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Roh SH, Mendez-Vazquez H, Sathler MF, Doolittle MJ, Zaytseva A, Brown H, Sainsbury M, Kim S. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid reduces synaptic δ-catenin levels and disrupts ultrasonic vocalization in neonates. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109963. [PMID: 38657945 PMCID: PMC11127754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective and commonly prescribed drug for epilepsy and bipolar disorder. However, children born from mothers treated with VPA during pregnancy exhibit an increased incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although VPA may impair brain development at the cellular level, the mechanism of VPA-induced ASD has not been completely addressed. A previous study has found that VPA treatment strongly reduces δ-catenin mRNA levels in cultured human neurons. δ-catenin is important for the control of glutamatergic synapses and is strongly associated with ASD. VPA inhibits dendritic morphogenesis in developing neurons, an effect that is also found in neurons lacking δ-catenin expression. We thus hypothesize that prenatal exposure to VPA significantly reduces δ-catenin levels in the brain, which impairs glutamatergic synapses to cause ASD. Here, we found that prenatal exposure to VPA markedly reduced δ-catenin levels in the brain of mouse pups. VPA treatment also impaired dendritic branching in developing mouse cortical neurons, which was partially reversed by elevating δ-catenin expression. Prenatal VPA exposure significantly reduced synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor levels and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) in the brain of mouse pups, indicating dysfunctions in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. VPA exposure also significantly altered ultrasonic vocalization (USV) in newly born pups when they were isolated from their nest. Moreover, VPA-exposed pups show impaired hypothalamic response to isolation, which is required to produce animals' USVs following isolation from the nest. Therefore, these results suggest that VPA-induced ASD pathology can be mediated by the loss of δ-catenin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Morgan Sainsbury
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, USA.
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2
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Wang L, Xu M, Wang Y, Wang F, Deng J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Liao A, Yang F, Wang S, Li Y. Melatonin improves synapse development by PI3K/Akt signaling in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1618-1624. [PMID: 38051907 PMCID: PMC10883500 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202407000-00043/figure1/v/2023-11-20T171125Z/r/image-tiff
Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders involving more than 1100 genes, including Ctnnd2 as a candidate gene. Ctnnd2 knockout mice, serving as an animal model of autism, have been demonstrated to exhibit decreased density of dendritic spines. The role of melatonin, as a neurohormone capable of effectively alleviating social interaction deficits and regulating the development of dendritic spines, in Ctnnd2 deletion-induced nerve injury remains unclear. In the present study, we discovered that the deletion of exon 2 of the Ctnnd2 gene was linked to social interaction deficits, spine loss, impaired inhibitory neurons, and suppressed phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signal pathway in the prefrontal cortex. Our findings demonstrated that the long-term oral administration of melatonin for 28 days effectively alleviated the aforementioned abnormalities in Ctnnd2 gene-knockout mice. Furthermore, the administration of melatonin in the prefrontal cortex was found to improve synaptic function and activate the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in this region. The pharmacological blockade of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, wortmannin, and melatonin receptor antagonists, luzindole and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin, prevented the melatonin-induced enhancement of GABAergic synaptic function. These findings suggest that melatonin treatment can ameliorate GABAergic synaptic function by activating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway, which may contribute to the improvement of dendritic spine abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Man Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric, Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ailing Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Yang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shali Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Roh SH, Mendez-Vazquez H, Sathler MF, Doolittle MJ, Zaytseva A, Brown H, Sainsbury M, Kim S. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid reduces synaptic δ-catenin levels and disrupts ultrasonic vocalization in neonates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571709. [PMID: 38168404 PMCID: PMC10760095 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective and commonly prescribed drug for epilepsy and bipolar disorder. However, children born from mothers treated with VPA during pregnancy exhibit an increased incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although VPA may impair brain development at the cellular level, the mechanism of VPA-induced ASD has not been completely addressed. A previous study has found that VPA treatment strongly reduces δ-catenin mRNA levels in cultured human neurons. δ-catenin is important for the control of glutamatergic synapses and is strongly associated with ASD. VPA inhibits dendritic morphogenesis in developing neurons, an effect that is also found in neurons lacking δ-catenin expression. We thus hypothesize that prenatal exposure to VPA significantly reduces δ-catenin levels in the brain, which impairs glutamatergic synapses to cause ASD. Here, we found that prenatal exposure to VPA markedly reduced δ-catenin levels in the brain of mouse pups. VPA treatment also impaired dendritic branching in developing mouse cortical neurons, which was reversed by elevating δ-catenin expression. Prenatal VPA exposure significantly reduced synaptic AMPA receptor levels and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) in the brain of mouse pups, indicating dysfunctions in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. VPA exposure also significantly altered ultrasonic vocalization (USV) in newly born pups when they were isolated from their nest. Moreover, VPA-exposed pups show impaired hypothalamic response to isolation, which is required to produce animals' USVs following isolation from the nest. Therefore, these results suggest that VPA-induced ASD pathology can be mediated by the loss of δ-catenin functions. Highlights Prenatal exposure of valproic acid (VPA) in mice significantly reduces synaptic δ-catenin protein and AMPA receptor levels in the pups' brains.VPA treatment significantly impairs dendritic branching in cultured cortical neurons, which is reversed by increased δ-catenin expression.VPA exposed pups exhibit impaired communication such as ultrasonic vocalization.Neuronal activation linked to ultrasonic vocalization is absent in VPA-exposed pups.The loss of δ-catenin functions underlies VPA-induced autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in early childhood.
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4
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Tan CX, Bindu DS, Hardin EJ, Sakers K, Baumert R, Ramirez JJ, Savage JT, Eroglu C. δ-Catenin controls astrocyte morphogenesis via layer-specific astrocyte-neuron cadherin interactions. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303138. [PMID: 37707499 PMCID: PMC10501387 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes control the formation of specific synaptic circuits via cell adhesion and secreted molecules. Astrocyte synaptogenic functions are dependent on the establishment of their complex morphology. However, it is unknown if distinct neuronal cues differentially regulate astrocyte morphogenesis. δ-Catenin was previously thought to be a neuron-specific protein that regulates dendrite morphology. We found δ-catenin is also highly expressed by astrocytes and required both in astrocytes and neurons for astrocyte morphogenesis. δ-Catenin is hypothesized to mediate transcellular interactions through the cadherin family of cell adhesion proteins. We used structural modeling and biochemical analyses to reveal that δ-catenin interacts with the N-cadherin juxtamembrane domain to promote N-cadherin surface expression. An autism-linked δ-catenin point mutation impaired N-cadherin cell surface expression and reduced astrocyte complexity. In the developing mouse cortex, only lower-layer cortical neurons express N-cadherin. Remarkably, when we silenced astrocytic N-cadherin throughout the cortex, only lower-layer astrocyte morphology was disrupted. These findings show that δ-catenin controls astrocyte-neuron cadherin interactions that regulate layer-specific astrocyte morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabel Xin Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Evelyn J. Hardin
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristina Sakers
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Baumert
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juan J. Ramirez
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin T. Savage
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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Vaz R, Edwards S, Dueñas-Rey A, Hofmeister W, Lindstrand A. Loss of ctnnd2b affects neuronal differentiation and behavior in zebrafish. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1205653. [PMID: 37465584 PMCID: PMC10351287 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1205653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-catenin (CTNND2) is an adhesive junction associated protein belonging to the family of p120 catenins. The human gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 5, the region deleted in Cri-du-chat syndrome (OMIM #123450). Heterozygous loss of CTNND2 has been linked to a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Here we studied how heterozygous loss of ctnnd2b affects zebrafish embryonic development, and larvae and adult behavior. First, we observed a disorganization of neuronal subtypes in the developing forebrain, namely the presence of ectopic isl1-expressing cells and a local reduction of GABA-positive neurons in the optic recess region. Next, using time-lapse analysis, we found that the disorganized distribution of is1l-expressing forebrain neurons resulted from an increased specification of Isl1:GFP neurons. Finally, we studied the swimming patterns of both larval and adult heterozygous zebrafish and observed an increased activity compared to wildtype animals. Overall, this data suggests a role for ctnnd2b in the differentiation cascade of neuronal subtypes in specific regions of the vertebrate brain, with repercussions in the animal's behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Centre of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven Edwards
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Dueñas-Rey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Centre of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Hofmeister
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Centre of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Centre of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Mendez-Vazquez H, Roach RL, Nip K, Chanda S, Sathler MF, Garver T, Danzman RA, Moseley MC, Roberts JP, Koch ON, Steger AA, Lee R, Arikkath J, Kim S. The autism-associated loss of δ-catenin functions disrupts social behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300773120. [PMID: 37216537 PMCID: PMC10235948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300773120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
δ-catenin is expressed in excitatory synapses and functions as an anchor for the glutamatergic AMPA receptor (AMPAR) GluA2 subunit in the postsynaptic density. The glycine 34 to serine (G34S) mutation in the δ-catenin gene has been found in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and results in loss of δ-catenin functions at excitatory synapses, which is presumed to underlie ASD pathogenesis in humans. However, how the G34S mutation causes loss of δ-catenin functions to induce ASD remains unclear. Here, using neuroblastoma cells, we identify that the G34S mutation increases glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-dependent δ-catenin degradation to reduce δ-catenin levels, which likely contributes to the loss of δ-catenin functions. Synaptic δ-catenin and GluA2 levels in the cortex are significantly decreased in mice harboring the δ-catenin G34S mutation. The G34S mutation increases glutamatergic activity in cortical excitatory neurons while it is decreased in inhibitory interneurons, indicating changes in cellular excitation and inhibition. δ-catenin G34S mutant mice also exhibit social dysfunction, a common feature of ASD. Most importantly, pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β activity reverses the G34S-induced loss of δ-catenin function effects in cells and mice. Finally, using δ-catenin knockout mice, we confirm that δ-catenin is required for GSK3β inhibition-induced restoration of normal social behavior in δ-catenin G34S mutant animals. Taken together, we reveal that the loss of δ-catenin functions arising from the ASD-associated G34S mutation induces social dysfunction via alterations in glutamatergic activity and that GSK3β inhibition can reverse δ-catenin G34S-induced synaptic and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regan L. Roach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Kaila Nip
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523
| | - Soham Chanda
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Matheus F. Sathler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Tyler Garver
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Rosaline A. Danzman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Madeleine C. Moseley
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Jessica P. Roberts
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Olivia N. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | | | - Rahmi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munore-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
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7
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Mendez-Vazquez H, Roach RL, Nip K, Sathler MF, Garver T, Danzman RA, Moseley MC, Roberts JP, Koch ON, Steger AA, Lee R, Arikkath J, Kim S. The autism-associated loss of δ-catenin functions disrupts social behaviors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523372. [PMID: 36711484 PMCID: PMC9882145 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
δ-catenin is expressed in excitatory synapses and functions as an anchor for the glutamatergic AMPA receptor (AMPAR) GluA2 subunit in the postsynaptic density. The glycine 34 to serine (G34S) mutation in the δ-catenin gene is found in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and induces loss of δ-catenin functions at excitatory synapses, which is presumed to underlie ASD pathogenesis in humans. However, how the G34S mutation causes loss of δ-catenin functions to induce ASD remains unclear. Here, using neuroblastoma cells, we discover that the G34S mutation generates an additional phosphorylation site for glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). This promotes δ-catenin degradation and causes the reduction of δ-catenin levels, which likely contributes to the loss of δ-catenin functions. Synaptic δ-catenin and GluA2 levels in the cortex are significantly decreased in mice harboring the δ-catenin G34S mutation. The G34S mutation increases glutamatergic activity in cortical excitatory neurons while it is decreased in inhibitory interneurons, indicating changes in cellular excitation and inhibition. δ-catenin G34S mutant mice also exhibit social dysfunction, a common feature of ASD. Most importantly, inhibition of GSK3β activity reverses the G34S-induced loss of δ-catenin function effects in cells and mice. Finally, using δ-catenin knockout mice, we confirm that δ-catenin is required for GSK3β inhibition-induced restoration of normal social behaviors in δ-catenin G34S mutant animals. Taken together, we reveal that the loss of δ-catenin functions arising from the ASD-associated G34S mutation induces social dysfunction via alterations in glutamatergic activity and that GSK3β inhibition can reverse δ-catenin G34S-induced synaptic and behavioral deficits. Significance Statement δ-catenin is important for the localization and function of glutamatergic AMPA receptors at synapses in many brain regions. The glycine 34 to serine (G34S) mutation in the δ-catenin gene is found in autism patients and results in the loss of δ-catenin functions. δ-catenin expression is also closely linked to other autism-risk genes involved in synaptic structure and function, further implying that it is important for the autism pathophysiology. Importantly, social dysfunction is a key characteristic of autism. Nonetheless, the links between δ-catenin functions and social behaviors are largely unknown. The significance of the current research is thus predicated on filling this gap by discovering the molecular, cellular, and synaptic underpinnings of the role of δ-catenin in social behaviors.
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8
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Donta MS, Srivastava Y, Di Mauro CM, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Waxham MN, McCrea PD. p120-catenin subfamily members have distinct as well as shared effects on dendrite morphology during neuron development in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1151249. [PMID: 37082208 PMCID: PMC10112520 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1151249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic arborization is essential for proper neuronal connectivity and function. Conversely, abnormal dendrite morphology is associated with several neurological pathologies like Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Among major intrinsic mechanisms that determine the extent of the dendritic arbor is cytoskeletal remodeling. Here, we characterize and compare the impact of the four proteins involved in cytoskeletal remodeling-vertebrate members of the p120-catenin subfamily-on neuronal dendrite morphology. In relation to each of their own distributions, we find that p120-catenin and delta-catenin are expressed at relatively higher proportions in growth cones compared to ARVCF-catenin and p0071-catenin; ARVCF-catenin is expressed at relatively high proportions in the nucleus; and all catenins are expressed in dendritic processes and the soma. Through altering the expression of each p120-subfamily catenin in neurons, we find that exogenous expression of either p120-catenin or delta-catenin correlates with increased dendritic length and branching, whereas their respective depletion decreases dendritic length and branching. While increasing ARVCF-catenin expression also increases dendritic length and branching, decreasing expression has no grossly observable morphological effect. Finally, increasing p0071-catenin expression increases dendritic branching, but not length, while decreasing expression decreases dendritic length and branching. These distinct localization patterns and morphological effects during neuron development suggest that these catenins have both shared and distinct roles in the context of dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxsam S. Donta
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yogesh Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christina M. Di Mauro
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - M. Neal Waxham
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: M. Neal Waxham,
| | - Pierre D. McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Pierre D. McCrea,
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9
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Linseman DA, Lu Q. Editorial: Rho family GTPases and their effectors in neuronal survival and neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1161072. [PMID: 36896267 PMCID: PMC9989285 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1161072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Qun Lu
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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10
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Donta MS, Srivastava Y, McCrea PD. Delta-Catenin as a Modulator of Rho GTPases in Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:939143. [PMID: 35860313 PMCID: PMC9289679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.939143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Rho GTPases are molecular switches that are involved in multiple processes including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. These GTPases are activated (turned on) and inactivated (turned off) through various upstream effector molecules to carry out many cellular functions. One such upstream modulator of small Rho GTPase activity is delta-catenin, which is a protein in the p120-catenin subfamily that is enriched in the central nervous system. Delta-catenin affects small GTPase activity to assist in the developmental formation of dendrites and dendritic spines and to maintain them once they mature. As the dendritic arbor and spine density are crucial for synapse formation and plasticity, delta-catenin’s ability to modulate small Rho GTPases is necessary for proper learning and memory. Accordingly, the misregulation of delta-catenin and small Rho GTPases has been implicated in several neurological and non-neurological pathologies. While links between delta-catenin and small Rho GTPases have yet to be studied in many contexts, known associations include some cancers, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Cri-du-chat syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Drawing from established studies and recent discoveries, this review explores how delta-catenin modulates small Rho GTPase activity. Future studies will likely elucidate how PDZ proteins that bind delta-catenin further influence small Rho GTPases, how delta-catenin may affect small GTPase activity at adherens junctions when bound to N-cadherin, mechanisms behind delta-catenin’s ability to modulate Rac1 and Cdc42, and delta-catenin’s ability to modulate small Rho GTPases in the context of diseases, such as cancer and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxsam S. Donta
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Maxsam S. Donta,
| | - Yogesh Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pierre D. McCrea
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX, United States
- Pierre D. McCrea,
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11
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Baumert R, Ji H, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Wolfe A, Sagum C, Hodgson L, Arikkath J, Chen X, Bedford MT, Waxham MN, McCrea PD. Novel phospho-switch function of delta-catenin in dendrite development. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152151. [PMID: 33007084 PMCID: PMC7534926 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, dendrites form the major sites of information receipt and integration. It is thus vital that, during development, the dendritic arbor is adequately formed to enable proper neural circuit formation and function. While several known processes shape the arbor, little is known of those that govern dendrite branching versus extension. Here, we report a new mechanism instructing dendrites to branch versus extend. In it, glutamate signaling activates mGluR5 receptors to promote Ckd5-mediated phosphorylation of the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif of delta-catenin. The phosphorylation state of this motif determines delta-catenin's ability to bind either Pdlim5 or Magi1. Whereas the delta:Pdlim5 complex enhances dendrite branching at the expense of elongation, the delta:Magi1 complex instead promotes lengthening. Our data suggest that these complexes affect dendrite development by differentially regulating the small-GTPase RhoA and actin-associated protein Cortactin. We thus reveal a "phospho-switch" within delta-catenin, subject to a glutamate-mediated signaling pathway, that assists in balancing the branching versus extension of dendrites during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Baumert
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Aaron Wolfe
- Computational Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cari Sagum
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Xiaojiang Chen
- Computational Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX.,Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX
| | - M Neal Waxham
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX.,Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX
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12
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Ji B, Skup M. Roles of palmitoylation in structural long-term synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2021; 14:8. [PMID: 33430908 PMCID: PMC7802216 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are important cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent LTP and LTD play especially crucial roles in these functions, and their expression depends on changes in the number and single channel conductance of the major ionotropic glutamate receptor α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) located on the postsynaptic membrane. Structural changes in dendritic spines comprise the morphological platform and support for molecular changes in the execution of synaptic plasticity and memory storage. At the molecular level, spine morphology is directly determined by actin cytoskeleton organization within the spine and indirectly stabilized and consolidated by scaffold proteins at the spine head. Palmitoylation, as a uniquely reversible lipid modification with the ability to regulate protein membrane localization and trafficking, plays significant roles in the structural and functional regulation of LTP and LTD. Altered structural plasticity of dendritic spines is also considered a hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders, while genetic evidence strongly links abnormal brain function to impaired palmitoylation. Numerous studies have indicated that palmitoylation contributes to morphological spine modifications. In this review, we have gathered data showing that the regulatory proteins that modulate the actin network and scaffold proteins related to AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission also undergo palmitoylation and play roles in modifying spine architecture during structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjun Ji
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Skup
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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Adegbola A, Lutz R, Nikkola E, Strom SP, Picker J, Wynshaw-Boris A. Disruption of CTNND2, encoding delta-catenin, causes a penetrant attention deficit disorder and myopia. HGG ADVANCES 2020; 1:100007. [PMID: 33718894 PMCID: PMC7948131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2020.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and genetic mechanisms. A balanced chromosomal translocation interrupts CTNND2 in several members of a family with profound attentional deficit and myopia, and disruption of the gene was found in a separate unrelated individual with ADHD and myopia. CTNND2 encodes a brain-specific member of the adherens junction complex essential for postsynaptic and dendritic development, a site of potential pathophysiology in attentional disorders. Therefore, we propose that the severe and highly penetrant nature of the ADHD phenotype in affected individuals identifies CTNND2 as a potential gateway to ADHD pathophysiology similar to the DISC1 translocation in psychosis or AUTS2 in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi Adegbola
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard Lutz
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Picker
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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14
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Villa R, Fergnani VGC, Silipigni R, Guerneri S, Cinnante C, Guala A, Danesino C, Scola E, Conte G, Fumagalli M, Gangi S, Colombo L, Picciolini O, Ajmone PF, Accogli A, Madia F, Tassano E, Scala M, Capra V, Srour M, Spaccini L, Righini A, Greco D, Castiglia L, Romano C, Bedeschi MF. Structural brain anomalies in Cri-du-Chat syndrome: MRI findings in 14 patients and possible genotype-phenotype correlations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 28:110-119. [PMID: 32800423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cri-du-Chat Syndrome (CdCS) is a genetic condition due to deletions showing different breakpoints encompassing a critical region on the short arm of chromosome 5, located between p15.2 and p15.3, first defined by Niebuhr in 1978. The classic phenotype includes a characteristic cry, peculiar facies, microcephaly, growth retardation, hypotonia, speech and psychomotor delay and intellectual disability. A wide spectrum of clinical manifestations can be attributed to differences in size and localization of the 5p deletion. Several critical regions related to some of the main features (such as cry, peculiar facies, developmental delay) have been identified. The aim of this study is to further define the genotype-phenotype correlations in CdCS with particular regards to the specific neuroradiological findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fourteen patients with 5p deletions have been included in the present study. Neuroimaging studies were conducted using brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Genetic testing was performed by means of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array at 130 kb resolution. RESULTS MRI analyses showed that isolated pontine hypoplasia is the most common finding, followed by vermian hypoplasia, ventricular anomalies, abnormal basal angle, widening of cavum sellae, increased signal of white matter, corpus callosum anomalies, and anomalies of cortical development. Chromosomal microarray analysis identified deletions ranging in size from 11,6 to 33,8 Mb on the short arm of chromosome 5. Then, we took into consideration the overlapping and non-overlapping deleted regions. The goal was to establish a correlation between the deleted segments and the neuroradiological features of our patients. CONCLUSIONS Performing MRI on all the patients in our cohort, allowed us to expand the neuroradiological phenotype in CdCS. Moreover, possible critical regions associated to characteristic MRI findings have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Villa
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - V G C Fergnani
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - R Silipigni
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - S Guerneri
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - C Cinnante
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - A Guala
- Department of Pediatrics, Castelli Hospital, Verbania, Italy.
| | - C Danesino
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - E Scola
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Conte
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - M Fumagalli
- NICU, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - S Gangi
- NICU, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - L Colombo
- NICU, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - O Picciolini
- Pediatric Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - P F Ajmone
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Service (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
| | - A Accogli
- DINOGMI, Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - F Madia
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - E Tassano
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Scala
- DINOGMI, Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - V Capra
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Srour
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.
| | - L Spaccini
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - A Righini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - D Greco
- Oasi Research Institute, IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
| | - L Castiglia
- Oasi Research Institute, IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
| | - C Romano
- Oasi Research Institute, IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
| | - M F Bedeschi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Ligon C, Seong E, Schroeder EJ, DeKorver NW, Yuan L, Chaudoin TR, Cai Y, Buch S, Bonasera SJ, Arikkath J. δ-Catenin engages the autophagy pathway to sculpt the developing dendritic arbor. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10988-11001. [PMID: 32554807 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the dendritic arbor in pyramidal neurons is critical for neural circuit function. Here, we uncovered a pathway in which δ-catenin, a component of the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex, promotes coordination of growth among individual dendrites and engages the autophagy mechanism to sculpt the developing dendritic arbor. Using a rat primary neuron model, time-lapse imaging, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy, we found that apical and basolateral dendrites are coordinately sculpted during development. Loss or knockdown of δ-catenin uncoupled this coordination, leading to retraction of the apical dendrite without altering basolateral dendrite dynamics. Autophagy is a key cellular pathway that allows degradation of cellular components. We observed that the impairment of the dendritic arbor resulting from δ-catenin knockdown could be reversed by knockdown of autophagy-related 7 (ATG7), a component of the autophagy machinery. We propose that δ-catenin regulates the dendritic arbor by coordinating the dynamics of individual dendrites and that the autophagy mechanism may be leveraged by δ-catenin and other effectors to sculpt the developing dendritic arbor. Our findings have implications for the management of neurological disorders, such as autism and intellectual disability, that are characterized by dendritic aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Ligon
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eunju Seong
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ethan J Schroeder
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nicholas W DeKorver
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tammy R Chaudoin
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stephen J Bonasera
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, D. C., USA
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16
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Philippe JM, Jenkins PM. Spatial organization of palmitoyl acyl transferases governs substrate localization and function. Mol Membr Biol 2020; 35:60-75. [PMID: 31969037 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2019.1710274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is a critical posttranslational modification that regulates protein trafficking, localization, stability, sorting and function. In mammals, addition of this lipid modification onto proteins is mediated by a family of 23 palmitoyl acyl transferases (PATs). PATs often palmitoylate substrates in a promiscuous manner, precluding our understanding of how these enzymes achieve specificity for their substrates. Despite generous efforts to identify consensus motifs defining PAT-substrate specificity, it remains to be determined whether additional factors beyond interaction motifs, such as local palmitoylation, participate in PAT-substrate selection. In this review, we emphasize the role of local palmitoylation, in which substrates are palmitoylated and trapped in the same subcellular compartments as their PATs, as a mechanism of enzyme-substrate specificity. We focus here on non-Golgi-localized PATs, as physical proximity to their substrates enables them to engage in local palmitoylation, compared to Golgi PATs, which often direct trafficking of their substrates elsewhere. PAT subcellular localization may be an under-recognized, yet important determinant of PAT-substrate specificity that may work in conjunction or completely independently of interaction motifs. We also discuss some current hypotheses about protein motifs that contribute to localization of non-Golgi-localized PATs, important for the downstream targeting of their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Philippe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Ligon C, Cai Y, Buch S, Arikkath J. A selective role for a component of the autophagy pathway in coupling the Golgi apparatus to dendrite polarity in pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2020; 730:135048. [PMID: 32439477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons have a characteristic morphology that is critical to their ability to integrate into functional neural circuits. In addition to axon dendrite polarity, pyramidal neurons also exhibit dendritic polarity such that apical and basolateral dendrites differ in size, structure and inputs. Dendrite polarity in pyramidal neurons coincides with polarity of the Golgi apparatus, a key feature relevant to directed secretory trafficking, both in vitro and in vivo. We identify a novel autophagy based mechanism that uncouples the polarity of the Golgi apparatus from dendrite polarity. Autophagy is a universal cellular pathway that promotes cellular homeostasis via degradation of cellular components. Our data indicate that knockdown of ATG7, a key component of the autophagy mechanism, disrupts the polarity of the Golgi apparatus without impacting dendritic polarity in primary pyramidal neurons, providing the first evidence that dendrite polarity can be uncoupled from Golgi polarity. Interestingly, these effects are restricted to ATG7 knockdown and are not replicated by the knockdown of ATG16L1, another component of the autophagy mechanism. We propose that cellular mechanisms exist to couple Golgi polarity to dendrite polarity. Components of the autophagy mechanism are leveraged to actively couple Golgi polarity to dendrite polarity, thus impacting secretory trafficking into individual dendrites in pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Ligon
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, United States
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington D.C, 20059, United States.
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18
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Disease-associated synaptic scaffold protein CNK2 modulates PSD size and influences localisation of the regulatory kinase TNIK. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5709. [PMID: 32235845 PMCID: PMC7109135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins are responsible for structural organisation within cells; they form complexes with other proteins to facilitate signalling pathways and catalytic reactions. The scaffold protein connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 2 (CNK2) is predominantly expressed in neural tissues and was recently implicated in X-linked intellectual disability (ID). We have investigated the role of CNK2 in neurons in order to contribute to our understanding of how CNK2 alterations might cause developmental defects, and we have elucidated a functional role for CNK2 in the molecular processes that govern morphology of the postsynaptic density (PSD). We have also identified novel CNK2 interaction partners and explored their functional interdependency with CNK2. We focussed on the novel interaction partner TRAF2- and NCK-interacting kinase TNIK, which is also associated with ID. Both CNK2 and TNIK are expressed in neuronal dendrites and concentrated in dendritic spines, and staining with synaptic markers indicates a clear postsynaptic localisation. Importantly, our data highlight that CNK2 plays a role in directing TNIK subcellular localisation, and in neurons, CNK2 participates in ensuring that this multifunctional kinase is present in the correct place at desirable levels. In summary, our data indicate that CNK2 expression is critical for modulating PSD morphology; moreover, our study highlights that CNK2 functions as a scaffold with the potential to direct the localisation of regulatory proteins within the cell. Importantly, we describe a novel link between CNK2 and the regulatory kinase TNIK, and provide evidence supporting the idea that alterations in CNK2 localisation and expression have the potential to influence the behaviour of TNIK and other important regulatory molecules in neurons.
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19
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Wickham RJ, Alexander JM, Eden LW, Valencia-Yang M, Llamas J, Aubrey JR, Jacob MH. Learning impairments and molecular changes in the brain caused by β-catenin loss. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2965-2975. [PMID: 31131404 PMCID: PMC6736100 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID), defined as IQ<70, occurs in 2.5% of individuals. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms is essential for developing therapeutic strategies. Several of the identified genes that link to ID in humans are predicted to cause malfunction of β-catenin pathways, including mutations in CTNNB1 (β-catenin) itself. To identify pathological changes caused by β-catenin loss in the brain, we have generated a new β-catenin conditional knockout mouse (β-cat cKO) with targeted depletion of β-catenin in forebrain neurons during the period of major synaptogenesis, a critical window for brain development and function. Compared with control littermates, β-cat cKO mice display severe cognitive impairments. We tested for changes in two β-catenin pathways essential for normal brain function, cadherin-based synaptic adhesion complexes and canonical Wnt (Wingless-related integration site) signal transduction. Relative to control littermates, β-cat cKOs exhibit reduced levels of key synaptic adhesion and scaffold binding partners of β-catenin, including N-cadherin, α-N-catenin, p120ctn and S-SCAM/Magi2. Unexpectedly, the expression levels of several canonical Wnt target genes were not altered in β-cat cKOs. This lack of change led us to find that β-catenin loss leads to upregulation of γ-catenin (plakoglobin), a partial functional homolog, whose neural-specific role is poorly defined. We show that γ-catenin interacts with several β-catenin binding partners in neurons but is not able to fully substitute for β-catenin loss, likely due to differences in the N-and C-termini between the catenins. Our findings identify severe learning impairments, upregulation of γ-catenin and reductions in synaptic adhesion and scaffold proteins as major consequences of β-catenin loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wickham
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Biomedical Graduate School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jonathan M Alexander
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Biomedical Graduate School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lillian W Eden
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Biomedical Graduate School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mabel Valencia-Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Biomedical Graduate School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Josué Llamas
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Biomedical Graduate School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - John R Aubrey
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Biomedical Graduate School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michele H Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Biomedical Graduate School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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20
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Corrêa T, Feltes BC, Riegel M. Integrated analysis of the critical region 5p15.3-p15.2 associated with cri-du-chat syndrome. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:186-196. [PMID: 30985858 PMCID: PMC6687350 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cri-du-chat syndrome (CdCs) is one of the most common contiguous gene syndromes, with an incidence of 1:15,000 to 1:50,000 live births. To better understand the etiology of CdCs at the molecular level, we investigated theprotein-protein interaction (PPI) network within the critical chromosomal region 5p15.3-p15.2 associated with CdCs using systemsbiology. Data were extracted from cytogenomic findings from patients with CdCs. Based on clinical findings, molecular characterization of chromosomal rearrangements, and systems biology data, we explored possible genotype-phenotype correlations involving biological processes connected with CdCs candidate genes. We identified biological processes involving genes previously found to be associated with CdCs, such as TERT, SLC6A3, and CTDNND2, as well as novel candidate proteins with potential contributions to CdCs phenotypes, including CCT5, TPPP, MED10, ADCY2, MTRR, CEP72, NDUFS6, and MRPL36. Although further functional analyses of these proteins are required, we identified candidate proteins for the development of new multi-target genetic editing tools to study CdCs. Further research may confirm those that are directly involved in the development of CdCs phenotypes and improve our understanding of CdCs-associated molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Corrêa
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariluce Riegel
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto
Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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21
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Gilbert J, Man HY. Fundamental Elements in Autism: From Neurogenesis and Neurite Growth to Synaptic Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:359. [PMID: 29209173 PMCID: PMC5701944 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders with a high prevalence and impact on society. ASDs are characterized by deficits in both social behavior and cognitive function. There is a strong genetic basis underlying ASDs that is highly heterogeneous; however, multiple studies have highlighted the involvement of key processes, including neurogenesis, neurite growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review article, we focus on the major genes and signaling pathways implicated in ASD and discuss the cellular, molecular and functional studies that have shed light on common dysregulated pathways using in vitro, in vivo and human evidence. HighlightsAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a prevalence of 1 in 68 children in the United States. ASDs are highly heterogeneous in their genetic basis. ASDs share common features at the cellular and molecular levels in the brain. Most ASD genes are implicated in neurogenesis, structural maturation, synaptogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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van Rootselaar AF, Groffen AJ, de Vries B, Callenbach PMC, Santen GWE, Koelewijn S, Vijfhuizen LS, Buijink A, Tijssen MAJ, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. δ-Catenin ( CTNND2) missense mutation in familial cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy. Neurology 2017; 89:2341-2350. [PMID: 29127138 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the causative gene in a large Dutch family with familial cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy (FCMTE). METHODS We performed exome sequencing for 3 patients of our FCMTE family. Next, we performed knock-down (shRNA) and rescue experiments by overexpressing wild-type and mutant human δ-catenin (CTNND2) proteins in cortical mouse neurons and compared the results with morphologic abnormalities in the postmortem FCMTE brain. RESULTS We identified a missense mutation, p.Glu1044Lys, in the CTNND2 gene that cosegregated with the FCMTE phenotype. The knock-down of Ctnnd2 in cultured cortical mouse neurons revealed increased neurite outgrowth that was rescued by overexpression of wild-type, but not mutant, CTNND2 and was reminiscent of the morphologic abnormalities observed in cerebellar Purkinje cells from patients with FCMTE. CONCLUSIONS We propose CTNND2 as the causal gene in FCMTE3. Functional testing of the mutant protein revealed abnormal neuronal sprouting, consistent with the abnormal cerebellar Purkinje cell morphology in patients with FCMTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Fleur van Rootselaar
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander J Groffen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Boukje de Vries
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M C Callenbach
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs W E Santen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephany Koelewijn
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne S Vijfhuizen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur Buijink
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- From the Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (A.-F.v.R., A.B., M.A.J.T.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam; Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics (A.J.G.), CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Centre; Departments of Human Genetics (B.d.V., S.K., L.S.V., A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Clinical Genetics (G.W.E.S.), and Neurology (A.M.J.M.v.d.M.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Neurology (P.M.C.C., M.A.J.T.), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Yuan L, Arikkath J. Functional roles of p120ctn family of proteins in central neurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:70-82. [PMID: 28603076 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin complex in central neurons is associated with a variety of cytosolic partners, collectively called catenins. The p120ctn members are a family of catenins that are distinct from the more ubiquitously expressed α- and β-catenins. It is becoming increasingly clear that the functional roles of the p120ctn family of catenins in central neurons extend well beyond their functional roles in non-neuronal cells in partnering with cadherin to regulate adhesion. In this review, we will provide an overview of the p120ctn family in neurons and their varied functional roles in central neurons. Finally, we will examine the emerging roles of this family of proteins in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, Durham Research Center II, Room 3031, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5960, United States.
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, Durham Research Center II, Room 3031, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5960, United States.
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24
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Lithium increases synaptic GluA2 in hippocampal neurons by elevating the δ-catenin protein. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:426-433. [PMID: 27793771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li+) is a drug widely employed for treating bipolar disorder, however the mechanism of action is not known. Here we study the effects of Li+ in cultured hippocampal neurons on a synaptic complex consisting of δ-catenin, a protein associated with cadherins whose mutation is linked to autism, and GRIP, an AMPA receptor (AMPAR) scaffolding protein, and the AMPAR subunit, GluA2. We show that Li+ elevates the level of δ-catenin in cultured neurons. δ-catenin binds to the ABP and GRIP proteins, which are synaptic scaffolds for GluA2. We show that Li+ increases the levels of GRIP and GluA2, consistent with Li+-induced elevation of δ-catenin. Using GluA2 mutants, we show that the increase in surface level of GluA2 requires GluA2 interaction with GRIP. The amplitude but not the frequency of mEPSCs was also increased by Li+ in cultured hippocampal neurons, confirming a functional effect and consistent with AMPAR stabilization at synapses. Furthermore, animals fed with Li+ show elevated synaptic levels of δ-catenin, GRIP, and GluA2 in the hippocampus, also consistent with the findings in cultured neurons. This work supports a model in which Li+ stabilizes δ-catenin, thus elevating a complex consisting of δ-catenin, GRIP and AMPARs in synapses of hippocampal neurons. Thus, the work suggests a mechanism by which Li+ can alter brain synaptic function that may be relevant to its pharmacologic action in treatment of neurological disease.
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25
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Lu Q, Aguilar BJ, Li M, Jiang Y, Chen YH. Genetic alterations of δ-catenin/NPRAP/Neurojungin (CTNND2): functional implications in complex human diseases. Hum Genet 2016; 135:1107-16. [PMID: 27380241 PMCID: PMC5021578 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some genes involved in complex human diseases are particularly vulnerable to genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphism, copy number variations, and mutations. For example, Ras mutations account for over 30 % of all human cancers. Additionally, there are some genes that can display different variations with functional impact in different diseases that are unrelated. One such gene stands out: δ-catenin/NPRAP/Neurojungin with gene designation as CTNND2 on chromosome 5p15.2. Recent advances in genome wide association as well as molecular biology approaches have uncovered striking involvement of δ-catenin gene variations linked to complex human disorders. These disorders include cancer, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism, Cri-du-chat syndrome, myopia, cortical cataract-linked Alzheimer's disease, and infectious diseases. This list has rapidly grown longer in recent years, underscoring the pivotal roles of δ-catenin in critical human diseases. δ-Catenin is an adhesive junction-associated protein in the delta subfamily of the β-catenin superfamily. δ-Catenin functions in Wnt signaling to regulate gene expression and modulate Rho GTPases of the Ras superfamily in cytoskeletal reorganization. δ-Catenin likely lies where Wnt signaling meets Rho GTPases and is a unique and vulnerable common target for mutagenesis in different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. .,The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. .,Department of Urological Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Byron J Aguilar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.,Department of Urological Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Urological Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan-Hua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
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26
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Nguyen JM, Qualmann KJ, Okashah R, Reilly A, Alexeyev MF, Campbell DJ. 5p deletions: Current knowledge and future directions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 169:224-38. [PMID: 26235846 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disorders resulting from 5p deletions (5p-) were first recognized by Lejeune et al. in 1963 [Lejeune et al. (1963); C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 257:3098-3102]. 5p- is caused by partial or total deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. The most recognizable phenotype is characterized by a high-pitched cry, dysmorphic features, poor growth, and developmental delay. This report reviews 5p- disorders and their molecular basis. Hemizygosity for genes located within this region have been implicated in contributing to the phenotype. A review of the genes on 5p which may be dosage sensitive is summarized. Because of the growing knowledge of these specific genes, future directions to explore potential targeted therapies for individuals with 5p- are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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