1
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Yoshihara M, Kawakami S, Matsui Y, Kawama T. Piceatannol enhances hyaluronic acid synthesis through SIRT1-Mediated HAS2 upregulation in human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101746. [PMID: 38910870 PMCID: PMC11190487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts play a crucial role in skin structure and function by producing hyaluronic acid. Piceatannol (PIC), a polyphenol abundant in passion fruit seeds, has been reported to activate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Clinical trials have demonstrated that PIC intake improves skin moisture and maintains skin elasticity, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PIC on hyaluronic acid biosynthesis and the involvement of SIRT1 in this process. Human dermal fibroblast Hs68 cells were stimulated with PIC, and the expression levels of HAS2 and HYAL2, key enzymes in hyaluronic acid biosynthesis, as well as SIRT1 expression, were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, the role of SIRT1 in the hyaluronic acid biosynthesis pathway during PIC stimulation was examined using a SIRT1 inhibitor. The results demonstrated that PIC increased HAS2 expression while decreasing HYAL2 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, PIC enhanced SIRT1 expression, and pre-treatment with a SIRT1 inhibitor mitigated PIC-induced upregulation of HAS2, suggesting that PIC promotes hyaluronic acid synthesis by inducing SIRT1. These findings suggest that PIC could serve as a beneficial food ingredient, enhancing skin structure and function by promoting hyaluronic acid biosynthesis via SIRT1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yoshihara
- R&D Institute, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kawakami
- R&D Institute, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsui
- R&D Institute, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawama
- R&D Institute, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8504, Japan
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2
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Fink SP, Triggs-Raine B. Genetic Deficiencies of Hyaluronan Degradation. Cells 2024; 13:1203. [PMID: 39056785 PMCID: PMC11275217 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a large polysaccharide that is broadly distributed and highly abundant in the soft connective tissues and embryos of vertebrates. The constitutive turnover of HA is very high, estimated at 5 g per day in an average (70 kg) adult human, but HA turnover must also be tightly regulated in some processes. Six genes encoding homologues to bee venom hyaluronidase (HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYAL6P/HYALP1, SPAM1/PH20), as well as genes encoding two unrelated G8-domain-containing proteins demonstrated to be involved in HA degradation (CEMIP/KIAA1199, CEMIP2/TMEM2), have been identified in humans. Of these, only deficiencies in HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3 and CEMIP have been identified as the cause or putative cause of human genetic disorders. The phenotypes of these disorders have been vital in determining the biological roles of these enzymes but there is much that is still not understood. Deficiencies in these HA-degrading proteins have been created in mice and/or other model organisms where phenotypes could be analyzed and probed to expand our understanding of HA degradation and function. This review will describe what has been found in human and animal models of hyaluronidase deficiency and discuss how this has advanced our understanding of HA's role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Fink
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Barbara Triggs-Raine
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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3
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Sato S, Mizutani Y, Abe M, Fukuda S, Higashiyama S, Inoue S. Naked mole-rat TMEM2 lacks physiological hyaluronan-degrading activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 759:110098. [PMID: 39009271 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Mouse transmembrane protein 2 (mTMEM2) has been identified as a hyaluronidase, which has extracellularly G8 and GG domains and PbH1 repeats; however, our previously study showed that human TMEM2 (hTMEM2) is not a catalytic hyaluronidase due to the absence of the critical amino acid residues (His248/Ala303) in the GG domain. Naked mole-rats (NMRs) accumulate abundant high-molecular weight hyaluronan (HA) in their tissues, suggesting decreased HA degradation. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the HA-degrading activity of NMR TMEM2 (nmrTMEM2) and compare it with those of mTMEM2 and hTMEM2. The amino acid residues of nmrTMEM2 (Asn247/Val302) are similar to Asn248/Phe303 of hTMEM2, and nmrTMEM2-expressing HEK293T cells showed negligible activity. We confirmed the significance of these amino acid residues using an inactive chimeric TMEM2 with the human GG domain, which acquired catalytic activity when Asn248/Phe303 was substituted with His248/Ala303. Semi-quantitative comparison of the activities of the membrane-fractions derived from m/h/nmrTMEM2-expressing HEK293T cells revealed that at least 20- and 14-fold higher amounts of nmr/hTMEM2 were required to degrade HA to the same extent as by mTMEM2. Thus, unlike mTMEM2, nmrTMEM2 is not a physiological hyaluronidase. The inability of nmrTMEM2 to degrade HA might partially account for the high-molecular-weight HA accumulation in NMR tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan; TOA Inc., Nippon Life Yodoyabashi Bldg., 17F, 3-5-29, Kitahama, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-0041, Japan
| | - Yukiko Mizutani
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Minori Abe
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Oncogenesis and Growth Regulation, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Shintaro Inoue
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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4
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Abe M, Masuda M, Mizukami Y, Inoue S, Mizutani Y. Epidermal keratinocytes regulate hyaluronan metabolism via extracellularly secreted hyaluronidase 1 and hyaluronan synthase 3. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107449. [PMID: 38844132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a high-molecular-weight (HMW) glycosaminoglycan, which is a fundamental component of the extracellular matrix that is involved in a variety of biological processes. We previously showed that the HYBID/KIAA1199/CEMIP axis plays a key role in the depolymerization of HMW-HA in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). However, its roles in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) remained unclear. HYBID mRNA expression in NHEKs was lower than that in NHDFs, and NHEKs showed no depolymerization of extracellular HMW-HA in culture, indicating that HYBID does not contribute to extracellular HA degradation. In this study, we found that the cell-free conditioned medium of NHEKs degraded HMW-HA under weakly acidic conditions (pH 4.8). This degrading activity was abolished by hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1) knockdown but not by HYAL2 knockdown. Newly synthesized HYAL1 was mainly secreted extracellularly, and the secretion of HYAL1 was increased during differentiation, suggesting that epidermal interspace HA is physiologically degraded by HYAL1 according to pH decrease during stratum corneum formation. In HA synthesis, hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) knockdown reduced HA production by NHEKs, and interferon-γ-dependent HA synthesis was correlated with increased HAS3 expression. Furthermore, HA production was increased by TMEM2 knockdown through enhanced HAS3 expression. These results indicate that NHEKs regulate HA metabolism via HYAL1 and HAS3, and TMEM2 is a regulator of HAS3-dependent HA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Abe
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Manami Masuda
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shintaro Inoue
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Mizutani
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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5
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Zhong X, Li Q, Polacco BJ, Patil T, Marley A, Foussard H, Khare P, Vartak R, Xu J, DiBerto JF, Roth BL, Eckhardt M, von Zastrow M, Krogan NJ, Hüttenhain R. A proximity proteomics pipeline with improved reproducibility and throughput. Mol Syst Biol 2024:10.1038/s44320-024-00049-2. [PMID: 38951684 DOI: 10.1038/s44320-024-00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Proximity labeling (PL) via biotinylation coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) captures spatial proteomes in cells. Large-scale processing requires a workflow minimizing hands-on time and enhancing quantitative reproducibility. We introduced a scalable PL pipeline integrating automated enrichment of biotinylated proteins in a 96-well plate format. Combining this with optimized quantitative MS based on data-independent acquisition (DIA), we increased sample throughput and improved protein identification and quantification reproducibility. We applied this pipeline to delineate subcellular proteomes across various compartments. Using the 5HT2A serotonin receptor as a model, we studied temporal changes of proximal interaction networks induced by receptor activation. In addition, we modified the pipeline for reduced sample input to accommodate CRISPR-based gene knockout, assessing dynamics of the 5HT2A network in response to perturbation of selected interactors. This PL approach is universally applicable to PL proteomics using biotinylation-based PL enzymes, enhancing throughput and reproducibility of standard protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhong
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin J Polacco
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Trupti Patil
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Helene Foussard
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Prachi Khare
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Rasika Vartak
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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6
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McGuire J, Taguchi T, Tombline G, Paige V, Janelsins M, Gilmore N, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. Hyaluronidase inhibitor delphinidin inhibits cancer metastasis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14958. [PMID: 38942920 PMCID: PMC11213947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, with metastasis being a key contributor to its lethality. Abundant high molecular mass hyaluronic acid, a major non-protein component of extracellular matrix, protects naked mole rats from cancer and reduces cancer incidence in mice. Hyaluronidase plays a critical role in degrading hyaluronic acid and is frequently overexpressed in metastatic cancer. Here we investigated the potential of targeting hyaluronidases to reduce metastasis. A high throughput screen identified delphinidin, a natural plant compound found in fruits and vegetables, as a potent hyaluronidase inhibitor. Delphinidin-mediated inhibition of hyaluronidase activity led to an increase in high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in cell culture and in mouse tissues, and reduced migration and invasion behavior of breast, prostate, and melanoma cancer cells. Moreover, delphinidin treatment suppressed melanoma metastasis in mice. Our study provides a proof of principle that inhibition of hyaluronidase activity suppresses cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, we identified a natural compound delphinidin as a potential anticancer therapeutic. Thus, we have identified a path for clinical translation of the cancer resistance mechanism identified in the naked mole rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy McGuire
- Supportive Care in Cancer, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Box CU 420658, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Taketo Taguchi
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gregory Tombline
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Paige
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Janelsins
- Supportive Care in Cancer, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Box CU 420658, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nikesha Gilmore
- Supportive Care in Cancer, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Box CU 420658, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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7
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Zhang H, Tsui CK, Garcia G, Joe LK, Wu H, Maruichi A, Fan W, Pandovski S, Yoon PH, Webster BM, Durieux J, Frankino PA, Higuchi-Sanabria R, Dillin A. The extracellular matrix integrates mitochondrial homeostasis. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00638-X. [PMID: 38942015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is intricately influenced by stimuli from the microenvironment, including signaling molecules, metabolites, and pathogens. Functioning as a signaling hub within the cell, mitochondria integrate information from various intracellular compartments to regulate cellular signaling and metabolism. Multiple studies have shown that mitochondria may respond to various extracellular signaling events. However, it is less clear how changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) can impact mitochondrial homeostasis to regulate animal physiology. We find that ECM remodeling alters mitochondrial homeostasis in an evolutionarily conserved manner. Mechanistically, ECM remodeling triggers a TGF-β response to induce mitochondrial fission and the unfolded protein response of the mitochondria (UPRMT). At the organismal level, ECM remodeling promotes defense of animals against pathogens through enhanced mitochondrial stress responses. We postulate that this ECM-mitochondria crosstalk represents an ancient immune pathway, which detects infection- or mechanical-stress-induced ECM damage, thereby initiating adaptive mitochondria-based immune and metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gilberto Garcia
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Larry K Joe
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haolun Wu
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ayane Maruichi
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wudi Fan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sentibel Pandovski
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter H Yoon
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brant M Webster
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jenni Durieux
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Phillip A Frankino
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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8
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Srivastava P, Yadav VK, Chang TH, Su ECY, Lawal B, Wu ATH, Huang HS. In-silico analysis of TMEM2 as a pancreatic adenocarcinoma and cancer-associated fibroblast biomarker, and functional characterization of NSC777201, for targeted drug development. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:3010-3035. [PMID: 39005682 PMCID: PMC11236765 DOI: 10.62347/chxd6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), known as one of the deadliest cancers, is characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment, primarily comprised of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the extracellular matrix. These CAFs significantly alter the matrix by interacting with hyaluronic acid (HA) and the enzyme hyaluronidase, which degrades HA - an essential process for cancer progression and spread. Despite the critical role of this interaction, the specific functions of CAFs and hyaluronidase in PAAD development are not fully understood. Our study investigates this interaction and assesses NSC777201, a new anti-cancer compound targeting hyaluronidase. This research utilized computational methods to analyze gene expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, specifically GSE172096, comparing gene expression profiles of cancer-associated and normal fibroblasts. We conducted in-house sequencing of pancreatic cancer cells treated with NSC777201 to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed functional enrichment and pathway analysis. The identified DEGs were further validated using the TCGA-PAAD and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases for their diagnostic, prognostic, and survival implications, accompanied by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and molecular docking of NSC777201, in-vitro, and preclinical in-vivo validations. The result revealed 416 DEGs associated with CAFs and 570 DEGs related to NSC777201 treatment, with nine overlapping DEGs. A key finding was the transmembrane protein TMEM2, which strongly correlated with FAP, a CAF marker, and was associated with higher-risk groups in PAAD. NSC777201 treatment showed inhibition of TMEM2, validated by rescue assay, indicating the importance of targeting TMEM2. Further analyses, including IPA, demonstrated that NSC777201 regulates CAF cell senescence, enhancing its therapeutic potential. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies confirmed the inhibitory effect of NSC777201 on TMEM2 expression, reinforcing its role in targeting PAAD. Therefore, TMEM2 has been identified as a theragnostic biomarker in PAAD, influenced by CAF activity and HA accumulation. NSC777201 exhibits significant potential in targeting and potentially reversing critical processes in PAAD progression, demonstrating its efficacy as a promising therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateeti Srivastava
- The Program for Translational Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Vijesh Kumar Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho HospitalNew Taipei 23561, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Emily Chia-Yu Su
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Bashir Lawal
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexander TH Wu
- The Program for Translational Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei 114, Taiwan
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 110, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Academia SinicaTaipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei 11490, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei 11031, Taiwan
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9
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Zhong X, Li Q, Polacco BJ, Patil T, Marley A, Foussard H, Khare P, Vartak R, Xu J, DiBerto JF, Roth BL, Eckhardt M, Zastrow MV, Krogan NJ, Hüttenhain R. A proximity proteomics pipeline with improved reproducibility and throughput. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.11.536358. [PMID: 37090610 PMCID: PMC10120663 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Proximity labeling (PL) through biotinylation coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful technique for capturing spatial proteomes within living cells. Large-scale sample processing for proximity proteomics requires a workflow that minimizes hands-on time while enhancing quantitative reproducibility. Here, we present a scalable PL pipeline integrating automated enrichment of biotinylated proteins in a 96-well plate format. By combining this pipeline with an optimized quantitative MS acquisition method based on data-independent acquisition (DIA), we not only significantly increased sample throughput but also improved the reproducibility of protein identification and quantification. We applied this pipeline to delineate subcellular proteomes across various cellular compartments, including endosomes, late endosomes/lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane. Moreover, employing 5HT2A serotonin receptor as a model, we investigated temporal changes of proximal interaction networks induced by the receptor's activation with serotonin. Finally, to demonstrate the applicability of our PL pipeline across multiple experimental conditions, we further modified the PL pipeline for reduced sample input amounts to accommodate CRISPR-based gene knockout, and assessed the dynamics of the 5HT2A network in response to the perturbation of selected proximal interactors. Importantly, the presented PL approach is universally applicable to PL proteomics using biotinylation-based PL enzymes, increasing both throughput and reproducibility of standard protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhong
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin J Polacco
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Trupti Patil
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Helene Foussard
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Prachi Khare
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rasika Vartak
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark Von Zastrow
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Inubushi T, Nag P, Sasaki JI, Shiraishi Y, Yamashiro T. The significant role of glycosaminoglycans in tooth development. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae024. [PMID: 38438145 PMCID: PMC11031142 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), integral components of proteoglycans, in tooth development. Proteoglycans consist of a core protein linked to GAG chains, comprised of repeating disaccharide units. GAGs are classified into several types, such as hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. Functioning as critical macromolecular components within the dental basement membrane, these GAGs facilitate cell adhesion and aggregation, and play key roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby significantly influencing tooth morphogenesis. Notably, our recent research has identified the hyaluronan-degrading enzyme Transmembrane protein 2 (Tmem2) and we have conducted functional analyses using mouse models. These studies have unveiled the essential role of Tmem2-mediated hyaluronan degradation and its involvement in hyaluronan-mediated cell adhesion during tooth formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of GAG functions in tooth development, integrating insights from recent research, and discusses future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Priyanka Nag
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sasaki
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiraishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Kobori Y, Tachizaki M, Imaizumi T, Tanaka Y, Seya K, Miki Y, Kawaguchi S, Matsumiya T, Tobisawa Y, Ohyama C, Tasaka S. TMEM2 suppresses TLR3-mediated IFN-β/ISG56/CXCL10 expression in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:417. [PMID: 38483660 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial cells are at the front line of viral infections. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) cascade causes the expression of interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which in turn induce an antiviral response. Members of the transmembrane protein (TMEM) family are expressed in various cell types. Although the prognostic value of TMEM2 in various cancers has been reported, its association with infectious diseases remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of TMEM2 on antiviral immunity in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS TMEM2 protein was found in the cytoplasm of normal human bronchial epithelial cells and differed between organs using immunohistochemistry. Cultured BEAS-2B cells were transfected with TMEM2 siRNA, followed by administration of TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) or recombinant human (r(h)) IFN-β. The expression of TMEM2, IFN-β, ISG56, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and hyaluronan were evaluated appropriately by western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TMEM2 expression was not altered by poly IC stimulation. Knockdown of TMEM2 increased poly IC-induced expression of IFN-β, CXCL10, and ISG56, while IFN-β-induced expression of ISG56 and CXCL10 were not changed by TMEM2 knockdown. The hyaluronan concentration in the medium was decreased by either TMEM2 knockdown or poly IC, but additive or synergistic effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS TMEM2 knockdown enhanced TLR3-mediated IFN-β, CXCL10, and ISG56 expression in BEAS-2B cells. This implies that TMEM2 suppresses antiviral immune responses and prevents tissue injury in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kobori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Mayuki Tachizaki
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobisawa
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chikara Ohyama
- Department of Advanced Transplant and Regenerative Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Tasaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
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12
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Redfield SE, De-la-Torre P, Zamani M, Wang H, Khan H, Morris T, Shariati G, Karimi M, Kenna MA, Seo GH, Xu H, Lu W, Naz S, Galehdari H, Indzhykulian AA, Shearer AE, Vona B. PKHD1L1, a gene involved in the stereocilia coat, causes autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss. Hum Genet 2024; 143:311-329. [PMID: 38459354 PMCID: PMC11043200 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Identification of genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss is a crucial endeavor given the substantial number of individuals who remain without a diagnosis after even the most advanced genetic testing. PKHD1L1 was established as necessary for the formation of the cochlear hair-cell stereociliary coat and causes hearing loss in mice and zebrafish when mutated. We sought to determine if biallelic variants in PKHD1L1 also cause hearing loss in humans. Exome sequencing was performed on DNA of four families segregating autosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Compound heterozygous p.[(Gly129Ser)];p.[(Gly1314Val)] and p.[(Gly605Arg)];p[(Leu2818TyrfsTer5)], homozygous missense p.(His2479Gln) and nonsense p.(Arg3381Ter) variants were identified in PKHD1L1 that were predicted to be damaging using in silico pathogenicity prediction methods. In vitro functional analysis of two missense variants was performed using purified recombinant PKHD1L1 protein fragments. We then evaluated protein thermodynamic stability with and without the missense variants found in one of the families and performed a minigene splicing assay for another variant. In silico molecular modeling using AlphaFold2 and protein sequence alignment analysis were carried out to further explore potential variant effects on structure. In vitro functional assessment indicated that both engineered PKHD1L1 p.(Gly129Ser) and p.(Gly1314Val) mutant constructs significantly reduced the folding and structural stabilities of the expressed protein fragments, providing further evidence to support pathogenicity of these variants. Minigene assay of the c.1813G>A p.(Gly605Arg) variant, located at the boundary of exon 17, revealed exon skipping leading to an in-frame deletion of 48 amino acids. In silico molecular modeling exposed key structural features that might suggest PKHD1L1 protein destabilization. Multiple lines of evidence collectively associate PKHD1L1 with nonsyndromic mild-moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss. PKHD1L1 testing in individuals with mild-moderate hearing loss may identify further affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby E Redfield
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH-3129, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pedro De-la-Torre
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mina Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hanjun Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxuebei Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hina Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Tyler Morris
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gholamreza Shariati
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Karimi
- Khuzestan Cochlear Implantation Center (Tabassom), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Margaret A Kenna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH-3129, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hongen Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxuebei Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Artur A Indzhykulian
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - A Eliot Shearer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH-3129, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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Li H, Min J, Yang Y, Suo W, Wang W, Tian J, Qin Y. TMEM2 inhibits the development of Graves' orbitopathy through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105607. [PMID: 38159864 PMCID: PMC10839445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A mouse model was used to investigate the role of the hyaluronidase, transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2), on the progression of Graves' orbital (GO) disease. We established a GO mouse model through immunization with a plasmid expressing the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Orbital fibroblasts (OFs) were subsequently isolated from both GO and non-GO mice for comprehensive in vitro analyses. The expression of TMEM2 was assessed using qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry in vivo. Disease pathology was evaluated by H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining in GO mouse tissues. Our investigation revealed a notable reduction in TMEM2 expression in GO mouse orbital tissues. Through overexpression and knockdown assays, we demonstrated that TMEM2 suppresses inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species production. TMEM2 also inhibits the formation of lipid droplets in OFs and the expression of adipogenic factors. Further incorporating Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of relevant GEO datasets and subsequent in vitro cell experiments, robustly confirmed that TMEM2 overexpression was associated with a pronounced upregulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. In vivo, TMEM2 overexpression reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, adipogenesis, and fibrosis in orbital tissues. These findings highlight the varied regulatory role of TMEM2 in GO pathogenesis. Our study reveals that TMEM2 plays a crucial role in mitigating inflammation, suppressing adipogenesis, and reducing fibrosis in GO. TMEM2 has potential as a therapeutic target and biomarker for treating or alleviating GO. These findings advance our understanding of GO pathophysiology and provide opportunities for targeted interventions to modulate TMEM2 for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucheng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendong Suo
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahe Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Bannell TAK, Cockburn JJB. The molecular structure and function of fibrocystin, the key gene product implicated in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:58-75. [PMID: 37905714 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is an early onset inherited hepatorenal disorder affecting around 1 in 20,000 births with no approved specific therapies. The disease is almost always caused by variations in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 gene, which encodes fibrocystin (FC), a very large, single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein found in primary cilia, urine and urinary exosomes. By comparison to proteins involved in autosomal dominant PKD, our structural and molecular understanding of FC has lagged far behind such that there are no published experimentally determined structures of any part of the protein. Bioinformatics analyses predict that the ectodomain contains a long chain of immunoglobulin-like plexin-transcription factor domains, a protective antigen 14 domain, a tandem G8-TMEM2 homology region and a sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin domain. Here we review current knowledge on the molecular function of the protein from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A K Bannell
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joseph J B Cockburn
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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15
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Redfield SE, De-la-Torre P, Zamani M, Wang H, Khan H, Morris T, Shariati G, Karimi M, Kenna MA, Seo GH, Xu H, Lu W, Naz S, Galehdari H, Indzhykulian AA, Shearer AE, Vona B. PKHD1L1, A Gene Involved in the Stereocilia Coat, Causes Autosomal Recessive Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.08.23296081. [PMID: 37873491 PMCID: PMC10593026 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.08.23296081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Identification of genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss is a crucial endeavor given the substantial number of individuals who remain without a diagnosis after even the most advanced genetic testing. PKHD1L1 was established as necessary for the formation of the cochlear hair-cell stereociliary coat and causes hearing loss in mice and zebrafish when mutated. We sought to determine if biallelic variants in PKHD1L1 also cause hearing loss in humans. Exome sequencing was performed on DNA of four families segregating autosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Compound heterozygous p.[(Gly129Ser)];p.[(Gly1314Val)] and p.[(Gly605Arg)];p[(Leu2818TyrfsTer5)], homozygous missense p.(His2479Gln) and nonsense p.(Arg3381Ter) variants were identified in PKHD1L1 that were predicted to be damaging using in silico pathogenicity prediction methods. In vitro functional analysis of two missense variants was performed using purified recombinant PKHD1L1 protein fragments. We then evaluated protein thermodynamic stability with and without the missense variants found in one of the families and performed a minigene splicing assay for another variant. In silico molecular modelling using AlphaFold2 and protein sequence alignment analysis were carried out to further explore potential variant effects on structure. In vitro functional assessment indicated that both engineered PKHD1L1 p.(Gly129Ser) and p.(Gly1314Val) mutant constructs significantly reduced the folding and structural stabilities of the expressed protein fragments, providing further evidence to support pathogenicity of these variants. Minigene assay of the c.1813G>A p.(Gly605Arg) variant, located at the boundary of exon 17, revealed exon skipping leading to an in-frame deletion of 48 amino acids. In silico molecular modelling exposed key structural features that might suggest PKHD1L1 protein destabilization. Multiple lines of evidence collectively associate PKHD1L1 with nonsyndromic mild-moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss. PKHD1L1 testing in individuals with mild-moderate hearing loss may identify further affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby E. Redfield
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH-3129, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro De-la-Torre
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mina Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hanjun Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxuebei Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hina Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Tyler Morris
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gholamreza Shariati
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Karimi
- Khuzestan Cochlear Implantation Center (Tabassom), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Margaret A. Kenna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH-3129, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hongen Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxuebei Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Artur A. Indzhykulian
- Mass Eye and Ear, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A. Eliot Shearer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH-3129, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Hillpot E, Lin YS, Zakusilo FT, Lu JY, Ablaeva J, Biashad SA, Miller RA, Nevo E, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. Evolution of high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid is associated with subterranean lifestyle. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8054. [PMID: 38052795 PMCID: PMC10698142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid is a major component of extracellular matrix which plays an important role in development, cellular response to injury and inflammation, cell migration, and cancer. The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) contains abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid in its tissues, which contributes to this species' cancer resistance and possibly to its longevity. Here we report that abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid is found in a wide range of subterranean mammalian species, but not in phylogenetically related aboveground species. These subterranean mammalian species accumulate abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid by regulating the expression of genes involved in hyaluronic acid degradation and synthesis and contain unique mutations in these genes. The abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid may benefit the adaptation to subterranean environment by increasing skin elasticity and protecting from oxidative stress due to hypoxic conditions. Our work suggests that high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid has evolved with subterranean lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Department of Physiology and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 301158, China
| | - Zhizhong Zheng
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Yandong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 301158, China
| | - Eric Hillpot
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Yifei S Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Frances T Zakusilo
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - J Yuyang Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Julia Ablaeva
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Seyed Ali Biashad
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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17
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Wu M, Wang C, Gong Y, Huang Y, Jiang L, Zhang M, Gao R, Dang B. Potential mechanism of TMEM2/CD44 in endoplasmic reticulum stress‑induced neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:119. [PMID: 37888730 PMCID: PMC10635692 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in neurons and induce ER stress. Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) may regulate ER stress through the p38/ERK signaling pathway, independent of the classic unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. The present study examined the expression of TMEM2 following TBI in a rat model, in an aim to determine whether the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is controlled by TMEM2/CD44 to mitigate secondary brain injury. For this purpose, 89 Sprague‑Dawley rats were used to establish the model of TBI, and TMEM2 siRNA was used to silence TMEM2. Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, TUNEL assay and Fluoro‑Jade C staining, the wet‑dry method and behavioral scoring were used for analyses. The results revealed that TMEM2 was activated following TBI in rats. The silencing of TMEM2 resulted in a significant increase in the levels of p38 and ERK (components of MAPK signaling), while brain edema, neuronal apoptosis and degeneration were significantly aggravated. TBI increased TMEM2/CD44‑aggravated brain edema and neurological impairment, possibly by regulating ERK and p38 signaling. TMEM2/CD44 may thus be a target for the prevention and control of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Yating Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Preventive Treatment, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Baoqi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
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18
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Stecco A, Bonaldi L, Fontanella CG, Stecco C, Pirri C. The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Hyaluronan Fragments' Inflammatory Cascade: Clinical Implications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2277. [PMID: 38137878 PMCID: PMC10744800 DOI: 10.3390/life13122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a common experience, reported by patients who have undergone manual therapy that uses deep friction, to perceive soreness in treatment areas; however, it is still not clear what causes it and if it is therapeutically useful or a simple side effect. The purpose of this narrative review is to determine whether manual and physical therapies can catalyze an inflammatory process driven by HA fragments. The literature supports the hypothesis that mechanical stress can depolymerize into small pieces at low molecular weight and have a high inflammatory capacity. Many of these pieces are then further degraded into small oligosaccharides. Recently, it has been demonstrated that oligosaccharides are able to stop this inflammatory process. These data support the hypothesis that manual therapy that uses deep friction could metabolize self-aggregated HA chains responsible for increasing loose connective tissue viscosity, catalyzing a local HA fragment cascade that will generate soreness but, at the same time, facilitate the reconstitution of the physiological loose connective tissue properties. This information can help to explain the meaning of the inflammatory process as well as the requirement for it for the long-lasting resolution of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Stecco
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Lorenza Bonaldi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Pirri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy;
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19
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Egorova D, Nomura Y, Miyata S. Impact of hyaluronan size on localization and solubility of the extracellular matrix in the mouse brain. Glycobiology 2023; 33:615-625. [PMID: 36924076 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a central component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain and plays a pivotal role in neural development and plasticity. Brain HA exists in 2 distinct forms of the ECM: the diffuse ECM, which is soluble in saline and detergents, and the condensed ECM, which forms aggregates, such as perineuronal nets (PNNs). Although the physiological functions of HA significantly differ depending on its size, size differences in HA have not yet been examined in the 2 ECM types, which is partly because of the lack of methods to rapidly and accurately measure the molecular weight (MW) of HA. In this study, we established a simple method to simultaneously assess the MW of HA in multiple crude biological samples. HA was purified through single-step precipitation from tissue extracts using biotinylated HA-binding protein and streptavidin-coupled magnetic beads, followed by separation on gel electrophoresis. By applying this method to HA in the mouse brain, we revealed that the condensed ECM contained higher MW HA than the diffuse ECM. Higher MW HA and lower MW HA exhibited different spatial distributions: the former was confined to PNNs, whereas the latter was widely present throughout the brain. Furthermore, the limited degradation of HA showed that only higher MW HA was required to form an insoluble HA-aggrecan complex. The present study demonstrated that the MW of HA in the brain strongly correlates with the localization and solubility of the ECM it forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Egorova
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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20
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Šínová R, Pavlík V, Šimek M, Čepa M, Ondrej M, Nešporová K, Velebný V. The hyaluronan metabolism in the UV-irradiated human epidermis and the relevance of in vitro epidermal models. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1694-1705. [PMID: 37443444 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the sun affects the skin and may eventually result in UV-induced skin damage. It is generally known that hyaluronan (HA) is one of the main structural and functional components of the skin. However, UV-related changes in the HA metabolism in the skin have not yet been elucidated. Using qRT-PCR, confocal microscopy and LC-MS/MS we compared the naturally sun-exposed (SE), sun-protected, experimentally repeatedly UVA + UVB-exposed and acutely (once) UVA + UVB irradiated skin of Caucasian women. The epidermis was harvested by means of suction blistering 24 h after the acute irradiation. In addition, the epidermis was compared with a UV-irradiated in vitro reconstituted 3D epidermis (EpiDerm) and an in vitro 2D culture of normal human keratinocytes (NHEK). The amount of HA was found to be statistically significantly enhanced in the acutely irradiated epidermis. The acute UV evinced the upregulation of HA synthases (HAS2 and HAS3), hyaluronidases (HYAL2 and HYAL3), Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), and Cell Migration Inducing Proteins (CEMIP and CEMIP2), while only certain changes were recapitulated in the 3D epidermis. For the first time, we demonstrated the enhanced gene and protein expression of CEMIP and CEMIP2 following UV irradiation in the human epidermis. The data suggest that the HA metabolism is affected by UV in the irradiated epidermis and that the response can be modulated by the underlying dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Šínová
- Contipro a.s, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Martin Ondrej
- Contipro a.s, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Sänger CS, Cernakova M, Wietecha MS, Garau Paganella L, Labouesse C, Dudaryeva OY, Roubaty C, Stumpe M, Mazza E, Tibbitt MW, Dengjel J, Werner S. Serine protease 35 regulates the fibroblast matrisome in response to hyperosmotic stress. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9219. [PMID: 37647410 PMCID: PMC10468140 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress occurs in several diseases, but its long-term effects are largely unknown. We used sorbitol-treated human fibroblasts in 3D culture to study the consequences of hyperosmotic stress in the skin. Sorbitol regulated many genes, which help cells cope with the stress condition. The most robustly regulated gene encodes serine protease 35 (PRSS35). Its regulation by hyperosmotic stress was dependent on the kinases p38 and JNK and the transcription factors NFAT5 and ATF2. We identified different collagens and collagen-associated proteins as putative PRSS35 binding partners. This is functionally important because PRSS35 affected the extracellular matrix proteome, which limited cell proliferation. The in vivo relevance of these findings is reflected by the coexpression of PRSS35 and its binding partners in human skin wounds, where hyperosmotic stress occurs as a consequence of excessive water loss. These results identify PRSS35 as a key regulator of the matrisome under hyperosmotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina S. Sänger
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Cernakova
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz S. Wietecha
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lorenza Garau Paganella
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Labouesse
- Institute for Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Y. Dudaryeva
- Institute for Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carole Roubaty
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark W. Tibbitt
- Institute for Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Zheng S, An S, Luo Y, Vithran DTA, Yang S, Lu B, Deng Z, Li Y. HYBID in osteoarthritis: Potential target for disease progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115043. [PMID: 37364478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HYBID is a new hyaluronan-degrading enzyme and exists in various cells of the human body. Recently, HYBID was found to over-express in the osteoarthritic chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. According to these researches, high level of HYBID is significantly correlated with cartilage degeneration in joints and hyaluronic acid degradation in synovial fluid. In addition, HYBID can affect inflammatory cytokine secretion, cartilage and synovium fibrosis, synovial hyperplasia via multiple signaling pathways, thereby exacerbating osteoarthritis. Based on the existing research of HYBID in osteoarthritis, HYBID can break the metabolic balance of HA in joints through the degradation ability independent of HYALs/CD44 system and furthermore affect cartilage structure and mechanotransduction of chondrocytes. In particular, in addition to HYBID itself being able to trigger some signaling pathways, we believe that low-molecular-weight hyaluronan produced by excess degradation can also stimulate some disease-promoting signaling pathways by replacing high-molecular-weight hyaluronan in joints. The specific role of HYBID in osteoarthritis is gradually revealed, and the discovery of HYBID raises the new way to treat osteoarthritis. In this review, the expression and basic functions of HYBID in joints were summarized, and reveal potential role of HYBID as a key target in treatment for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Senbo An
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Djandan Tadum Arthur Vithran
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shaoqu Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bangbao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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23
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Nag P, Inubushi T, Sasaki JI, Murotani T, Kusano S, Nakanishi Y, Shiraishi Y, Kurosaka H, Imazato S, Yamaguchi Y, Yamashiro T. Tmem2 Deficiency Leads to Enamel Hypoplasia and Soft Enamel in Mouse. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1162-1171. [PMID: 37449307 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231182355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth consist of 3 mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, and cementum. Tooth malformation, the most common craniofacial anomaly, arises from complex genetic and environmental factors affecting enamel structure, size, shape, and tooth eruption. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a primary extracellular matrix component, contributes to structural and physiological functions in periodontal tissue. Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2), a novel cell surface hyaluronidase, has been shown to play a critical role during embryogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate Tmem2 messenger RNA expression in inner enamel epithelium and presecretory, secretory, and mature ameloblasts. Tmem2 knock-in reporter mice reveal TMEM2 protein localization at the apical and basal ends of secretory ameloblasts. Micro-computed tomography analysis of epithelial-specific Tmem2 conditional knockout (Tmem2-CKO) mice shows a significant reduction in enamel layer thickness and severe enamel deficiency. Enamel matrix protein expression was remarkably downregulated in Tmem2-CKO mice. Scanning electron microscopy of enamel from Tmem2-CKO mice revealed an irregular enamel prism structure, while the microhardness and density of enamel were significantly reduced, indicating impaired ameloblast differentiation and enamel matrix mineralization. Histological evaluation indicated weak adhesion between cells and the basement membrane in Tmem2-CKO mice. The reduced and irregular expressions of vinculin and integrin β1 suggest that Tmem2 deficiency attenuated focal adhesion formation. In addition, abnormal HA accumulation in the ameloblast layer and weak claudin 1 immunoreactivity in Tmem2-CKO mice indicate impaired tight junction gate function. Irregular actin filament assembly was also observed at the apical and basal ends of secretory ameloblasts. Last, we demonstrated that Tmem2-deficient mHAT9d mouse ameloblasts exhibit defective adhesion to HA-containing substrates in vitro. Collectively, our data highlight the importance of TMEM2 in adhesion to HA-rich extracellular matrix, cell-to-cell adhesion, ameloblast differentiation, and enamel matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nag
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J I Sasaki
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Murotani
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Kusano
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Nakanishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Shiraishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Imazato
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Narita T, Tobisawa Y, Bobkov A, Jackson M, Ohyama C, Irie F, Yamaguchi Y. TMEM2 is a bona fide hyaluronidase possessing intrinsic catalytic activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105120. [PMID: 37527776 PMCID: PMC10474455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) was originally identified as a membrane-anchored protein of unknown function. We previously demonstrated that TMEM2 can degrade hyaluronan (HA). Furthermore, we showed that induced global knockout of Tmem2 in adult mice results in rapid accumulation of incompletely degraded HA in bodily fluids and organs, supporting the identity of TMEM2 as a cell surface hyaluronidase. In spite of these advances, no direct evidence has been presented to demonstrate the intrinsic hyaluronidase activity of TMEM2. Here, we directly establish the catalytic activity of TMEM2. The ectodomain of TMEM2 (TMEM2ECD) was expressed as a His-tagged soluble protein and purified by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. Both human and mouse TMEM2ECD robustly degrade fluorescein-labeled HA into 5 to 10 kDa fragments. TMEM2ECD exhibits this HA-degrading activity irrespective of the species of TMEM2 origin and the position of epitope tag insertion. The HA-degrading activity of TMEM2ECD is more potent than that of HYAL2, a hyaluronidase which, like TMEM2, has been implicated in cell surface HA degradation. Finally, we show that TMEM2ECD can degrade not only fluorescein-labeled HA but also native high-molecular weight HA. In addition to these core findings, our study reveals hitherto unrecognized confounding factors, such as the quality of reagents and the choice of assay systems, that could lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the catalytic activity of TMEM2. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that TMEM2 is a legitimate functional hyaluronidase. Our findings also raise cautions regarding the choice of reagents and methods for performing degradation assays for hyaluronidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Narita
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yuki Tobisawa
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Andrey Bobkov
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Jackson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chikara Ohyama
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Irie
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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25
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Liu Y, Hu G, Li Y, Kong X, Yang K, Li Z, Lao W, Li J, Zhong J, Zhang S, Leng Y, Bi C, Zhai A. Research on the biological mechanism and potential application of CEMIP. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222425. [PMID: 37662915 PMCID: PMC10471826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP), also known as KIAA1199 and hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, is a new member of the hyaluronidase family that degrades hyaluronic acid (HA) and remodels the extracellular matrix. In recent years, some studies have reported that CEMIP can promote the proliferation, invasion, and adhesion of various tumor cells and can play an important role in bacterial infection and arthritis. This review focuses on the pathological mechanism of CEMIP in a variety of diseases and expounds the function of CEMIP from the aspects of inhibiting cell apoptosis, promoting HA degradation, inducing inflammatory responses and related phosphorylation, adjusting cellular microenvironment, and regulating tissue fibrosis. The diagnosis and treatment strategies targeting CEMIP are also summarized. The various functions of CEMIP show its great potential application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Hu
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuetong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaming Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanwen Lao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shitong Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxin Leng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Spataro S, Guerra C, Cavalli A, Sgrignani J, Sleeman J, Poulain L, Boland A, Scapozza L, Moll S, Prunotto M. CEMIP (HYBID, KIAA1199): structure, function and expression in health and disease. FEBS J 2023; 290:3946-3962. [PMID: 35997767 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CEMIP (cell migration-inducing protein), also known as KIAA1199 or HYBID, is a protein involved in the depolymerisation of hyaluronic acid (HA), a major glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix. CEMIP was originally described in patients affected by nonsyndromic hearing loss and has subsequently been shown to play a key role in tumour initiation and progression, as well as arthritis, atherosclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Despite the vast literature associating CEMIP with these diseases, its biology remains elusive. The present review article summarises all the major scientific evidence regarding its structure, function, role and expression, and attempts to cast light on a protein that modulates EMT, fibrosis and tissue inflammation, an unmet key aspect in several inflammatory disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Spataro
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Concetta Guerra
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Sgrignani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Sleeman
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS - BIP), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Lina Poulain
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Solange Moll
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Prunotto
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Kianpour M, Huang CW, Vejvisithsakul PP, Wang JY, Li CF, Shiao MS, Pan CT, Shiue YL. Aptamer/doxorubicin-conjugated nanoparticles target membranous CEMIP2 in colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125510. [PMID: 37353120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The objectives were to identify the functional domains of a potential oncoprotein, cell migration inducing hyaluronidase 2 (CEMIP2), evaluate its expression levels and roles in colorectal cancer (CRC), and develop an aptamer-based nanoparticle for targeted therapy. Data mining on TCGA identified that CEMIP2 might play oncogenic roles in CRC. In a local cohort, CEMIP2 mRNA levels significantly stepwise increase in CRC patients with higher stages, and high CEMIP2 confers worse disease-free survival. In addition, CEMIP2 mRNA levels significantly correlated to hyaluronan levels in sera from CRC patients. Deletion mapping identified that CEMIP2 containing G8 and PANDER-like domains preserved hyaluronidase activity and oncogenic roles, including cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, cell migration and invasion, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation in CRC-derived cells. A customized monoclonal mouse anti-human CEMIP2 antibody probing the PANDER-like domain (anti-289307) counteracted CEMIP2-mediated carcinogenesis in vitro. Cell-SELEX pinpointed an aptamer, aptCEMIP2(101), specifically interacted with the full-length CEMIP2, potentially involving its 3D structure. Treatments with aptCEMIP2(101) significantly reduced CEMIP2-mediated tumorigenesis in vitro. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) carrying atpCEMIP2(101) and Dox were fabricated. Dox@MSN, MSN-aptCEMIP2(101), and Dox@MSN-aptCEMIP2(101) significantly suppressed tumorigenesis in vitro compared to the Mock, while Dox@MSN-aptCEMIP2(101) showed substantially higher effects compared to Dox@MSN and MSN-aptCEMIP2(101) in CRC-derived cells. Our study identified a novel oncogene and developed an effective aptamer-based targeted therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kianpour
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Pichpisith Pierre Vejvisithsakul
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung 900214, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shin Shiao
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Cheng-Tang Pan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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28
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Parnigoni A, Moretto P, Viola M, Karousou E, Passi A, Vigetti D. Effects of Hyaluronan on Breast Cancer Aggressiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3813. [PMID: 37568628 PMCID: PMC10417239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer cells is critical for determining tumor aggressiveness and targeting therapies. The presence of such receptors allows for the use of antagonists that effectively reduce breast cancer growth and dissemination. However, the absence of such receptors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) reduces the possibility of targeted therapy, making these tumors very aggressive with a poor outcome. Cancers are not solely composed of tumor cells, but also include several types of infiltrating cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and other immune cells that have critical functions in regulating cancer cell behaviors. In addition to these cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has become an important player in many aspects of breast cancer biology, including cell growth, motility, metabolism, and chemoresistance. Hyaluronan (HA) is a key ECM component that promotes cell proliferation and migration in several malignancies. Notably, HA accumulation in the tumor stroma is a negative prognostic factor in breast cancer. HA metabolism depends on the fine balance between HA synthesis by HA synthases and degradation yielded by hyaluronidases. All the different cell types present in the tumor can release HA in the ECM, and in this review, we will describe the role of HA and HA metabolism in different breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.P.); (P.M.); (M.V.); (E.K.); (A.P.)
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29
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Balduit A, Vidergar R, Zacchi P, Mangogna A, Agostinis C, Grandolfo M, Bottin C, Salton F, Confalonieri P, Rocca A, Zanconati F, Confalonieri M, Kishore U, Ghebrehiwet B, Bulla R. Complement protein C1q stimulates hyaluronic acid degradation via gC1qR/HABP1/p32 in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151194. [PMID: 37334363 PMCID: PMC10275365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement component C1q can act as a pro-tumorigenic factor in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is rich in C1q and hyaluronic acid (HA), whose interaction enhances adhesion, migration and proliferation of malignant cells. HA-bound C1q is also capable of modulating HA synthesis. Thus, we investigated whether HA-C1q interaction would affect HA degradation, analyzing the main degradation enzymes, hyaluronidase (HYAL)1 and HYAL2, and a C1q receptor candidate. We first proceeded with the characterization of HYALs in MPM cells, especially HYAL2, since bioinformatics survival analysis revealed that higher HYAL2 mRNA levels have an unfavorable prognostic index in MPM patients. Interestingly, Real-Time quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot highlighted an upregulation of HYAL2 after seeding of primary MPM cells onto HA-bound C1q. In an attempt to unveil the receptors potentially involved in HA-C1q signaling, a striking co-localization between HYAL2 and globular C1q receptor/HABP1/p32 (gC1qR) was found by immunofluorescence, surface biotinylation and proximity ligation assays. RNA interference experiments revealed a potentially regulatory function exerted by gC1qR on HYAL2 expression, since C1QBP (gene for gC1qR) silencing unexpectedly caused HYAL2 downregulation. In addition, the functional blockage of gC1qR by a specific antibody hindered HA-C1q signaling and prevented HYAL2 upregulation. Thus, C1q-HA interplay is responsible for enhanced HYAL2 expression, suggesting an increased rate of HA catabolism and the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic HA fragments in the MPM TME. Our data support the notion of an overall tumor-promoting property of C1q. Moreover, the overlapping localization and physical interaction between HYAL2 and gC1qR suggests a potential regulatory effect of gC1qR within a putative HA-C1q macromolecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balduit
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Romana Vidergar
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Zacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mangogna
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Micaela Grandolfo
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Salton
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Confalonieri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Rocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Struttura Complessa di Anatomia ed Istologia Patologica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Roberta Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Sato S, Miyazaki M, Fukuda S, Mizutani Y, Mizukami Y, Higashiyama S, Inoue S. Human TMEM2 is not a catalytic hyaluronidase, but a regulator of hyaluronan metabolism via HYBID (KIAA1199/CEMIP) and HAS2 expression. J Biol Chem 2023:104826. [PMID: 37196767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous hyaluronan (HA) is depolymerized to intermediate sizes in the extracellular matrix, and further fragmented in the regional lymph nodes. Previously, we showed that the HA-binding protein involved in HA depolymerization (HYBID), also known as KIAA1199/CEMIP, is responsible for the first step of HA depolymerization. Recently, mouse transmembrane 2 (mTMEM2) with high structural similarity to HYBID was proposed to be a membrane-bound hyaluronidase. However, we showed that knockdown of human TMEM2 (hTMEM2) conversely promoted HA depolymerization in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Therefore, we examined the HA-degrading activity and function of hTMEM2 using HEK293T cells. We found that human HYBID and mTMEM2, but not hTMEM2, degraded extracellular HA, indicating that hTMEM2 does not function as a catalytic hyaluronidase. Analysis of the HA-degrading activity of chimeric TMEM2 in HEK293T cells suggested the importance of the mouse GG domain. Therefore, we focused on the amino acid residues that are conserved in active mouse and human HYBID and mTMEM2, but are substituted in hTMEM2. The HA-degrading activity of mTMEM2 was abolished when its His248 and Ala303 were simultaneously replaced by the corresponding residues of inactive hTMEM2 (Asn248 and Phe303). In NHDFs, enhancement of hTMEM2 expression by proinflammatory cytokines decreased HYBID expression and increased hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2)-dependent HA production. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines were abrogated by hTMEM2 knockdown. Moreover, a decreased HYBID expression by interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β was canceled by hTMEM2 knockdown. In conclusion, these results indicate that hTMEM2 is not a catalytic hyaluronidase, but a regulator of HA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Megumi Miyazaki
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yukiko Mizutani
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, and; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Department of Oncogenesis and Growth Regulation, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuoku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Shintaro Inoue
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
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Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Zhang Z, Hillpot E, Lin YS, Zakusilo FT, Lu JY, Ablaeva J, Miller RA, Nevo E, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. Evolution of High-Molecular-Mass Hyaluronic Acid is Associated with Subterranean Lifestyle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539764. [PMID: 37215017 PMCID: PMC10197608 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of extracellular matrix (ECM) which plays an important role in development, cellular response to injury and inflammation, cell migration, and cancer. The naked mole-rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber ) contains abundant high-molecular-mass HA (HMM-HA) in its tissues, which contributes to this species' cancer resistance and possibly longevity. Here we report that abundant HMM-HA is found in a wide range of subterranean mammalian species, but not in phylogenetically related aboveground species. These species accumulate abundant HMM-HA by regulating the expression of genes involved in HA degradation and synthesis and contain unique mutations in these genes. The abundant high molecular weight HA may benefit the adaptation to subterranean environment by increasing skin elasticity and protecting from oxidative stress due to hypoxic subterranean environment. HMM-HA may also be coopted to confer cancer resistance and longevity to subterranean mammals. Our work suggests that HMM-HA has evolved with subterranean lifestyle.
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Niu M, McGrath M, Sammon D, Gardner S, Morgan RM, Di Maio A, Liu Y, Bubeck D, Hohenester E. Structure of the transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) ectodomain and its apparent lack of hyaluronidase activity. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:76. [PMID: 37234743 PMCID: PMC10206443 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18937.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major polysaccharide component of the extracellular matrix. HA has essential functions in tissue architecture and the regulation of cell behaviour. HA turnover needs to be finely balanced. Increased HA degradation is associated with cancer, inflammation, and other pathological situations. Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) is a cell surface protein that has been reported to degrade HA into ~5 kDa fragments and play an essential role in systemic HA turnover. Methods: We produced the soluble TMEM2 ectodomain (residues 106-1383; sTMEM2) in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and determined its structure using X-ray crystallography. We tested sTMEM2 hyaluronidase activity using fluorescently labelled HA and size fractionation of reaction products. We tested HA binding in solution and using a glycan microarray. Results: Our crystal structure of sTMEM2 confirms a remarkably accurate prediction by AlphaFold. sTMEM2 contains a parallel β-helix typical of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, but an active site cannot be assigned with confidence. A lectin-like domain is inserted into the β-helix and predicted to be functional in carbohydrate binding. A second lectin-like domain at the C-terminus is unlikely to bind carbohydrates. We did not observe HA binding in two assay formats, suggesting a modest affinity at best. Unexpectedly, we were unable to observe any HA degradation by sTMEM2. Our negative results set an upper limit for k cat of approximately 10 -5 min -1. Conclusions: Although sTMEM2 contains domain types consistent with its suggested role in TMEM2 degradation, its hyaluronidase activity was undetectable. HA degradation by TMEM2 may require additional proteins and/or localisation at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyuan Niu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly McGrath
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Douglas Sammon
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Scott Gardner
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rhodri Marc Morgan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonio Di Maio
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Doryen Bubeck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Kim J, Seki E. Hyaluronan in liver fibrosis: basic mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic targets. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0083. [PMID: 36930869 PMCID: PMC10027054 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), also known as hyaluronic acid, is a glycosaminoglycan that is a critical component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Production and deposition of ECM is a wound-healing response that occurs during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis. ECM production is a sign of the disease progression of fibrosis. Indeed, the accumulation of HA in the liver and elevated serum HA levels are used as biomarkers of cirrhosis. However, recent studies also suggest that the ECM, and HA in particular, as a functional signaling molecule, facilitates disease progression and regulation. The systemic and local levels of HA are regulated by de novo synthesis, cleavage, endocytosis, and degradation of HA, and the molecular mass of HA influences its pathophysiological effects. However, the regulatory mechanisms of HA synthesis and catabolism and the functional role of HA are still poorly understood in liver fibrosis. This review summarizes the role of HA in liver fibrosis at molecular levels as well as its clinical implications and discusses the potential therapeutic uses of targeting HA in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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34
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Niu M, McGrath M, Sammon D, Gardner S, Morgan RM, Bubeck D, Hohenester E. Structure of the transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) ectodomain and its lack of hyaluronidase activity. Wellcome Open Res 2023. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18937.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major polysaccharide component of the extracellular matrix. HA has essential functions in tissue architecture and the regulation of cell behaviour. HA turnover needs to be finely balanced. Increased HA degradation is associated with cancer, inflammation, and other pathological situations. Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) is a cell surface protein that has been reported to degrade HA into ~5 kDa fragments and play an essential role in systemic HA turnover. Methods: We produced the soluble TMEM2 ectodomain (residues 106-1383; sTMEM2) in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and determined its structure using X-ray crystallography. We tested sTMEM2 hyaluronidase activity using fluorescently labelled HA and size fractionation of reaction products. Results: Our crystal structure of sTMEM2 confirms a remarkably accurate prediction by AlphaFold. sTMEM2 contains a parallel β-helix typical of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, but an active site cannot be assigned with confidence. A lectin-like domain is inserted into the β-helix and predicted to be functional in carbohydrate binding. A second lectin-like domain at the C-terminus is unlikely to bind carbohydrates. Unexpectedly, we were unable to observe any HA degradation by sTMEM2. Our negative results set an upper limit for kcat of approximately 10-5 min-1. Conclusions: Although sTMEM2 contains domain types consistent with its suggested role in TMEM2 degradation, its hyaluronidase activity was undetectable. HA degradation by TMEM2 may require additional proteins and/or localisation at the cell surface.
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35
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Halperin-Sternfeld M, Pokhojaev A, Ghosh M, Rachmiel D, Kannan R, Grinberg I, Asher M, Aviv M, Ma PX, Binderman I, Sarig R, Adler-Abramovich L. Immunomodulatory fibrous hyaluronic acid-Fmoc-diphenylalanine-based hydrogel induces bone regeneration. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:200-219. [PMID: 36110056 PMCID: PMC10086858 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the potential of an ultrashort aromatic peptide hydrogelator integrated with hyaluronic acid (HA) to serve as a scaffold for bone regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (FmocFF)/HA hydrogel was prepared and characterized using microscopy and rheology. Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts was investigated using Alizarin red, alkaline phosphatase and calcium deposition assays. In vivo, 5-mm-diameter calvarial critical-sized defects were prepared in 20 Sprague-Dawley rats and filled with either FmocFF/HA hydrogel, deproteinized bovine bone mineral, FmocFF/Alginate hydrogel or left unfilled. Eight weeks after implantation, histology and micro-computed tomography analyses were performed. Immunohistochemistry was performed in six rats to assess the hydrogel's immunomodulatory effect. RESULTS A nanofibrous FmocFF/HA hydrogel with a high storage modulus of 46 KPa was prepared. It supported osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and facilitated calcium deposition. In vivo, the hydrogel implantation resulted in approximately 93% bone restoration. It induced bone deposition not only around the margins, but also generated bony islets along the defect. Elongated M2 macrophages lining at the periosteum-hydrogel interface were observed 1 week after implantation. After 3 weeks, these macrophages were dispersed through the regenerating tissue surrounding the newly formed bone. CONCLUSIONS FmocFF/HA hydrogel can serve as a cell-free, biomimetic, immunomodulatory scaffold for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Halperin-Sternfeld
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Pokhojaev
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dana Rachmiel
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raha Kannan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Itzhak Grinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Asher
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Aviv
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Itzhak Binderman
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lihi Adler-Abramovich
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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36
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Plaas AHK, Moran MM, Sandy JD, Hascall VC. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The Infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes - Then and Now. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:3-29. [PMID: 37052843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilages are unique in the family of connective tissues in that they contain a high concentration of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein of the proteoglycan, aggrecan. Multiple aggrecan molecules are organized in the extracellular matrix via a domain-specific molecular interaction with hyaluronan and a link protein, and these high molecular weight aggregates are immobilized within the collagen and glycoprotein network. The high negative charge density of glycosaminoglycans provides hydrophilicity, high osmotic swelling pressure and conformational flexibility, which together function to absorb fluctuations in biomechanical stresses on cartilage during movement of an articular joint. We have summarized information on the history and current knowledge obtained by biochemical and genetic approaches, on cell-mediated regulation of aggrecan metabolism and its role in skeletal development, growth as well as during the development of joint disease. In addition, we describe the pathways for hyaluronan metabolism, with particular focus on the role as a "metabolic rheostat" during chondrocyte responses in cartilage remodeling in growth and disease.Future advances in effective therapeutic targeting of cartilage loss during osteoarthritic diseases of the joint as an organ as well as in cartilage tissue engineering would benefit from 'big data' approaches and bioinformatics, to uncover novel feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms for regulating transcription and translation of genes and their integration into cell-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H K Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan M Moran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Sandy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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37
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Zheng X, Wang B, Tang X, Mao B, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Zhao J, Cui S, Chen W. Absorption, metabolism, and functions of hyaluronic acid and its therapeutic prospects in combination with microorganisms: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120153. [PMID: 36876779 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is key to the stability of the internal environment of tissues. HA content in tissues gradually decreases with age, causing age-related health problems. Exogenous HA supplements are used to prevent or treat these problems including skin dryness and wrinkles, intestinal imbalance, xerophthalmia, and arthritis after absorption. Moreover, some probiotics are able to promote endogenous HA synthesis and alleviate symptoms caused by HA loss, thus introducing potential preventative or therapeutic applications of HA and probiotics. Here, we review the oral absorption, metabolism, and biological function of HA as well as the potential role of probiotics and HA in increasing the efficacy of HA supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Botao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Bloomage Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianmeng Zhang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan 250000, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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38
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Pang B, Wang H, Huang H, Liao L, Wang Y, Wang M, Du G, Kang Z. Enzymatic Production of Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronan and Its Oligosaccharides: A Review and Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14129-14139. [PMID: 36300844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a nonsulfated linear glycosaminoglycan with a negative charge. Different from the high-molecular-weight HAs, the low-molecular-weight HAs (LMW-HAs, 4-120 kDa) and hyaluronan oligosaccharides (O-HAs, <4 kDa) exhibit certain unique biological properties, owing to which these have a wide range of applications in the field of medicine. However, the chemical synthesis of high-purity LMW-HAs and O-HAs requires complex procedures, which renders this process difficult to achieve. The degradation of HA is achieved under the catalysis of hyaluronidases. In recent years, various hyaluronidase genes have been identified, and their enzymatic properties have been analyzed. In this context, the present review summarizes the hyaluronidases from different sources, which have been characterized. The review focuses on the crystal structure and the catalytic mechanism underlying the biological properties of hyaluronidases. In addition, the molecular weight distributions and the preparation approaches of the enzymatic products LMW-HAs and O-HAs are described. The general orientation of the research on hyaluronidases was speculated based on the existing literature. Accordingly, the efficient large-scale production of LMW-HAs and O-HAs using the green enzymatic approach was anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corp., Ltd., 678 Tianchen Avenue, Jinan 250010, China
| | - Hao Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lizhi Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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39
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Shiozawa J, de Vega S, Yoshinaga C, Ji X, Negishi Y, Momoeda M, Nakamura T, Yoshida H, Kaneko H, Ishijima M, Okada Y. Expression and regulation of recently discovered hyaluronidases, HYBID and TMEM2, in chondrocytes from knee osteoarthritic cartilage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17242. [PMID: 36241903 PMCID: PMC9568606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Destruction of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA) is initiated by depletion of the hyaluronan (HA)-aggrecan network, followed by degradation of the collagen fibrils. Previously, we reported the implications of HA-binding protein involved in HA depolymerization (HYBID), alias cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP) and KIAA1199, for HA degradation. However, transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2), which is ~ 50% homologous to HYBID, was discovered as another hyaluronidase, but their expression and regulation by OA chondrocytes remain elusive. Here we report that the absolute mRNA copy numbers of HYBID are significantly (7.1-fold) higher in OA cartilage than normal cartilage, whereas TMEM2 levels are not different between the groups. HA-degrading activity of cultured OA chondrocytes disappeared by siRNA-mediated knockdown of HYBID, but not TMEM2. HYBID expression was significantly up-regulated by treatment with interleukin-6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and additively increased by the combined treatment. No significant changes in the TMEM2 expression were seen by the factors examined. IL-1α remarkably enhanced IL-6 production and increased HYBID expression when soluble IL-6 receptor was supplemented. These results demonstrate that in stark contrast to the constitutive expression of TMEM2 and its negligible HA-degrading activity, HYBID is overexpressed in OA cartilage and up-regulated by IL-6 and TNF-α in OA chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shiozawa
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8241 Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susana de Vega
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8241 Japan
| | - Chiho Yoshinaga
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8241 Japan
| | - Xang Ji
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8241 Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Sportology Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Negishi
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Momoeda
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakamura
- grid.419719.30000 0001 0816 944XBiological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- grid.419719.30000 0001 0816 944XBiological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Kaneko
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneaki Ishijima
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8241 Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Sportology Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8241 Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Sin YJA, MacLeod R, Tanguay AP, Wang A, Braender-Carr O, Vitelli TM, Jay GD, Schmidt TA, Cowman MK. Noncovalent hyaluronan crosslinking by TSG-6: Modulation by heparin, heparan sulfate, and PRG4. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:990861. [PMID: 36275631 PMCID: PMC9579337 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.990861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The size, conformation, and organization of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) affect its interactions with soluble and cell surface-bound proteins. HA that is induced to form stable networks has unique biological properties relative to unmodified soluble HA. AlphaLISA assay technology offers a facile and general experimental approach to assay protein-mediated networking of HA in solution. Connections formed between two end-biotinylated 50 kDa HA (bHA) chains can be detected by signal arising from streptavidin-coated donor and acceptor beads being brought into close proximity when the bHA chains are bridged by proteins. We observed that incubation of bHA with the protein TSG-6 (tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulated gene/protein 6, TNFAIP/TSG-6) leads to dimerization or higher order multimerization of HA chains in solution. We compared two different heparin (HP) samples and two heparan sulfate (HS) samples for the ability to disrupt HA crosslinking by TSG-6. Both HP samples had approximately three sulfates per disaccharide, and both were effective in inhibiting HA crosslinking by TSG-6. HS with a relatively high degree of sulfation (1.75 per disaccharide) also inhibited TSG-6 mediated HA networking, while HS with a lower degree of sulfation (0.75 per disaccharide) was less effective. We further identified Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4, lubricin) as a TSG-6 ligand, and found it to inhibit TSG-6-mediated HA crosslinking. The effects of HP, HS, and PRG4 on HA crosslinking by TSG-6 were shown to be due to HP/HS/PRG4 inhibition of HA binding to the Link domain of TSG-6. Using the AlphaLISA platform, we also tested other HA-binding proteins for ability to create HA networks. The G1 domain of versican (VG1) effectively networked bHA in solution but required a higher concentration than TSG-6. Cartilage link protein (HAPLN1) and the HA binding protein segment of aggrecan (HABP, G1-IGD-G2) showed only low and variable magnitude HA networking effects. This study unambiguously demonstrates HA crosslinking in solution by TSG-6 and VG1 proteins, and establishes PRG4, HP and highly sulfated HS as modulators of TSG-6 mediated HA crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jin Ashley Sin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca MacLeod
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam P. Tanguay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Andrew Wang
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Olivia Braender-Carr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teraesa M. Vitelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School and School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary K. Cowman, ; Tannin A. Schmidt,
| | - Mary K. Cowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary K. Cowman, ; Tannin A. Schmidt,
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41
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MacLeod R, Chan FV, Yuan H, Ye X, Sin YJA, Vitelli TM, Cucu T, Leung A, Baljak I, Osinski S, Fu Y, Jung GID, Amar A, DeAngelis PL, Hellman U, Cowman MK. Selective isolation of hyaluronan by solid phase adsorption to silica. Anal Biochem 2022; 652:114769. [PMID: 35660507 PMCID: PMC9589902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A solid phase adsorption method for selective isolation of hyaluronan (HA) from biological samples is presented. Following enzymatic degradation of protein, HA can be separated from sulfated glycosaminoglycans, other unsulfated glycosaminoglycans, nucleic acids, and proteolytic fragments by adsorption to amorphous silica at specific salt concentrations. The adsorbed HA can be released from silica using neutral and basic aqueous solutions. HA ranging in size from ∼9 kDa to MDa polymers has been purified by this method from human serum and conditioned medium of cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca MacLeod
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 433 First Avenue, 9thfloor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Fok Vun Chan
- Echelon Biosciences Inc., 675 Arapeen Drive, Suite 302, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
| | - Han Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Yun Jin Ashley Sin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 433 First Avenue, 9thfloor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Teraesa M Vitelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 433 First Avenue, 9thfloor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Tudor Cucu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Annie Leung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Irene Baljak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 433 First Avenue, 9thfloor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Samantha Osinski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Yuhong Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Gyu Ik Daniel Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Anant Amar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Urban Hellman
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 433 First Avenue, 9thfloor, New York, NY, 10010, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
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42
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A Transcriptomic Analysis of Phenotypic Plasticity in Crassostrea virginica Larvae under Experimental Acidification. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091529. [PMID: 36140697 PMCID: PMC9498863 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to marine calcifiers, and little is known regarding acclimation to OA in bivalves. This study combined physiological assays with next-generation sequencing to assess the potential for recovery from and acclimation to OA in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and identify molecular mechanisms associated with resilience. In a reciprocal transplant experiment, larvae transplanted from elevated pCO2 (~1400 ppm) to ambient pCO2 (~350 ppm) demonstrated significantly lower mortality and larger size post-transplant than oysters remaining under elevated pCO2 and had similar mortality compared to those remaining in ambient conditions. The recovery after transplantation to ambient conditions demonstrates the ability for larvae to rebound and suggests phenotypic plasticity and acclimation. Transcriptomic analysis supported this hypothesis as genes were differentially regulated under OA stress. Transcriptomic profiles of transplanted and non-transplanted larvae terminating in the same final pCO2 converged, further supporting the idea that acclimation underlies resilience. The functions of differentially expressed genes included cell differentiation, development, biomineralization, ion exchange, and immunity. Results suggest acclimation as a mode of resilience to OA. In addition, the identification of genes associated with resilience can serve as a valuable resource for the aquaculture industry, as these could enable marker-assisted selection of OA-resilient stocks.
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43
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Concurrent Overexpression of Two Hyaluronidases, KIAA1199 and TMEM2, Strongly Predicts Shorter Survival After Resection in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2022; 51:800-807. [PMID: 36395406 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by accelerated hyaluronan metabolism. Our previous studies have shown increased expression of 2 newly identified hyaluronidases, KIAA1199 and transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2), in PDAC. However, the relationship between these 2 hyaluronidases is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between KIAA1199 and TMEM2 expression in PDAC. METHODS Using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed KIAA1199 and TMEM2 mRNA expression in 11 PDAC cell lines and frozen tissues from 12 patients with PDAC. We used immunohistochemistry to investigate expression patterns of KIAA1199 and TMEM2 in archival tissues obtained from 92 patients with PDAC who underwent surgical resection. We compared survival between 4 groups according to expression patterns of KIAA1199 and TMEM2. RESULTS We found a significantly positive correlation between KIAA1199 and TMEM2 mRNA in PDAC cell lines and tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis found that median overall survival was 30.2 months in patients with low expression of KIAA1199 and TMEM2 and 12.5 months in those with high expression of both. Patients with high expression of KIAA1199 and TMEM2 had significantly shorter survival than other patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent overexpression of these 2 hyaluronidases could be a strong prognostic marker in PDAC.
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44
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Zhang YS, Gong JS, Yao ZY, Jiang JY, Su C, Li H, Kang CL, Liu L, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Insights into the source, mechanism and biotechnological applications of hyaluronidases. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108018. [PMID: 35853550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has long been found that hyaluronidases exist in a variety of organisms, playing their roles in various biological processes including infection, envenomation and metabolic regulation through degrading hyaluronan. However, exploiting them as a bioresource for specific applications had not been extensively studied until the latest decades. In recent years, new application scenarios have been developed, which extended the field of application, and emphasized the research value of hyaluronidase. This critical review comprehensively summarizes existing studies on hyaluronidase from different source, particularly in their structures, action patterns, and biological functions in human and mammals. Furthermore, we give in-depth insight into the resource mining and protein engineering process of hyaluronidase, as well as strategies for their high-level production, indicating that mixed strategies should be adopted to obtain well-performing hyaluronidase with efficiency. In addition, advances in application of hyaluronidase were summarized and discussed. Finally, prospects for future researches are proposed, highlighting the importance of further investigation into the characteristics of hyaluronidases, and the necessity of investigating their products for the development of their application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chuan-Li Kang
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Inubushi T, Nakanishi Y, Abe M, Takahata Y, Nishimura R, Kurosaka H, Irie F, Yamashiro T, Yamaguchi Y. The cell surface hyaluronidase TMEM2 plays an essential role in mouse neural crest cell development and survival. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009765. [PMID: 35839257 PMCID: PMC9328550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major extracellular matrix component whose tissue levels are dynamically regulated during embryonic development. Although the synthesis of HA has been shown to exert a substantial influence on embryonic morphogenesis, the functional importance of the catabolic aspect of HA turnover is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the transmembrane hyaluronidase TMEM2 plays an essential role in neural crest development and the morphogenesis of neural crest derivatives, as evidenced by the presence of severe craniofacial abnormalities in Wnt1-Cre–mediated Tmem2 knockout (Tmem2CKO) mice. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a migratory population of cells that gives rise to diverse cell lineages, including the craniofacial complex, the peripheral nervous system, and part of the heart. Analysis of Tmem2 expression during NCC formation and migration reveals that Tmem2 is expressed at the site of NCC delamination and in emigrating Sox9-positive NCCs. In Tmem2CKO embryos, the number of NCCs emigrating from the neural tube is greatly reduced. Furthermore, linage tracing reveals that the number of NCCs traversing the ventral migration pathway and the number of post-migratory neural crest derivatives are both significantly reduced in a Tmem2CKO background. In vitro studies using Tmem2-depleted mouse O9-1 neural crest cells demonstrate that Tmem2 expression is essential for the ability of these cells to form focal adhesions on and to migrate into HA-containing substrates. Additionally, we show that Tmem2-deficient NCCs exhibit increased apoptotic cell death in NCC-derived tissues, an observation that is corroborated by in vitro experiments using O9-1 cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that TMEM2-mediated HA degradation plays an essential role in normal neural crest development. This study reveals the hitherto unrecognized functional importance of HA degradation in embryonic development and highlights the pivotal role of Tmem2 in the developmental process. As a major component of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronan is particularly abundant in the extracellular matrix of embryonic tissues, where its expression is dynamically regulated during tissue morphogenetic processes. Tissue levels of hyaluronan are regulated not only by its synthesis but also by its degradation. Curiously, however, mice lacking known hyaluronidase molecules, including HYAL1 and HYAL2, exhibit minimal embryonic phenotypes. As a result, our understanding of the role of the catabolic aspect of hyaluronan metabolism in embryonic development is quite limited. Here, we show that TMEM2, a recently identified hyaluronidase that degrades hyaluronan on the cell surface, plays a critical role in the development of neural crest cells and their derivatives. Our analyses of Tmem2 conditional knockout mice, Tmem2 knock-in reporter mice, and in vitro cell cultures demonstrate that TMEM2 is essential for generating a tissue environment needed for efficient migration of neural crest cells from the neural tube. Our paper reveals for the first time that the degradation of hyaluronan plays a specific regulatory role in embryonic morphogenesis, and that dysregulation of hyaluronan degradation leads to severe developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuichiro Nakanishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Abe
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takahata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Irie
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Garantziotis S, Savani RC. Proteoglycans in Toll-like receptor responses and innate immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C202-C214. [PMID: 35675639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active and dynamic feature of tissues that not only provides gross structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. The ever-changing microenvironment responds dynamically to cellular and external signals, and in turn influences cell fate, tissue development, and response to environmental injury or microbial invasion. It is therefore paramount to understand how the ECM components interact with each other, the environment and cells, and how they mediate their effects. Among the ECM components that have recently garnered increased attention, proteoglycans (PGs) deserve special note. Recent evidence strongly suggests that they play a crucial role both in health maintenance and disease development. In particular, proteoglycans dictate whether homeostasis or cell death will result from a given injury, by triggering and modulating activation of the innate immune system, via a conserved array of receptors that recognize exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (tissue damage) molecular patterns. Innate immune activation by proteoglycans has important implications for the understanding of cell-matrix interactions in health and disease. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of innate immune signaling by proteoglycans, discuss the implications, and explore future directions to define progress in this area of extracellular matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Center for Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Karalis T, Skandalis SS. Hyaluronan network: a driving force in cancer progression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C145-C158. [PMID: 35649255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is one of the most abundant macromolecules of the extracellular matrix and regulates several physiological cell and tissue properties. However, hyaluronan has been shown to accumulate together with its receptors in various cancers. In tumors, accumulation of hyaluronan system components (hyaluronan synthesizing/degrading enzymes and interacting proteins) associates with poor outcomes of the patients. In this article, we review the main roles of hyaluronan in normal physiology and cancer, and further discuss the targeting of hyaluronan system as an applicable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Lierova A, Kasparova J, Filipova A, Cizkova J, Pekarova L, Korecka L, Mannova N, Bilkova Z, Sinkorova Z. Hyaluronic Acid: Known for Almost a Century, but Still in Vogue. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040838. [PMID: 35456670 PMCID: PMC9029726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has a special position among glycosaminoglycans. As a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This simple, unbranched polysaccharide is involved in the regulation of various biological cell processes, whether under physiological conditions or in cases of cell damage. This review summarizes the history of this molecule’s study, its distinctive metabolic pathway in the body, its unique properties, and current information regarding its interaction partners. Our main goal, however, is to intensively investigate whether this relatively simple polymer may find applications in protecting against ionizing radiation (IR) or for therapy in cases of radiation-induced damage. After exposure to IR, acute and belated damage develops in each tissue depending upon the dose received and the cellular composition of a given organ. A common feature of all organ damage is a distinct change in composition and structure of the ECM. In particular, the important role of HA was shown in lung tissue and the variability of this flexible molecule in the complex mechanism of radiation-induced lung injuries. Moreover, HA is also involved in intermediating cell behavior during morphogenesis and in tissue repair during inflammation, injury, and would healing. The possibility of using the HA polymer to affect or treat radiation tissue damage may point to the missing gaps in the responsible mechanisms in the onset of this disease. Therefore, in this article, we will also focus on obtaining answers from current knowledge and the results of studies as to whether hyaluronic acid can also find application in radiation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lierova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jitka Kasparova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Alzbeta Filipova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Jana Cizkova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lenka Pekarova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lucie Korecka
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Nikola Mannova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zuzana Bilkova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zuzana Sinkorova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
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Possible Repositioning of an Oral Anti-Osteoporotic Drug, Ipriflavone, for Treatment of Inflammatory Arthritis via Inhibitory Activity of KIAA1199, a Novel Potent Hyaluronidase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084089. [PMID: 35456905 PMCID: PMC9030858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA1199 has a strong hyaluronidase activity in inflammatory arthritis. This study aimed to identify a drug that could reduce KIAA1199 activity and clarify its effects on inflammatory arthritis. Rat chondrosarcoma (RCS) cells were strongly stained with Alcian blue (AB). Its stainability was reduced in RCS cells, which were over-expressed with the KIAA1199 gene (RCS-KIAA). We screened the drugs that restore the AB stainability in RCS-KIAA. The effects of the drug were evaluated by particle exclusion assay, HA ELISA, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. We further evaluated the HA accumulation and the MMP1 and three expressions in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). In vivo, the effects of the drug on symptoms and serum concentration of HA in a collagen-induced arthritis mouse were evaluated. Ipriflavone was identified to restore AB stainability at 23%. Extracellular matrix formation was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (p = 0.006). Ipriflavone increased the HA accumulation and suppressed the MMP1 and MMP3 expression on TNF-α stimulated FLS. In vivo, Ipriflavone significantly improved the symptoms and reduced the serum concentrations of HA. Conclusions: We identified Ipriflavone, which has inhibitory effects on KIAA1199 activity. Ipriflavone may be a therapeutic candidate based on its reduction of KIAA1199 activity in inflammatory arthritis.
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50
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Kang I, Hundhausen C, Evanko SP, Malapati P, Workman G, Chan CK, Rims C, Firestein GS, Boyle DL, MacDonald KM, Buckner JH, Wight TN. Crosstalk between CD4 T cells and synovial fibroblasts from human arthritic joints promotes hyaluronan-dependent leukocyte adhesion and inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 14:100110. [PMID: 35573706 PMCID: PMC9097711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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