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Yang X, Li Y, Pan S, Ma F, Chen H, Deng J, Yue J, Gong Q, Zheng M, Zeng Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang X. Discovery of a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Xanthine Oxidase/Urate Transporter 1 Dual Inhibitor as a Potential Treatment for Hyperuricemia and Gout. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14668-14691. [PMID: 39108024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The main uric acid-lowering agents in clinical use for hyperuricemia and gout are xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors or urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitors. While these therapies can partially control the disease, they have various limitations. The development of XO/URAT1 dual inhibitors offers the potential to enhance therapeutic potency and reduce toxicity compared with single-target inhibitors. Through scaffold hopping from the XO inhibitor febuxostat (2) and the URAT1 inhibitor probenecid (3), followed by structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, we identified compound 27 as a potent dual inhibitor of XO and URAT1. Compound 27 demonstrated significant dual inhibition in vitro (XO IC50 = 35 nM; URAT1 IC50 = 31 nM) and exhibited favorable pharmacology and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in multiple species including monkeys. Furthermore, toxicity studies in rats and monkeys revealed general safety profiles, supporting that compound 27 emerges as a promising novel drug candidate with potent XO/URAT1 dual inhibition for the treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Yang
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Yong Li
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Shengqiang Pan
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Facheng Ma
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Hong Chen
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Jinhui Deng
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Jie Yue
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qijie Gong
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mi Zheng
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Jing Li
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Ertik O, Sezen Us A, Gul IB, Us H, Coremen M, Karabulut Bulan O, Yanardag R. Reduction of oxidative damage in prostate tissue caused by radiation and/or chloroquine by apocynin. Free Radic Res 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39148420 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2024.2393147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Prostate damage can occur in men due to age and genetic factors, especially when exposed to external factors. Radiation (RAD) is a prominent factor leading to oxidative stress and potential prostate damage. Additionally, chloroquine (CQ), used in malaria treatment, can induce oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, reducing and preventing oxidative damage in prostate tissue caused by external factors is crucial. Rats used in the study were divided into seven groups, CQ, apocynin (APO), RAD, CQ + APO, CQ + RAD, APO + RAD, CQ + APO + RAD. Subsequently, in vivo biochemical parameters of prostate tissues were examined, including reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase activities, and total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress index, advanced oxidation protein products and histologically. The in vivo results presented in our study showed that APO reduced oxidative stress and had a protective effect on prostate tissue in the CQ, RAD, and CQ + RAD groups as a results of biochemical and histological experiments. Additionally, in silico studies revealed a higher binding affinity of diapocynin to target proteins compared to APO. As a histological results, RAD and CQ alone or in combination did not induce damage in prostate tissues, whereas mild histopathological findings such as hyperemia and haemorrhage were observed in all APO-treated groups. The results suggest that the use of APO for the treatment of oxidative damage induced by CQ and RAD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ertik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Ayca Sezen Us
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ilknur Bugan Gul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Huseyin Us
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melis Coremen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Omur Karabulut Bulan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
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3
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Sun Q, Yu W, Gong M, Ma J, Liu G, Mei T, Luo X. Xanthine oxidase immobilized cellulose membrane-based colorimetric biosensor for screening and detecting the bioactivity of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133450. [PMID: 38944077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a typical target for hyperuricemia and gout, for which there are only three commercial xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs): febuxostat, topiroxostat and allopurinol. However, these inhibitors have problems such as low bioactivity and several side effects. Therefore, the development of novel XOIs with high bioactivity for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout is urgently needed. In this work we constructed a XO immobilized cellulose membrane colorimetric biosensor (XNCM) by the TEMPO oxidation, amide bond coupling and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) loading method. As expected, the XNCM was able to detect xanthine, with high selectivity and sensitivity by colorimetric method with a distinctive color change from yellow to purple, which can be easily observed by the naked-eye in just 8 min without any complex instrumentation. In addition, the XNCM sensor performed screening of 21 different compounds and have been successfully pre-screened out XOIs with biological activity. Most importantly, the XNCM was able to quantitatively detect the IC50 values of two commercial inhibitors (febuxostat and allopurinol). All the results confirmed that the XNCM is a simple and effective tool which can be used for the accelerated screening of XOIs and has the potential to uncover additional XOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Wenlong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Mixue Gong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Jingfang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Genyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China.
| | - Tao Mei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China.
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4
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Li X, Chen D, Qi C, Yang Y, Guo K, Ma C, Tian J, Li J, Zhang L, Wang B, Xiao Z, Ye F. Identification of a novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor for hyperuricemia treatment with high efficacy and safety profile. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117223. [PMID: 39094541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is with growing incidence and of high risk to develop into gout and other metabolic diseases. The key enzyme catalyzing uric acid synthesis, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a vital target for anti-hyperuricemic drugs, while XOR inhibitors characterized as both potent and safe are currently in urgent need. In this study, a novel small molecule compound, CC15009, was identified as a specific XOR inhibitor. CC15009 exerted strongest in vitro XOR inhibitory activity among current XOR inhibitors. It also showed favorable dose-dependent uric acid-lowering effects in two different XOR substrate-induced hyperuricemic mouse models, which was significantly superior than the current first-line drug, allopurinol. Mechanically, the direct binding of CC15009 against XOR was confirmed by molecular docking and SPR analysis. The inhibition mode was competitive and reversible. Besides, the potential antioxidant activity of CC15009 was indicated by its strong inhibitory activity against the oxidized isoform of XOR, which reduced ROS generation as the byproduct. Regarding the safety concerns of current XOR inhibitors, especially in cardiovascular risks, the safety of CC15009 was comprehensively evaluated. No significant abnormality was observed in the acute, subacute toxicity tests and mini-AMES test. Notably, there was no obvious inhibition of CC15009 against cardiac ion channels, including hERG, Nav1.5, Cav1.2 at the concentration of 30 μM, indicating its lower cardiovascular risk. Taken together, our results supported CC15009 as a candidate of high efficacy and safety profile to treat hyperuricemia through direct XOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongting Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chufan Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kaijing Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinying Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Fei Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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5
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Zheng F, Mai S, Cen X, Zhao P, Ye W, Ke J, Lin S, Hu H, Guo Z, Zhang S, Liao H, Wu T, Tian Y, Zhang Q, Pang J, Zhao Z. Discovery of digallic acid as XOD/URAT1 dual target inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107381. [PMID: 38669781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of XOD/URAT1 dual target inhibitors has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of hyperuricemia. Here, through virtual screening, we have identified digallic acid as a novel dual target inhibitor of XOD/URAT1 and subsequently evaluated its pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics, and toxicities. Digallic acid inhibited URAT1 with an IC50 of 5.34 ± 0.65 μM, which is less potent than benzbromarone (2.01 ± 0.36 μM) but more potent than lesinurad (10.36 ± 1.23 μM). Docking and mutation analysis indicated that residues S35, F241 and R477 of URAT1 confer a high affinity for digallic acid. Digallic acid inhibited XOD with an IC50 of 1.04 ± 0.23 μM. Its metabolic product, gallic acid, inhibited XOD with an IC50 of 0.91 ± 0.14 μM. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that both digallic acid and gallic acid act as mixed-type XOD inhibitors. It shares the same binding mode as digallic acid, and residues E802, R880, F914, T1010, N768 and F1009 contribute to their high affinity. The anion group (carboxyl) of digallic acid contribute significantly to its inhibition activity on both XOD and URAT1 as indicated by docking analysis. Remarkably, at a dosage of 10 mg/kg in vivo, digallic acid exhibited a stronger urate-lowering and uricosuric effect compared to the positive drug benzbromarone and lesinurad. Pharmacokinetic study indicated that digallic acid can be hydrolyzed into gallic acid in vivo and has a t1/2 of 0.77 ± 0.10 h. Further toxicity evaluation indicated that digallic acid exhibited no obvious renal toxicity, as reflected by CCK-8, biochemical analysis (CR and BUN) and HE examination. The findings of our study can provide valuable insights for the development of XOD/URAT1 dual target inhibitors, and digallic acid deserves further investigation as a potential anti-hyperuricemic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxin Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Suiqing Mai
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Cen
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiale Ke
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shiqin Lin
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazhong Hu
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zitao Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuanxin Tian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qun Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianxin Pang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zean Zhao
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Babijczuk K, Berdzik N, Nowak D, Warżajtis B, Rychlewska U, Starzyk J, Mrówczyńska L, Jasiewicz B. Novel C3-Methylene-Bridged Indole Derivatives with and without Substituents at N1: The Influence of Substituents on Their Hemolytic, Cytoprotective, and Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5364. [PMID: 38791402 PMCID: PMC11121452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are natural compounds useful as scaffolds for discovering new bioactive molecules. This study utilized alkaloid gramine to synthesize two groups of C3-substituted indole derivatives, which were either functionalized at N1 or not. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The protective effects of the new compounds against in vitro oxidative hemolysis induced by standard oxidant 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane dihydro chloride (AAPH) on human erythrocytes as a cell model were investigated. Additionally, the compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. The results indicated that most of the indole derivatives devoid of the N1 substitution exhibited strong cytoprotective properties. The docking studies supported the affinities of selected indole-based ligands as potential antioxidants. Furthermore, the derivatives obtained exhibited potent fungicidal properties. The structures of the eight derivatives possessing indole moiety bridged to the imidazole-, benzimidazole-, thiazole-, benzothiazole-, and 5-methylbenzothiazoline-2-thiones were determined by X-ray diffraction. The C=S bond lengths in the thioamide fragment pointed to the involvement of zwitterionic structures of varying contribution. The predominance of zwitterionic mesomers may explain the lack of cytoprotective properties, while steric effects, which limit multiple the hydrogen-bond acceptor properties of a thione sulfur, seem to be responsible for the high hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Babijczuk
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Natalia Berdzik
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Damian Nowak
- Department of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Beata Warżajtis
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (B.W.); (U.R.)
| | - Urszula Rychlewska
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (B.W.); (U.R.)
| | - Justyna Starzyk
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Bioengineering, University of Life Science, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Lucyna Mrówczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Beata Jasiewicz
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.B.); (N.B.)
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7
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Huang D, Li W, Zhao Y, Xie C, Luo X, Wu F, Xu Z, Sun Q, Liu G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116443. [PMID: 38691887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme for the production of uric acid in the human body. XO inhibitors (XOIs) are clinically used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, as they can effectively inhibit the production of uric acid. Previous studies indicated that both indole and isoxazole derivatives have good inhibitory effects against XO. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel series of N-5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids according to bioisosteric replacement and hybridization strategies. Among the obtained target compounds, compound 6c showed the best inhibitory activity against XO with an IC50 value of 0.13 μM, which was 22-fold higher than that of the classical antigout drug allopurinol (IC50 = 2.93 μM). Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the hydrophobic group on the nitrogen atom of the indole ring is essential for the inhibitory potencies of target compounds against XO. Enzyme kinetic studies proved that compound 6c acted as a mixed-type XOI. Molecular docking studies showed that the target compound 6c could not only retain the key interactions similar to febuxostat at the XO binding site but also generate some new interactions, such as two hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of the isoxazole ring and the amino acid residues Ser876 and Thr1010. These results indicated that 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid might be an efficacious scaffold for designing novel XOIs and compound 6c has the potential to be used as a lead for further the development of novel anti-gout candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Wenye Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Yilan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Cheng Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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8
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Wu C, Wong AR, Chen Q, Yang S, Chen M, Sun X, Zhou L, Liu Y, Yang AWH, Bi J, Hung A, Li H, Zhao X. Identification of inhibitors from a functional food-based plant Perillae Folium against hyperuricemia via metabolomics profiling, network pharmacology and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1320092. [PMID: 38435751 PMCID: PMC10905266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1320092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder caused by purine metabolism dysfunction in which the increasing purine levels can be partially attributed to seafood consumption. Perillae Folium (PF), a widely used plant in functional food, has been historically used to mitigate seafood-induced diseases. However, its efficacy against HUA and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Methods A network pharmacology analysis was performed to identify candidate targets and potential mechanisms involved in PF treating HUA. The candidate targets were determined based on TCMSP, SwissTargetPrediction, Open Targets Platform, GeneCards, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, and DrugBank. The potential mechanisms were predicted via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Gene and Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) analyses. Molecular docking in AutoDock Vina and PyRx were performed to predict the binding affinity and pose between herbal compounds and HUA-related targets. A chemical structure analysis of PF compounds was performed using OSIRIS DataWarrior and ClassyFire. We then conducted virtual pharmacokinetic and toxicity screening to filter potential inhibitors. We further performed verifications of these inhibitors' roles in HUA through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, text-mining, and untargeted metabolomics analysis. Results We obtained 8200 predicted binding results between 328 herbal compounds and 25 potential targets, and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) exhibited the highest average binding affinity. We screened out five promising ligands (scutellarein, benzyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, elemol, diisobutyl phthalate, and (3R)-hydroxy-beta-ionone) and performed MD simulations up to 50 ns for XDH complexed to them. The scutellarein-XDH complex exhibited the most satisfactory stability. Furthermore, the text-mining study provided laboratory evidence of scutellarein's function. The metabolomics approach identified 543 compounds and confirmed the presence of scutellarein. Extending MD simulations to 200 ns further indicated the sustained impact of scutellarein on XDH structure. Conclusion Our study provides a computational and biomedical basis for PF treating HUA and fully elucidates scutellarein's great potential as an XDH inhibitor at the molecular level, holding promise for future drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanghai Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ann Rann Wong
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Qinghong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxuan Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meilin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Endocrinology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianlu Bi
- Endocrinology Department, Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaoshan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Yu D, Du J, He P, Wang N, Li L, Liu Y, Yang C, Xu H, Li Y. Identification of natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Virtual screening, anti-xanthine oxidase activity, and interaction mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129286. [PMID: 38216015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a crucial target for hyperuricemia treatment(s). Naturally occurred XO inhibitors with minimal toxicity and high efficacy have attracted researchers' attention. With the goal of quickly identifying natural XO inhibitors, an integrated computational screening strategy was constructed by molecular docking and calculating the free energy of binding. Twenty-seven hits were achieved from a database containing 19,377 natural molecules. This includes fourteen known XO inhibitors and four firstly-reported inhibitors (isolicoflavonol, 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin, parvifolol D and clauszoline M, IC50 < 40 μM). Iolicoflavonol (hit 8, IC50 = 8.45 ± 0.68 μM) and 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin (hit 25, IC50 = 10.91 ± 0.71 μM) displayed the great potency as mixed-type inhibitors. Docking study and molecular dynamics simulation revealed that both hits could interact with XO's primarily active site residues ARG880, MOS1328, and ASN768 of XO. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies showed that hit 8 bound to the active cavity region of XO, causing changes in XO's conformation and hydrophobicity. Hits 8 and 25 exhibit favorable Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) properties. Additionally, no cytotoxicity against human liver cells was observed at their median inhibition concentrations against XO. Therefore, the present study offers isolicoflavonol and 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin with the potential to be disease-modifying agents for hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiana Du
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Pei He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lizi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Can Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haiqi Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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10
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Tanemoto M, Kasai T, Iida Y. Linagliptin possibly enhances the efficacy of allosteric xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:355-356. [PMID: 37155141 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tanemoto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 13-1 Higashi-Kaigan-Cho, Atami, Shizuoka, 413-8790, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kasai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 13-1 Higashi-Kaigan-Cho, Atami, Shizuoka, 413-8790, Japan
| | - Yoshito Iida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 13-1 Higashi-Kaigan-Cho, Atami, Shizuoka, 413-8790, Japan
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11
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Rashad AY, Daabees HG, Elagawany M, Shahin M, Abdel Moneim AE, Rostom SAF. A New Avenue for Enhanced Treatment of Hyperuricemia and Oxidative Stress: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Mutual Prodrugs Involving Febuxostat Conjugated with Different Antioxidants. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106818. [PMID: 37688830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Febuxostat (FEB) is the first non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) which accompany purine metabolism by XO, could contribute to cellular damage and several pathological conditions. In this view, the present work addresses the evaluation of combining the hypouricemic effect of FEB and the free radical scavenging potential of various natural antioxidants in a single chemical entity by implementing the "mutual prodrug" strategy. Accordingly, a series of five ester prodrugs containing FEB together with different naturally occurring antioxidants namely, thioctic acid (4), thymol (5), menthol (6), vanillin (7), and guaiacol (8) was synthesized. Prominently, all the chemically conjugated prodrugs (4 - 8) revealed an obvious increase in the hypouricemic and antioxidant potentials when compared with their corresponding promoieties and physical mixtures. Moreover, they showed a potential protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress, together with no cytotoxicity on normal breast cells (MCF10A). Furthermore, the in vitro chemical and enzymatic stability studies of the prodrugs (4 - 8) using a developed HPLC method, verified their stability in different pHs, and rapid hydrolysis in rabbit plasma and liver homogenate to their parent metabolites. Moreover, the prodrugs (4 - 8) showed higher lipophilicity and lower aqueous solubility when compared to the parent drugs. Finally, the obtained merits from the implementation of the mutual prodrug strategy would encourage further application in the development of promising candidates with high therapeutic efficacy and improved safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Y Rashad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Hoda G Daabees
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elagawany
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shahin
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Sherif A F Rostom
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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12
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Quintana MJ, Shum AZ, Folse MS, Ramesh PC, Ahmadzadeh S, Varrassi G, Shekoohi S, Kaye AD. Gout Treatment and Clinical Considerations: The Role of Pegloticase, Colchicine, and Febuxostat. Cureus 2023; 15:e46649. [PMID: 37937020 PMCID: PMC10627564 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout treatment has evolved rapidly in recent decades, and various drugs have been designed for acute and chronic management. Three medications used to treat gout include pegloticase, colchicine, and febuxostat. When prescribing these drugs, important factors to consider include pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, population specifics, benefits, and contraindications. Pharmacokinetic considerations of each drug include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination factors. Pharmacodynamics factors are assessed by their potential for toxicity and effects on serum uric acid levels. Additionally, the drug's targeted population must be considered to avoid unwanted complications in certain pre-existing conditions such as cardiovascular disease or glucose-6-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In this paper, we aim to provide insight into the gout medications, pegloticase, colchicine, and febuxostat. This review will include their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, population specifics, benefits, and contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Quintana
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Alika Z Shum
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Michael S Folse
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Prerana C Ramesh
- Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | | | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
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13
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Sekine M, Okamoto K, Pai EF, Nagata K, Ichida K, Hille R, Nishino T. Allopurinol and oxypurinol differ in their strength and mechanisms of inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105189. [PMID: 37625592 PMCID: PMC10511816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the final steps in purine metabolism by converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and then uric acid. Allopurinol, an analog of hypoxanthine, is widely used as an antigout drug, as xanthine oxidoreductase-mediated metabolism of allopurinol to oxypurinol leads to oxypurinol rotation in the enzyme active site and reduction of the molybdenum Mo(VI) active center to Mo(IV), inhibiting subsequent urate production. However, when oxypurinol is administered directly to a mouse model of hyperuricemia, it yields a weaker urate-lowering effect than allopurinol. To better understand its mechanism of inhibition and inform patient dosing strategies, we performed kinetic and structural analyses of the inhibitory activity of oxypurinol. Our results demonstrated that oxypurinol was less effective than allopurinol both in vivo and in vitro. We show that upon reoxidation to Mo(VI), oxypurinol binding is greatly weakened, and reduction by xanthine, hypoxanthine, or allopurinol is required for reformation of the inhibitor-enzyme complex. In addition, we show oxypurinol only weakly inhibits the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and is therefore unlikely to affect the feedback inhibition of de novo purine synthesis. Furthermore, we observed weak allosteric inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase by oxypurinol which has potentially adverse effects for patients. Considering these results, we propose the single-dose method currently used to treat hyperuricemia can result in unnecessarily high levels of allopurinol. While the short half-life of allopurinol in blood suggests that oxypurinol is responsible for enzyme inhibition, we anticipate multiple, smaller doses of allopurinol would reduce the total allopurinol patient load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sekine
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ken Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emil F Pai
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Russ Hille
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Nishino
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Maghsoud Y, Dong C, Cisneros GA. Investigation of the Inhibition Mechanism of Xanthine Oxidoreductase by Oxipurinol: A Computational Study. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4190-4206. [PMID: 37319436 PMCID: PMC10405278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is an enzyme found in various organisms. It converts hypoxanthine to xanthine and urate, which are crucial steps in purine elimination in humans. Elevated uric acid levels can lead to conditions like gout and hyperuricemia. Therefore, there is significant interest in developing drugs that target XOR for treating these conditions and other diseases. Oxipurinol, an analogue of xanthine, is a well-known inhibitor of XOR. Crystallographic studies have revealed that oxipurinol directly binds to the molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) in XOR. However, the precise details of the inhibition mechanism are still unclear, which would be valuable for designing more effective drugs with similar inhibitory functions. In this study, molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations are employed to investigate the inhibition mechanism of XOR by oxipurinol. The study examines the structural and dynamic effects of oxipurinol on the pre-catalytic structure of the metabolite-bound system. Our results provide insights on the reaction mechanism catalyzed by the MoCo center in the active site, which aligns well with experimental findings. Furthermore, the results provide insights into the residues surrounding the active site and propose an alternative mechanism for developing alternative covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Maghsoud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas 79762, United States
| | - G Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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15
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Nishino T. XDH and XO Research and Drug Discovery-Personal History. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114440. [PMID: 37298917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The author will outline the research history of the main issues addressed in this paper. The author has worked on this research himself. XDH, which is responsible for purine degradation, is present in various organisms. However, conversion to XO only occurs in mammals. The molecular mechanism of this conversion was elucidated in this study. The physiological and pathological significance of this conversion is presented. Finally, enzyme inhibitors were successfully developed, two of which are used as therapeutic agents for gout. Their wide application potential is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishino
- NESA LLC, Yamatomura Greenhouse 501, Honkomagome 6-13-6, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan
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16
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Maghsoud Y, Dong C, Cisneros GA. Computational Characterization of the Inhibition Mechanism of Xanthine Oxidoreductase by Topiroxostat. ACS Catal 2023; 13:6023-6043. [PMID: 37547543 PMCID: PMC10399974 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a member of the molybdopterin-containing enzyme family. It interconverts xanthine to uric acid as the last step of purine catabolism in the human body. The high uric acid concentration in the blood directly leads to human diseases like gout and hyperuricemia. Therefore, drugs that inhibit the biosynthesis of uric acid by human XO have been clinically used for many years to decrease the concentration of uric acid in the blood. In this study, the inhibition mechanism of XO and a new promising drug, topiroxostat (code: FYX-051), is investigated by employing molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. This drug has been reported to act as both a noncovalent and covalent inhibitor and undergoes a stepwise inhibition by all its hydroxylated metabolites, which include 2-hydroxy-FYX-051, dihydroxy-FYX-051, and trihydroxy-FYX-051. However, the detailed mechanism of inhibition of each metabolite remains elusive and can be useful for designing more effective drugs with similar inhibition functions. Hence, herein we present the computational investigation of the structural and dynamical effects of FYX-051 and the calculated reaction mechanism for all of the oxidation steps catalyzed by the molybdopterin center in the active site. Calculated results for the proposed reaction mechanisms for each metabolite's inhibition reaction in the enzyme's active site, binding affinities, and the noncovalent interactions with the surrounding amino acid residues are consistent with previously reported experimental findings. Analysis of the noncovalent interactions via energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) techniques suggests that residues L648, K771, E802, R839, L873, R880, R912, F914, F1009, L1014, and A1079 can be used as key interacting residues for further hybrid-type inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Maghsoud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas 79762, United States
| | - G Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States; Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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17
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Wu Y, Li M, Shen J, Pu X, Guo Y. A consensual machine-learning-assisted QSAR model for effective bioactivity prediction of xanthine oxidase inhibitors using molecular fingerprints. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10649-z. [PMID: 37043162 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) have been widely studied due to the promising potential as safe and effective therapeutics in hyperuricemia and gout. Currently, available XOI molecules have been developed from different experiments but they are with the wide structure diversity and significant varying bioactivities. So it is of great practical significance to present a consensual QSAR model for effective bioactivity prediction of XOIs based on a systematic compiling of these XOIs across different experiments. In this work, 249 XOIs belonging to 16 scaffolds were collected and were integrated into a consensual dataset by introducing the concept of IC50 values relative to allopurinol (RIC50). Here, extended connectivity fingerprints (ECFPs) were employed to represent XOI molecules. By performing effective feature selection by machine-learning method, 54 crucial fingerprints were indicated to be valuable for predicting the inhibitory potency (IP) of XOIs. The optimal predictor yields the promising performance by different cross-validation tests. Besides, an external validation of 43 XOIs and a case study on febuxostat also provide satisfactory results, indicating the powerful generalization of our predictor. Here, the predictor was interpreted by shapely additive explanation (SHAP) method which revealed several important substructures by mapping the featured fingerprints to molecular structures. Then, 15 new molecules were designed and predicted by our predictor to show superior IP than febuxostat. Finally, molecular docking simulation was performed to gain a deep insight into molecular binding mode with xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, showing that molecules with selenazole moiety, cyano group and isopropyl group tended to yield higher IP. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) prediction results further enhanced the potential of these novel XOIs as drug candidates. Overall, this work presents a QSAR model for accurate prediction of IP of XOIs, and is expected to provide new insights for further structure-guided design of novel XOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jinru Shen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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18
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Wang Q, Qi H, Wu Y, Yu L, Bouchareb R, Li S, Lassén E, Casalena G, Stadler K, Ebefors K, Yi Z, Shi S, Salem F, Gordon R, Lu L, Williams RW, Duffield J, Zhang W, Itan Y, Böttinger E, Daehn I. Genetic susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease is linked to promoter variants of XOR. Nat Metab 2023; 5:607-625. [PMID: 37024752 PMCID: PMC10821741 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime risk of kidney disease in people with diabetes is 10-30%, implicating genetic predisposition in the cause of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Here we identify an expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the cis-acting regulatory region of the xanthine dehydrogenase, or xanthine oxidoreductase (Xor), a binding site for C/EBPβ, to be associated with diabetes-induced podocyte loss in DKD in male mice. We examine mouse inbred strains that are susceptible (DBA/2J) and resistant (C57BL/6J) to DKD, as well as a panel of recombinant inbred BXD mice, to map QTLs. We also uncover promoter XOR orthologue variants in humans associated with high risk of DKD. We introduced the risk variant into the 5'-regulatory region of XOR in DKD-resistant mice, which resulted in increased Xor activity associated with podocyte depletion, albuminuria, oxidative stress and damage restricted to the glomerular endothelium, which increase further with type 1 diabetes, high-fat diet and ageing. Therefore, differential regulation of Xor contributes to phenotypic consequences with diabetes and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiying Qi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiming Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emelie Lassén
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriella Casalena
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaolin Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fadi Salem
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Gordon
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erwin Böttinger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Heath at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institut, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ilse Daehn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Rullo R, Cerchia C, Nasso R, Romanelli V, Vendittis ED, Masullo M, Lavecchia A. Novel Reversible Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase Targeting the Active Site of the Enzyme. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040825. [PMID: 37107199 PMCID: PMC10135315 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a flavoprotein catalysing the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid, while simultaneously producing reactive oxygen species. Altered functions of XO may lead to severe pathological diseases, including gout-causing hyperuricemia and oxidative damage of tissues. These findings prompted research studies aimed at targeting the activity of this crucial enzyme. During the course of a virtual screening study aimed at the discovery of novel inhibitors targeting another oxidoreductase, superoxide dismutase, we identified four compounds with non-purine-like structures, namely ALS-1, -8, -15 and -28, that were capable of causing direct inhibition of XO. The kinetic studies of their inhibition mechanism allowed a definition of these compounds as competitive inhibitors of XO. The most potent molecule was ALS-28 (Ki 2.7 ± 1.5 µM), followed by ALS-8 (Ki 4.5 ± 1.5 µM) and by the less potent ALS-15 (Ki 23 ± 9 µM) and ALS-1 (Ki 41 ± 14 µM). Docking studies shed light on the molecular basis of the inhibitory activity of ALS-28, which hinders the enzyme cavity channel for substrate entry consistently with the competitive mechanism observed in kinetic studies. Moreover, the structural features emerging from the docked poses of ALS-8, -15 and -1 may explain the lower inhibition power with respect to ALS-28. All these structurally unrelated compounds represent valuable candidates for further elaboration into promising lead compounds.
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20
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Briyal S, Ranjan AK, Gulati A. Oxidative stress: A target to treat Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105509. [PMID: 36907516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been established as a well-known pathological condition in several neurovascular diseases. It starts with increased production of highly oxidizing free-radicals (e.g. reactive oxygen species; ROS and reactive nitrogen species; RNS) and becomes too high for the endogenous antioxidant system to neutralize them, which results in a significantly disturbed balance between free-radicals and antioxidants levels and causes cellular damage. A number of studies have evidently shown that oxidative stress plays a critical role in activating multiple cell signaling pathways implicated in both progression as well as initiation of neurological diseases. Therefore, oxidative stress continues to remain a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the brain, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the scope of antioxidant therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Briyal
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA; Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL, USA
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21
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Song D, Zhao H, Wang L, Wang F, Fang L, Zhao X. Ethanol extract of Sophora japonica flower bud, an effective potential dietary supplement for the treatment of hyperuricemia. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Peng W, Liu F, Zhang L, Zhang L, Li J. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of tricyclic compounds containing phenyl-tetrazole as XOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114947. [PMID: 36462435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on analyses of the interaction between febuxostat and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), tetrazole was used to replace the carboxyl-thiazole fragment of febuxostat using a bioelectronic isosteric strategy. Three series of compounds were designed. The inhibitory activity against XOR of all compounds was evaluated and their structure-activity relationships determined. The inhibitory activity against XOR of compounds I was weak, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value > 10 μmol, whereas the inhibitory activity of compounds II and III was increased significantly, among which compounds IIIa (IC50 = 26.3 ± 1.21 nM) and IIIc (IC50 = 29.3 ± 0.88 nM) were the best. Molecular docking showed that tetrazole could enter the active cavity instead of a carboxyl group and retain most of the interaction between febuxostat and XOR. For compounds III, the hydrogen bonds with Asn768 and Thr1010 of XOR were absent, but some new interactions were introduced to improve potency. A potassium oxazinate/hypoxanthine-induced model of acute hyperuricemia in mice also showed a significant hypouricemia effect of compounds IIIa, IIIc, and IIIe (P < 0.01), which was consistent with the results of inhibition in vitro. In conclusion, we identified a promising XOR inhibitor and provided new ideas for the design of XOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Peng
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fuyao Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research & Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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23
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Ramírez-Velásquez I, Bedoya-Calle ÁH, Vélez E, Caro-Lopera FJ. Shape Theory Applied to Molecular Docking and Automatic Localization of Ligand Binding Pockets in Large Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45991-46002. [PMID: 36570297 PMCID: PMC9773186 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Automatic search of cavities and binding mode analysis between a ligand and a 3D protein receptor are challenging problems in drug design or repositioning. We propose a solution based on a shape theory theorem for an invariant coupled system of ligand-protein. The theorem provides a matrix representation with the exact formulas to be implemented in an algorithm. The method involves the following results: (1) exact formulae for the shape coordinates of a located-rotated invariant coupled system; (2) a parameterized search based on a suitable domain of van der Waals radii; (3) a scoring function for the discrimination of sites by measuring the distance between two invariant coupled systems including the atomic mass; (4) a matrix representation of the Lennard-Jones potential type 6-12 and 6-10 as the punctuation function of the algorithm for a molecular docking; and (5) the optimal molecular docking as a solution of an optimization problem based on the exploration of an exhaustive set of rotations. We apply the method in the xanthine oxidase protein with the following ligands: hypoxanthine, febuxostat, and chlorogenic acid. The results show automatic cavity detection and molecular docking not assisted by experts with meaningful amino acid interactions. The method finds better affinities than the expert software for known published cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Ramírez-Velásquez
- Faculty
of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto
Tecnológico Metropolitano ITM, Cll. 73 # 76A-354, Medellín050034, Colombia
- Doctorate
in Modeling and Scientific Computing, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin050026, Colombia
| | - Álvaro H. Bedoya-Calle
- Faculty
of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Cra. 87 # 30-65, Medellín050026, Colombia
| | - Ederley Vélez
- Faculty
of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Cra. 87 # 30-65, Medellín050026, Colombia
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24
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Kamel B, Abuhelwa AY, Foster D, Duong JK, Graham GG, Williams KM, Pile KD, Day RO. Population pharmacokinetic modelling of febuxostat in healthy subjects and people with gout. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:5359-5368. [PMID: 35849446 PMCID: PMC9796681 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate and characterise the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat and the effect of the covariates of renal function and body size descriptors on the pharmacokinetics of the drug. METHODS Blood samples (n = 239) were collected using sparse and rich sampling strategies from healthy (n = 9) and gouty (n = 29) subjects. Febuxostat plasma concentrations were measured by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM. A common variability on bioavailability (FVAR) approach was used to test the effect of fed status on absorption parameters. Covariates were modelled using a power model. RESULTS The time course of the plasma concentrations of febuxostat is best described by a two-compartment model. In the final model, the population mean for apparent clearance (CL/F), apparent central volume of distribution (Vc/F), apparent peripheral volume of distribution (Vp/F), absorption rate constant (ka) and apparent intercompartmental clearance (Q/F) were 6.91 l h-1 , 32.8 l, 19.4 l, 3.6 h-1 and 1.25 l h-1 , respectively. The population parmater variability (coefficient of variation) for CL/F, Vc/F and Vp/F were 13.6, 22 and 19.5%, respectively. Food reduced the relative biovailability and ka by 67% and 87%, respectively. Renal function, as assessed by creatinine clearance, was a significant covariate for CL/F while body mass index was a significant covariate for Vc/F. CONCLUSIONS Renal function and body mass index were significant covariates. Further work is warranted to investigate the clinical relevance of these results, notably as renal impairment and obesity are common occurrences in people with gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishoy Kamel
- The George Institute for Global HealthSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,St Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologySt Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa
- College of PharmacyUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates,College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversitySouth AustraliaAustralia,Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - David Foster
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Janna K. Duong
- Faculty of PharmacyThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Garry G. Graham
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologySt Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kenneth M. Williams
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologySt Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kevin D. Pile
- Department of MedicineWestern Sydney UniversityNew South WalesAustralia,Department of Rheumatology, Campbelltown HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Richard O. Day
- St Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologySt Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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25
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Sawada S, Kajiyama K, Shida H, Kimura R, Nakazato Y, Iguchi T, Oniyama Y, Ishiguro C, Uyama Y. Cardiovascular risk of urate-lowering drugs: A study using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 16:206-215. [PMID: 36317407 PMCID: PMC9926079 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between urate-lowering drugs and cardiovascular events, primarily focusing on the risk of febuxostat and topiroxostat when compared with allopurinol in Japan. We conducted an observational study with a cohort design using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, including new urate-lowering drugs users between August 1, 2010, and March 31, 2018. Exposure and control groups were defined based on the first prescription of urate-lowering drugs as follows: febuxostat or topiroxostat for exposure groups, allopurinol for the control group, and benzbromarone for the secondary control group. The primary outcome was cardiovascular events, defined as a composite of acute coronary syndrome, cerebral infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage. Hazard ratios were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. The number of patients in each exposure and control group was 1,357,671 in the febuxostat group, 83,683 in the topiroxostat group, 1,273,211 in the allopurinol group, and 258,786 in the benzbromarone group. The adjusted hazard ratios for the cardiovascular risk were 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-0.98) for febuxostat and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.90) for topiroxostat groups. The benzbromarone group exhibited similar results. No increased cardiovascular risk was observed with febuxostat or topiroxostat when compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia in Japan. These results provide real-world evidence regarding the cardiovascular risk associated with urate-lowering drugs, indicating that no additional safety-related regulatory actions are warranted in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sono Sawada
- Office of Medical Informatics and EpidemiologyPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan,Present address:
IQVIA Solutions Japan K.K.TokyoJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Kajiyama
- Office of Medical Informatics and EpidemiologyPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - Haruka Shida
- Office of Medical Informatics and EpidemiologyPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - Ryota Kimura
- Office of Pharmacovigilance IPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - Yuki Nakazato
- Office of Pharmacovigilance IPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - Toyotaka Iguchi
- Office of Pharmacovigilance IIPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - Yukio Oniyama
- Office of Pharmacovigilance IPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan,Office of Pharmacovigilance IIPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - Chieko Ishiguro
- Office of Medical Informatics and EpidemiologyPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan,Present address:
Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Data Science, Center for Clinical SciencesNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiaki Uyama
- Office of Medical Informatics and EpidemiologyPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices AgencyTokyoJapan
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26
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Yang Y, Chen Q, Ruan S, Ao J, Liao SG. Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanism of Viniferifuran on Xanthine Oxidase by Multiple Spectroscopic Techniques and Molecular Docking. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227730. [PMID: 36431832 PMCID: PMC9694772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viniferifuran was investigated for its potential to inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO), a key enzyme catalyzing xanthine to uric acid. An enzyme kinetics analysis showed that viniferifuran possessed a strong inhibition on XO in a typical anti-competitive manner with an IC50 value of 12.32 μM (IC50 for the first-line clinical drug allopurinol: 29.72 μM). FT-IR and CD data analyses showed that viniferifuran could induce a conformational change of XO with a decrease in the α-helix and increases in the β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil structures. A molecular docking analysis revealed that viniferifuran bound to the amino acid residues located within the activity cavity of XO by a strong hydrophobic interaction (for Ser1214, Val1011, Phe914, Phe1009, Leu1014, and Phe649) and hydrogen bonding (for Asn768, Ser876, and Tyr735). These findings suggested that viniferifuran might be a promising XO inhibitor with a favorable mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Shiyang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Junli Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 550025, China
- Correspondence: or
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27
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Quy PT, Dzung NA, Van Bay M, Van Bon N, Dung DM, Nam PC, Thong NM. Insights into antiradical mechanism and pro-oxidant enzyme inhibitor activity of walterolactone A/B 6- O-gallate-β-d-pyranoglucoside originating from Euonymus laxiflorus Champ. using in silico study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29975-29982. [PMID: 36321076 PMCID: PMC9580510 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05312h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a new compound, Wal, (walterolactone A/B 6-O-gallate-β-d-pyranoglucoside) originating from Euonymus laxiflorus Champ. as a hydroperoxyl radical scavenger and pro-oxidant enzyme inhibitor was studied in silico. Different mechanisms, reaction locations, and chemical species of Wal in aqueous solution were taken into consideration. Formal hydrogen transfer from the OH group has been discovered as the chemical process that contributes most to the antioxidant properties of Wal in nonpolar and aqueous solutions. The overall rate coefficients for polar and non-polar environments are expected to have values of 7.85 × 106 M-1 s-1 and 4.84 × 105 M-1 s-1, respectively. According to the results of the investigation, Wal has greater scavenging activity against the HOO˙ radical than the reference antioxidant Trolox at physiological pH (7.4). In addition, docking results indicate that Wal's antioxidant properties involve the inhibition of the activity of enzyme families (CP450, MP, NO, and XO) that are responsible for ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Tu Quy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University Buon Ma Thuot 630000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Anh Dzung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University Buon Ma Thuot 630000 Vietnam
| | - Mai Van Bay
- The University of Danang - University of Science and Education Danang 550000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Bon
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University Buon Ma Thuot 630000 Vietnam
| | - Doan Manh Dung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University Buon Ma Thuot 630000 Vietnam
| | - Pham Cam Nam
- The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology Danang 550000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Thong
- The University of Danang - Campus in Kon Tum 704 Phan Dinh Phung Kon Tum Vietnam
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28
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Ten Years Milestones in Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Discovery: Febuxostat-Based Inhibitors Trends, Bifunctional Derivatives, and Automatized Screening Assays. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme involved in the oxidative process of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid (UA). This process also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. Both UA and ROS are dangerous for human health, and some health conditions trigger upregulation of XO activity, which results in many diseases (cancer, atherosclerosis, hepatitis, gout, and others) given the worsened scenario of ROS and UA overproduction. So, XO became an attractive target to produce and discover novel selective drugs based on febuxostat, the most recent XO inhibitor out of only two approved by FDA. Under this context, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been successfully applied to rapidly and easily screen for bioactive compounds, isolated or in complex natural matrixes, that act as enzyme inhibitors through the use of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER). This article’s goal is to present advances comprising febuxostat-based XO inhibitors as a new trend, bifunctional moieties capable of inhibiting XO and modulating ROS activity, and in-flow techniques employing an IMER in HPLC and CE to screen for synthetic and natural compounds that act as XO inhibitors.
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29
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Cam Nam P, Van Bay M, Vo QV, Mechler A, Minh Thong N. Tautomerism and antioxidant power of sulfur-benzo[h]quinoline: DFT and molecular docking studies. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Gao T, Xu J, Xiao Y, Li J, Hu W, Su X, Shen X, Yu W, Chen Z, Huang B, Li H, Wang X. Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of N-(9,10-anthraquinone-2-ylcarbonyl) xanthine oxidase inhibitors on hyperuricemia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950699. [PMID: 36120294 PMCID: PMC9478491 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To observe the antioxidative effects of N-(9,10-anthraquinone-2-ylcarbonyl) xanthine oxidase inhibitors (NAY) in vitro and in vivo models of hyperuricemia and explore the mechanism.Methods: A classical experimental method of acute toxicity and a chronic toxicity test were used to compare the toxic effects of different doses of NAY in mice. The hyperuricemia mouse model was established by gavage of potassium oxonate in vivo. After treatment with different doses of NAY (low dose: 10 mg/kg, medium dose: 20 mg/kg, and high dose: 40 mg/kg) and allopurinol (positive drug, 10 mg/kg), observe the levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), and urea nitrogen (BUN) in urine and serum, respectively, and detect the activities of xanthine oxidase in the liver. The hyperuricemia cell model was induced by adenosine and xanthine oxidase in vitro. The cells were given different doses of NAY (50, 100, and 200 μmol/L) and allopurinol (100 μmol/L). Then the culture supernatant UA level of the medium was measured. The next step was to detect the xanthine oxidase activity in the liver and AML12 cells, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory factors in the kidney and serum of mice. Western blot was used to detect xanthine oxidase protein expression in mouse liver tissue and AML12 cells, ASC, Caspase-1, NLRP3, GLUT9, OAT1, and OAT3 protein expression in mouse kidney tissue and HK-2 cells. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was used to stain the liver and kidney tissues of mice and observe the tissue lesions.Results: NAY had little effect on blood routine and biochemical indexes of mice, but significantly reduced the serum UA level. NAY significantly reduced the level of UA in hyperuricemia mice and cells by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and other inflammatory factors in serum and kidney of mice. NAY can inhibit inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 pathway. In addition, NAY can downregulate GLUT9 protein expression and upregulate OAT1 and OAT3 protein expression to reduce the UA level by promoting UA excretion and inhibiting UA reabsorption.Conclusion: These findings suggested that NAY produced dual hypouricemic actions. On the one hand, it can inhibit the formation of UA by inhibiting xanthine oxidase inhibitors activity, and on the other hand, it can promote the excretion of UA by regulating the UA transporter. It provides new ideas for the development of hyperuricemia drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Jurong, China
| | - Yuxiao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weifeng Hu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgical, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baosheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Honglei Li, ; Xing Wang,
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Honglei Li, ; Xing Wang,
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Separation, identification and docking analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitory peptides from pacific cod bone-flesh mixture. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization, Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamic of Some Novel Phenyl Thiazole Analogs as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Chen JS, Wang MX, Wang MM, Zhang YK, Guo X, Chen YY, Zhang MQ, Sun JY, Liu YF, Liu C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Kaur G, Singh A, Arora G, Monga A, Jassal AK, Uppal J, Bedi PMS, Bora KS. Synthetic heterocyclic derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An overview. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:443-468. [PMID: 35763448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase is an effective and most prominent therapeutic approach for the management of gout. Discovery of its association in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, etc., widened its therapeutic horizons. Limited drug candidates in clinical practice along with side effects forced researchers to develop more efficacious and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of gout and other disorders associated with xanthine oxidase hyperactivity. In this regard, this review focus on: (a) Various drug candidates in clinical practice and under clinical trials, (b) Development of various heterocyclic motifs as xanthine oxidase inhibitors in last two decades and (c) Various patented synthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Geetakshi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anupmjot Kaur Jassal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasreen Uppal
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kundan Singh Bora
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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35
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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36
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Wang MX, Qin HW, Liu C, Lv SM, Chen JS, Wang CG, Chen YY, Wang JW, Sun JY, Liao ZX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268531. [PMID: 35584139 PMCID: PMC9116648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme in the generation and development of hyperuricemia. Thiazolidine-2-thione, a typical heterocyclic compound, have been widely used in the field of drug synthesis. In this study, a series of novel thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives were synthesized as XO inhibitors, and the XO inhibitory potencies of obtained compounds were evaluated by in vitro enzyme catalysis. The result shown that compound 6k behaved the strongest XO inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 3.56 μmol/L, which was approximately 2.5-fold more potent than allopurinol. The structure-activity relationship revealed that the phenyl-sulfonamide group was indispensable for thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives to produce XO inhibitory activity. The enzyme inhibition kinetics analyses confirmed that compound 6k exerted a mixed-type XO inhibition. Additionally, the molecular docking results suggested that the 4-fluorophenyl-sulfonyl moiety could interact with Gly260 and Ile264 in the innermost part of the active pocket through 2 hydrogen bonds, while the thiazolidinethione moiety could form two hydrogen bonds with Glu263 and Ser347 in hydrophobic pockets. In summary, the results described above suggested that compound 6k could be a valuable lead compound for the treatment of hyperuricemia as a novel XO inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Qin
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
| | - Shen-Ming Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Gu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
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37
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Alqahtani A, Chidambara K, Asseri K, Venkatesan K, Ahmed Qure A, Aldahish A, Alqahtani T, Alghazwani Y, Bin Emran T, Hassan HM, Asiri SA, Abdulla Kh N, Balakumar P. Renoprotective and in silico Modeling Studies of Febuxostat in Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxic Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.994.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Toyoda Y, Kawamura Y, Nakayama A, Morimoto K, Shimizu S, Tanahashi Y, Tamura T, Kondo T, Kato Y, Ichida K, Suzuki H, Shinomiya N, Kobayashi Y, Takada T, Matsuo H. OAT10/SLC22A13 Acts as a Renal Urate Re-Absorber: Clinico-Genetic and Functional Analyses With Pharmacological Impacts. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842717. [PMID: 35462902 PMCID: PMC9019507 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional missense variant of organic anion transporter 10 (OAT10/SLC22A13), rs117371763 (c.1129C>T; p.R377C), is associated with a lower susceptibility to gout. OAT10 is a urate transporter; however, its physiological role in urate handling remains unclear. We hypothesized that OAT10 could be a renal urate re-absorber that will be a new molecular target of urate-lowering therapy like urate transporter 1 (URAT1, a physiologically-important well-known renal urate re-absorber) and aimed to examine the effect of OAT10 dysfunction on renal urate handling. For this purpose, we conducted quantitative trait locus analyses of serum urate and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) using samples obtained from 4,521 Japanese males. Moreover, we performed immunohistochemical and functional analyses to assess the molecular properties of OAT10 as a renal urate transporter and evaluated its potential interaction with urate-lowering drugs. Clinico-genetic analyses revealed that carriers with the dysfunctional OAT10 variant exhibited significantly lower serum urate levels and higher FEUA values than the non-carriers, indicating that dysfunction of OAT10 increases renal urate excretion. Given the results of functional assays and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating the expression of human OAT10 in the apical side of renal proximal tubular cells, our data indicate that OAT10 is involved in the renal urate reabsorption in renal proximal tubules from urine. Additionally, we found that renal OAT10 inhibition might be involved in the urate-lowering effect of losartan and lesinurad which exhibit uricosuric effects; indeed, losartan, an approved drug, inhibits OAT10 more strongly than URAT1. Accordingly, OAT10 can be a novel potential molecular target for urate-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Toyoda
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keito Morimoto
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanahashi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- Program in Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Pathophysiological Laboratory Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kato
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tappei Takada, ; Hirotaka Matsuo,
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tappei Takada, ; Hirotaka Matsuo,
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39
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Singh A, Heer S, Kaur K, Gulati HK, Kumar N, Sharma A, Singh JV, Bhagat K, Kaur G, Kaur K, Singh H, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of isatin-indole-3-carboxaldehyde hybrids as a new class of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200033. [PMID: 35315115 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of triazole-linked isatin-indole-3-carboxaldehyde hybrids based on the febuxostat skeleton and its binding site interactions were rationally designed and synthesized as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Among the synthesized hybrids, A19 showed the most potent xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC50 = 0.37 µM) with the mixed-type inhibitory scenario. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that methoxy (OCH3 ) substitution on position 5 of the isatin nucleus and a two-carbon distance between isatin and the triazole moiety is most tolerable for the inhibitory potential. Various binding interactions of A19 with the binding site of xanthine oxidase are also streamlined by molecular docking studies, which showcase the favorable binding pattern for xanthine oxidase inhibition by the hybrid. Furthermore, molecular dynamic studies were performed that suggest the stability of the enzyme-hybrid complex. Overall, the study suggests that hybrid A19 can act as an effective hit lead for further development of potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Heer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Komalpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Harmandeep K Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Preet M S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Mechanism of Antioxidant Activity of Betanin, Betanidin and Respective C15-Epimers via Shape Theory, Molecular Dynamics, Density Functional Theory and Infrared Spectroscopy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27062003. [PMID: 35335368 PMCID: PMC8954076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Betanin and betanidin are compounds with extensive interest; they are effectively free radical scavengers. The present work aims to elucidate the differences between the mechanism of the antioxidant activity of betanin, betanidin, and their respective C15-epimers. Shape Theory establishes comparisons between the molecules’ geometries and determines parallelisms with the descriptors BDE, PA, ETE IP, PDE, and infrared spectra (IR) obtained from the molecule simulations. Furthermore, the molecules were optimized using the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) protocol. Finally, the molecular docking technique analyzes the antioxidant activity of the compounds in the complex with the therapeutic target xanthine oxidase (XO), based on a new proposal for the geometrical arrangement of the ligand atoms in the framework of Shape Theory. The results obtained indicate that the SPLET mechanism is the most favorable in all the molecules studied and that the first group that loses the hydrogen atom in the four molecules is the C17COOH, presenting less PA the isobetanidin. Furthermore, regarding the molecular docking, the interactions of these compounds with the target were favorable, standing out to a greater extent the interactions of isobetanidin with XO, which were analyzed after applying molecular dynamics.
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41
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Jurcau A, Ardelean AI. Oxidative Stress in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries following Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030574. [PMID: 35327376 PMCID: PMC8945353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recanalization therapy is increasingly used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, in about one third of these patients, recanalization is followed by ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and clinically to worsening of the neurological status. Much research has focused on unraveling the involved mechanisms in order to prevent or efficiently treat these injuries. What we know so far is that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, despite promising results obtained in experimental research, clinical studies trying to interfere with the oxidative pathways have mostly failed. The current article discusses the main mechanisms leading to ischemia/reperfusion injuries, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, and reviews the clinical trials with antioxidant molecules highlighting recent developments and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Municipal Hospital Oradea, Louis Pasteur Street nr 26, 410054 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-600-833
| | - Adriana Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universitatii Street nr 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Oradea, Gh. Doja Street nr 65, 410169 Oradea, Romania
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Tran LTT, Le TN, Ho DV, Nguyen TH, Pham VPT, Van Pham KT, Nguyen TK, Tran MH. Virtual Screening and in Vitro Evaluation to Identify a Potential Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Isolated from Vietnamese Uvaria cordata. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221080339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a potential target for gout disease experiments on animals and humans. Using a molecular docking technique to search for anti-XO compounds from Vietnamese medicinal plants, we discovered that numerous compounds from Uvaria cordata (Dunal) Alston (Annonaceae family) showed this activity. Among these, cordauvarin A exhibited the strongest binding affinity (−8.8 kcal/mol) to XO through a binding interaction with 5 amino acids (eg Gln-1194, Ala-1079, Ser-1080, Met-1038, and Arg-912) of XO protein. Lipinski's rule of five was used to predict the druglikeness of this compound. To confirm the inhibitory activity, an in vitro assay was performed, and the results demonstrated that cordauvarin A significantly inhibited XO, with an IC50 of 124.5 ± 10.12 μM. This study reveals that cordauvarin A is a possible natural therapeutic agent for gout treatment and that this genus should be explored more extensively. However, further investigations are necessary to develop possible natural therapeutic medicines for clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Thuy Thi Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Trong Nhan Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Phu Tran Pham
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences (IALS), Dong A University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Dong A University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | | | - Tan Khanh Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences (IALS), Dong A University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Scientific Management Department, Dong A University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Manh Hung Tran
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences (IALS), Dong A University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Scientific Management Department, Dong A University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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43
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Liu D, Zhou B, Li Z, Zhang Z, Dai X, Ji Z, Chen H, Sun Y, Jiang L. Effectiveness of benzbromarone versus febuxostat in gouty patients: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:2121-2128. [PMID: 35229198 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Benzbromarone and febuxostat use different mechanisms to reduce serum urate. However, the effectiveness of benzbromarone versus febuxostat in reducing serum urate in gouty patients classified with different types of hyperuricaemia remains unclear. METHOD In this retrospective study from January 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020, subjects were identified if they were newly treated with benzbromarone 25 mg daily or febuxostat 20 mg daily. The subjects were classified into four types according to their 24-h urinary uric acid and fractional excretion of uric acid. The baseline data and follow-up information after 28 ± 3 days of treatment were collected. RESULTS Seventy-three subjects with gout were finally enrolled. Among them, 50 were treated with benzbromarone. The percent changes in serum urate from the baseline were - 33.71 ± 13.59% and - 29.45 ± 10.62% in the benzbromarone and febuxostat group, respectively, without a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.188). No differences were found between the groups in subjects classified as the renal underexcretion type, combined type, or "normal" type. In patients with eGFR ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2, the rate of serum urate lowering was higher in those treated with benzbromarone than in those treated with febuxostat. Febuxostat treatment significantly lowered serum creatinine from the baseline (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Benzbromarone 25 mg daily and febuxostat 20 mg daily may have comparable effectiveness in lowering the serum urate among different types of hyperuricaemia. Benzbromarone was more effective than febuxostat in lowering serum urate in subjects with eGFR ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2, while febuxostat had a renal protective effect. Key Points • Benzbromarone 25 mg daily and febuxostat 20 mg daily may have comparable effectiveness in lowering the serum urate in patients with different types of hyperuricaemia. • Benzbromarone 25 mg daily was more effective than febuxostat 20 mg daily in lowering serum urate in subjects with eGFR ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2. • Febuxostat had a renal protective effect after about 1 month treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiamen Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuojun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Zongfei Ji
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Huiyong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Lindi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200023, China.
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44
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Miura T, Sakuyama A, Xu L, Qiu J, Namai-Takahashi A, Ogawa Y, Kohzuki M, Ito O. Febuxostat ameliorates high salt intake-induced hypertension and renal damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens 2022; 40:327-337. [PMID: 34495901 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several clinical studies have reported that xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors have antihypertensive and renal protective effects but their mechanisms have not been fully determined. This study aims to clarify these mechanisms by examining the effects of febuxostat, which is a novel selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. METHODS Eight-week-old male Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a normal salt (0.6% NaCl) or high salt (8% NaCl) diet for 8 weeks. A portion of the rats that were fed high salt diet were treated with febuxostat (3 mg/kg per day) simultaneously. Additionally, acute effects of febuxostat (3 mg/kg per day) were examined after high salt diet feeding for 4 or 8 weeks. RESULTS Treatment with febuxostat for 8 weeks attenuated high salt diet-induced hypertension, renal dysfunction, glomerular injury, and renal interstitial fibrosis. Febuxostat treatment reduced urinary excretion of H2O2 and malondialdehyde and renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content. High salt diet increased xanthine oxidoreductase activity and expression in the proximal tubules and medullary interstitium. Febuxostat completely inhibited xanthine oxidoreductase activity and attenuated the high salt diet-increased xanthine oxidoreductase expression. Febuxostat transiently increased urine volume and Na+ excretion without change in blood pressure or urinary creatinine excretion after high salt diet feeding for 4 or 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Febuxostat ameliorates high salt diet-induced hypertension and renal damage with a reduction of renal oxidative stress in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. The antihypertensive effect of febuxostat may be mediated in part by diuretic and natriuretic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Miura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai
| | - Akihiro Sakuyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | - Lusi Xu
- Division of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai
| | - Jiahe Qiu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai
| | - Asako Namai-Takahashi
- Division of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai
| | - Yoshiko Ogawa
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kohzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai
| | - Osamu Ito
- Division of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai
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Zhang L, Tian J, Cheng H, Yang Y, Yang Y, Ye F, Xiao Z. Identification of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors via virtual screening with enhanced characterization of molybdopterin binding groups. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The theoretical investigation of monohydroxy flavone: A combined DFT and molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Topiroxostat versus allopurinol in patients with chronic heart failure complicated by hyperuricemia: A prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-end-point clinical trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261445. [PMID: 35077456 PMCID: PMC8789120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The benefits of xanthine oxidase inhibitors to chronic heart failure (CHF) patients is controversial. We investigated the beneficial effects of a novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, topiroxostat, in patients with CHF and hyperuricemia (HU), in comparison to allopurinol. Methods and results The prospective, randomized open-label, blinded-end-point study was performed in 141 patients with CHF and HU at 4 centers. Patients were randomly assigned to either topiroxostat or allopurinol group to achieve target uric acid level ≤6.0 mg/dL. According to the protocol, 140 patients were followed up for 24 weeks. Percent change in ln (N-terminal-proB-type natriuretic peptide) at week 24 (primary endpoint) was comparable between topiroxostat and allopurinol groups (1.6±8.2 versus -0.4±8.0%; P = 0.17). In the limited number of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (left ventricle ejection fraction <45%), ratio of peak early diastolic flow velocity at mitral valve leaflet to early diastolic mitral annular motion velocity (E/e’) decreased in topiroxostat group, but not in allopurinol group. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine and L-type fatty acid-binding protein levels increased and osmolality decreased significantly in allopurinol group, while these changes were less or absent in topiroxostat group. In allopurinol group HFrEF patients, additional to the increases in these urinary marker levels, urinary creatinine levels decreased, with no change in clearance, but not in topiroxostat group. Conclusions Compared with allopurinol, topiroxostat did not show great benefits in patients with CHF and HU. However, topiroxostat might have potential advantages of reducing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, not worsening oxidative stress in proximal renal tubule, and renoprotection over allopurinol in HFrEF patients.
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Guma M, Dadpey B, Coras R, Mikuls TR, Hamilton B, Quehenberger O, Thorisdottir H, Bittleman D, Lauro K, Reilly SM, Liu-Bryan R, Terkeltaub R. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor urate-lowering therapy titration to target decreases serum free fatty acids in gout and suppresses lipolysis by adipocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:175. [PMID: 35879786 PMCID: PMC9310412 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Linked metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities are prevalent in hyperuricemia and gout. For mechanistic insight into impact on inflammatory processes and cardiometabolic risk factors of xanthine oxidase inhibitor urate-lowering therapy (ULT) titration to target, we performed a prospective study of gout serum metabolomes from a ULT trial. METHODS Sera of gout patients meeting the 2015 ACR/EULAR gout classification criteria (n = 20) and with hyperuricemia were studied at time zero and weeks 12 and 24 of febuxostat or allopurinol dose titration ULT. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy acquired the serum spectra. Data were assessed using the Metabolon and Metaboloanalyst software. Lipolysis validation assays were done in febuxostat and/or colchicine-treated 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes. RESULTS Serum urate decreased from time zero (8.21 ±1.139 SD) at weeks 12 (5.965 ± 1.734 SD) and 24 (5.655 ±1.763 SD). Top metabolites generated by changes in nucleotide and certain amino acid metabolism and polyamine pathways were enriched at 12 and 24 weeks ULT, respectively. Decreases in multiple fatty acid metabolites were observed at 24 weeks, linked with obesity. In cultured adipocytes, febuxostat significantly decreased while colchicine increased the lipolytic response to β-adrenergic-agonism or TNF. CONCLUSION Metabolomic profiles linked xanthine oxidase inhibitor-based ULT titration to target with reduced serum free fatty acids. In vitro validation studies revealed that febuxostat, but not colchicine, reduced lipolysis in cultured adipocytes. Since soluble urate, xanthine oxidase inhibitor treatment, and free fatty acids modulate inflammation, our findings suggest that by suppressing lipolysis, ULT could regulate inflammation in gout and comorbid metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guma
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego VA Healthcare Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Benyamin Dadpey
- grid.217200.60000 0004 0627 2787Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Roxana Coras
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego VA Healthcare Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Ted R. Mikuls
- grid.266813.80000 0001 0666 4105University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Bartlett Hamilton
- grid.266813.80000 0001 0666 4105University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- grid.217200.60000 0004 0627 2787Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Hilda Thorisdottir
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego VA Healthcare Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA
| | - David Bittleman
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego VA Healthcare Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA
| | - Kimberly Lauro
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego VA Healthcare Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA
| | - Shannon M. Reilly
- grid.217200.60000 0004 0627 2787Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Center for Metabolic Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego VA Healthcare Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego VA Healthcare Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA
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Suzuki S, Yoshihisa A, Yokokawa T, Kobayashi A, Yamaki T, Kunii H, Nakazato K, Tsuda A, Tsuda T, Ishibashi T, Konno I, Yamaguchi O, Machii H, Nozaki N, Niizeki T, Miyamoto T, Takeishi Y. Comparison between febuxostat and allopurinol uric acid-lowering therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and hyperuricemia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211062770. [PMID: 34914568 PMCID: PMC8689623 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211062770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Heart failure (HF) is a common and highly morbid cardiovascular disorder. Oxidative stress worsens HF, and uric acid (UA) is a useful oxidative stress marker. The novel anti-hyperuricemic drug febuxostat is a potent non-purine selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The present study examined the UA-lowering and prognostic effects of febuxostat in patients with HF compared with conventional allopurinol. Methods This multicenter, randomized trial included 263 patients with chronic HF who were randomly assigned to two groups and received allopurinol or febuxostat (UA >7.0 mg/dL). All patients were followed up for 3 years after enrollment. Results There were no significant differences in baseline clinical characteristics between the two groups. The UA level was significantly decreased after 3 years of drug administration compared with the baseline in both groups. Urine levels of the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine were lower in the febuxostat group than in the allopurinol group (11.0 ± 9.6 vs. 22.9 ± 15.9 ng/mL), and the rate of patients free from hospitalization due to worsening HF tended to be higher in the febuxostat group than in the allopurinol group (89.0% vs. 83.0%). Conclusions Febuxostat is potentially more effective than allopurinol for treating patients with chronic HF and hyperuricemia. This study was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/; ID: 000009817).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Cardiology Department, 13881Takeda General Hospital, Takeda General Hospital, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan
| | - Akiomi Yoshihisa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yokokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kunii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakazato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuda
- Cardiology Department, 274894Sukagawa Hospital, 274894Sukagawa Hospital, Sukagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Tsuda
- Cardiology Department, 274894Sukagawa Hospital, 274894Sukagawa Hospital, Sukagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 36952Ohara General Hospital, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Konno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 36952Ohara General Hospital, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 36952Ohara General Hospital, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Machii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 36952Ohara General Hospital, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Nozaki
- Cardiology Department, Ayase Heart Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Niizeki
- Department of Cardiology, 50191Okitama Public General Hospital, 50191Okitama Public General Hospital, Kawanishi, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 538443Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Takeishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 12775Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Cocrystallization of Febuxostat with Pyridine Coformers: Crystal Structural and Physicochemical Properties Analysis. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/3834368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug cocrystals and salts have promising applications for modulating the physicochemical properties and solubility of pharmaceuticals. In this study, a cocrystal and two salts of febuxostat (FEB) with pyridine nitrogen coformers, including 4, 4′-bipyridine (BIP), 3-aminopyridine (3AP) and 4-hydroxypyridine (4HP), were designed to improve the solubility of FEB. The single-crystal structures were elucidated, and their physical and chemical properties were investigated by IR, PXRD, and DSC. In addition, drug-related properties, including the solubility and powder dissolution rate were assessed. The solubility and powder dissolution studies showed that the FEB-BIP cocrystal and FEB-3AP salt have superior dissolution compared to FEB.
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