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Ma W, Tan X, Xie Z, Yu J, Li P, Lin X, Ouyang S, Liu Z, Hou Q, Xie N, Peng T, Li L, Dai Z, Chen X, Xie W. P53: A Key Target in the Development of Osteoarthritis. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1-10. [PMID: 37154864 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative disease characterized mainly by damage to the articular cartilage, is increasingly relevant to the pathological processes of senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, and differentiation of chondrocytes. Clinical strategies for osteoarthritis can only improve symptoms and even along with side effects due to age, sex, disease, and other factors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new ideas and targets for current clinical treatment. The tumor suppressor gene p53, which has been identified as a potential target for tumor therapeutic intervention, is responsible for the direct induction of the pathological processes involved in OA modulation. Consequently, deciphering the characteristics of p53 in chondrocytes is essential for investigating OA pathogenesis due to p53 regulation in an array of signaling pathways. This review highlights the effects of p53 on senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy of chondrocytes and its role in the development of OA. It also elucidates the underlying mechanism of p53 regulation in OA, which may help provide a novel strategies for the clinical treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ma
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tan
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongcheng Xie
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Pin Li
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Siyu Ouyang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Hou
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhu Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wany A, Kumari A, Gupta KJ. Nitric oxide is essential for the development of aerenchyma in wheat roots under hypoxic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:3002-3017. [PMID: 28857271 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In response to flooding/waterlogging, plants develop various anatomical changes including the formation of lysigenous aerenchyma for the delivery of oxygen to roots. Under hypoxia, plants produce high levels of nitric oxide (NO) but the role of this molecule in plant-adaptive response to hypoxia is not known. Here, we investigated whether ethylene-induced aerenchyma requires hypoxia-induced NO. Under hypoxic conditions, wheat roots produced NO apparently via nitrate reductase and scavenging of NO led to a marked reduction in aerenchyma formation. Interestingly, we found that hypoxically induced NO is important for induction of the ethylene biosynthetic genes encoding ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. Hypoxia-induced NO accelerated production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and protein tyrosine nitration. Other events related to cell death such as increased conductivity, increased cellulase activity, DNA fragmentation, and cytoplasmic streaming occurred under hypoxia, and opposing effects were observed by scavenging NO. The NO scavenger cPTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt) and ethylene biosynthetic inhibitor CoCl2 both led to reduced induction of genes involved in signal transduction such as phospholipase C, G protein alpha subunit, calcium-dependent protein kinase family genes CDPK, CDPK2, CDPK 4, Ca-CAMK, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1, and protein kinase suggesting that hypoxically induced NO is essential for the development of aerenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Wany
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Han Y, Kim SJ. Simvastatin induces differentiation of rabbit articular chondrocytes via the ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase pathways. Exp Cell Res 2016; 346:198-205. [PMID: 27475840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins are competitive inhibitors of hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a key enzyme involved in the conversion of HMG-CoA to the cholesterol precursor mevalonate. Some statins, such as simvastatin (simvastatin), have been shown to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, reducing cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic rabbits in vivo. However, the regulatory mechanisms undergirding simvastatin mediated chondrocyte differentiation have not been well elucidated. Thus, we investigated the action and mechanism of simvastatin on differentiation of rabbit articular chondrocytes through western blot analyses, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Simvastatin treatment was found to induce type II collagen expression and sulfated-proteoglycan synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Indeed, RT-PCR revealed increased expression of type II collagen on treatment with simvastatin. Both IHC and IF staining indicated differentiation of chondrocytes. Simvastatin treatment reduced activation of ERK-1/2 and stimulated activation of p38 kinase. Inhibition of ERK-1/2 with PD98059 enhanced simvastatin induced differentiation, whereas inhibition of p38 kinase with SB203580 inhibited simvastatin induced differentiation. Simvastatin treatment also inhibits loss of type II collagen in serial monolayer culture. Collectively, our results indicate that ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase regulate simvastatin-induced differentiation of chondrocytes in opposing manners. Thus, these findings suggest that simvastatin may be a potential therapeutic drug for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Daehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Daehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea.
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Quan YY, Qin GQ, Huang H, Liu YH, Wang XP, Chen TS. Dominant roles of Fenton reaction in sodium nitroprusside-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 94:135-44. [PMID: 26923801 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been widely used as an exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor to explore the molecular mechanism of NO-mediated chondrocyte apoptosis during the latest two decades. We have recently found that NO-independent ROS play a key role in SNP-induced apoptosis in rabbit chondrocytes. This study aims to investigate what kind of ROS and how the reliable ROS mediators mediate the SNP-induced apoptosis. Data shows that SNP and NO-exhausted SNP (SNPex) induced ROS production or cytotoxicity to identically degree. SNP induced a marked increase in iron ions, superoxide anion (O2(•-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) level. H2O2 scavenger (CAT) and (•)OH scavenger (DMSO) significantly inhibited SNP-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Iron ions chelator (DFO) entirely prevented SNP-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. In contrast, O2(•-) scavenger (SOD) and glutathione depletion agent (BSO) promoted SNP-induced cytotoxicity. K3[Fe(CN)6] exhibited no cytotoxicity, and H2O2 alone up to 250µM or iron ions alone up to 90µM is non-cytotoxic to chondrocytes. Combination of 25µM FeSO4 and 100µM H2O2 in the presence of BSO induced chondrocyte death similar to SNP treatment. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) enhanced iron ions release from SNP and the cytotoxicity of SNP. Our data shows that the extracellular Fenton reaction between iron ions released from SNP and H2O2 induced by SNP plays a key role in SNP-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Overall, our results indicate that the potential of SNP to increase iron ions and ROS should be especially considered for some biological functions and, possibly, also for clinical applications of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yao Quan
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Qi Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Liu
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tong-Sheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lee WK, Kang JS. Modulation of Apoptosis and Differentiation by the Treatment of Sulfasalazine in Rabbit Articular Chondrocytes. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:115-21. [PMID: 27123162 PMCID: PMC4843981 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the cellular regulatory mechanisms of sulfasalazine (SSZ) in rabbit articular chondrocytes treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Cell phenotype was determined, and the MTT assay, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining of type II collagen was performed in control, SNP-treated and SNP plus SSZ (50~200 μg/mL) rabbit articular chondrocytes. Cellular proliferation was decreased significantly in the SNP-treated group compared with that in the control (p < 0.01). SSZ treatment clearly increased the SNP-reduced proliferation levels in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.01). SNP treatment induced significant dedifferentiation and inflammation compared with control chondrocytes (p < 0.01). Type II collagen expression levels increased in a concentration-dependent manner in response to SSZ treatment but were unaltered in SNP-treated chondrocytes (p < 0.05 and < 0.01, respectively). Cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression increased in a concentration-dependent manner in response to SSZ treatment but was unaltered in SNP-treated chondrocytes (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that SSZ treatment increased type II collagen expression compared with that in SNP-treated chondrocytes. Furthermore, phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) expression levels were decreased significantly in the SNP-treated group compared with those in control chondrocytes (p < 0.01). Expression levels of pERK increased in a concentration-dependent manner by SSZ but were unaltered in SNP-treated chondrocytes. pp38 kinase expression levels increased in a concentration-dependent manner by SSZ but were unaltered in control chondrocytes (p < 0.01). In summary, SSZ significantly inhibited nitric oxide-induced cell death and dedifferentiation, and regulated extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 and p38 kinase in rabbit articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kil Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea
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Fernández-Arroyo S, Huete-Toral F, Pérez de Lara MJ, de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Legeai-Mallet L, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A, Joven J, Pintor J. The impact of polyphenols on chondrocyte growth and survival: a preliminary report. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:29311. [PMID: 26445212 PMCID: PMC4595466 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.29311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Imbalances in the functional binding of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) to their receptors (FGFRs) have consequences for cell proliferation and differentiation that in chondrocytes may lead to degraded cartilage. The toxic, proinflammatory, and oxidative response of cytokines and FGFs can be mitigated by dietary polyphenols. Objective We explored the possible effects of polyphenols in the management of osteoarticular diseases using a model based on the transduction of a mutated human FGFR3 (G380R) in murine chondrocytes. This mutation is present in most cases of skeletal dysplasia and is responsible for the overexpression of FGFR3 that, in the presence of its ligand, FGF9, results in toxic effects leading to altered cellular growth. Design Different combinations of dietary polyphenols derived from plant extracts were assayed in FGFR3 (G380R) mutated murine chondrocytes, exploring cell survival, chloride efflux, extracellular matrix (ECM) generation, and grade of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Results Bioactive compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa reversed the toxic effects of FGF9 and restored normal growth, suggesting a probable translation to clinical requests in humans. Indeed, these compounds activated the intracellular chloride efflux, increased ECM generation, and stimulated cell proliferation. The inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was interpreted as the main mechanism governing these beneficial effects. Conclusions These findings support the rationale behind the encouragement of the development of drugs that repress the overexpression of FGFRs and suggest the dietary incorporation of supplementary nutrients in the management of degraded cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Fernando Huete-Toral
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Pérez de Lara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;
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Eo SH, Kim DW, Choi SY, Kim HA, Kim SJ. PEP-1-SIRT2 causes dedifferentiation and COX-2 expression via the MAPK pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:351-9. [PMID: 26358233 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIRT2 is a member of the mammalian sirtuin protein family, primarily found in the cytoplasm. It regulates numerous cellular processes including aging, DNA repair, cell cycle, and survival under stress conditions. However, the biological function and mechanism of the SIRT2 protein was not well understood in normal cells such as primary chondrocytes. In this study, we examined the effects of SIRT2 on differentiation and inflammation in rabbit articular chondrocytes by using a cell-permeative PEP-1-SIRT2 protein. Our results indicate that PEP-1-SIRT2-induced a loss of type II collagen and decreased sulfate proteoglycan levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as examined by Western blotting, alcian blue staining, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, PEP-1-SIRT2 caused an inflammatory response by inducing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In addition, after treatment with PEP-1-SIRT2, phosphorylation of both p38 and ERK was observed. Inhibition of ERK with PD98059 (PD) suppressed PEP-1-SIRT2-induced dedifferentiation and COX-2 expression. Reduction in PEP-1-SIRT2-induced inflammatory response was observed upon inhibition of p38 by SB203580 (SB). The same pattern was demonstrated in PEP-1-SIRT2-induced dedifferentiation and inflammatory response during culture with serial passages. During expansion to four passages, levels of type II collagen decreased, whereas levels of COX-2 and SIRT2 increased and activated ERK and p38. Furthermore, PEP-1-SIRT2 enhances dedifferentiation through the ERK pathway and inflammatory response through the ERK and p38 pathways in rabbit chondrocytes in vitro. These findings suggest that PEP-1-SIRT2 induces dedifferentiation via the ERK pathway and inflammation through the p38 and ERK pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hui Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 182 Shinkwan-Dong, Gongju, Chungnam 314-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Division of rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, Republic of Korea; 2nd Affiliate: Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchun, Republic of Korea.
| | - Song-Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 182 Shinkwan-Dong, Gongju, Chungnam 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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Yang X, Teguh D, Wu JP, He B, Kirk TB, Qin S, Li S, Chen H, Xue W, Ng B, Chim SM, Tickner J, Xu J. Protein kinase C delta null mice exhibit structural alterations in articular surface, intra-articular and subchondral compartments. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:210. [PMID: 26279273 PMCID: PMC4538913 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Structural alterations in intra-articular and subchondral compartments are hallmarks of osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease that causes pain and disability in the aging population. Protein kinase C delta (PKC-δ) plays versatile functions in cell growth and differentiation, but its role in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone is not known. Methods Histological analysis including alcian blue, safranin O staining and fluorochrome labeling were used to reveal structural alterations at the articular cartilage surface and bone–cartilage interface in PKC-δ knockout (KO) mice. The morphology and organization of chondrocytes were studied using confocal microscopy. Glycosaminoglycan content was studied by micromass culture of chondrocytes of PKC-δ KO mice. Results We uncovered atypical structural demarcation between articular cartilage and subchondral bone of PKC-δ KO mice. Histology analyses revealed a thickening of the articular cartilage and calcified bone–cartilage interface, and decreased safranin O staining accompanied by an increase in the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of PKC-δ KO mice. Interestingly, loss of demarcation between articular cartilage and bone was concomitant with irregular chondrocyte morphology and arrangement. Consistently, in vivo calcein labeling assay showed an increased intensity of calcein labeling in the interface of the growth plate and metaphysis in PKC-δ KO mice. Furthermore, in vitro culture of chondrocyte micromass showed a decreased alcian blue staining of chondrocyte micromass in the PKC-δ KO mice, indicative of a reduced level of glycosaminoglycan production. Conclusions Our data imply a role for PKC-δ in the osteochondral plasticity of the interface between articular cartilage and the osteochondral junction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0720-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
| | - Dian Teguh
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Jian-Ping Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Bo He
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Present address: Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Thomas Brett Kirk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Shengnan Qin
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
| | - Siming Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
| | - Honghui Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Benjamin Ng
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Shek Man Chim
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Jiake Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China. .,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Resveratrol protects chondrocytes from apoptosis via altering the ultrastructural and biomechanical properties: an AFM study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91611. [PMID: 24632762 PMCID: PMC3954736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease with high prevalence among older people, occurs from molecular or nanometer level and extends gradually to higher degrees of the ultrastructure of cartilage, finally resulting in irreversible structural and functional damages. This report aims to use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol (RV), a drug with good anti-inflammatory properties, on cellular morphology, membrane architecture, cytoskeleton, cell surface adhesion and stiffness at nanometer level in sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced apoptotic chondrocytes, a typical cellular OA model. CCK-8 assay showed that 100 μM RV significantly prevented SNP-induced cytotoxicity. AFM imaging and quantitative analysis showed that SNP potently induced chondrocytes changes including shrunk, round, lamellipodia contraction and decrease in adherent junctions among cells, as well as the destruction of biomechanics: 90% decrease in elasticity and 30% decrease in adhesion. In addition, confocal imaging analysis showed that SNP induced aggregation of the cytoskeleton and decrease in the expression of cytoskeletal proteins. More importantly, these SNP-induced damages to chondrocytes could be potently prevented by RV pretreatment. Interestingly, the biomechanical changes occurred before morphological changes could be clearly observed during SNP-induced apoptosis, indicating that the biomechanics of cellular membrane may be a more robust indicator of cell function. Collectively, our data demonstrate that RV prevents SNP-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes by regulating actin organization, and that AFM-based technology can be developed into a powerful and sensitive method to study the interaction mechanisms between chondrocytes and drugs.
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Matta C, Mobasheri A. Regulation of chondrogenesis by protein kinase C: Emerging new roles in calcium signalling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:979-1000. [PMID: 24440668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During chondrogenesis, complex intracellular signalling pathways regulate an intricate series of events including condensation of chondroprogenitor cells and nodule formation followed by chondrogenic differentiation. Reversible phosphorylation of key target proteins is of particular importance during this process. Among protein kinases known to be involved in these pathways, protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes play pivotal roles. However, the precise function of PKC isoenzymes during chondrogenesis and in mature articular chondrocytes is still largely unclear. In this review, we provide a historical overview of how the concept of PKC-mediated chondrogenesis has evolved, starting from the first discoveries of PKC isoform expression and activity. Signalling components upstream and downstream of PKC, leading to the stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation, are also discussed. Although it is evident that we are only at the beginning to understand what roles are assigned to PKC subtypes during chondrogenesis and how they are regulated, there are many yet unexplored aspects in this area. There is evidence that calcium signalling is a central regulator in differentiating chondroprogenitors; still, clear links between intracellular calcium signalling and prototypical calcium-dependent PKC subtypes such as PKCalpha have not been established. Exploiting putative connections and shedding more light on how exactly PKC signalling pathways influence cartilage formation should open new perspectives for a better understanding of healthy as well as pathological differentiation processes of chondrocytes, and may also lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Eo SH, Cho H, Kim SJ. Resveratrol Inhibits Nitric Oxide-Induced Apoptosis via the NF-Kappa B Pathway in Rabbit Articular Chondrocytes. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:364-70. [PMID: 24244824 PMCID: PMC3825200 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (trans-3,4'-trihydroxystillbene), a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant found in grapes and red wine, elicits diverse biochemical responses and demonstrates anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects in several cell types. Previously, resveratrol was shown to regulate differentiation and inflammation in rabbit articular chondrocytes, while the direct production of nitric oxide (NO) in these cells by treatment with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) led to apoptosis. In this study, the effect of resveratrol on NO-induced apoptosis in rabbit articular chondrocytes was investigated. Resveratrol dramatically reduced NO-induced apoptosis in chondrocytes, as determined by phase-contrast microscopy, the MTT assay, FACS analysis, and DAPI staining. Treatment with resveratrol inhibited the SNP-induced expression of p53 and p21 and reduced the expression of procaspase-3 in chondrocytes, as detected by western blot analysis. SNP-induced degradation of I-kappa B alpha (IκB-α) was rescued by resveratrol treatment, and the SN50 peptide-mediated inhibition of NF-kappa B (NF-κB) activity potently blocked SNP-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Our results suggest that resveratrol inhibits NO-induced apoptosis through the NF-κB pathway in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hui Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
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13
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Slow regulated release of H2S inhibits oxidative stress induced cell death by influencing certain key signaling molecules. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1375-93. [PMID: 23585122 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is one of three gaseous signaling molecules after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Various H2S donor compounds have been synthesized to study its physiological function. Among these compounds sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS), a donor of releasing H2S rapidly have shown to be protective in certain neuronal cell line but several in vivo studies have generated conflicting data. Furthermore several slow releasing H2S donors have been shown to have positive effects on cells in culture. The intracellular concentration of H2S and hence its rate of production may be a factor in keeping the balance between its neuroprotective and toxic effects. The present study was undertaken to deduce how a rapid releasing H2S donor (NaHS) as opposed to a slow releasing donor (ADTOH), affect oxidative stress related intracellular components and survival of RGC-5 cells. It was concluded that when RGC-5 cells are exposed to the toxic effects of glutamate in combination with buthionine sulfoxime (Glu/BSO), ADTOH was more efficacious in inhibiting apoptosis, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), stimulation of glutathione (GSH) and gluthathione-S-transferase (GST). Western blot and qPCR analysis showed ADTOH increased the levels of Nrf2, HO-1, PKCα, p-Akt, Bcl-2 and XIAP but caused a decrease of Nfκβ and xCT greater than NaHS. This study is first to compare the efficacy of two H2S donor drugs as potential neuroprotectants and demonstrate that slow regulated release of H2S to cell culture can be more beneficial in inhibiting oxidative stress induced cell death.
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LEE WONKIL, CHUNG KIWHA, KIM GWANGHOON, KIM SONGJA. Gallotannin causes differentiation and inflammation via ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:701-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Blakytny R, Spraul M, Jude EB. Review: The diabetic bone: a cellular and molecular perspective. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2011; 10:16-32. [PMID: 21444607 DOI: 10.1177/1534734611400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing worldwide prevalence of diabetes the resulting complications, their consequences and treatment will lead to a greater social and financial burden on society. One of the many organs to be affected is bone. Loss of bone is observed in type 1 diabetes, in extreme cases mirroring osteoporosis, thus a greater risk of fracture. In the case of type 2 diabetes, both a loss and an increase of bone has been observed, although in both cases the quality of the bone overall was poorer, again leading to a greater risk of fracture. Once a fracture has occurred, healing is delayed in diabetes, including nonunion. The reasons leading to such changes in the state of the bone and fracture healing in diabetes is under investigation, including at the cellular and the molecular levels. In comparison with our knowledge of events in normal bone homeostasis and fracture healing, that for diabetes is much more limited, particularly in patients. However, progress is being made, especially with the use of animal models for both diabetes types. Identifying the molecular and cellular changes in the bone in diabetes and understanding how they arise will allow for targeted intervention to improve diabetic bone, thus helping to counter conditions such as Charcot foot as well as preventing fracture and accelerating healing when a fracture does occur.
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Lee HG, Yang JH. PKC-δ mediates TCDD-induced apoptosis of chondrocyte in ROS-dependent manner. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:1039-1044. [PMID: 20846705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dioxin-like compounds is associated with arthritis in humans. A recent study reported that 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces apoptosis in chondrocytes, which is a critical event in the pathogenesis of cartilage disease. In this study, protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway was investigated to determine the mechanism of TCDD-induced rabbit articular chondrocyte apoptosis. TCDD exposure induced glutathione-mediated ROS generation and the translocation of PKC isozymes. Among the PKC isozymes tested, PKC-δ showed the most sensitive translocation. The translocation was then blocked by ROS inhibitors (trolox and N-acetyl cysteine), a PKC-δ inhibitor (rottlerin), a caspase-3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) or an AhR blocker (α-naphthoflavone). TCDD increased caspase-3 activity, the activating enzyme for PKC-δ, and prior treatment with trolox blocked such an increase. These results suggest that the translocation of PKC-δ was mediated by ROS-dependent caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment with rottlerin or trolox dampened TCDD-induced apoptosis of chondrocyte, as determined by TUNEL staining and ELISA. Taken together, this study suggests that ROS generation is an upstream event for TCDD-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and PKC-δ mediates the apoptotic processes through ROS-dependent caspase-3 activation. This is a first finding demonstrating the role of PKC-δ in chondrocyte apoptosis stimulated by an environmental pollutant. The results may contribute to understanding the mechanism of joint disease associated with the exposure of dioxin-like compounds and identifying a target for the therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Gyo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Im JH, Kim SJ. Paclitaxel Induced Caspase-Independent Mitotic Catastrophe in Rabbit Articular Chondrocyte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2010.20.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Peng H, Zhou JL, Liu SQ, Hu QJ, Ming JH, Qiu B. Hyaluronic acid inhibits nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes in vitro. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:519-30. [PMID: 20077126 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide is an important mediator in Osteoarthritis (OA), and causes apoptosis and dedifferentiation in articular chondrocytes. Protein kinase Calpha is involved in modulating apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes induced by nitric oxide. Hyaluronic acid is widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis and exerts significant chondroprotective effects. The exact mechanisms of its chondroprotective action are not yet fully elucidated. The present study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of hyaluronic acid in NO-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. METHODS The ratio of apoptotic cell and cell viability was surveyed by TUNEL, MTT assay and flow cytometry. The expression of aggrecan, type II collagen, and PKCalpha were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The expression changes of caspase-3 and bcl-2 was detected by Western blot. The mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) was evaluated by Rhodamine-123 fluorescence. RESULTS HA reduces the TUNEL positive cell, nuclei fragment and the impairment of DeltaPsim. NO-induced chondrocyte dedifferentiation was blocked by HA, which restores expression of aggrecan and type II collagen of chondrocytes and cell viability. HA can block inhibition of PKC-alpha by NO. CONCLUSION Our results show that HA blocks NO-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes by modulation of DeltaPsim and PKCalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Kawata K, Kubota S, Eguchi T, Moritani NH, Shimo T, Kondo S, Nishida T, Minagi S, Takigawa M. Role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 in regulation of chondrocyte differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222:138-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Kimura H, Yukitake H, Suzuki H, Tajima Y, Gomaibashi K, Morimoto S, Funabashi Y, Yamada K, Takizawa M. The chondroprotective agent ITZ-1 inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase-13 production and suppresses nitric oxide-induced chondrocyte death. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:201-11. [PMID: 19542681 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09076fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a screening program aimed at discovering anti-osteoarthritis (OA) drugs, we identified an imidazo[5,1-c][1,4]thiazine derivative, ITZ-1, that suppressed both interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced proteoglycan and collagen release from bovine nasal cartilage in vitro and suppressed intra-articular infusion of IL-1beta-induced cartilage proteoglycan degradation in rat knee joints. ITZ-1 did not inhibit enzyme activities of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which have pivotal roles in cartilage degradation, while it selectively inhibited IL-1beta-induced production of MMP-13 in human articular chondrocytes (HAC). IL-1beta-induced MMP production has been shown to be mediated by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family signal transduction molecules. An ERK-MAPK pathway inhibitor (U0126), but not a p38 kinase inhibitor (SB203580) or a JNK inhibitor (SP600125), also selectively inhibited IL-1beta-induced MMP-13 production in HAC. Furthermore, ITZ-1 selectively inhibited IL-1beta-induced ERK activation without affecting p38 kinase and JNK activation, which may account for its selective inhibition of MMP-13 production. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO)-induced chondrocyte apoptosis has been another area of interest as a therapeutic strategy for OA, and ITZ-1 also suppressed NO-induced death in HAC. These results suggest that ITZ-1 is a promising lead compound for a disease modifying anti-OA drug program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhide Kimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan.
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21
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Reyland ME. Protein kinase C isoforms: Multi-functional regulators of cell life and death. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:2386-99. [PMID: 19273207 DOI: 10.2741/3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of 10 related serine/threonine protein kinases some of which are critical regulators of cell proliferation, survival and cell death. While early studies relied on broad spectrum chemical activators or inhibitors of this family, the generation of isoform specific tools has greatly facilitated our understanding of the contribution of specific PKC isoforms to cell proliferation and apoptosis. These studies suggest that PKC-alpha, PKC-epsilon, and the atypical PKC's, PKC-lambda/iota and PKC-zeta, preferentially function to promote cell proliferation and survival, while the novel isoform, PKC-delta is an important regulator of apoptosis. The essential role of this kinase family in both cell survival and apoptosis suggests that specific isoforms may function as molecular sensors, promoting cell survival or cell death depending on environmental cues. Given their central role in cell and tissue homeostasis, it is not surprising that the expression or activity of some of these kinases is altered in human diseases, particularly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
The Wnt signaling network, which is composed of Wnt ligands, receptors, antagonists, and intracellular signaling molecules, has emerged as a powerful regulator of cell fate, proliferation, and function in multicellular organisms. Over the past two decades, the critical role of Wnt signaling in embryonic cartilage and bone development has been well established, and much has been learnt regarding the role of Wnt signaling in chondrogenesis and cartilage development. However, relatively little is known about the role of Wnt signaling in adult articular cartilage and degenerative cartilage tissue. This review will briefly summarize recent advances in Wnt regulation of chondrogenesis and hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes, and review data concerning the role of Wnt signaling in the maintenance and degeneration of articular chondrocytes and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Soo Chun
- Cell Dynamics Research Center, Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.
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23
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Healy ZR, Zhu F, Stull JD, Konstantopoulos K. Elucidation of the signaling network of COX-2 induction in sheared chondrocytes: COX-2 is induced via a Rac/MEKK1/MKK7/JNK2/c-Jun-C/EBPβ-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C1146-57. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00542.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shear stress is a pathophysiologically relevant mechanical signal in cartilage biology and tissue engineering. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a pivotal proinflammatory enzyme, which is induced by mechanical loading-derived shear stress in chondrocytes. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptional machinery and signaling pathway regulating shear-induced COX-2 expression in human chondrocytic cells. Deletion and mutation analyses of the human cox-2 promoter reveal that the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) predominantly contribute to the shear-induced cox-2 promoter activity. Supershift assays disclose that C/EBPβ, but not C/EBPα or C/EBPδ, binds to the C/EBP site, whereas c-Jun binds to AP-1. Individual gene knockdown experiments demonstrate the direct regulation of C/EBPβ expression by c-Jun, and the critical roles of both c-Jun and C/EBPβ in shear-induced COX-2 synthesis. Our studies also indicate that Rac and, to a lesser extent, Cdc42 transactivate MEKK1, which is, in turn, responsible for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7). MKK7 regulates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 2 activation, which, in turn, triggers the phosphorylation of c-Jun that controls shear-mediated COX-2 upregulation in chondrocytes. Reconstructing the signaling network regulating shear-induced COX-2 expression and inflammation may provide insights to optimize conditions for culturing artificial cartilage in bioreactors and for developing therapeutic interventions for arthritic disorders.
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Apoptosis-related gene expression in hamster opisthorchiasis post praziquantel treatment. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:447-55. [PMID: 18058134 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the apoptosis-related gene expression in hamster opisthorchiasis after praziquantel treatment. Hamsters were infected with Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae then treated with praziquantel. The expression of apoptosis-related genes [i.e., apoptosis gene Bcl-2-associated protein X (BAX), caspase 9, p53, and protein kinase B (PKB)] was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Histopathological analyses of liver tissues were studies by staining the sections with hematoxylin and eosin using light microscopy. Apoptotic assay was used to localize the apoptotic cell death. The results show that BAX, Akt/PKB, p53, and caspase 9 expression level were significantly increased on day 30 post infection and at 6 h post treatment and gradually decreased nearly to the uninfected control and 24 h post treatment, perhaps due to a decrease in inflammatory cells. Apoptotic staining was positive reaction at inflammatory cells and nuclei of epithelial bile ducts. Although using praziquantel has an advantage in killing parasites, our results show the effect of praziquantel treatment from host immune response that induces increased apoptosis-related genes in the short term due to an increase in inflammatory cells surrounding the bile ducts.
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25
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Yoon EK, Lee WK, Lee JH, Yu SM, Hwang SG, Kim SJ. ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase oppositely regulate 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandinJ(2)-Induced PPAR-gamma activation that mediates dedifferentiation but not cyclooxygenase-2 expression in articular chondrocytes. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:1015-21. [PMID: 18162716 PMCID: PMC2694644 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.6.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and plays an important role in growth, differentiation, and inflammation in different tissues. In this study, we investigated the effects of 15d-PGJ(2), a high-affinity ligand of PPAR-gamma, on dedifferentiation and on inflammatory responses such as COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production in rabbit articular chondrocytes with a focus on ERK-1/-2, p38 kinase, and PPAR-gamma activation. We report here that 15d-PGJ(2) induced dedifferentiation and/or COX-2 expression and subsequent PGE(2) production. 15d-PGJ(2) treatment stimulated activation of ERK-1/-2, p38 kinase, and PPAR-gamma. Inhibition of ERK-1/-2 with PD98059 recovered 15d-PGJ(2)-induced dedifferentiation and enhanced PPAR-gamma activation, whereas inhibition of p38 kinase with SB203580 potentiated dedifferentiation and partially blocked PPAR-gamma activation. Inhibition of ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase abolished 15d-PGJ(2)-induced COX-2 expression and subsequent PGE(2) production. Our findings collectively suggest that ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase oppositely regulate 15d-PGJ(2)-induced dedifferentiation through a PPAR-gamma-dependent mechanism, whereas COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production is regulated by ERK-1/-2 through a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism but not p38 kinase in articular chondrocytes. Additionally, these data suggest that targeted modulation of the PPAR-gamma and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway may offer a novel approach for therapeutic inhibition of joint tissue degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Won-Kil Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Seon-Mi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Laboratory of Radiation Experimental Therapeutics, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song-Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
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26
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Boonmars T, Srisawangwong T, Srirach P, Kaewsamut B, Pinlaor S, Sithithaworn P. Apoptosis-related gene expressions in hamsters re-infected with Opisthorchis viverrini and re-treated with praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:57-62. [PMID: 17851691 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to reveal whether host immune response in hamster opisthorchiasis post-praziquantel treatment could induce apoptotic cell death in inflammatory cells. We, therefore, investigated apoptosis-related gene expression in hamsters re-infected with Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) and re-treated with praziquantel. Hamsters were re-infected with OV metacercariae then re-treated with praziquantel. The expression of apoptosis-related genes (i.e. apoptosis gene Bcl-2 associated protein X [BAX], caspase 9, p53 and protein kinase B [PKB]) was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Histopathological analyses of liver tissues were performed by staining the sections with haematoxylin and eosin using light microscopy. The results show that BAX, Akt/PKB, p53 and caspase 9 expression levels were significantly increased on day 30 post-infection and at 6 h post-treatment and gradually decreased to a level near the uninfected control and at 24 h post-treatment, perhaps because of a decrease in inflammatory cells. Apoptotic cell death was observed at the nuclei of epithelial cells of the bile ducts and of T cells. Our results suggest that repeated infection with OV and re-treatment with praziquantel induces a host immune response that increases inflammatory cells, which in turn leads to increase, apoptosis-related gene expression in the short term post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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27
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House SL, Melhorn SJ, Newman G, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. The protein kinase C pathway mediates cardioprotection induced by cardiac-specific overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H354-65. [PMID: 17337596 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00804.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of protective mechanisms against ischemia-reperfusion injury is vital to the advancement of therapeutics for ischemic heart disease. Our laboratory has previously shown that cardiac-specific overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) results in increased recovery of contractile function and decreased infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury and has established a role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade in the cardioprotective effect of FGF2. We now show an additional role for the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascade in the mediation of FGF2-induced cardioprotection. Overexpression of FGF2 (FGF2 Tg) in the heart resulted in decreased translocation of PKC-delta but had no effect on PKC-alpha, -epsilon, or -zeta. In addition, multiple alterations in PKC isoform translocation occur during ischemia-reperfusion injury in FGF2 Tg hearts as assessed by Western blot analysis and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. Treatment of FGF2 Tg and nontransgenic (NTg) hearts with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (1 micromol/l) revealed the necessity of PKC signaling for FGF2-induced reduction of contractile dysfunction and myocardial infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Western blot analysis of FGF2 Tg and NTg hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the presence of a PKC pathway inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide, 1 micromol/l), an mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) pathway inhibitor (U-0126, 2.5 micromol/l), or a p38 pathway inhibitor (SB-203580, 2 micromol/l) revealed a complicated signaling network between the PKC and MAPK signaling cascades that may participate in FGF2-induced cardioprotection. Together, these data suggest that FGF2-induced cardioprotection is mediated via a PKC-dependent pathway and that the PKC and MAPK signaling cascades are integrally connected downstream of FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L House
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0575, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Wang W, Kirsch T. Annexin V/β5 Integrin Interactions Regulate Apoptosis of Growth Plate Chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30848-56. [PMID: 16914549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605937200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of terminally differentiated chondrocytes allows the replacement of growth plate cartilage by bone. Despite its importance, little is known about the regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis. We show that overexpression of annexin V, which binds to the cytoplasmic domain of beta5 integrin and protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha), stimulates apoptotic events in hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes. To determine whether the balance between the interactions of annexin V/beta5 integrin and annexin V/active PKCalpha play a role in the regulation of terminally differentiated growth plate chondrocyte apoptosis, a peptide mimic of annexin V (Penetratin (Pen)-VVISYSMPD) that binds to beta5 integrin but not to PKCalpha was used. This peptide stimulated apoptotic events in growth plate chondrocytes. Suppression of annexin V expression using small interfering ribonucleic acid decreased caspase-3 activity and increased cell viability in Pen-VVISYSMPD-treated growth plate chondrocytes. An activator of PKC resulted in a further decrease of cell viability and further increase of caspase-3 activity in Pen-VVISYSMPD-treated growth plate chondrocytes, whereas inhibitors of PKCalpha led to an increase of cell viability and decrease of caspase-3 activity of Pen-VVISYSMPD-treated cells. These findings suggest that binding of annexin V to active PKCalpha stimulates apoptotic events in growth plate chondrocytes and that binding of annexin Vto beta5 integrin controls these interactions and ultimately apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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29
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Jeon HK, Choi SU, Jung NP. Association of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase pathways with nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 21:115-25. [PMID: 16142585 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-005-0148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism by which nitric oxide (NO) induces cell death in colon cancer cells, we compared two types of colon cancer cells with different p53 status: HCT116 (p53 wild-type) cells and SW620 (p53-deficient) cells. We found that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the NO donor, induced apoptosis in both types of colon cancer cells. However, SW620 cells were much more susceptible than HCT116 cells to apoptotic death by NO. We investigated the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 kinase on NO-induced apoptosis in both types of colon cancer cells. GSNO treatment effectively stimulated activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase in both types of cells. In HCT116 cells, pretreatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, or SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 kinase, had no marked effect on GSNO-induced apoptosis. However, in SW620 cells, SB203580 significantly reduced the NO-induced apoptosis, whereas PD098059 increases NO-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found evidence of cell cycle arrest of the G0/G1 phase in SW620 cells but not in HCT116 cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 with PD098059, or of p38 kinase with SB203580, reduced the GSNO-induced cell cycle arrest of the G0/G1 phase in SW620 cells. We therefore conclude that NO-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells is mediated by a p53-independent mechanism and that the pathways of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase are important in NO-induced apoptosis and in the cell cycle arrest of the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-K Jeon
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Chen Q, Liu SQ, Du YM, Peng H, Sun LP. Carboxymethyl-chitosan protects rabbit chondrocytes from interleukin-1beta-induced apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 541:1-8. [PMID: 16740257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is important in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Chitosan is a non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible glycosaminoglycan. In this study, the effects of carboxymethyl-chitosan (CM-chitosan), a soluble derivative of chitosan, on chondrocyte apoptosis were investigated. Primary rabbit chondrocytes were cultured and induced to apoptosis by 10 ng/ml interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). After treatment with various concentrations of CM-chitosan (50, 100, 200 microg/ml), the apoptotic rate, mitochondrial function, nitric oxide production, and the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and reactive oxygen species in IL-1beta-induced chondrocytes were examined. The results showed that CM-chitosan could inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it could partly restore the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, decrease nitric oxide production by down-regulation of iNOS mRNA expression, and scavenge reactive oxygen species in chondrocytes induced by IL-1beta. The results suggested that the inhibitory effects of CM-chitosan on IL-1beta-induced chondrocyte apoptosis were possibly due to the protection of mitochondrial function, the decline in the levels of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
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Yasuhara R, Miyamoto Y, Akaike T, Akuta T, Nakamura M, Takami M, Morimura N, Yasu K, Kamijo R. Interleukin-1beta induces death in chondrocyte-like ATDC5 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion in a reactive nitrogen and oxygen species-dependent manner. Biochem J 2005; 389:315-23. [PMID: 15784009 PMCID: PMC1175108 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 (interleukin-1) acts as a key mediator of the degeneration of articular cartilage in RA (rheumatoid arthritis) and OA (osteoarthritis),where chondrocyte death is observed. It is still controversial, however, whether IL-1 induces chondrocyte death. In the present study, the viability of mouse chondrocyte-like ATDC5 cells was reduced by the treatment with IL-1beta for 48 h or longer. IL-1beta augmented the expression of the catalytic gp91 subunit of NADPH oxidase, gp91phox, as well as inducible NO synthase in ATDC5 cells. Generation of nitrated guanosine and tyrosine suggested the formation of reactive nitrogen species including ONOO- (peroxynitrite), a reaction product of NO and O2-, in ATDC5 cells and rat primary chondrocytes treated with IL-1beta. Death of ATDC5 cells after IL-1beta treatment was prevented by an NADPH-oxidase inhibitor, AEBSF[4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-sulphonyl fluoride], an NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), and a ONOO- scavenger, uric acid. The viability of ATDC5 cells was reduced by the ONOO(-)-generator 3-(4-morpholinyl)sydnonimine hydrochloride, but not by either the NO-donor 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(N-methyl-2-aminopropyl)-3-methyl-1-triazene or S-nitrosoglutathione. Disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP deprivation were observed in IL-1beta-treated ATDC5 cells, both of which were restored by L-NAME, AEBSF or uric acid. On the other hand, no morphological or biochemical signs indicating apoptosis were observed in these cells. These results suggest that the death of chondrocyte-like ATDC5 cells was mediated at least in part by mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion through ONOO- formation after IL-1beta treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Yasuhara
- *Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- *Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- †Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- †Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- ‡Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takami
- *Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Morimura
- *Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kayoko Yasu
- *Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- *Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Lee SJ, Kim DC, Choi BH, Ha H, Kim KT. Regulation of p53 by activated protein kinase C-delta during nitric oxide-induced dopaminergic cell death. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:2215-24. [PMID: 16314418 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509509200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is the major cause of Parkinson disease. Current evidence suggests that this cell death could be mediated by nitric oxide by-products such as nitrate and peroxynitrite. Because protein kinase C (PKC)-delta is implicated in apoptosis of various cell types, we studied its roles and activation mechanisms in nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis of SN4741 dopaminergic cells. When cells were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, endogenous PKC-delta was nitrated and activated. Immunoprecipitation revealed that p53 co-immunoprecipitated with PKC-delta and was phosphorylated at the 15th serine residue in SNP-treated cells. An in vitro kinase assay revealed that p53 was directly phosphorylated by SNP-activated PKC-delta. The p53 Ser-15 phosphorylation was suppressed in SNP-treated cells when the NO-mediated activation of PKC-delta was inhibited by rottlerin or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Within 3 h of p53 phosphorylation, its protein levels increased because of decreased ubiquitin-dependent proteosomal proteolysis, whereas the protein levels of MDM2, ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase, were down-regulated in a p53 phosphorylation-dependent fashion. Taken together, these results demonstrate that nitration-mediated activation of PKC-delta induces the phosphorylation of the Ser-15 residue in p53, which increases its protein stability, thereby contributing to the nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis-like cell death pathway. These findings may be expanded to provide new insight into the cellular mechanisms of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Lee
- Systems Bio-Dynamics NCRC, Division of Molecular and Life Science, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Kim JS, Park ZY, Yoo YJ, Yu SS, Chun JS. p38 kinase mediates nitric oxide-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes through the inhibition of protein kinase C zeta by blocking autophosphorylation. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:201-12. [PMID: 15665819 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) zeta by p38 kinase during nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that activation of p38 kinase following addition of an NO donor resulted in a physical association between PKCzeta and p38 kinase. Direct interaction of p38 kinase with PKCzeta was confirmed in vitro using p38 kinase and PKCzeta recombinant proteins. p38 kinase interacts with the regulatory domain of PKCzeta and its association blocked PKCzeta autophosphorylation. Micro LC-MS/MS analysis using recombinant proteins indicated that the interaction of p38 kinase with PKCzeta blocked autophosphorylation of PKCzeta on Thr-560, which is required for PKCzeta activation. Collectively, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism of PKCzeta regulation: following activation by the production of NO, p38 kinase binds directly to the PKCzeta regulatory domain, preventing PKCzeta autophosphorylation on Thr-560, thereby inhibiting PKCzeta activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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Yagi R, McBurney D, Horton WE. Bcl-2 positively regulates Sox9-dependent chondrocyte gene expression by suppressing the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30517-25. [PMID: 15975921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502751200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that has recently been shown to regulate other cellular functions. We previously reported that Bcl-2 regulates chondrocyte matrix gene expression, independent of its anti-apoptotic function. Here, we further investigate this novel function of Bcl-2 and examine three intracellular signaling pathways likely to be associated with this function. The present study demonstrates that the activity of Sox9, a master transcription factor that regulates the gene expression of chondrocyte matrix proteins, is suppressed by Bcl-2 small interference RNA in the presence of caspase inhibitors. This effect was attenuated by prior exposure of chondrocytes to an adenoviral vector expressing sense Bcl-2. In addition, the down-regulation of Bcl-2, Sox9, and chondrocyte-specific gene expression by serum withdrawal in primary chondrocytes was reversed by expressing Bcl-2. Inhibition of the protein kinase C alpha and NFkappaB pathways had no effect on the maintenance of Sox9-dependent gene expression by Bcl-2. In contrast, whereas the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway negatively regulated the differentiated phenotype in wild type chondrocytes, inhibition of this pathway reversed the loss of differentiation markers and fibroblastic phenotype in Bcl-2-deficient chondrocytes. In conclusion, the present study identifies a specific signaling pathway, namely, MEK-ERK1/2, that is downstream of Bcl-2 in the regulation of Sox9-dependent chondrocyte gene expression and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Yagi
- Department of Anatomy, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
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Hwang SG, Yu SS, Ryu JH, Jeon HB, Yoo YJ, Eom SH, Chun JS. Regulation of β-Catenin Signaling and Maintenance of Chondrocyte Differentiation by Ubiquitin-independent Proteasomal Degradation of α-Catenin. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12758-65. [PMID: 15695815 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413367200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of beta-catenin and subsequent stimulation of beta-catenin-T cell-factor (Tcf)/lymphoid-enhancerfactor (Lef) transcriptional activity causes dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes, which is characterized by decreased type II collagen expression and initiation of type I collagen expression. This study examined the mechanisms of alpha-catenin degradation, the role of alpha-catenin in beta-catenin signaling, and the physiological significance of alpha-catenin regulation of beta-catenin signaling in articular chondrocytes. We found that both alpha- and beta-catenin accumulated during dedifferentiation of chondrocytes by escaping from proteasomal degradation. Beta-catenin degradation was ubiquitination-dependent, whereas alpha-catenin was proteasomally degraded in a ubiquitination-independent fashion. The accumulated alpha- and beta-catenin existed as complexes in the cytosol and nucleus. The complex formation between alpha- and beta-catenin blocked proteasomal degradation of alpha-catenin and also inhibited beta-catenin-Tcf/Lef transcriptional activity and the suppression of type II collagen expression associated with ectopic expression of beta-catenin, the inhibition of proteasome, or Wnt signaling. Collectively, our results indicate that ubiquitin-independent degradation of alpha-catenin regulates beta-catenin signaling and maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gu Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Todd Allen R, Robertson CM, Harwood FL, Sasho T, Williams SK, Pomerleau AC, Amiel D. Characterization of mature vs aged rabbit articular cartilage: analysis of cell density, apoptosis-related gene expression and mechanisms controlling chondrocyte apoptosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12:917-23. [PMID: 15501408 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is increased in aged individuals and a direct correlation between chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degradation secondary to OA has been demonstrated. To address the question of whether age predisposes articular cartilage to apoptosis, the objective of the present study was to characterize and compare in aged and mature non-OA rabbit articular cartilage, cell density and expression levels of specific genes associated with apoptosis. Mechanistic studies on the inhibition of induced apoptosis were also carried out. METHODS Grade I (non-OA) femoral condyles and tibial plateaus from mature and aged rabbits were taken for assessment of viable cell density (VCD) and mRNA (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) expression levels of the pro-apoptotic genes, Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), caspase-8, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and p53. In vitro insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis was also examined using sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as NO donor. RESULTS VCD was decreased 50-70% in aged articular cartilage relative to mature cartilage. mRNA expression levels of Fas, FasL, caspase-8 and p53 were higher in aged cartilage than in mature cartilage. iNOS expression was unchanged. IGF-1-mediated inhibition of NO-induced apoptosis was dose-dependent and reversed with addition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS This controlled animal model study demonstrates that age predisposes articular cartilage to changes in VCD and expression levels of specific pro-apoptotic genes. It is significant that these findings were demonstrated on cartilage that showed no prior signs of OA; it is also possible that such changes are a prelude to the age-related development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Todd Allen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630, USA
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38
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Hwang SG, Ryu JH, Kim IC, Jho EH, Jung HC, Kim K, Kim SJ, Chun JS. Wnt-7a Causes Loss of Differentiated Phenotype and Inhibits Apoptosis of Articular Chondrocytes via Different Mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:26597-604. [PMID: 15082716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401401200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although regulation of chondrogenesis and cartilage development by Wnt signaling is well established, the function of Wnt in the maintenance and destruction of cartilage remains largely unknown. Here we investigated the involvement and regulatory mechanisms of Wnt signaling in cartilage destruction. We found that interleukin-1beta, the primary pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in cartilage destruction, induces expression of Wnt-5a and -7a in primary culture articular chondrocytes. The level of beta-catenin was also increased in chondrocytes of arthritic cartilage, suggesting the association of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling with arthritic cartilage destruction. In addition, our results show that Wnt-7a induces dedifferentiation and inhibits NO-induced apoptosis of primary culture articular chondrocytes. Wnt-7a induces dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes by stimulating transcriptional activity of beta-catenin, whereas NO-induced apoptosis is inhibited via the activation of cell survival signaling, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt, which block apoptotic signaling cascade. Our results collectively suggest that Wnt-7a is associated with cartilage destruction by regulating the maintenance of differentiation status and the apoptosis of articular chondrocytes via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gu Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Arbiser JL. Molecular regulation of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis by signal transduction pathways: evidence of predictable and reproducible patterns of synergy in diverse neoplasms. Semin Cancer Biol 2004; 14:81-91. [PMID: 15018892 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A large number of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and signal transduction pathways have been described. Currently, a framework that allows prediction of tumor behavior based upon oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and signal transduction pathways is lacking. In 1869, Mendeleev published a periodic table of elements which allowed prediction of properties of elements based upon atomic weights that allowed prediction of chemical and physical properties of elements yet to be discovered. In this paper, I will discuss recurrent patterns of synergy found in the literature and our laboratory between tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and signaling pathways that allows one to predict the signaling pathway in a given tumor based upon the inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene. These patterns can be found in multiple different human neoplasms. Conversely, one can predict the inactivation of a tumor suppressor based upon the activation status of a signaling pathway. This knowledge can be used by a clinician or pathologist with access to immunohistochemistry to make predictions based upon simple technologies and determine the signaling pathways involved in a patient's tumor. These strategies may be useful in the design of prevention and treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, WMB 5309, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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40
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Abstract
A mixed population of lymphocytes from a healthy donor co-existed with an established culture of allogeneic chondrosarcoma cells, during which time the tumor cells changed from malignantly transformed to benign fibroblast-like morphology; from multilayered to a monolayered growth pattern; lost their potency to grow in colonies in soft agar; and showed signs of senescence. A discussion of possible molecular mechanisms for this event is offered. If there are as yet undiscovered lymphokines that can induce reversal of the malignant geno/phenotype, the cognate gene(s) should be cloned for genetic engineering and for the mass production of the corresponding molecular mediators for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Sinkovics
- Cancer Institue, St. Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida College of Medicine, 3001 W Dr Martinr Luther King Jr Blvd, Tampa, USA
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Kim SJ, Hwang SG, Kim IC, Chun JS. Actin cytoskeletal architecture regulates nitric oxide-induced apoptosis, dedifferentiation, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in articular chondrocytes via mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase C pathways. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42448-56. [PMID: 12907684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304887200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) in articular chondrocytes regulates differentiation, survival, and inflammatory responses by modulating ERK-1 and -2, p38 kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) alpha and zeta. In this study, we investigated the effects of the actin cytoskeletal architecture on NO-induced dedifferentiation, apoptosis, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and prostaglandin E2 production in articular chondrocytes, with a focus on ERK-1/-2, p38 kinase, and PKC signaling. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D (CD) inhibited NO-induced apoptosis, dedifferentiation, COX-2 expression, and prostaglandin E2 production in chondrocytes cultured on plastic or during cartilage explants culture. CD treatment did not affect ERK-1/-2 activation but blocked the signaling events necessary for NO-induced dedifferentiation, apoptosis, and COX-2 expression such as activation of p38 kinase and inhibition of PKCalpha and -zeta. CD also suppressed activation of downstream signaling of p38 kinase and PKC, such as NF-kappaB activation, p53 accumulation, and caspase-3 activation, which are necessary for NO-induced apoptosis. NO production in articular chondrocytes caused down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and Akt activities. The down-regulation of PI 3-kinase and Akt was blocked by CD treatment, and the CD effects on apoptosis, p38 kinase, and PKCalpha and -zeta were abolished by the inhibition of PI 3-kinase with LY294002. Our results collectively indicate that the actin cytoskeleton mediates NO-induced regulatory effects in chondrocytes by modulating down-regulation of PI 3-kinase and Akt, activation of p38 kinase, and inhibition of PKCalpha and -zeta
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 314-701, Korea
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Oh CD, Chun JS. Signaling mechanisms leading to the regulation of differentiation and apoptosis of articular chondrocytes by insulin-like growth factor-1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36563-71. [PMID: 12853454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304857200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage development is initiated by the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. Differentiated chondrocytes in articular cartilage undergo dedifferentiation and apoptosis during arthritis, in which NO production plays a critical role. Here, we investigated the roles and mechanisms of action of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal cells and the maintenance and survival of differentiated articular chondrocytes. IGF-1 induced chondrogenesis of limb bud mesenchymal cells during micromass culture through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt. PI3K activation is required for the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha and p38 kinase and inhibition of ERK1/2. These events are necessary for chondrogenesis. The growth factor additionally blocked NO-induced dedifferentiation and apoptosis of primary culture articular chondrocytes. NO production in chondrocytes induced down-regulation of PI3K and Akt activities, which was blocked by IGF-1 treatment. Stimulation of PI3K by IGF-1 resulted in blockage of NO-induced activation of p38 kinase and ERK1/2 and inhibition of PKCalpha and PKCzeta, which in turn suppressed dedifferentiation and apoptosis. Our results collectively indicate that IGF-1 regulates differentiation, maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, and apoptosis of articular chondrocytes via a PI3K pathway that modulates ERK, p38 kinase, and PKC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Do Oh
- National Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is known for its diverse activities throughout biology. Among signaling qualities, NO affects cellular decisions of life and death either by turning on apoptotic pathways or by shutting them off. Although copious reports support both notions, the dichotomy of NO actions remains unsolved. Proapoptotic pathways of NO are compatible with established signaling circuits appreciated for mitochondria-dependent roads of death, with some emphasis on the involvement of the tumor suppressor p53 as a target during cell death execution. Antiapoptotic actions of NO are numerous, ranging from an immediate interference with proapoptotic signaling cascades to long-lasting effects based on expression of cell protective proteins with some interest on the ability of NO-redox species to block caspases by S-nitrosylation/S-nitrosation. Summarizing emerging concepts to understand p53 accumulation on the one hand while proposing inhibition of procaspase processing on the other may help to define the pro- versus antiapoptotic roles of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Brüne
- University of Kaiserslautern, Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Cho SH, Oh CD, Kim SJ, Kim IC, Chun JS. Retinoic acid inhibits chondrogenesis of mesenchymal cells by sustaining expression of N-cadherin and its associated proteins. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:837-47. [PMID: 12858348 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a well-known regulator of chondrocyte phenotype. RA inhibits chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells and also causes loss of differentiated chondrocyte phenotype. The present study investigated the mechanisms underlying RA regulation of chondrogenesis. RA treatment in chondrifying mesenchymal cells did not affect precartilage condensation, but blocked progression from precartilage condensation to cartilage nodule formation. This inhibitory effect of RA was independent of protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, which are positive and negative regulators of cartilage nodule formation, respectively. The progression from precartilage condensation to cartilage nodule requires downregulation of N-cadherin expression. However, RA treatment caused sustained expression of N-cadherin and its associated proteins including alpha- and beta-catenin suggesting that modulation of expression of these molecules is associated with RA-induced inhibition of chondrogenesis. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D (CD) blocks RA-induced sustained expression of cell adhesion molecules and overcomes RA-induced inhibition of chondrogenesis. Taken together, our results suggest RA inhibits chondrogenesis by stabilizing cell-to-cell interactions at the post-precartilage condensation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyun Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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45
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Yoon JB, Kim SJ, Hwang SG, Chang S, Kang SS, Chun JS. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes independent of cyclooxygenase activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15319-25. [PMID: 12588866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212520200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) causes apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes by the modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) alpha and -zeta. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as indomethacin, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, sulindac sulfide, and flurbiprofen, in NO-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes. We found that all of the examined NSAIDs inhibited apoptosis and dedifferentiation. NO production in chondrocytes caused activation of ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase, which oppositely regulate apoptosis and dedifferentiation. NO production also caused inhibition of PKCalpha and -zeta independent of and dependent on, respectively, p38 kinase, which is required for apoptosis and dedifferentiation. Among the signaling molecules modulated by NO, NSAIDs blocked NO-induced activation of p38 kinase, potentiated ERK activation, and blocked inhibition of PKCalpha and -zeta. NSAIDs also inhibited some of the apoptotic signaling that is downstream of p38 kinase and PKC, such as NFkappaB activation, p53 accumulation, and caspase-3 activation. The inhibitory effects of NSAIDs on apoptosis and dedifferentiation were independent of the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, as evidenced by the observation that specific inhibition of COX-2 activity and PGE(2) production or exogenous PGE(2) did not affect NO-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation. Taken together, our results indicate that NSAIDs block NO-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes by the modulation of ERK, p38 kinase, and PKCalpha and -zeta in a manner independent of their ability to inhibit COX-2 and PGE(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Byoung Yoon
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Kim SJ, Chun JS. Protein kinase C alpha and zeta regulate nitric oxide-induced NF-kappa B activation that mediates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and apoptosis but not dedifferentiation in articular chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:206-11. [PMID: 12646188 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates differentiation, survival, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in articular chondrocytes. NO-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation are mediated by p38 kinase activity and p38 kinase-independent and -dependent inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC)alpha and zeta. Because p38 kinase also activates NF-kappa B, we investigated the functional relationship between PKC and NF-kappa B signaling and the role of NF-kappa B in apoptosis, dedifferentiation, and COX-2 expression. We found that NO-stimulated NF-kappa B activation was inhibited by ectopic PKC alpha and zeta expression, whereas NO-stimulated inhibition of PKC alpha and zeta activity was not affected by NF-kappa B inhibition. Inhibition of NO-induced NF-kappa B activity did not affect inhibition of type II collagen expression but did abrogate COX-2 expression and apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicate that NO-induced inhibition of PKC alpha and zeta activity is required for the NF-kappa B activity that regulates apoptosis and COX-2 expression but not dedifferentiation in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ja Kim
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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