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Urade Y. Biochemical and Structural Characteristics, Gene Regulation, Physiological, Pathological and Clinical Features of Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D 2 Synthase as a Multifunctional Lipocalin. Front Physiol 2021; 12:718002. [PMID: 34744762 PMCID: PMC8569824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D2 synthase (L-PGDS) catalyzes the isomerization of PGH2, a common precursor of the two series of PGs, to produce PGD2. PGD2 stimulates three distinct types of G protein-coupled receptors: (1) D type of prostanoid (DP) receptors involved in the regulation of sleep, pain, food intake, and others; (2) chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 cells (CRTH2) receptors, in myelination of peripheral nervous system, adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of hair follicle neogenesis, and others; and (3) F type of prostanoid (FP) receptors, in dexamethasone-induced cardioprotection. L-PGDS is the same protein as β-trace, a major protein in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). L-PGDS exists in the central nervous system and male genital organs of various mammals, and human heart; and is secreted into the CSF, seminal plasma, and plasma, respectively. L-PGDS binds retinoic acids and retinal with high affinities (Kd < 100 nM) and diverse small lipophilic substances, such as thyroids, gangliosides, bilirubin and biliverdin, heme, NAD(P)H, and PGD2, acting as an extracellular carrier of these substances. L-PGDS also binds amyloid β peptides, prevents their fibril formation, and disaggregates amyloid β fibrils, acting as a major amyloid β chaperone in human CSF. Here, I summarize the recent progress of the research on PGD2 and L-PGDS, in terms of its “molecular properties,” “cell culture studies,” “animal experiments,” and “clinical studies,” all of which should help to understand the pathophysiological role of L-PGDS and inspire the future research of this multifunctional lipocalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Urade
- Center for Supporting Pharmaceutical Education, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan.,Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase regulates light-induced phase advance of the central circadian rhythm in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:557. [PMID: 33033338 PMCID: PMC7544906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exhibit attenuated light-induced phase shift. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we performed gene expression analysis of laser capture microdissected suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs) and found that lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is involved in the impaired response to light stimulation in the late subjective night in PACAP-deficient mice. L-PGDS-deficient mice also showed impaired light-induced phase advance, but normal phase delay and nonvisual light responses. Then, we examined the receptors involved in the response and observed that mice deficient for type 2 PGD2 receptor DP2/CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) show impaired light-induced phase advance. Concordant results were observed using the selective DP2/CRTH2 antagonist CAY10471. These results indicate that L-PGDS is involved in a mechanism of light-induced phase advance via DP2/CRTH2 signaling. Kawaguchi et al. show that mice deficient in lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) exhibit impaired light-induced phase advance, but normal phase delay and nonvisual light responses. This study suggests the role of L-PGDS for the light-induced phase advance possibly via a chemoattractant receptor DP2/CRTH2.
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Desmarais F, Bergeron KF, Rassart E, Mounier C. Apolipoprotein D overexpression alters hepatic prostaglandin and omega fatty acid metabolism during the development of a non-inflammatory hepatic steatosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:522-531. [PMID: 30630053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a secreted lipocalin associated with neuroprotection and lipid metabolism. Overexpression of ApoD in mouse neural tissue induces the development of a non-inflammatory hepatic steatosis in 12-month-old transgenic animals. Previous data indicates that accumulation of arachidonic acid, ApoD's preferential ligand, and overactivation of PPARγ are likely the driving forces in the development of the pathology. However, the lack of inflammation under those conditions is surprising. Hence, we further investigated the apparent repression of inflammation during hepatic steatosis development in aging transgenic animals. The earliest modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation occurred at 6 months with a transient overexpression of L-PGDS and concomitant overproduction of 15d-PGJ2, a PPARγ agonist. Hepatic lipid accumulation was detectable as soon as 9 months. Inflammatory polarization balance varied in time, with a robust anti-inflammatory profile at 6 months coinciding with 15d-PGJ2 overproduction. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were preferentially stored in the liver of 12-month-old transgenic mice and resulted in a higher omega-3/omega-6 ratio compared to wild type mice of the same age. Thus, inflammation seems to be controlled by several mechanisms in the liver of transgenic mice: first by an increase in 15d-PGJ2 production and later by a beneficial omega-3/omega-6 ratio. PPARγ seems to play important roles in these processes. The accumulation of several omega fatty acids species in the transgenic mouse liver suggests that ApoD might bind to a broader range of fatty acids than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Desmarais
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Canada
| | - Karl-F Bergeron
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Canada
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Canada.
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Murakami Y, Takahashi K, Hoshi K, Ito H, Kanno M, Saito K, Nollet K, Yamaguchi Y, Miyajima M, Arai H, Hashimoto Y, Mima T. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is diagnosed by a combination of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase and brain-type transferrin in cerebrospinal fluid. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1835-1842. [PMID: 29621631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is caused by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Definitive diagnosis can be difficult by clinical examinations and imaging studies. METHODS SIH was diagnosed with the following criteria: (i) evidence of CSF leakage by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of intracranial hypotension and/or low CSF opening pressure; (ii) no recent history of dural puncture. We quantified CSF proteins by ELISA or Western blotting. RESULTS Comparing with non-SIH patients, SIH patients showed significant increase of brain-derived CSF glycoproteins such as lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), soluble protein fragments generated from amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) and "brain-type" transferrin (Tf). Serum-derived proteins such as albumin, immunoglobulin G, and serum Tf were also increased. A combination of L-PGDS and brain-type Tf differentiated SIH from non-SIH with sensitivity 94.7% and specificity 72.6%. CONCLUSION L-PGDS and brain-type Tf can be biomarkers for diagnosing SIH. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE L-PGDS and brain-type Tf biosynthesized in the brain appears to be markers for abnormal metabolism of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanno Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenneth Nollet
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hajime Arai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Mima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanno Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Le Loupp AG, Bach-Ngohou K, Bourreille A, Boudin H, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Denis MG, Neunlist M, Masson D. Activation of the prostaglandin D2 metabolic pathway in Crohn's disease: involvement of the enteric nervous system. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:112. [PMID: 26338799 PMCID: PMC4558965 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent works provide evidence of the importance of the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) metabolic pathway in inflammatory bowel diseases. We investigated the expression of PGD2 metabolic pathway actors in Crohn’s disease (CD) and the ability of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to produce PGD2 in inflammatory conditions. Methods Expression of key actors involved in the PGD2 metabolic pathway and its receptors was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in colonic mucosal biopsies of patients from three groups: controls, quiescent and active CD patients. To determine the ability of the ENS to secrete PGD2 in proinflammatory conditions, Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) expression by neurons and glial cells was analyzed by immunostaining. PGD2 levels were determined in a medium of primary culture of ENS and neuro-glial coculture model treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results In patients with active CD, inflamed colonic mucosa showed significantly higher COX2 and L-PGDS mRNA expression, and significantly higher PGD2 levels than healthy colonic mucosa. On the contrary, peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma (PPARG) expression was reduced in inflamed colonic mucosa of CD patients with active disease. Immunostaining showed that L-PGDS was expressed in the neurons of human myenteric and submucosal plexi. A rat ENS primary culture model confirmed this expression. PGD2 levels were significantly increased on primary culture of ENS treated with LPS. This production was abolished by AT-56, a specific competitive L-PGDS inhibitor. The neuro-glial coculture model revealed that each component of the ENS, ECG and neurons, could contribute to PGD2 production. Conclusions Our results highlight the activation of the PGD2 metabolic pathway in Crohn’s disease. This study supports the hypothesis that in Crohn’s disease, enteric neurons and glial cells form a functional unit reacting to inflammation by producing PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaelle Le Loupp
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Kalyane Bach-Ngohou
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Hélène Boudin
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Marc G Denis
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Damien Masson
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
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Fujimori K, Fukuhara A, Inui T, Allhorn M. Prevention of paraquat-induced apoptosis in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. J Neurochem 2011; 120:279-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fujimori K, Amano F. Forkhead transcription factor Foxa1 is a novel target gene of C/EBPβ and suppresses the early phase of adipogenesis. Gene 2010; 473:150-6. [PMID: 21167261 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead/winged helix transcription factors (Foxs) regulate differentiation, metabolism, and development. Although Foxa1 is expressed in adipocytes, the roles and regulation of Foxa1 in them remain unclear. Here, we found that under the control of C/EBPβ, Foxa1 suppressed lipid accumulation and concomitantly caused a decrease in adipogenic gene expression in adipocytes. Foxa1 was expressed in undifferentiated mouse 3T3-L1 cells and in the early phase of adipogenesis, with its highest expression at 3h after the initiation of adipogenesis, which was followed by a subsequent decrease. SiRNA-mediated suppression of Foxa1 expression activated the expression of adipogenic genes such as PPARγ. Moreover, siRNAs for C/EBPβ, but not those for C/EBPδ, reduced Foxa1 mRNA and protein levels. The results of a promoter-reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that C/EBPβ bound to the C/EBP binding element at -529 of the mouse Foxa1 promoter. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of C/EBPβ decreased the promoter activity of mouse Foxa1 gene. These results suggest that Foxa1 plays a suppressive role in the early phase of adipogenesis, acting under the control of C/EBPβ, and might be involved in the regulation of the rate of progression of the early phase of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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Grogan SP, Olee T, Hiraoka K, Lotz MK. Repression of chondrogenesis through binding of notch signaling proteins HES-1 and HEY-1 to N-box domains in the COL2A1 enhancer site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:2754-63. [PMID: 18759300 DOI: 10.1002/art.23730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Notch signaling is implicated in the repression of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenic differentiation. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of this repression and how it is modulated to permit chondrogenesis. METHODS Notch intracellular domain (NICD) protein levels were monitored via Western blotting throughout chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs in pellet cultures. Overexpression of Notch signaling components and their effect on chondrogenesis was achieved by transfecting plasmids coding for NICD, HES-1, and HERP-2/HEY-1. COL2A1 and AGGRECAN expression was monitored via quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to test whether HES-1 and HEY-1 bind putative N-box domains in intron 1 of COL2A1. RESULTS High levels of NICD proteins were reduced during chondrogenesis of human MSCs, and this was mediated by transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3). COL2A1 gene expression was repressed following overexpression of NICD (2-fold) and HES-1 (3-fold) and was markedly repressed by overexpression of HEY-1 (80-fold). HEY-1 repressed AGGRECAN expression 10-fold, while NICD and HES-1 had no effect. We identified 2 putative N-box domains adjacent to, and part of, the SOX9 enhancer binding site located in intron 1 of COL2A1. ChIP studies showed that endogenous HES-1 and HEY-1 bound to these sites. Transducin-like enhancer, the HES-1 corepressor protein, was displaced during chondrogenic differentiation and following TGFbeta3 treatment. CONCLUSION These results reveal novel mechanisms by which Notch signaling represses gene expression. Notch signaling proteins act on the SOX9 binding site in the COL2A1 enhancer and prevent SOX9-mediated transcriptional activation of COL2A1 and, thus, chondrogenic differentiation.
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Devidze N, Fujimori K, Urade Y, Pfaff DW, Mong JA. Estradiol regulation of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase promoter activity: evidence for direct and indirect mechanisms. Neurosci Lett 2010; 474:17-21. [PMID: 20193744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the CNS, lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) is predominantly a non-neuronal enzyme responsible for the production of PGD(2), an endogenous sleep promoting substance. We have previously demonstrated that estradiol differentially regulates L-PGDS transcript levels in the rodent brain. In hypothalamic nuclei, estradiol increases L-PGDS transcript expression, whereas in the ventrolateral preoptic area L-PGDS gene expression is reduced after estradiol treatment. In the present study, we have used an immortalized glioma cell line transfected with a L-PGDS reporter construct and estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ERbeta expression plasmids to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying estradiol regulation of L-PGDS gene expression. We found that physiologically relevant concentrations of estradiol evoked an inverted U response in cells expressing ERalpha. The most effective concentration of estradiol (10(-11)M) increased the promoter activity 3-fold over baseline. Expression of ERbeta did not increase activity over control and when ERbeta was co-expressed with ERalpha there was a significant attenuation of the promoter activity. While ERalpha significantly increased L-PGDS promoter activity, our previous in vivo studies demonstrate a greater magnitude of change in L-PGDS gene expression in the presences of estradiol. This led us to ask whether estradiol is signaling via a paracrine factor released by the neighboring neurons. Conditioned media from estradiol treated neurons applied to the glioma cell line resulted in a significant 7-fold increase in L-PGDS promoter activity supporting the possibility that neuronal-glial interactions are involved in estradiol regulation of L-PGDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Devidze
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, United States
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Zayed N, Li X, Chabane N, Benderdour M, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Duval N, Fahmi H. Increased expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase in osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R146. [PMID: 19094210 PMCID: PMC2656251 DOI: 10.1186/ar2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) is responsible for the biosynthesis of PGD and J series, which have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticatabolic effects. Two isoforms have been identified: hematopoietic- and lipocalin-type PGDS (H-PGDS and L-PGDS, respectively). The aims of this study were to investigate the expressions of H-PGDS and L-PGDS in cartilage from healthy donors and from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and to characterize their regulation by interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) in cultured OA chondrocytes. Methods The expressions of H-PGDS and L-PGDS mRNA and protein in cartilage were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1β, and the expression of L-PGDS was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. The roles of de novo protein synthesis and of the signalling pathways mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), and Notch were evaluated using specific pharmacological inhibitors. Results L-PGDS and H-PGDS mRNAs were present in both healthy and OA cartilage, with higher levels of L-PGDS than H-PGDS (> 20-fold). The levels of L-PGDS mRNA and protein were increased in OA compared with healthy cartilage. Treatment of chondrocytes with IL-1β upregulated L-PGDS mRNA and protein expressions as well as PGD2 production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The upregulation of L-PGDS by IL-1β was blocked by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide, indicating that this effect is indirect, requiring de novo protein synthesis. Specific inhibitors of the MAPK p38 (SB 203580) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (SP600125) and of the NF-κB (SN-50) and Notch (DAPT) signalling pathways suppressed IL-1β-induced upregulation of L-PGDS expression. In contrast, an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK/MAPK) (PD98059) demonstrated no significant influence. We also found that PGD2 prevented IL-1β-induced upregulation of L-PGDS expression. Conclusions This is the first report demonstrating increased levels of L-PGDS in OA cartilage. IL-1β may be responsible for this upregulation through activation of the JNK and p38 MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways. These data suggest that L-PGDS might have an important role in the pathophysiology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Zayed
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Fujimori K, Aritake K, Urade Y. Enhancement of prostaglandin D(2) production through cyclooxygenase-2 and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase by upstream stimulatory factor 1 in human brain-derived TE671 cells under serum starvation. Gene 2008; 426:72-80. [PMID: 18817855 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We found that prostaglandin (PG) D(2) production was induced through transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and lipocalin-type PGD synthase (L-PGDS) genes under serum-starved conditions in human brain-derived TE671 cells. Analysis of promoter and intron regions of the human L-PGDS gene demonstrated that an atypical E-box within intron 4 mediated serum starvation-induced up-regulation of L-PGDS gene expression. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that upstream stimulatory factor (USF) 1 bound to this atypical E-box. USF1 gene expression was also enhanced during serum starvation in TE671 cells through activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, and the efficiency of the binding of USF1 to the atypical E-box was clearly increased by serum starvation. Administration of USF1 siRNA suppressed both L-PGDS and COX-2 gene expression and PGD(2) production. Moreover, NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor and AT-56, an L-PGDS inhibitor, suppressed PGD(2) production in TE671 cells cultured under the serum-starved condition. These results indicate that PGD(2) production stimulated by serum starvation is mediated by both COX-2 and L-PGDS through enhancement of USF1 in TE671 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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12
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Clément N, Gueguen M, Glorian M, Blaise R, Andréani M, Brou C, Bausero P, Limon I. Notch3 and IL-1beta exert opposing effects on a vascular smooth muscle cell inflammatory pathway in which NF-kappaB drives crosstalk. J Cell Sci 2008; 120:3352-61. [PMID: 17881497 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.007872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis begins with the transfer of monocytes from the lumen to the intimal layer of arteries. The paracrine activity acquired by these monocytes shifts vascular smooth muscle cells from a contractile-quiescent to a secretory-proliferative phenotype, allowing them to survive and migrate in the intima. Transformed and relocated, they also start to produce and/or secrete inflammatory enzymes, converting them into inflammatory cells. Activation of the Notch pathway, a crucial determinant of cell fate, regulates some of the new features acquired by these cells as it triggers vascular smooth muscle cells to grow and inhibits their death and migration. Here, we evaluate whether and how the Notch pathway regulates the cell transition towards an inflammatory or de-differentiated state. Activation of the Notch pathway by the notch ligand Delta1, as well as overexpression of the active form of Notch3, prevents this phenomenon [initiated by interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta)], whereas inhibiting the Notch pathway enhances the transition. IL-1beta decreases the expression of Notch3 and Notch target genes. As shown by using an IkappaBalpha-mutated form, the decrease of Notch3 signaling elements occurs subsequent to dissociation of the NF-kappaB complex. These results demonstrate that the Notch3 pathway is attenuated through NF-kappaB activation, allowing vascular smooth muscle cells to switch into an inflammatory state.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/anatomy & histology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phospholipases A2/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Notch3
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Clément
- UMR 7079 de Physiologie et Physiopathologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, 7 quai Saint-Bernard 75252 Paris, France
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13
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Delbosc S, Glorian M, Le Port AS, Béréziat G, Andréani M, Limon I. The benefit of docosahexanoic acid on the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells is partially dependent on Notch regulation of MMP-2/-9. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1430-40. [PMID: 18403593 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Notch pathway is involved in the regulation of the migratory/proliferative phenotype acquired by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the pro-inflammatory context of vascular diseases. Here, we investigated whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated, omega-3 fatty acid, could reduce fibrinolytic/matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and whether this reduction occurs through the modulation of Notch signaling. Rat VSMCs were transdifferentiated with interleukin-1beta and then treated with DHA. Migration/proliferation was determined by performing a wound healing assay and measuring MMP-2/-9 activity, type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor levels, and the expression of these proteins. The involvement of Notch in regulating the fibrinolytic/MMP system was evidenced using Notch pathway inhibitors and the forced expression of Notch1 and Notch3 intracellular domains. DHA significantly decreased VSMC migration/proliferation induced by interleukin-1beta as well as fibrinolytic/MMP activity. Prevention of Notch1 target gene transcription enhanced the interleukin-1beta effects on MMPs and on migration, whereas Notch3 intracellular domain overexpression reduced these effects. Finally, DHA increased Notch3 expression, Hes-1 transcription (a Notch target gene), and enhanced gamma-secretase complex activity. These results suggest that inhibition of the Notch pathway participates in the transition of VSMCs toward a migratory phenotype. These results also suggest that the beneficial inhibitory effects of DHA on fibrinolytic/MMP activity are related in part to the effects of DHA on the expression of Notch pathway components, providing new insight into the mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Delbosc
- UMR 7079: Physiologie et physiopathologie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7, quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris Cedex, France
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14
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Lipopolysaccharide Up-regulates IL-6Rα Expression in Cultured Leptomeningeal Cells via Activation of ERK1/2 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1901-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Jiang ZL, Fletcher NM, Diamond MP, Abu-Soud HM, Saed GM. Hypoxia regulates iNOS expression in human normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts through nuclear factor kappa B activation mechanism. Fertil Steril 2008; 91:616-21. [PMID: 18281043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanism by which hypoxia increases expression of iNOS in human normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University medical center. PATIENT(S) Primary cultures of fibroblasts from normal peritoneum and adhesion tissues. INTERVENTION(S) Hypoxia-treated cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to quantify mRNA levels of iNOS and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Western blots were used to determine iNOS, NF-kappaB, IkappaB-alpha, and phospho-IkappaB expression levels in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts in response to hypoxia. RESULT(S) Hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in iNOS and NF-kappaB expression in normal and adhesion fibroblasts. Furthermore, both cell types manifested lower levels of NF-kappaB, cytoplasmic phospho-IkappaB-alpha, and iNOS proteins. In contrast, they manifested higher levels of cytoplasmic IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB ratios as well as a phosphorylated-IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB ratio. Under hypoxic conditions, both cell types exhibited significantly decreased cytoplasmic NF-kappaB, IkappaB-alpha levels, and significantly increased cytoplasmic phospho-IkappaB-alpha, iNOS, and NF-kappaB protein levels. CONCLUSION(S) Hypoxia increases iNOS expression by a mechanism involving activation of NF-kappaB. The ratio of IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB or IkappaB-alpha/p-IkappaB-alpha can be used to monitor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong L Jiang
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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16
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Grill M, Heinemann A, Hoefler G, Peskar BA, Schuligoi R. Effect of endotoxin treatment on the expression and localization of spinal cyclooxygenase, prostaglandin synthases, and PGD2 receptors. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1345-57. [PMID: 18028337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation leads to increased expression of spinal cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and to a subsequent increase of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, which contribute to the development of hyperalgesia and allodynia. In this study, endotoxin caused a sequential induction of membrane bound prostaglandin E synthase-1 and lipocalin-type PGD synthase (L-PGDS) in the mouse spinal cord. L-PGDS expression was detected in the leptomeninges, oligodendrocytes, and interestingly, in discrete perivascular cells. Endotoxin-caused increase was most prominent in oligodendrocytes. Endotoxin-induced COX-2 and membrane bound prostaglandin E synthase-1 were restricted to the leptomeninges and perivascular cells. COX-1 was not influenced by endotoxin. We found COX-1 expressed in microglia, some of them in close proximity to L-PGDS-positive oligodendrocytes and co-localization of COX-1 with L-PGDS in perivascular and leptomeningeal cells under control conditions. It can be assumed, that PGD2 biosynthesis under control conditions is mediated via COX-1 and that during inflammation, increased PGD2 is dependent on COX-2. We found the PGD2 receptors DP1 and chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 cells (CRTH2) localized in neurons of the dorsal, and motoneurons in the ventral horn. The localization of the PGD2 receptors DP1 and CRTH in spinal cord neurons, particularly in neurons of lamina I and II involved in the processing of nociceptive stimuli, supports a role of PGD2 under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grill
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Fujimori K, Watanabe M, Urade Y, Ishikawa K. Increased production of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in leptomeningeal cells through contact with astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2007; 423:133-7. [PMID: 17683865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) is dominantly expressed in the leptomeninges surrounding the brain and secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid as beta-trace, a major cerebrospinal fluid protein. To examine the interaction between the leptomeninges and the brain parenchyma, we co-cultured rat leptomeningeal cells with cells dissociated from the neonatal rat cortex and found that the production of L-PGDS was remarkably increased after the co-cultivation. A similar increase in L-PGDS production was observed by the co-culturing of the leptomeningeal cells with cells dissociated from astrocyte-rich cultures or with 1321-N1 astrocytoma cells. When a crude membrane fraction prepared from 1321-N1 cells was added to leptomeningeal cell cultures, L-PGDS gene expression was slowly increased up to 48 h after the addition. These results indicate that leptomeningeal cells enhance their L-PGDS production by a slow activation of L-PGDS gene expression through their contact with astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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18
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Fischer A, Gessler M. Delta-Notch--and then? Protein interactions and proposed modes of repression by Hes and Hey bHLH factors. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:4583-96. [PMID: 17586813 PMCID: PMC1950541 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hes and Hey genes are the mammalian counterparts of the Hairy and Enhancer-of-split type of genes in Drosophila and they represent the primary targets of the Delta–Notch signaling pathway. Hairy-related factors control multiple steps of embryonic development and misregulation is associated with various defects. Hes and Hey genes (also called Hesr, Chf, Hrt, Herp or gridlock) encode transcriptional regulators of the basic helix-loop-helix class that mainly act as repressors. The molecular details of how Hes and Hey proteins control transcription are still poorly understood, however. Proposed modes of action include direct binding to N- or E-box DNA sequences of target promoters as well as indirect binding through other sequence-specific transcription factors or sequestration of transcriptional activators. Repression may rely on recruitment of corepressors and induction of histone modifications, or even interference with the general transcriptional machinery. All of these models require extensive protein–protein interactions. Here we review data published on protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions of Hairy-related factors and discuss their implications for transcriptional regulation. In addition, we summarize recent progress on the identification of potential target genes and the analysis of mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Gessler
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed.+49 931 888 4158+49 931 888 4150
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19
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Fujimori K, Urade Y. Cooperative activation of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase gene expression by activator protein-2beta in proximal promoter and upstream stimulatory factor 1 within intron 4 in human brain-derived TE671 cells. Gene 2007; 397:143-52. [PMID: 17574780 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the activation mechanism of gene expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) in human brain-derived TE671 cells. Reporter analyses of constructs carrying various lengths of the promoter region and intron 1 to 6, or 3'-untranslated region of the human L-PGDS gene demonstrated that one atypical E-box (aE-box) at +2569 in intron 4 was critical for transactivation of the gene. The aE-box inside the intron 4 functioned as an enhancer element in both directions and in a cell-type specific manner in TE671 cells. Yeast one-hybrid screening revealed that upstream stimulatory factor (USF) 1 bound to the aE-box. Expression of exogenous USF1 induced the endogenous L-PGDS expression in TE671 cells, whereas administration of USF1 siRNA suppressed L-PGDS expression. Binding of USF1 to the aE-box was confirmed by performing electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Furthermore, USF1-mediated transcriptional activation was dependent upon activator protein (AP)-2beta binding to the AP-2 element at position -98 in the proximal promoter region of human L-PGDS gene. These results indicate that L-PGDS gene expression in TE671 cells was activated by USF1 through the aE-box within intron 4 and cooperatively by AP-2beta in the promoter in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Fujimori K, Aritake K, Urade Y. A novel pathway to enhance adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells by up-regulation of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase mediated by liver X receptor-activated sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18458-18466. [PMID: 17439953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701141200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is expressed in adipocytes and is proposed to be involved in the regulation of glucose tolerance and atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes, because L-PGDS gene knock-out mice show abnormalities in these functions. However, the role of L-PGDS and the regulation mechanism governing its gene expression in adipocytes remain unclear. Here, we applied small interference RNA of L-PGDS to mouse 3T3-L1 cells and found that it suppressed differentiation of these cells into adipocytes. Reporter analysis of the mouse L-PGDS promoter demonstrated that a responsive element for liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) at -233 plays a critical role in preadipocytic 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, we identified two sterol regulatory elements (SREs) at -194 to be cis-elements for activation of L-PGDS gene expression in adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells. L-PGDS mRNA was induced in response to synthetic liver X receptor agonist, T0901317, through activation of the expression of SRE-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) in the adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that LRH-1 and SREBP-1c bound to their respective binding elements in the promoter of L-PGDS gene. Small interference RNA-mediated suppression of LRH-1 or SREBP-1c decreased L-PGDS gene expression in preadipocytic or adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. These results indicate that L-PGDS gene expression is activated by LRH-1 in preadipocytes and by SREBP-1c in adipocytes. Liver X receptor-mediated up-regulation of L-PGDS through activation of SREBP-1c is a novel path-way to enhance adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.
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21
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Wilhelm D, Hiramatsu R, Mizusaki H, Widjaja L, Combes AN, Kanai Y, Koopman P. SOX9 Regulates Prostaglandin D Synthase Gene Transcription in Vivo to Ensure Testis Development. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10553-60. [PMID: 17277314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, male sex is determined by the Y-chromosomal gene Sry (sex-determining region of Y chromosome). The expression of Sry and subsequently Sox9 (SRY box containing gene 9) in precursors of the supporting cell lineage results in the differentiation of these cells into Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells in turn orchestrate the development of all other male-specific cell types. To ensure that Sertoli cells differentiate in sufficient numbers to induce normal testis development, the early testis produces prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), which recruits cells of the supporting cell lineage to a Sertoli cell fate. Here we show that the gene encoding prostaglandin D synthase (Pgds), the enzyme that produces PGD(2), is expressed in Sertoli cells immediately after the onset of Sox9 expression. Promoter analysis in silico and in vitro identified a paired SOX/SRY binding site. Interestingly, only SOX9, and not SRY, was able to bind as a dimer to this site and transactivate the Pgds promoter. In line with this, a transgenic mouse model showed that Pgds expression is not affected by ectopic Sry expression. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation proved that SOX9 but not SRY binds to the Pgds promoter in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Wilhelm
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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22
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Marques F, Sousa JC, Correia-Neves M, Oliveira P, Sousa N, Palha JA. The choroid plexus response to peripheral inflammatory stimulus. Neuroscience 2007; 144:424-30. [PMID: 17069984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased interest is being raised on the interaction between systemic inflammation and the brain. The choroid plexus (CP) constitutes a monolayer of epithelial cells located within the brain ventricles and is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Despite the knowledge that the CP capillaries are fenestrated, allowing free passage of molecules and cells, the involvement of the vast blood-brain boundary represented by the CP/CSF barrier in brain inflammatory processes has seldom been considered. In the present study we investigate, in mice, how the expression of genes encoding major constitutively expressed CP proteins is influenced by a systemic inflammatory stimulus. Confirming that the CP responds to peripheral inflammation, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha are rapidly induced. As for the constitutively expressed proteins, while the mRNA for genes encoding transthyretin and transferrin remain unaltered by the inflammatory challenge, that for prostaglandin D2 synthase (LPTGDS) is up-regulated at 6 h, and stays up-regulated up to 24 h after lipopolysacharide administration. Accordingly, LPTGDS CSF levels are also augmented. LPTGDS catalyzes the synthesis of the major prostanoid of the CNS and, being increased in the CSF, might mediate immune signaling into the brain. These observations emphasize that the CP must be considered a relevant mediator of immune signals between the periphery and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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23
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Fujimori K, Inui T, Uodome N, Kadoyama K, Aritake K, Urade Y. Zebrafish and chicken lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase homologues: Conservation of mammalian gene structure and binding ability for lipophilic molecules, and difference in expression profile and enzyme activity. Gene 2006; 375:14-25. [PMID: 16616995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is a bifunctional protein possessing both the ability to synthesize PGD(2) and to serve as a carrier protein for lipophilic molecules. L-PGDS has been extensively studied in mammalian species, whereas little is known about non-mammalian forms. Here, we identified and characterized the L-PGDS homologues from non-mammals such as zebrafish and chicken. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L-PGDSs of mammalian and non-mammalian organisms form a "L-PGDS sub-family" that has been evolutionally separated from other lipocalin gene family proteins. The genes for zebrafish and chicken L-PGDS homologues consisted of 6 exons, and all of the exon/intron boundaries were completely identical to those of mammalian L-PGDS genes. Zebrafish and chicken L-PGDS genes were clustered with several lipocalin genes in the chromosome, as in the case of mouse and human genes. Gene expression profiles were different among chicken, mouse, human, except for conservation of abundant expression in the brain and heart. The chicken L-PGDS homologue carried weak PGDS activity, whereas the zebrafish protein did not show any of the activity. However, when the amino-terminal region of the zebrafish L-PGDS homologue was exchanged for that of mouse L-PGDS carrying the Cys residue essential for PGDS activity, this chimeric protein showed weak PGDS activity. Both zebrafish and chicken L-PGDS homologues bound thyroxine and all-trans retinoic acid, like mammalian L-PGDSs and other lipocalin gene family proteins. These results indicate that non-mammalian and mammalian L-PGDS genes evolved from the same ancestral gene and that the non-mammalian L-PGDS homologue was the primordial form of L-PGDS but whose major function was and is to serve as a carrier protein for lipophilic molecules. During molecular evolution, the mammalian L-PGDS protein might have acquired effective PGDS activity through substitution of several amino acid residues, especially in the amino-terminal region including the Cys residue, which is essential for PGDS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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24
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Mohri I, Taniike M, Okazaki I, Kagitani-Shimono K, Aritake K, Kanekiyo T, Yagi T, Takikita S, Kim HS, Urade Y, Suzuki K. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase is up-regulated in oligodendrocytes in lysosomal storage diseases and binds gangliosides. J Neurochem 2006; 97:641-51. [PMID: 16515539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is a dually functional protein, acting both as a PGD2-synthesizing enzyme and as an extracellular transporter of various lipophilic small molecules. L-PGDS is expressed in oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the central nervous system and is up-regulated in OLs of the twitcher mouse, a model of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). We investigated whether up-regulation of L-PGDS is either unique to Krabbe's disease or is a more generalized phenomenon in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), using LSD mouse models of Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease, GM1 gangliosidosis and Niemann-Pick type C1 disease. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that L-PGDS mRNA was up-regulated in the brains of all these mouse models. In addition, strong L-PGDS immunoreactivity was observed in OLs, but not in either astrocytes or microglia in these models. Thus, up-regulation of L-PGDS appears to be a common response of OLs in LSDs. Moreover, surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed that L-PGDS binds GM1 and GM2 gangliosides, accumulated in neurons in the course of LSD, with high affinities (KD = 65 and 210 nm, respectively). This suggests that L-PGDS may play a role in scavenging harmful lipophilic substrates in LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Mohri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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25
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Ross DA, Hannenhalli S, Tobias JW, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R, Kadesch T. Functional analysis of Hes-1 in preadipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 20:698-705. [PMID: 16282371 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling blocks differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and this can be mimicked by constitutive expression of the Notch target gene Hes-1. Although considered initially to function only as a repressor, recent evidence indicates that Hes-1 can also activate transcription. We show here that the domains of Hes-1 needed to block adipogenesis coincide with those necessary for transcriptional repression. HRT1, another basic-helix-loop-helix protein and potential Hes-1 partner, was also induced by Notch in 3T3-L1 cells but did not block adipogenesis, suggesting that Hes-1 functions primarily as a homodimer or possibly as a heterodimer with an unknown partner. Purification of Hes-1 identified the Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of split family of corepressors as the only significant Hes-1 interacting proteins in vivo. An evaluation of global gene expression in preadipocytes identified approximately 200 Hes-1-responsive genes comprising roughly equal numbers of up-regulated and down-regulated genes. However, promoter analyses indicated that the down-regulated genes were significantly more likely to contain Hes-1 binding sites, indicating that Hes-1 is more likely to repress transcription of its direct targets. We conclude that Notch most likely blocks adipogenesis through the induction of Hes-1 homodimers, which repress transcription of key target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ross
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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26
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Mouihate A, Ellis S, Harré EM, Pittman QJ. Fever suppression in near-term pregnant rats is dissociated from LPS-activated signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1265-72. [PMID: 16037126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00342.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Near-term pregnant rats show a suppressed fever response to LPS that is associated with reduced induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the hypothalamus. The objective of this study is to explore whether the LPS-activated signaling pathways in the fever-controlling region of the hypothalamus are specifically altered at near term. Three rat groups consisting of 15-day pregnant rats, near-term 21- to 22-day pregnant rats, and day 5 lactating rats were injected with a febrile dose of LPS (50 μg/kg ip). The hypothalamic preoptic area and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) were collected 2 h after LPS injection. The activation of three transcription modulators, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), was assessed using semiquantitative Western blot analysis. LPS activated the NF-κB pathway in all rat groups, and this response was not altered at near term. ERK1/2 and STAT5 were constitutively activated during all reproductive stages, and their levels were not significantly affected by LPS injection. Plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist), and corticosterone were unaffected during the three reproductive stages after LPS challenge. We observed a sharp decrease in the expression of a prostaglandin-producing enzyme called lipocalin-prostaglandin D2 synthase in near-term pregnant and lactating rats. Thus fever suppression at near term is not due to an alteration in either LPS-activated intracellular signaling pathways or LPS-induced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mouihate
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Martínez-Flórez S, Gutiérrez-Fernández B, Sánchez-Campos S, González-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. Quercetin attenuates nuclear factor-kappaB activation and nitric oxide production in interleukin-1beta-activated rat hepatocytes. J Nutr 2005; 135:1359-65. [PMID: 15930438 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether different concentrations of the flavonoid quercetin ameliorate nitric oxide production and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation in interleukin (IL)-1beta-activated rat hepatocytes. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were treated with IL-1beta alone or with quercetin in concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 micromol/L. The generation of reactive oxygen species, assessed by flow cytometry using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was significantly reduced, and the oxidized:reduced glutathione ratio decreased in cultures treated with 50 and 100 micromol/L of quercetin. Quercetin at 100 micromol/L significantly prevented the IL-1beta-induced release of nitrite into the culture medium. Western blot and reverse transcription-PCR analyses demonstrated that increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA in hepatocytes stimulated by IL-1beta were prevented by 50 micromol/L and 100 micromol/L of quercetin. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments and Western blots indicated that quercetin blocked the activation of NF-kappaB and decreased the inhibitor kappaB protein levels induced by IL-1beta. In summary, quercetin, a natural flavonol widely distributed in the human diet, inhibits NO production in IL-1beta-stimulated hepatocytes through the inhibition of iNOS expression. Although the mode of action remains to be clarified, our findings support the view that the mechanism of action is via inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation.
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Fujimori K, Kadoyama K, Urade Y. Protein Kinase C Activates Human Lipocalin-type Prostaglandin D Synthase Gene Expression through De-repression of Notch-HES Signaling and Enhancement of AP-2β Function in Brain-derived TE671 Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18452-61. [PMID: 15743775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411755200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we investigated the regulatory mechanism of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) gene expression in human TE671 (medulloblastoma of cerebellum) cells. Reporter analysis of the promoter region from -730 to +75 of the human L-PGDS gene demonstrated that deletion or mutation of the N-box at -337 increased the promoter activity 220-300%. The N-box was bound by Hes-1, a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Hairy and enhancer of split, as examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Functional expression of the Notch intracellular domain significantly increased Hes-1 expression and decreased L-PGDS expression level in TE671 cells. Moreover, knock-down of Hes-1 mRNA by RNA interference significantly enhanced the L-PGDS mRNA level, indicating that the L-PGDS gene expression is repressed by the Notch-Hes signaling. When the AP-2 element at -98 of the promoter region was deleted or mutated, the promoter activity was drastically decreased to approximately 10% of normal. The AP-2 element was bound by AP-2beta dominantly expressed in TE671 cells, according to the results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. L-PGDS expression was induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in TE671 cells, and this induction was inhibited by a protein kinase C inhibitor. Stimulation of TE671 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or transfection with protein kinase Calpha expression vector induced phosphorylation of Hes-1, inhibition of DNA binding of Hes-1 to the N-box, and activation of the AP-2beta function to up-regulate L-PGDS gene expression. These results reveal a novel transcriptional regulatory mechanism responsible for the high level expression of the human L-PGDS gene in TE671 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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Aguilera C, Hoya-Arias R, Haegeman G, Espinosa L, Bigas A. Recruitment of IkappaBalpha to the hes1 promoter is associated with transcriptional repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16537-42. [PMID: 15536134 PMCID: PMC534509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404429101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-kappaB pathway plays a pivotal role in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses in mammals. The NF-kappaB inhibitor, IkappaB, has classically been characterized for its ability to sequester NF-kappaB transcription factors in the cytoplasm. Nevertheless, a nuclear fraction of IkappaBalpha has consistently been detected and associated with repression of nuclear NF-kappaB. Now we show that IkappaBalpha physically associates with different repression elements such as nuclear corepressors and histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases (HDACs). More remarkably, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that IkappaBalpha is recruited to the promoter regions of the Notch-target gene, hes1, together with HDAC1 and -5, whereas we did not detect IkappaBalpha associated with classical NF-kappaB target genes such as IL6 and RANTES. TNF-alpha treatment results in a temporary release of IkappaBalpha from the hes1 promoter that correlates with increased histone acetylation and transcriptional activation. In addition, we demonstrate that both IkappaB kinase-alpha and -beta are simultaneously recruited to the hes1 promoter in response to TNF-alpha, coinciding with a maximum of IkappaBalpha release and gene activation. Moreover, TNF-alpha-dependent histone H3 acetylation, release of IkappaBalpha from the hes1 promoter, and hes1 mRNA synthesis are affected in IKK-alpha(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We propose that IkappaBalpha plays a previously undescribed role in regulating the recruitment of repression elements to specific promoters. Recruitment of IKKs to the nucleus in response to TNF-alpha may induce chromatin-associated IkappaBalpha release and gene activation. These findings provide additional insight in the cross-talk between NF-kappaB and other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aguilera
- Centre Oncologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-Institut de Recerca Oncologica, Barcelona 08907, Spain
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30
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Miwa Y, Takiuchi S, Kamide K, Yoshii M, Horio T, Tanaka C, Banno M, Miyata T, Sasaguri T, Kawano Y. Identification of gene polymorphism in lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase and its association with carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese hypertensive patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:428-33. [PMID: 15325247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggested that lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) is implicated in atherogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the polymorphism of the L-PGDS gene and examined its relationship with the severity of carotid atherosclerosis which is determined as the maximum intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery (C-IMT(max)). We identified 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the L-PGDS gene in Japanese. A rare SNP with an amino acid change (1535C>G in exon 4, Leu79Val) and a common SNP (4111 A>C in 3'-untranslated region) were selected for genotyping in 782 Japanese hypertensive subjects. There was no significant difference among genotypes in 1535C>G, however, in 4111 A>C, serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were significantly higher in subjects with A/A genotype than those with A/C and C/C genotypes. C-IMT(max) was significantly smaller in subjects with A/A genotype than those with A/C and C/C. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of A/A genotype significantly reduced the risk for increased C-IMT(max), even after adjustment for other known risk factors [adjusted odds ratio: 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58-0.88)]. Our results suggested that 4111 A>C polymorphism in the L-PGDS gene contributes to the development of carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Miwa
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
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31
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Ross DA, Kadesch T. Consequences of Notch-mediated induction of Jagged1. Exp Cell Res 2004; 296:173-82. [PMID: 15149848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is initiated upon contact of cells expressing Notch receptors with those expressing ligands. While examining the dynamic response of NIH 3T3 cells to cells expressing the Notch ligand Jagged1, we found that Notch signaling resulted in increased levels of the ligand Jagged1. Induction of Jagged1 was delayed relative to the generation of active Notch and dependent on the transcription factor p63. The induced Jagged1 had no apparent autocrine effects on Notch signaling but could promote signaling in naïve cells. These results describe a mechanism through which Notch signaling can be relayed from cell to cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ross
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
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32
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Muraki T, Fujimori K, Ishizaka M, Ohe Y, Urade Y, Okajima F, Ishikawa K. Effects of interleukin-1beta and prostaglandin E2 on prostaglandin D synthase production in cultivated rat leptomeningeal cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:409-18. [PMID: 15087710 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200404000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor is densely distributed in the leptomeninges constituting the blood/cerebrospinal fluid barrier, its physiologic significance has remained unclear. In the present study, we show that in cultured leptomeningeal cells, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factors, or lipopolysaccharide causes a prominent increase in the synthesis and release of prostaglandin (PG) D synthase, which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of PGD2. Although significant increases in the amount of PGD synthase were also observed with cells exposed to somatostatin, thrombin, or ciliary neurotrophic factor, these were much smaller than were those induced by the proinflammatory cytokines. Other agents tested including IGF-I had no effect upon the enzyme levels in the culture media. Furthermore, we found that the increased secretion of PGD synthase by IL-1beta was completely inhibited by 10(-7) M PGE2. The same dose of PGD2 or 15-deoxy-Delta(12-14)PGJ2 had no effect upon the IL-1beta action. In addition, PGE2 increased the level of fibronectin and eliminated the expression of zonula occludentes-1, a tight junction-associated protein from cultured cells, effects likely reflecting a loss of barrier integrity. These results demonstrate the importance of inflammatory stimuli as a physiologic regulator of the leptomeningeal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Muraki
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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33
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Zhang T, Guo CJ, Li Y, Douglas SD, Qi XX, Song L, Ho WZ. Interleukin-1beta induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta expression in human hepatocytes. Cell Immunol 2004; 226:45-53. [PMID: 14746807 PMCID: PMC4016814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of factors that regulate expression of CC-chemokines, the important mediators in immune responses and inflammation processes, has an important significance in understanding the immunopathogenesis of liver diseases. We examined the role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a multifunctional cytokine, in regulating the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta in human hepatocytes (Huh7 and HepG2). IL-1beta significantly enhanced MIP-1beta expression in these cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. Cytokine-enriched supernatants from monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) cultures also induced MIP-1beta expression. IL-1beta is responsible for MDM supernatant-mediated up-regulation of MIP-1beta since the antibody to IL-1beta abolished MDM supernatant action. Investigation of the mechanism involved in MIP-1beta induction by IL-1beta showed that IL-1beta activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) promoter in Huh7 cells. In addition, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a specific inhibitor of the activation of NF-kappaB, not only abolished IL-1beta-mediated NF-kappaB promoter activation, but also blocked IL-1beta-induced MIP-1beta expression. These observations suggest that IL-1beta-mediated up-regulation of MIP-1beta production in the hepatic cells may contribute a critical mechanism for continuous recruitment of inflammatory cell to liver and maintenance of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Guo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven D. Douglas
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiao-Xue Qi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Song
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: 1-215-590-2025. (W.-Z. Ho)
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Altar CA, Laeng P, Jurata LW, Brockman JA, Lemire A, Bullard J, Bukhman YV, Young TA, Charles V, Palfreyman MG. Electroconvulsive seizures regulate gene expression of distinct neurotrophic signaling pathways. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2667-77. [PMID: 15028759 PMCID: PMC6729526 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5377-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the treatment of choice for drug-resistant patients with depressive disorders, yet the mechanism for its efficacy remains unknown. Gene transcription changes were measured in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats subjected to sham seizures or to 1 or 10 electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), a model of ECT. Among the 3500-4400 RNA sequences detected in each sample, ECS increased by 1.5- to 11-fold or decreased by at least 34% the expression of 120 unique genes. The hippocampus produced more than three times the number of gene changes seen in the cortex, and many hippocampal gene changes persisted with chronic ECS, unlike in the cortex. Among the 120 genes, 77 have not been reported in previous studies of ECS or seizure responses, and 39 were confirmed among 59 studied by quantitative real time PCR. Another 19 genes, 10 previously unreported, changed by <1.5-fold but with very high significance. Multiple genes were identified within distinct pathways, including the BDNF-MAP kinase-cAMP-cAMP response element-binding protein pathway (15 genes), the arachidonic acid pathway (5 genes), and more than 10 genes in each of the immediate-early gene, neurogenesis, and exercise response gene groups. Neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and neuronal plasticity associated with BDNF, glutamate, and cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathways may mediate the antidepressant effects of ECT in humans. These genes, and others that increase only with chronic ECS such as neuropeptide Y and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, may provide novel ways to select drugs for the treatment of depression and mimic the rapid effectiveness of ECT.
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35
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Helliwell RJA, Adams LF, Mitchell MD. Prostaglandin synthases: recent developments and a novel hypothesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:101-13. [PMID: 14683687 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells are continuously exposed to cues, which signal cell survival or death. Fine-tuning of these conflicting signals is essential for tissue development and homeostasis, and defective pathways are linked to many disease processes, especially cancer. It is well established that prostaglandins (PGs), as signalling molecules, are important regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. PG production has been a focus of many researchers interested in the mechanisms of parturition. Previously, investigators have focussed on the committed step of PG biosynthesis, the conversion by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS; also termed cyclo-oxygenase, COX) of arachidonic acid (AA) (substrate) to PGH2, the common precursor for biosynthesis of the various prostanoids. However, recently the genes encoding the terminal synthase enzymes involved in converting PGH2 to each of the bioactive PGs, including the major uterotonic PGs, PGE2 (PGE synthase) and PGF2alpha (PGF synthase), have been cloned and characterized. This review highlights how the regulation of the expression and balance of key enzymes can produce, from a single precursor, prostanoids with varied and often opposing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J A Helliwell
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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36
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Urade Y, Eguchi N, Aritake K, Hayaishi O. [Functional analyses of lipocalin-type and hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2004; 123:5-13. [PMID: 14695453 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.123.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (PGDS) catalyzes the isomerization of PGH(2) to PGD(2), which acts as an endogenous somnogen and an allergic mediator. There are two distinct types of PGDS: one is lipocalin-type PGDS (L-PGDS) localized in the central nervous system, male genitals, and heart; and the other is hematopoietic PGDS (H-PGDS) in mast cells and Th2 lymphocytes. L-PGDS is the same as beta-trace, a major protein in human cerebrospinal fluid, and is also secreted into the seminal plasma and plasma. The L-PGDS concentration in various body fluids is useful as a marker for various diseases such as renal failure and coronary atherosclerosis. H-PGDS is a cytosolic enzyme and is a member of the Sigma class of glutathione S-transferase. We determined the X-ray crystallographic structures of H-PGDS and L-PGDS. We also generated the gene-knockout (KO) mice and the human enzyme-overexpressing transgenic mice for each PGDS. L-PGDS-KO mice lacked PGE(2)-induced tactile allodynia and rebound of non-rapid eye movement sleep after sleep deprivation. Human L-PGDS-overexpressing transgenic mice showed an increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep due to accumulation of PGD(2) in the brain after tail clipping. H-PGDS-KO mice showed an allergic reaction weaker than that of the wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Mirnics ZK, Mirnics K, Terrano D, Lewis DA, Sisodia SS, Schor NF. DNA microarray profiling of developing PS1-deficient mouse brain reveals complex and coregulated expression changes. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:863-78. [PMID: 14515137 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) plays a critical role in the nervous system development and PS1 mutations have been associated with familial Alzheimer's disease. PS1-deficient mice exhibit alterations in neural and vascular development and die in late embryogenesis. The present study was aimed at uncovering transcript networks that depend on intact PS1 function in the developing brain. To achieve this, we analyzed the brains of PS1-deficient and control animals at embryonic ages E12.5 and E14.5 using MG_U74Av2 oligonucleotide microarrays by Affymetrix. Based on the microarray data, overall molecular brain development appeared to be comparable between the E12.5 and E14.5 PS1-deficient and control embryos. However, in brains of PS1-deficient mice, we observed significant differences in the expression of genes encoding molecules that are associated with neural differentiation, extracellular matrix, vascular development, Notch-related signaling and lipid metabolism. Many of the expression differences between wild-type and PS1-deficient animals were present at both E12.5 and E14.5, whereas other transcript alterations were characteristic of only one developmental stage. The results suggest that the role of PS1 in development includes influences on a highly co-regulated transcript network; some of the genes participating in this expression network may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Mirnics
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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