Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shulan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA
| | - Jean Y J Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA
| | - Guangli Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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24
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KIAA0100 Modulates Cancer Cell Aggression Behavior of MDA-MB-231 through Microtubule and Heat Shock Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060180. [PMID: 29867023 PMCID: PMC6025110 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The KIAA0100 gene was identified in the human immature myeloid cell line cDNA library. Recent studies have shown that its expression is elevated in breast cancer and associated with more aggressive cancer types as well as poor outcomes. However, its cellular and molecular function is yet to be understood. Here we show that silencing KIAA0100 by siRNA in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 significantly reduced the cancer cells’ aggressive behavior, including cell aggregation, reattachment, cell metastasis and invasion. Most importantly, silencing the expression of KIAA0100 particularly sensitized the quiescent cancer cells in suspension culture to anoikis. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that KIAA0100 may play multiple roles in the cancer cells, including stabilizing microtubule structure as a microtubule binding protein, and contributing to MDA-MB-231 cells Anoikis resistance by the interaction with stress protein HSPA1A. Our study also implies that the interaction between KIAA0100 and HSPA1A may be targeted for new drug development to specifically induce anoikis cell death in the cancer cell.
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25
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Gravel SP. Deciphering the Dichotomous Effects of PGC-1α on Tumorigenesis and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:75. [PMID: 29629336 PMCID: PMC5876244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming confers cancer cells the ability to grow and survive under nutrient-depleted or stressful microenvironments. The amplification of oncogenes, the loss of tumor suppressors, as well as context- and lineage-specific determinants can converge and profoundly affect the metabolic status of cancer cells. Cumulating evidences suggest that highly glycolytic cells under the influence of oncogenes such as BRAF, or evolving in hypoxic microenvironments, will promote metastasis through modulation of multiple steps of tumorigenesis such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). On the contrary, increased reliance on mitochondrial respiration is associated with hyperplasic rather than metastatic disease. The PGC-1α transcriptional coactivator, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, has recently been shown to exert antimetastatic effects in cancer, notably through inhibition of EMT. Besides, PGC-1α has the opposite role in specific cancer subtypes, in which it appears to provide growth advantages. Thus, the regulation and role of PGC-1α in cancer is not univocal, and its use as a prognostic marker appears limited given its highly dynamic nature and its multifaceted regulation by transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Herein, we expose key oncogenic and lineage-specific modules that finely regulate PGC-1α to promote or dampen the metastatic process. We propose a unifying model based on the systematic analysis of its controversial implication in cancer from cell proliferation to EMT and metastasis. This short review will provide a good understanding of current challenges associated with the study of PGC-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon-Pierre Gravel
- Laboratory of Metabolic Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Abstract
Evidence is increasing on the crucial role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in breast cancer progression, invasion and metastasis with almost all mortality cases owing to metastasis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is the first signal of metastasis involving different transcription factors such as Snail, TWIST, and ZEB1. ECM remodeling is a major event promoting cancer invasion and metastasis; where matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-2, -9, -11, and -14 play vital roles degrading the matrix proteins for cancer spread. The β-D mannuronic acid (MMP inhibitor) has anti-metastatic properties through inhibition of MMP-2, and -9 and could be a potential therapeutic agent. Besides the MMPs, the enzymes such as LOXL2, LOXL4, procollagen lysyl hydroxylase-2, and heparanase also regulate breast cancer progression. The important ECM proteins like integrins (b1-, b5-, and b6- integrins), ECM1 protein, and Hic-5 protein are also actively involved in breast cancer development. The stromal cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and adipocytes also contribute in tumor development through different processes. The TAMs become proangiogenic through secretion of VEGF-A and building vessel network for nourishment and invasion of the tumor mass. The latest developments of ECM involvement in breast cancer progression has been discussed in this review and this study will help researchers in designing future work on breast cancer pathogenesis and developing therapy targeted to the ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University , Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Jagadeesh Janjanam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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27
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Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostinis P, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Amelio I, Andrews DW, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Antonov AV, Arama E, Baehrecke EH, Barlev NA, Bazan NG, Bernassola F, Bertrand MJM, Bianchi K, Blagosklonny MV, Blomgren K, Borner C, Boya P, Brenner C, Campanella M, Candi E, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Cecconi F, Chan FKM, Chandel NS, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Cohen GM, Conrad M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Czabotar PE, D'Angiolella V, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Laurenzi V, De Maria R, Debatin KM, DeBerardinis RJ, Deshmukh M, Di Daniele N, Di Virgilio F, Dixit VM, Dixon SJ, Duckett CS, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Elrod JW, Fimia GM, Fulda S, García-Sáez AJ, Garg AD, Garrido C, Gavathiotis E, Golstein P, Gottlieb E, Green DR, Greene LA, Gronemeyer H, Gross A, Hajnoczky G, Hardwick JM, Harris IS, Hengartner MO, Hetz C, Ichijo H, Jäättelä M, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Juin PP, Kaiser WJ, Karin M, Kaufmann T, Kepp O, Kimchi A, Kitsis RN, Klionsky DJ, Knight RA, Kumar S, Lee SW, Lemasters JJ, Levine B, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Lowe SW, Luedde T, Lugli E, MacFarlane M, Madeo F, Malewicz M, Malorni W, Manic G, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Medema JP, Mehlen P, Meier P, Melino S, Miao EA, Molkentin JD, Moll UM, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Nagata S, Nuñez G, Oberst A, Oren M, Overholtzer M, Pagano M, Panaretakis T, Pasparakis M, Penninger JM, Pereira DM, Pervaiz S, Peter ME, Piacentini M, Pinton P, Prehn JHM, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Rehm M, Rizzuto R, Rodrigues CMP, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Ryan KM, Sayan E, Scorrano L, Shao F, Shi Y, Silke J, Simon HU, Sistigu A, Stockwell BR, Strasser A, Szabadkai G, Tait SWG, Tang D, Tavernarakis N, Thorburn A, Tsujimoto Y, Turk B, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Vander Heiden MG, Villunger A, Virgin HW, Vousden KH, Vucic D, Wagner EF, Walczak H, Wallach D, Wang Y, Wells JA, Wood W, Yuan J, Zakeri Z, Zhivotovsky B, Zitvogel L, Melino G, Kroemer G. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:486-541. [PMID: 29362479 PMCID: PMC5864239 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3761] [Impact Index Per Article: 626.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Paris Descartes/Paris V University, Paris, France.
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institute of Immunology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - David W Andrews
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Alexey V Antonov
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katiuscia Bianchi
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Biological Investigation (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Brenner
- INSERM U1180, Châtenay Malabry, France
- University of Paris Sud/Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dermopatic Institute of Immaculate (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francis K-M Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gerald M Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincenzo D'Angiolella
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, CeSI-MetUniversity of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Rome, Italy
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Colin S Duckett
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM U1231 "Lipides Nutrition Cancer", Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Burgundy France Comté, Dijon, France
- Cancer Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pierre Golstein
- Immunology Center of Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Team labeled "Ligue Contre le Cancer", Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Atan Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gyorgy Hajnoczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isaac S Harris
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp J Jost
- III Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe P Juin
- Team 8 "Stress adaptation and tumor escape", CRCINA-INSERM U1232, Nantes, France
- University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- University of Angers, Angers, France
- Institute of Cancer Research in Western France, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Paris Descartes/Paris V University, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Sud/Paris XI University, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Team 11 labeled "Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI University, Paris, France
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Knight
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Luedde
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - Frank Madeo
- Department Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michal Malewicz
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - Walter Malorni
- National Centre for Gender Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Departments of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jean-Claude Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development laboratory, CRCL, Lyon, France
- Team labeled "La Ligue contre le Cancer", Lyon, France
- LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Mary-Jean Mitchell Green Building, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Campus Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine (IBYME), National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cecilia M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emre Sayan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medicinal Biomaterials, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - John Silke
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Inflammation, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Rome, Italy
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for DAMP Biology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Protein Modification and Degradation of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, "Jozef Stefan" Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Will Wood
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Sud/Paris XI University, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Paris Descartes/Paris V University, Paris, France.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- Team 11 labeled "Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France.
- Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI University, Paris, France.
- Biology Pole, European Hospital George Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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RIPK1-mediated induction of mitophagy compromises the viability of extracellular-matrix-detached cells. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:272-284. [PMID: 29459781 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For cancer cells to survive during extracellular matrix (ECM) detachment, they must inhibit anoikis and rectify metabolic deficiencies that cause non-apoptotic cell death. Previous studies in ECM-detached cells have linked non-apoptotic cell death to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, although the mechanistic underpinnings of this link remain poorly defined. Here, we uncover a role for receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) in the modulation of ROS and cell viability during ECM detachment. We find that RIPK1 activation during ECM detachment results in mitophagy induction through a mechanism dependent on the mitochondrial phosphatase PGAM5. As a consequence of mitophagy, ECM-detached cells experience diminished NADPH production in the mitochondria, and the subsequent elevation in ROS levels leads to non-apoptotic death. Furthermore, we find that antagonizing RIPK1/PGAM5 enhances tumour formation in vivo. Thus, RIPK1-mediated induction of mitophagy may be an efficacious target for therapeutics aimed at eliminating ECM-detached cancer cells.
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Hawk MA, Schafer ZT. Mechanisms of redox metabolism and cancer cell survival during extracellular matrix detachment. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7531-7537. [PMID: 29339552 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm117.000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontransformed cells that become detached from the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergo dysregulation of redox homeostasis and cell death. In contrast, cancer cells often acquire the ability to mitigate programmed cell death pathways and recalibrate the redox balance to survive after ECM detachment, facilitating metastatic dissemination. Accordingly, recent studies of the mechanisms by which cancer cells overcome ECM detachment-induced metabolic alterations have focused on mechanisms in redox homeostasis. The insights into these mechanisms may inform the development of therapeutics that manipulate redox homeostasis to eliminate ECM-detached cancer cells. Here, we review how ECM-detached cancer cells balance redox metabolism for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hawk
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Mason JA, Hagel KR, Hawk MA, Schafer ZT. Metabolism during ECM Detachment: Achilles Heel of Cancer Cells? Trends Cancer 2017; 3:475-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chao OS, Chang TC, Di Bella MA, Alessandro R, Anzanello F, Rappa G, Goodman OB, Lorico A. The HDAC6 Inhibitor Tubacin Induces Release of CD133 + Extracellular Vesicles From Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4414-4424. [PMID: 28452069 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as an important mode of intercellular communication, capable of transferring biologically active molecules that facilitate the malignant growth and metastatic process. CD133 (Prominin-1), a stem cell marker implicated in tumor initiation, differentiation and resistance to anti-cancer therapy, is reportedly associated with EVs in various types of cancer. However, little is known about the factors that regulate the release of these CD133+ EVs. Here, we report that the HDAC6 inhibitor tubacin promoted the extracellular release of CD133+ EVs from human FEMX-I metastatic melanoma and Caco-2 colorectal carcinoma cells, with a concomitant downregulation of intracellular CD133. This effect was specific for tubacin, as inhibition of HDAC6 deacetylase activity by another selective HDAC6 inhibitor, ACY-1215 or the pan-HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), and knockdown of HDAC6 did not enhance the release of CD133+ EVs. The tubacin-induced EV release was associated with changes in cellular lipid composition, loss of clonogenic capacity and decrease in the ability to form multicellular aggregates. These findings indicate a novel potential anti-tumor mechanism for tubacin in CD133-expressing malignancies. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4414-4424, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Chao
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Tim C Chang
- Amnis, Part of MilliporeSigma, Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Maria A Di Bella
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Via Divisi 83, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Via Divisi 83, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Anzanello
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135.,Roseman Cancer Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Germana Rappa
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135.,Roseman Cancer Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Oscar B Goodman
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135.,Roseman Cancer Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
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Abstract
Successful cancer metastasis relies on the ability of cancer cells to survive independently of attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to overcome ECM-detachment-induced death programs. This can be accomplished through activating mutations in cellular oncogenes that subsequently lead to the inhibition of anoikis and to alterations in productive metabolism. One example of such an oncogene is Ras which is found to be mutated and hyperactivated in a variety of distinct cancers. Despite numerous studies on Ras, the precise molecular mechanisms that facilitate survival during ECM-detachment remain poorly understood. Recently, we discovered that ECM-detached cells harboring oncogenic Ras mutations require signaling through the PI(3)K/SGK1 signaling axis to promote survival. Furthermore, we found that oncogenic Ras can concurrently diminish PHLPP1 phosphatase levels, which results in a decrease in p38 MAPK-mediated activation of anoikis. Thus, our data suggest that cancer cells with activating Ras mutations can survive during ECM-detachment using downstream effector molecules that modulate distinct pathways. Overall, these data suggest that new therapeutic interventions that aim to mitigate SGK1 signaling and activate the p38 MAPK activity may aid in specifically targeting and eliminating metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mason
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
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Wang HJ, Li MQ, Liu W, Yao GD, Xia MY, Hayashi T, Fujisaki H, Hattori S, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Gelatin promotes murine fibrosarcoma L929 cell detachment and protects the cells from TNFα-induced cytotoxicity. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:262-9. [PMID: 27031673 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2016.1146713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gelatin has been considered to exist as intermediate substance of collagen catabolism in tissue remodeling or under inflammatory conditions. We have initiated the study on possible biological functions of gelatin that can exist temporally and locally under the conditions of remodeling and inflammation Materials and methods: To this purpose, we investigated cell proliferation and survival on gelatin-coated dishes and the response to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells. Autophagy level, ATP level, and ROS generation are examined. RESULTS L929 cells detached from the gelatin-coated dishes and formed multicellular aggregates. TNFα-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells was inhibited by gelatin-coating culture. The cells on gelatin-coated dishes showed reduced cellular ATP levels and increased adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, leading to increased ROS generation and autophagy. CONCLUSION This study showed that gelatin-coated culture protected L929 cells from TNFα-induced cytotoxicity and suggested for a possible pathophysiological function of gelatin in regulating cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ju Wang
- a China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Meng-Qi Li
- a China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Wei Liu
- a China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- a China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Ming-Yu Xia
- a China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- a China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- b Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Nippi, Incorporated, Toride , Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- b Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Nippi, Incorporated, Toride , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- c Department of Medical Education and Primary Care , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- d Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- a China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mason
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
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35
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Mason JA, Davison-Versagli CA, Leliaert AK, Pape DJ, McCallister C, Zuo J, Durbin SM, Buchheit CL, Zhang S, Schafer ZT. Oncogenic Ras differentially regulates metabolism and anoikis in extracellular matrix-detached cells. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1271-82. [PMID: 26915296 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for cancer cells to survive during metastasis, they must overcome anoikis, a caspase-dependent cell death process triggered by extracellular matrix (ECM) detachment, and rectify detachment-induced metabolic defects that compromise cell survival. However, the precise signals used by cancer cells to facilitate their survival during metastasis remain poorly understood. We have discovered that oncogenic Ras facilitates the survival of ECM-detached cancer cells by using distinct effector pathways to regulate metabolism and block anoikis. Surprisingly, we find that while Ras-mediated phosphatidylinositol (3)-kinase signaling is critical for rectifying ECM-detachment-induced metabolic deficiencies, the critical downstream effector is serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) rather than Akt. Our data also indicate that oncogenic Ras blocks anoikis by diminishing expression of the phosphatase PHLPP1 (PH Domain and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 1), which promotes anoikis through the activation of p38 MAPK. Thus, our study represents a novel paradigm whereby oncogene-initiated signal transduction can promote the survival of ECM-detached cells through divergent downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - C A Davison-Versagli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - A K Leliaert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - D J Pape
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - C McCallister
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - J Zuo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - S M Durbin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - C L Buchheit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Z T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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